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WO2010118276A2 - Génération de vapeur à partir d'énergie solaire - Google Patents

Génération de vapeur à partir d'énergie solaire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010118276A2
WO2010118276A2 PCT/US2010/030459 US2010030459W WO2010118276A2 WO 2010118276 A2 WO2010118276 A2 WO 2010118276A2 US 2010030459 W US2010030459 W US 2010030459W WO 2010118276 A2 WO2010118276 A2 WO 2010118276A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
solar energy
tubes
steam
cavity
energy receiver
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2010/030459
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2010118276A3 (fr
Inventor
John C. Viskup, Jr.
Bochuan Lin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Victory Energy Operations LLC
Original Assignee
Victory Energy Operations LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Victory Energy Operations LLC filed Critical Victory Energy Operations LLC
Publication of WO2010118276A2 publication Critical patent/WO2010118276A2/fr
Publication of WO2010118276A3 publication Critical patent/WO2010118276A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B35/00—Control systems for steam boilers
    • F22B35/02—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers with natural convection circulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/006—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method using solar heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S2023/86—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors in the form of reflective coatings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines

Definitions

  • This invention relates to recovering solar energy in the form of steam, which may be used to generate electricity or in industrial processes. More particularly, the invention includes a novel method and apparatus for converting solar energy to high pressure steam; that is, a steam boiler that employs the sun's rays to produce steam.
  • Many proposals have been made to focus the sun's rays to concentrate solar energy. Electricity can be made directly by using heat engines that receive heat from focusing the sun's rays with a solar dish. Generating electricity with hot heat transfer liquids has been demonstrated for some years. Parabolic trough systems focus the sun's rays on receiving tubes running through the trough that carry heat transfer fluids.
  • power towers In what have been referred to as "power towers" an array of reflecting mirrors is used to focus the sun's rays on a central receiver that recovers the energy. If the concentrated solar energy can be applied to water at a high enough temperature, steam can be produced. While low pressure steam can be used for some purposes, such as heating buildings, high pressure steam is needed if it is to be used in a steam turbine to generate electricity. Thus, the problem addressed by the present inventors was how one could efficiently transfer concentrated solar energy to water at temperature of about 800-900° F and efficiently generate high pressure steam, for example at about 900 - 1000 psig.
  • the present invention is within the class of solar energy power systems referred to as power towers.
  • a power tower uses an array
  • the solar energy is absorbed by a heat transfer medium, such as water, liquid sodium, molten salts, and organic liquids. Steam can be generated directly, or indirectly using another heat transfer medium, and used to drive a turbine generating electricity or in other uses.
  • a means for storing heat may be provided and used to produce steam and electricity.
  • An example of such a solar energy system is Solar One, built and tested at Barstow, California in the 1980's, which successfully generated steam directly with the sun's rays. Heat was stored in oil and rock for later use.
  • Cylindrical central receivers of the type used at Solar One to generate steam are described in US Patents 4,485,803; 4,245,618; and 4,789,1 14. Water was pumped through tube panels that formed a cylindrical receiver to preheat and evaporate feed water and then to superheat the steam produced. Solar Two converted the Solar One system to operate with molten salt as the heat transfer fluid, which had the advantage of more efficiently storing energy for generating steam when solar energy was not available. [0006]
  • the present invention relates to an improved method and apparatus for directly generating high pressure steam at the top of a power tower.
  • the present application includes a cavity type receiver which employs natural circulation of water.
  • the source of the solar energy may be an array of reflecting mirrors such as described in U.S. Patents 6,959,993 and 7,192,146.
  • the mirrors direct the sun's rays onto openings in the side of the steam generating apparatus, which is enclosed in a structure that confines the solar energy and limits heat losses from reflected solar radiation.
  • the entire steam generating apparatus or steam boiler is completely enclosed, Only the entrance ports for the focused solar energy are open.
  • the invention includes a cavity-type solar energy receiver for generating high pressure superheated steam in which panels of tubes are positioned inside an enclosure to receive concentrated solar energy through an opening in the enclosure.
  • Water from a steam drum is passed by natural circulation through evaporator tubes exposed to concentrated solar energy to produce steam.
  • the steam is separated from the steam/water mixture in the steam drum and then superheated before being supplied to a turbine driven electrical generator or used for other purposes.
  • two of the cavity-type solar energy receivers are positioned as mirror images, one facing north and the other south, both receiving concentrated solar energy from mirrors at ground level (a heliostat) reflecting light to the solar energy receivers mounted on a tower.
  • a steam drum serving both receivers is mounted between them and within an enclosure for both receivers.
  • the panels of tubes form a cavity within which concentrated solar energy is used to generate high pressure steam. Between the cavity formed by panels of tubes and the surrounding enclosure refractory insulation is provided to limit heat losses and to protect the outer enclosure.
  • the solar energy receiver(s) has evaporator tubes mounted opposite the solar energy opening and against adjacent side walls.
  • Economizer tubes for preheating boiler feed water may be included which, if used, could be positioned on the side walls and/or floor of the receiver adjacent the solar energy opening.
  • Superheater tubes are positioned as a roof at the top of the cavity adjacent the evaporator tubes. Auxiliary superheater tubes may be added on the side walls as desired in some embodiments.
  • Fig. l is a process diagram.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a duplex steam boiler of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional elevation view of the steam boiler of Fig, 2.
  • each solar boiler will be designed to produce a given amount of high pressure steam at a given temperature using solar energy of a given maximum concentration. If the steam is to maintain its design quality (i.e. temperature and pressure) the ground-based mirrors can be adjusted to optimize the amount of the solar energy reaching the solar boiler. To a lesser degree, the steam temperature can be continuously adjusted by injecting boiler feed water into the superheated steam.
  • the tubes receiving solar energy will frequently expand and contract as the temperature of the tube walls varies with changes in the concentrated solar energy. It will be appreciated that excessive temperatures can cause tube failures so that adjusting the mirrors and maintaining water and steam flows is important. The tubes also must prevent solar energy from overheating the insulation and the external structure. [0016]
  • the solar receiver tubes may be subject to cyclic fatigue failure. This is a unique problem that results from the frequent heating up and cooling down due to unstable solar energy heat input. The worst operating conditions are expected to be in the superheater tubes, where the tube temperature may become very high, making the tubes more vulnerable to cyclic damage.
  • An important feature of this invention is that the superheater tubes are warmed with reflected heat from the evaporator panels, that is, an indirect method, rather than a direct method.
  • the maximum heat flux in the reflected sun's rays is substantially less than that from direct rays. This reduces the maximum tube wall temperature and increases the reliability and life of the superheater panels.
  • Another important feature of this invention is natural water circulation. That is, water leaving the steam drum flows downward and enters the tubes. In the tubes the water it receives solar energy and a portion of the water becomes steam, rising up to the steam drum. The density difference between the water and the steam/ water mixture creates a natural flow or circulation, which does not require the complication and expense of pumping and improves reliability of boiler operation.
  • the solar energy receiver of the invention is referred to as a cavity-type solar energy receiver. It is deployed at the top of a "power tower" that receives concentrated solar energy from a heliostat, i.e. a set of ground-based mirrors.
  • the solar energy receiver includes an external enclosure that protects the steam boiler and limits energy losses. When viewed from the outside, the steam boiler and other internals are not generally visible.
  • a steam drum and its associated tubes are positioned so as to receive concentrated solar energy reflected from fields of ground-based mirrors.
  • the steam drum and its associated tubes are generally referred to as a steam boiler.
  • a cavity-type solar receiver by definition has an opening sized to receive energy focused on it by mirrors, which are usually located at ground level. The size of the cavity opening will be determined by the arrangement and positioning of the mirrors. The intensity of the focused solar energy will be determined by the number and size of the mirrors used and their reflective properties. Consequently, a cavity-type solar receiver would be designed to have a specific opening size and shape and to receive a specified quantity of solar energy. Within those basic parameters one must determine the arrangement of tubes to preheat and evaporate boiler feed water and to superheat the steam produced.
  • two cavity-type receivers are paired with a single steam drum.
  • the evaporator tubes receive the focused solar energy directly by being placed opposite the cavity opening. Additional evaporator tube panels may be located on the side walls of the cavity adjacent the main panels, where they receive some reflected solar energy.
  • the solar receiver of the invention is not limited by or require such adjacent panels.
  • An embodiment that is shown in the drawings places preheat tube panels and superheater tube panels so that they receive solar energy reflected back from the evaporator tube panels opposite the cavity opening.
  • the location of such panels may be rearranged if desired.
  • the preheat panels are eliminated.
  • the interior of the cavity receiver contains tube panels sized and arranged to receive a specified solar heat flux and to provide the specified amount of heat to water and steam.
  • Fig, 1 is a process flow diagram that will assist the reader in understanding the description of the steam boiler which will follow.
  • two sets of heat exchange panels forming two cavities are shown, one which typically would face north and the second one typically south, with ground-based mirrors reflecting solar energy into the cavity on each side.
  • the position of the panels is also indicated, that is, whether the panels are on the east side, the west side, the roof, or on the floor of the cavity.
  • a single cavity-type receiver having only one set of tube panels could be used if positioned at the edge of a field of mirrors. Electricity is generated at ground level by a turbine-generator (not shown) driven by the high pressure steam produced by the solar receivers.
  • the steam After leaving the turbine-generator, the steam is condensed and then pumped as hot water up the tower into the steam boiler 10 via the four economizer panels, shown as ECON 1 -4.
  • this water which has a temperature of about 425°F and a pressure of about 998 psig, is reheated in the economizer panels ECON 1-4 to a temperature just below that of the steam drum 10, about 502 0 F.
  • the steam drum 10 supplies the hot water via natural circulation to six evaporating panels, shown as EVAP 1-6, which generate steam at about 544°F, which returns to the steam drum 10.
  • the saturated steam from steam drum 10 is then passed through the superheating panels, shown as SH 1-4, where the temperature is raised to about 825°F for use in the turbine- generator.
  • a desuperheater is provided between SH 3 and 4, to adjust the temperature of the steam as required.
  • the temperature also may be adjusted by changes to the position of the ground-based reflecting mirrors (not shown). Arrangement of the Steam Boiler
  • Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a duplex steam boiler of the invention.
  • the steam drum 10 is located between the north and south receivers and supplies water by natural circulation to the evaporating tube panels (EVAP 1-6), which return steam and water to the steam drum 10. After the saturated steam is separated from water returning to drum 10, it is superheated before being sent down the tower to be used.
  • the heat exchange tube panels are backed by ceramic type insulation, which is adjacent to an outer enclosure (not shown).
  • Fig. 1 focused solar energy enters the north and south openings and is partially reflected from the back wall to the side walls and the roof of the north and south units where the radiant energy is absorbed by three types of tube panels, which preheat boiler feed water, produce steam, and superheat the steam.
  • the location of some of the tube panels are identified in Fig. 2. It should be understood that, except for superheater panels SH 1 and 2 which are on opposite sides of their respective units, the panels are mirror images.
  • the preheater and superheater tube panels operate in series, water or steam passing through tube panels in both of the north and south units.
  • the evaporator panels operate in parallel, three sets in each unit,
  • economizer tube panels ECON 1-2 heat boiler feed water pumped from ground level and then send the heated water to ECON 3-4 in the south unit for additional heating before passing to the steam drum 10. These economizer tube panels are not required and may be omitted if desired.
  • the evaporator tube panels EVAP 3 and 6 (not shown), which face the steam drum and are opposite the solar energy openings, are located where the solar energy is most concentrated, since they are directly exposed to the focused sun's rays.
  • Evaporator tube panels EVAP 1-2 (north section) and EVAP 4-5 (south section) are located on the side walls of their cavities.
  • the north unit has the same arrangement of tube panels except for superheater panel SH 2; the corresponding superheat panel SHl is located on the east side of the south unit.
  • the steam drum 10 is positioned between the north and south units as seen in
  • Fig. 2 It receives heated feed water leaving economizer tube panel ECON 4 and entering the steam drum 10 though holes in a pipe extending into the drum (not shown). Water leaves the bottom of the steam drum 10 and enters the lower manifolds 12 N and 12 S, which each serve three evaporator tube panels, two which are seen in the north unit as EVAP 1 and 2 on the east and west walls. Evaporator tube panel EVAP 3 is seen in part in the north unit, where it is exposed to the most direct solar energy. The corresponding evaporator panels are EVAP 4- 6 are in the south unit. The evaporator tube panels discharge into the upper manifolds 14 N and 14 S, which are generally U-shaped.
  • the steam drum internals include steam-water separators and demisters to remove water droplets from the saturated steam before leaving the drum and entering the superheat panels SH 1-4.
  • Economizer tubes are not required but, when included, may be placed in locations not suited for evaporator or super heater tubes in order to complete the cavity.
  • the economizer tubes are positioned inside the solar energy openings (e.g. 18 in the south unit) as tube panels ECON 1-2 and ECON 3-4 on each side of each of the north and south units respectively.
  • Economizer tube panels could be added at the floor of the cavity, although not preferred.
  • the tubes in each panel receive boiler feed water from a manifold at one end of the tubes and deliver heated water to an outlet manifold at the other end of the tubes.
  • the hot feed water enters panel ECON tin the north unit, then leaves and proceeds to panels ECON 2-4 for further heating.
  • the tubes enter horizontally with bends to each manifold as shown in Fig 2 in order to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction, which will occur during operation of the receiver as the concentration of solar energy or electrical load varies.
  • the economizer tubes are expected to receive a maximum heat density of about 90,000 BTU/ft 2 per hour.
  • Tubes have an outside diameter of 1.25 inches with a 0.165 inch thick wall (0.120 min) and are made of ASME SA-178A low carbon steel.
  • Membrane bars which are welded to the tubes to bind them together as a continuous heat transfer surface, are 0.25 inches thick and 0.825 inches wide.
  • the cavity side of the economizer tubes are coated with a high emissivity coating to be discussed below.
  • Each of the north and south units has three sets of evaporator tube panels, operating in parallel in connection with the steam drum.
  • Two panels EVAP 4 and 5 (south) and EVAP 1 and 2 (north) are located adjacent the wall opposite the solar energy opening. These panels principally receive reflected light, while panels EVAP 3 and 6 are located on the back wall of each section that receives direct exposure to the concentrated solar energy.
  • EVAP 3 is shown in part of Fig. 2, but EVAP 6 is not visible due to the orientation of the two units.
  • Each of the evaporator panels consists of a series of tubes receiving hot water by natural circulation from the steam drum through manifolds at the lower end of the tubes (12 N and 12 S).
  • Fig. 3 is an sectional elevation view of the east wall of the duplex steam solar boiler in Fig. 2, as viewed from the inside of the cavities.
  • the north unit is at the left and the south unit at the right.
  • Two of the economizer panels are shown (ECON 1 and 3 and the position of superheater panels (SH 3 and 4) atop the two cavities can be seen.
  • Solar energy enters the north and south openings as indicated by the arrows.
  • the natural circulation of water from the steam drum 10 through evaporator panels EVAP 1 (north side) and 4 (south side) is illustrated by arrows. (The main evaporator tube panels EVAP 3 and 6 are not visible in this sectional view).
  • the evaporator tubes are expected to receive a maximum heat density of about 100,000 BTU/ft 2 per hour.
  • the tubes have an outside diameter of 1.75 inches, with a 0.135 inch thick (0.120 min) wall and are made of ASME SA- 178A low carbon steel.
  • the tubes are joined by membrane bars, which are 0.25 inches thick and 0.5 inches wide.
  • the cavity side of the evaporator tubes is also coated with a high em ⁇ ssivity coating.
  • Each of the north and south sections has three sets of superheater tube panels
  • SH 1-4 operating in series.
  • the first panels, SH land 2 receive the higher heat density but, since they receive saturated steam leaving the steam drum, operate at a lower temperature.
  • Tube panel SH 2 can be seen on the west wall of the north section in Fig. 2.
  • Tube panel SH 1 can be seen on the east wall of the south section in Fig. 3.
  • Superheater tube Panels SH land 2 are positioned adjacent evaporator tube panel EVAP 4 (south) and evaporator panel EVAP 2 (north).
  • Superheater panels SH 3 and 4 are located at the top or roof of their respective cavities.
  • the first superheater panels SH 1 and 2 are expected to receive a maximum heat density of about 70,000 BTU/ft 2 per hour.
  • the tubes are 1,25 inches in outside diameter, with a 0.15 inch thick wall, made of ASME SA-213T22 2 '4 chrome, 1% molybdenum steel. They do not have membrane bars, but are positioned to abut adjacent tubes to limit passage of solar energy.
  • the second superheater tube panels SH 3 and 4 are expected to receive a maximum heat density of about 60,000 BTU/ft 2 per hour.
  • the tubes are 1.25 inches in outside diameter, with a 0.165 inch thick (0.165 min) wall and made of ASME SA-213T22 2 1 A % chrome, 1% molybdenum steel.
  • the cavity side of the superheater tubes are coated with a high emissiv ⁇ ty coating. Each of the superheater tubes will bend at one or both ends to absorb thermal expansion. High Emissivity Coating
  • the cavity side of the boiler tubes are coated to both improve heat transfer to the tubes and to reflect solar energy towards the other tubes, Since the heat density is high and steam temperatures reach as high as 825°F, a very durable coating is required.
  • the coating is CORR-PAINT CP-40XX Series (AREMCO PRODUCTS, Valley Cottage, NY), which is a silicone-based material resisting temperatures up to 1100 0 F.
  • the coating should absorb between 50 and 99% of the solar energy received and have a reflectivity rating of 1 to 50%.
  • the preferred coating is a mixture of 80% white and 20% black paint to produce a gray shade that reflects about 20% of the incident light.
  • the coating used required high temperature curing. Insulation
  • the tube panels are backed by insulation inside the outer structure.
  • the insulation is shielded from direct exposure to solar radiation by the tubes joined by the attached bars that make a continuous surface. Water passing through the tubes also limits the temperature at the surface of the insulation.
  • the insulation thickness varies between 1 to 6 inches, depending on the temperature expected at each area of the solar receiver.
  • the insulation may be mineral wool on the back of the evaporator or economizer panels and ceramic fiber in back of the superheater panels.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un récepteur d'énergie solaire de type cavité pour générer de la vapeur à haute pression, qui comprend des panneaux de tubes définissant une cavité dans une enceinte externe. L'énergie solaire concentrée fournie par un héliostat entre dans la cavité s'ouvrant dans l'enceinte et fait évaporer l'eau dans certains des panneaux à tubes. Les tubes d'évaporation reçoivent de l'eau chaude d'un collecteur de vapeur par circulation naturelle et retour d'un mélange de vapeur et d'eau chaude au collecteur de vapeur. Des panneaux à tubes supplémentaires sont placés de façon à recevoir l'énergie solaire réfléchie, qui est utilisée pour préchauffer de l'eau d'alimentation et surchauffer de la vapeur.
PCT/US2010/030459 2009-04-10 2010-04-09 Génération de vapeur à partir d'énergie solaire Ceased WO2010118276A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US21239009P 2009-04-10 2009-04-10
US61/212,390 2009-04-10
US21742509P 2009-05-29 2009-05-29
US61/217,425 2009-05-29

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2010118276A2 true WO2010118276A2 (fr) 2010-10-14
WO2010118276A3 WO2010118276A3 (fr) 2011-02-17

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US (1) US20100258112A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010118276A2 (fr)

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WO2014026746A1 (fr) 2012-08-17 2014-02-20 Solar Tower Technologies Ag Récepteur solaire comportant un champ d'héliostats

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