WO2010021374A1 - 有機光電変換素子、太陽電池及び光センサアレイ - Google Patents
有機光電変換素子、太陽電池及び光センサアレイ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010021374A1 WO2010021374A1 PCT/JP2009/064627 JP2009064627W WO2010021374A1 WO 2010021374 A1 WO2010021374 A1 WO 2010021374A1 JP 2009064627 W JP2009064627 W JP 2009064627W WO 2010021374 A1 WO2010021374 A1 WO 2010021374A1
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- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
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- H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
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- H10K39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic radiation-sensitive element covered by group H10K30/00
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- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric conversion element, a solar cell using the organic photoelectric conversion element, and an optical sensor array.
- this dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element is a wet solar cell in which electrical connection with the counter electrode is performed by a liquid redox electrolyte, the photoelectric conversion function is remarkably lowered due to depletion of the electrolyte when used over a long period of time. Therefore, there is a concern that the device may not function as a photoelectric conversion element.
- a photoelectric conversion element that can be formed by a cost-effective solution coating method without using an electrolytic solution
- p-type semiconductor layer Heterojunction (stacked) photoelectric conversion element sandwiching (p-type semiconductor layer) and electron acceptor layer (n-type semiconductor layer)
- n-type semiconductor layer electron acceptor layer
- An organic photoelectric conversion element having a bulk heterojunction layer in which type semiconductor materials are uniformly mixed has been proposed.
- the lifetime of holes and electrons is short and the mobility is low, so the generated holes and electrons are deactivated before reaching the anode and cathode, respectively.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is not improved because the charge cannot be extracted.
- Non-patent document 1 is cited as a document analyzing such a cause.
- the maximum mobility is obtained in a region where the mobility of the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer is substantially equal. It has been reported to give photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- organic semiconductor materials are known to have higher mobility for lower molecules than for polymers. From the viewpoint of mobility, it is advantageous to use low molecules for both p-type and n-type semiconductor materials.
- Patent Document 2 There is also a report that uses both low-molecules for both p-type and n-type semiconductor materials (Patent Document 2).
- Patent Document 2 uses both low-molecules for both p-type and n-type semiconductor materials.
- Patent Document 2 uses both low-molecules for both p-type and n-type semiconductor materials.
- a coating-type organic photoelectric conversion element either combination of low-molecules is either Since the material has a discontinuous structure and it is difficult to form a carrier path for transmitting holes or electrons to the electrode, a highly efficient organic photoelectric conversion element has not been obtained.
- Patent Document 3 there is also disclosed a technique of balancing the mobility of the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material by using both the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material as a polymer. If both are polymer materials, the mobility of both is lowered, and high-efficiency photoelectric conversion efficiency is not obtained.
- the bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric conversion element is also desired to improve the lifetime, but the deterioration of the material in the process in which the carriers generated by light reception recombine and deactivate without reaching the electrode, or The increase in the number of carrier trap sites is considered to have caused the deterioration of efficiency, and the mobility of the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer is substantially the same while improving the mobility at the same time. It is considered necessary to achieve a long service life.
- This invention is made
- the objective is to provide an organic photoelectric conversion element with high photoelectric conversion efficiency and durability, a solar cell using this organic photoelectric conversion element, and an optical sensor array. is there.
- An organic photoelectric conversion element including a bulk heterojunction layer in which an n-type semiconductor material and a p-type semiconductor material are mixed, wherein the n-type semiconductor material is a high molecular compound and the p-type semiconductor material is a low molecular compound.
- An organic photoelectric conversion element characterized by the above.
- R 1 and R 2 represent a substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and a silyl group
- L 1 and L 2 are substituted or Unsubstituted alkylene group, alkenediyl group, alkynediyl group, cycloalkylene group, arylene group, heteroarylene group, silylene group, ether group, thioether group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, amide group, or a combination of these N represents an integer greater than or equal to 2.
- the fullerene-containing polymer compound forming the three-dimensional network structure is a compound obtained by polymerizing and crosslinking a monomer having a structure represented by the following general formula (2): The organic photoelectric conversion element as described.
- R 3 and R 4 represent a substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and a silyl group
- L 3 and L 4 are substituted or Unsubstituted alkylene group, alkenediyl group, alkynediyl group, cycloalkylene group, arylene group, heteroarylene group, silylene group, ether group, thioether group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, amide group, or a combination of these G 1 and G 2 are polymerized groups that form a bonding chain of a three-dimensional network structure, where only one hemisphere portion of the spherical fullerene structure is shown, and the other hemisphere portion is omitted.
- the positional relationship of the groups is arbitrary.) 7).
- the p-type semiconductor material is a compound that undergoes a chemical structure change by heating a p-type semiconductor material precursor and is converted into a p-type semiconductor material.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element as described.
- the bulk heterojunction layer is a layer formed from a solution in which a p-type semiconductor material or a precursor thereof and an n-type semiconductor material or a precursor thereof are dissolved.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element as described.
- the bulk heterojunction layer is a layer formed by further heating after forming a layer from a solution in which a p-type semiconductor material or a precursor thereof and an n-type semiconductor material or a precursor thereof are dissolved.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element as described in 10 above.
- a solar cell comprising the organic photoelectric conversion device according to any one of 1 to 12 above.
- An optical sensor array comprising the organic photoelectric conversion elements according to any one of 1 to 12 arranged in an array.
- an organic photoelectric conversion element having high photoelectric conversion efficiency and durability, a solar cell using the organic photoelectric conversion element, and a photosensor array can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a solar cell having an organic photoelectric conversion element including a photoelectric conversion layer having a three-layer structure of pin. It is sectional drawing which shows the solar cell which has an organic photoelectric conversion element provided with a tandem type photoelectric conversion layer. It is a figure which shows the structure of an optical sensor array.
- a low molecular material is used as a p-type material having a low mobility alone, and a high-mobility n-type material is a polymer material. It has been found that the mobility when mixing semiconductor materials can be balanced at a high level, and an organic photoelectric conversion element with high photoelectric conversion efficiency and durability can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a bulk heterojunction organic photoelectric conversion element.
- a bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric conversion element 10 includes a transparent electrode (generally an anode) 12, a hole transport layer 17, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, an electron transport layer 18, and a counter electrode (generally, on one surface of a substrate 11.
- Cathode 13 is sequentially laminated.
- the substrate 11 is a member that holds the transparent electrode 12, the photoelectric conversion layer 14, and the counter electrode 13 that are sequentially stacked. In the present embodiment, since light photoelectrically converted enters from the substrate 11 side, the substrate 11 can transmit the light subjected to photoelectric conversion, that is, transparent to the wavelength of the light to be photoelectrically converted. It is an important member.
- the substrate 11 for example, a glass substrate or a resin substrate is used.
- the substrate 11 is not essential.
- the bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric conversion element 10 may be configured by forming the transparent electrode 12 and the counter electrode 13 on both surfaces of the photoelectric conversion layer 14.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is a layer that converts light energy into electric energy, and includes a photoelectric conversion layer in which a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material are mixed.
- the p-type semiconductor material functions relatively as an electron donor (donor)
- the n-type semiconductor material functions relatively as an electron acceptor (acceptor).
- the electron donor and the electron acceptor are “an electron donor in which, when light is absorbed, electrons move from the electron donor to the electron acceptor to form a hole-electron pair (charge separation state)”.
- an electron acceptor which does not simply donate or accept electrons like an electrode, but donates or accepts electrons by a photoreaction.
- the transport direction of electrons and holes can be controlled.
- a hole blocking layer such as a hole blocking layer, an electron blocking layer, an electron injection layer, a hole injection layer, or a smoothing layer may be included.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 14 has a so-called pin three-layer configuration (FIG. 2).
- a normal photoelectric conversion layer is a single 14i layer in which a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor layer are mixed, but is sandwiched between a 14p layer made of a single p-type semiconductor material and a 14n layer made of a single n-type semiconductor material. Further, the rectification property of holes and electrons is further increased, loss due to recombination of charge-separated holes and electrons is reduced, and higher photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an organic photoelectric conversion element including a tandem photoelectric conversion layer.
- the transparent electrode 12 and the first photoelectric conversion layer 14 ′ are sequentially stacked on the substrate 11, the charge recombination layer 15 is stacked, the second photoelectric conversion layer 16, and then the counter electrode 13.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 16 may be a layer that absorbs the same spectrum as the absorption spectrum of the first photoelectric conversion layer 14 'or may be a layer that absorbs a different spectrum, but is preferably a layer that absorbs a different spectrum. is there.
- both the first photoelectric conversion layer 14 ′ and the second photoelectric conversion layer 16 may have the above-described three-layer structure of pin.
- N-type semiconductor materials In the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention, an n-type semiconductor material that is a high molecular compound and a p-type semiconductor material that is a low molecular compound are used in a bulk heterojunction layer in which an n-type semiconductor material and a p-type semiconductor material are mixed. It is a feature.
- the low molecular weight compound means a single molecule having no distribution in the molecular weight of the compound.
- the polymer compound means an aggregate of compounds having a certain molecular weight distribution by reacting a predetermined monomer.
- a compound having a molecular weight of 5000 or less is preferably classified as a low molecular weight compound. More preferably, it is 4000 or less, more preferably 3000 or less (the molecular weight of fullerene is 720, which is about tetramer or less).
- a compound having a molecular weight of 3000 or more, more preferably 4000 or more, and further preferably 5000 or more is classified as a polymer compound.
- the molecular weight can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- p-type and n-type indicate whether a semiconductor material contributes to electrical conduction is a hole or an electron, and the n-type semiconductor material is a material that mainly transports electrons. .
- n-type semiconductor materials include fullerene, octaazaporphyrin, p-type semiconductor perfluoro compounds (perfluoropentacene, perfluorophthalocyanine, etc.), naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid
- n-type semiconductor materials include fullerene, octaazaporphyrin, p-type semiconductor perfluoro compounds (perfluoropentacene, perfluorophthalocyanine, etc.), naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid
- Fullerene-containing polymer compounds include fullerene C60, fullerene C70, fullerene C76, fullerene C78, fullerene C84, fullerene C240, fullerene C540, mixed fullerene, fullerene nanotubes, multi-walled nanotubes, single-walled nanotubes, nanohorns (conical), etc. Examples thereof include a polymer compound having a skeleton.
- a polymer compound (derivative) having fullerene C60 as a skeleton is preferable.
- the fullerene-containing polymers are roughly classified into polymers in which fullerene is pendant from a polymer main chain and polymers in which fullerene is contained in the polymer main chain. Fullerene is contained in the polymer main chain. Are preferred. This is because a polymer in which fullerene is pendant has a branched structure, that is, the polymer cannot be packed with high density when solidified, and as a result, high mobility can be obtained. It is presumed that it is due to disappear.
- the compound represented by the general formula (1) can be preferably used.
- R 1 and R 2 represent a substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, aralkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, and silyl group
- L 1 , L 2 Is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, alkenediyl group, alkynediyl group, cycloalkylene group, arylene group, heteroarylene group, silylene group, ether group, thioether group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, amide group, or these Represents a structure in which multiple units are connected.
- n represents an integer of 2 or more.
- substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, aralkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, and silyl group represented by R 1 and R 2 include an alkyl group (for example, methyl group, ethyl group).
- cycloalkyl group for example, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group etc.
- Aralkyl groups eg, benzyl group, 2-phenethyl group, etc.
- aryl groups eg, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, azulenyl group, acenaphthenyl group, fluorenyl group
- phenanthryl group indenyl group, pyrenyl group, biphenyl Group
- heteroaryl group for example, fu
- the group or amide group includes an alkylene group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, an alkene-1,2-diyl group, an alkyne-1,2-diyl group, a cycloalkylene group, or a structure in which a plurality of these are connected. Examples of the group include a phenylene group and a naphthylene group, and a phenylene group is preferable.
- heteroarylene group examples include a furylene group, a thienylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a triazinylene group, an imidazolinylene group, a pyrazolinylene group, a thiazolinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, and a phthalazinylene group.
- silylene group examples include a dimethylsilylene group and a diphenylsilylene group.
- the n-type semiconductor forms a three-dimensionally crosslinked network structure, that is, a three-dimensional network structure.
- a highly rigid n-type carrier path structure can be formed, and the phase separation structure of the p-type layer and the n-type layer is prevented from changing over time, and as a result An organic photoelectric conversion element having high durability can be obtained.
- the bulk hetero junction layer is Since it does not melt
- a compound represented by the general formula (2) is preferable.
- R 3 and R 4 are substituted selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, aralkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, and silyl group in the same manner as R 1 and R 2. Represents a group.
- L 3 and L 4 are substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, alkene diyl group, alkyne diyl group, cycloalkylene group, arylene group, heteroarylene group, silylene group, ether group, thioether group, carbonyl, as in L 1 and L 2 above.
- G 1 and G 2 are polymerized groups that form a bonding chain of a three-dimensional network structure, and are terminally unsaturated alkenes such as vinyl groups, acrylic groups, styryl groups, and ethynyl groups, cyclic ethers such as alkynes, epoxy groups, and oxetane groups. And cyclic amino groups such as an ethyleneimine group, and cycloalkene groups such as cyclopropene and cyclobutene.
- Examples of such compounds include the following compounds.
- compounds that are vinyl groups are preferable as the polymerizable groups (G 1 and G 2 in the general formula (2)) that do not generate a functional group that becomes a carrier trap after the polymerization crosslinking reaction.
- a polymerization crosslinking reaction can be caused to form a three-dimensional network structure.
- a polymerization initiator that causes a polymerization initiation reaction by heat, light, radiation, or the like may be mixed in advance.
- an n-type semiconductor material that is a high molecular compound and a p-type semiconductor material that is a low molecular compound are used in a bulk heterojunction layer in which an n-type semiconductor material and a p-type semiconductor material are mixed. It is a feature.
- Examples of the p-type semiconductor material used in the present invention include various condensed polycyclic aromatic compounds and conjugated compounds.
- condensed polycyclic aromatic compound examples include anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, hexacene, heptacene, chrysene, picene, fluorene, pyrene, peropyrene, perylene, terylene, quaterylene, coronene, ovalene, thacumanthracene, bisanthene, zeslen, heptazelene. , Pyranthrene, violanthene, isoviolanthene, cacobiphenyl, anthradithiophene, and the like, and derivatives and precursors thereof.
- conjugated compound examples include polythiophene and its oligomer, polypyrrole and its oligomer, polyaniline, polyphenylene and its oligomer, polyphenylene vinylene and its oligomer, polythienylene vinylene and its oligomer, polyacetylene, polydiacetylene, tetrathiafulvalene compound, quinone Compounds, cyano compounds such as tetracyanoquinodimethane, fullerenes and derivatives or mixtures thereof.
- thiophene hexamer ⁇ -seccithiophene ⁇ , ⁇ -dihexyl- ⁇ -sexualthiophene, ⁇ , ⁇ -dihexyl- ⁇ -kinkethiophene, ⁇ , ⁇ -bis (3- An oligomer such as butoxypropyl) - ⁇ -sexithiophene can be preferably used.
- porphyrin copper phthalocyanine, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) -tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) complex, bisethylenetetrathiafulvalene (BEDTTTTF) -perchloric acid complex, BEDTTTTF-iodine complex, TCNQ-iodine complex, etc.
- Organic molecular complexes such as C60, C70, C76, C78, and C84, carbon nanotubes such as SWNT, dyes such as merocyanine dyes and hemicyanine dyes, and ⁇ -conjugated polymers such as polysilane and polygerman Organic-inorganic hybrid materials described in 2000-260999 can also be used.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of condensed polycyclic aromatic compounds such as pentacene, fullerenes, condensed ring tetracarboxylic acid diimides, metal phthalocyanines, and metal porphyrins is preferable. Further, pentacenes are more preferable.
- pentacenes examples include substituents described in International Publication No. 03/16599, International Publication No. 03/28125, US Pat. No. 6,690,029, JP-A-2004-107216, etc.
- Examples thereof include substituted acenes described in No. 14.4986 and the like and derivatives thereof.
- Such compounds include those described in J. Org. Amer. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 123, p9482; Amer. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 130 (2008), no. Acene-based compounds substituted with trialkylsilylethynyl groups described in US Pat. No. 9,2706, etc., pentacene precursors described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2003/136964, etc., and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-224019 Examples include precursor type compounds (precursors) such as porphyrin precursors.
- the latter precursor type can be preferably used. This is because the precursor type is insolubilized after conversion, so when forming the hole transport layer, electron transport layer, hole block layer, electron block layer, etc. on the bulk heterojunction layer by a solution process, Since the bulk heterojunction layer will not be dissolved, the material constituting the layer and the material forming the bulk heterojunction layer will not be mixed, thereby further improving the efficiency and life. Because it can.
- a chemical structure change is caused by a method such as exposing a precursor of a p-type semiconductor material to a vapor of a compound that causes heat, light, radiation, or a chemical reaction.
- a compound converted into a semiconductor material is preferred.
- compounds that cause a scientific structural change by heat are preferred.
- a bulk heterojunction layer is a layer formed from the solution which melt
- the p-type semiconductor material precursor is converted into a p-type semiconductor material by heat treatment.
- the chemical structure changes before and after the heat treatment, and the constituent layer is formed by application (solution application) of the organic photoelectric conversion element constituent layer. It is a compound that greatly changes the solubility in the solvent used for formation.
- the p-type semiconductor material precursor that was solvent-soluble changes to solvent-insoluble by heat treatment.
- the p-type semiconductor material precursor in the p-type semiconductor material precursor-containing layer It is preferable that the molecular weight A and the molecular weight B of the p-type semiconductor material formed by the conversion process of the precursor satisfy the following inequality (1).
- the eliminated substituent or a molecule generated by cleavage of a chemical bond is not preferable for the characteristics of a p-type semiconductor material or an organic photoelectric conversion element. It is preferable that no influence is exerted, and further, it is preferable that the organic photoelectric conversion element is easily removed out of the system.
- Examples of such materials include pentacene precursors described in JP-A No. 2003-136964, phthalocyanine precursors described in JP-A No. 2007-224019, JP-A Nos. 2007-2224019, and JP-A No. 2008-16834. And a precursor (precursor) type compound such as the porphyrin precursor described in 1).
- a tetrabenzoporphyrin derivative having high solubility of the precursor and high mobility of the p-type semiconductor material after conversion is preferably used.
- tetrabenzoporphyrin derivatives include the following compounds, but the present invention is not limited to these.
- tetrabenzoporphyrin derivative precursor examples include compounds represented by the following general formulas (3) and (4), but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- Z ia and Z ib (i represents an integer of 1 to 4) each independently represent a monovalent atom or atomic group, provided that Z ia and Z ib And R 1 to R 4 each independently represents a monovalent atom or atomic group, and Y 1 to Y 4 each independently represent a monovalent atom or atom.
- M represents an atomic group in which a divalent metal atom or a trivalent or higher metal is bonded to another atom.
- Z ia and Z ib (i represents an integer of 1 to 4) each independently represent a monovalent atom or atomic group.
- examples of the atom include a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom;
- the atomic group includes: hydroxyl group; amino group; alkyl group, aralkyl group, alkenyl group, cyano group, acyl group, alkoxy group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryloxy group, dialkylamino group, diaralkylamino group, haloalkyl group, And organic groups such as aromatic hydrocarbon ring groups and aromatic heterocyclic groups.
- the carbon number of the alkyl group is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may deteriorate, the solubility may increase, and redissolution may occur during lamination, or the heat resistance may decrease.
- the alkyl group include a methyl group and an ethyl group.
- the carbon number of the aralkyl group is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms in the aralkyl group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may deteriorate, the solubility may increase, and redissolution may occur during lamination, or the heat resistance may decrease.
- the aralkyl group include a benzyl group.
- the carbon number of the alkenyl group is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms in the alkenyl group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may be deteriorated, the solubility may be increased, and redissolution may be performed at the time of lamination, or the heat resistance may be decreased.
- the alkenyl group include a vinyl group.
- the carbon number of the acyl group is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms in the acyl group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may deteriorate, the solubility may increase, and redissolution may occur during lamination, or the heat resistance may decrease. Examples of this acyl group include formyl group, acetyl group, benzoyl group and the like.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkoxy group is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms of the alkoxy group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may be lowered, the solubility may be increased, and redissolution may be performed at the time of lamination, or the heat resistance may be reduced.
- the alkoxy group include a methoxy group and an ethoxy group.
- the carbon number of the alkoxycarbonyl group is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms of the alkoxycarbonyl group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may be deteriorated, the solubility may be increased and redissolved during lamination, or the heat resistance may be decreased.
- the alkoxycarbonyl group include a methoxycarbonyl group and an ethoxycarbonyl group.
- the aryloxy group may have any carbon number unless the effects of the present invention are significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms of the aryloxy group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may be deteriorated, the solubility may be increased, and redissolution may be performed at the time of lamination, or the heat resistance may be decreased.
- the aryloxy group include a phenoxy group and a benzyloxy group.
- the carbon number of the dialkylamino group is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms in the dialkylamino group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may deteriorate, the solubility may increase, and redissolution may occur during lamination, or the heat resistance may decrease.
- the dialkylamino group include a diethylamino group and a diisopropylamino group.
- the carbon number of the diaralkylamino group is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms in the diaalkylamino group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may be deteriorated, the solubility may be increased, and redissolution may be performed during lamination, or the heat resistance may be decreased.
- the diaralkylamino group include a dibenzylamino group and a diphenethylamino group.
- the carbon number of the haloalkyl group is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. If the number of carbon atoms of the haloalkyl group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may be reduced, the solubility may be increased, and redissolution may be performed at the time of lamination, or the heat resistance may be reduced.
- the haloalkyl group include ⁇ -haloalkyl groups such as a trifluoromethyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring group is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, but usually 6 or more, preferably 10 or more, and usually 30 or less, preferably 20 It is as follows. If the number of carbon atoms in the aromatic hydrocarbon ring group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may be deteriorated, the solubility may be increased and redissolved during lamination, or the heat resistance may be decreased.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon ring group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group.
- the carbon number of the aromatic heterocyclic group is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 2 or more, preferably 5 or more, and usually 30 or less, preferably 20 or less. It is. If the number of carbon atoms in the aromatic heterocyclic group is too large, the semiconductor characteristics may be deteriorated, the solubility may be increased and redissolved during lamination, or the heat resistance may be decreased.
- the aromatic heterocyclic group include a thienyl group and a pyridyl group.
- the above atomic group may have an arbitrary substituent as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- substituents include a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom; an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as a methyl group and an ethyl group; an alkenyl group such as a vinyl group; and a carbon number of 1 such as a methoxycarbonyl group and an ethoxycarbonyl group.
- alkoxycarbonyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as a methoxy group and an ethoxy group; an aryloxy group such as a phenoxy group and a benzyloxy group; a dialkylamino group such as a dimethylamino group and a diethylamino group; an acetyl group and the like
- 1 type may be substituted by single or multiple, and 2 or more types may be substituted by arbitrary combinations and ratios.
- Z ia and Z ib may combine to form a ring.
- examples of the ring containing Z ia and Z ib include benzene
- An aromatic hydrocarbon ring which may have a substituent such as a ring, naphthalene ring or anthracene ring; an aromatic which may have a substituent such as a pyridine ring, a quinoline ring, a furan ring or a thiophene ring
- a heterocyclic ring a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon such as a cyclohexane ring; and the like.
- substituents included in the ring formed by combining Z ia and Z ib are optional as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. Examples thereof include the same substituents as those exemplified as the substituent of the atomic group constituting Z ia and Z ib .
- 1 type may be substituted by single or multiple, and 2 or more types may be substituted by arbitrary combinations and ratios.
- a hydrogen atom is particularly preferable. This is because the crystal packing is good and high semiconductor characteristics can be expected.
- R 1 to R 4 each independently represents a monovalent atom or atomic group.
- R 1 to R 4 are the same as Z ia and Z ib described above. Further, when R 1 to R 4 are an atomic group, the atomic group may have an arbitrary substituent as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. As an example of this substituent, the same thing as the substituent of said Z ia and Z ib is mentioned. In addition, as for this substituent, 1 type may be substituted by single or multiple, and 2 or more types may be substituted by arbitrary combinations and ratios. However, R 1 to R 4 are preferably selected from atoms such as a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom in order to improve the planarity of the molecule.
- M represents a divalent metal atom or an atomic group in which a trivalent or higher valent metal is bonded to another atom.
- M examples thereof include Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Co and the like.
- M is an atomic group in which a trivalent or higher-valent metal and another atom are bonded, examples thereof include Fe—B 1 , Al—B 2 , Ti ⁇ O, Si—B 3 B 4, and the like.
- B 1 , B 2 , B 3 and B 4 represent a monovalent group such as a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or an alkoxy group.
- Y 1 to Y 4 each independently represents a monovalent atom or atomic group.
- Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 may be the same. , May be different.
- examples of the atom include a hydrogen atom.
- examples of the atomic group include a hydroxyl group and an alkyl group.
- the carbon number of the alkyl group is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, but it is usually 1 or more, usually 10 or less, preferably 6 or less, more preferably 3 or less.
- the leaving group becomes large, so that the leaving group is difficult to volatilize and may remain in the film.
- the alkyl group include a methyl group and an ethyl group.
- the atomic group may have an arbitrary substituent as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- substituents include those similar to the substituents of the Z ia and Z ib.
- 1 type may be substituted by single or multiple, and 2 or more types may be substituted by arbitrary combinations and ratios.
- a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 10 or less carbon atoms is preferable. Further, among them, all of Y 1 to Y 4 are hydrogen atoms, or at least one of (Y 1 , Y 2 ) and (Y 3 , Y 4 ) is an alkyl having 10 or less carbon atoms. Particularly preferred is a group. This is because the solubility is increased and the film formability is improved.
- the precursor according to the present invention is converted into the benzoporphyrin derivative according to the present invention by heat treatment.
- heat treatment There is no restriction on what kind of reaction occurs during the heat treatment.
- the compound represented by the following general formula (5) is formed by applying heat. Detach. This elimination reaction proceeds quantitatively. And by this elimination reaction, the precursor according to the present invention is converted into the benzoporphyrin derivative according to the present invention.
- the heat treatment will be specifically described by taking the benzoporphyrin derivative BP-1 exemplified above as an example.
- the precursor of the benzoporphyrin derivative BP-1 include compounds in which in formulas (3) and (4), Z ia , Z ib , R 1 to R 4 and Y 1 to Y 4 are all hydrogen atoms ( Hereinafter, it is referred to as “BP-1 precursor”.
- BP-1 precursor the precursor of the benzoporphyrin derivative BP-1 is not limited to this BP-1 precursor.
- the temperature condition is not limited as long as the above reaction proceeds, but is usually 100 ° C or higher, preferably 150 ° C or higher. If the temperature is too low, the conversion takes time, which may be undesirable in practice. Although an upper limit is arbitrary, it is 400 degrees C or less normally, Preferably it is 300 degrees C or less. This is because decomposition may occur if the temperature is too high.
- the heating time is not limited as long as the reaction proceeds, but usually 10 seconds or more, preferably 30 seconds or more, Usually, it is 10 hours or less, preferably 1 hour or less. This is because if the heating time is too short, conversion may be insufficient, and if it is too long, decomposition may occur.
- the atmosphere is not limited as long as the reaction proceeds, but an inert atmosphere is preferable.
- the inert gas that can be used at this time include nitrogen and rare gases.
- an inert gas may use only 1 type and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the precursor according to the present invention has high solubility in a solvent such as an organic solvent.
- the specific degree of solubility depends on the type of solvent, but the solubility in chloroform at 25 ° C. is usually 0.1 g / l or more, preferably 0.5 g / l or more, more preferably 1 g / l or more. .
- the solubility in chloroform at 25 ° C. is usually 0.1 g / l or more, preferably 0.5 g / l or more, more preferably 1 g / l or more.
- it is 1000 g / l or less.
- the benzoporphyrin derivative according to the present invention derived therefrom has very low solubility in a solvent such as an organic solvent. This is because the structure of the precursor according to the present invention is not a planar structure, so the solubility is high and it is difficult to crystallize, whereas the benzoporphyrin derivative according to the present invention has a planar structure. Inferred. Therefore, using such a difference in solubility in a solvent, a layer containing the benzoporphyrin derivative can be easily formed by a coating method. For example, it can be produced by the following method.
- the precursor according to the present invention is dissolved in a solvent to prepare a solution, and the solution is applied to form an amorphous layer or a good layer close to an amorphous layer.
- the layer of a benzoporphyrin derivative with high planarity can be obtained by heat-treating this layer and converting the precursor according to the present invention by thermal conversion.
- the method for producing the precursor according to the present invention is not limited, and a known method can be arbitrarily adopted.
- the BP-1 precursor as an example, it can be produced through the following synthesis route.
- Et represents an ethyl group
- t-Bu represents a t-butyl group.
- the tetrabenzoporphyrin derivative according to the present invention includes, for example, one atom shared by two porphyrin rings and two porphyrin rings sharing one or more atoms or atomic groups. May be combined, or three or more of them may be combined and connected on a long chain.
- both the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material forming the bulk heterojunction layer have extremely high solvent resistance against the solvent, and the bulk
- a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, a hole block layer, an electron block layer, or the like is formed on the hetero junction layer by a solution process, the bulk hetero junction layer is not dissolved.
- the polymerization cross-linking reaction of the n-type semiconductor layer is caused by heat because conversion of the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material can be achieved simultaneously.
- the electron transport layer As the electron transport layer, octaazaporphyrin and p-type semiconductor perfluoro compounds (perfluoropentacene, perfluorophthalocyanine, etc.) can be used.
- the HOMO level of the p-type semiconductor material used for the photoelectric conversion layer is used.
- the electron transport layer having the HOMO level deeper than the level is given a hole blocking function having a rectifying effect so that holes generated in the photoelectric conversion layer do not flow to the cathode side. More preferably, a material deeper than the HOMO level of the n-type semiconductor is used as the electron transport layer.
- Such an electron transport layer is also called a hole blocking layer, and it is preferable to use an electron transport layer having such a function.
- examples of such materials include phenanthrene compounds such as bathocuproine, n-type semiconductor materials such as naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, and titanium oxide.
- N-type inorganic oxides such as zinc oxide and gallium oxide, and alkali metal compounds such as lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, and cesium fluoride can be used.
- a layer made of a single n-type semiconductor material used for the photoelectric conversion layer can also be used.
- the means for forming these layers may be either a vacuum vapor deposition method or a solution coating method, but is preferably a solution coating method.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has a hole transport layer between the photoelectric conversion layer and the anode, and it is possible to take out charges generated in the photoelectric conversion layer more efficiently. It is preferable.
- the material constituting these layers include, as the hole transport layer, PEDOT such as Stark Vuitec, trade name BaytronP, polyaniline and its doped material, cyan described in International Publication No. 06/019270, etc. Compounds, etc. can be used.
- the hole transport layer having a LUMO level shallower than the LUMO level of the n-type semiconductor material used for the photoelectric conversion layer has a rectifying effect that prevents electrons generated in the photoelectric conversion layer from flowing to the anode side. It has an electronic block function.
- Such a hole transport layer is also called an electron block layer, and it is preferable to use a hole transport layer having such a function.
- triarylamine compounds described in JP-A-5-271166 metal oxides such as molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, and tungsten oxide can be used.
- a layer made of a single p-type semiconductor material used for the photoelectric conversion layer can also be used.
- the means for forming these layers may be either a vacuum deposition method or a solution coating method, but is preferably a solution coating method. Forming a coating film in the lower layer before forming the photoelectric conversion layer is preferable because it has the effect of leveling the coating surface and reduces the influence of leakage and the like.
- the intermediate layer include a hole block layer, an electron block layer, a hole injection layer, an electron injection layer, an exciton block layer, a UV absorption layer, a light reflection layer, and a wavelength conversion layer.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has at least an anode and a cathode. Moreover, when taking a tandem configuration, the tandem configuration can be achieved by using an intermediate electrode.
- an electrode through which holes mainly flow is called an anode, and an electrode through which electrons mainly flow is called a cathode.
- a translucent electrode is called a transparent electrode and a non-translucent electrode is called a counter electrode because of the function of whether or not it has translucency.
- the anode is a translucent transparent electrode
- the cathode is a non-translucent counter electrode.
- the anode of the present invention is preferably an electrode that transmits light of 380 to 800 nm.
- the material for example, transparent conductive metal oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2 and ZnO, metal thin films such as gold, silver and platinum, metal nanowires and carbon nanotubes can be used.
- Conductive polymers can also be used. Further, a plurality of these conductive compounds can be combined to form an anode.
- the cathode may be a single layer of a conductive material, but in addition to a conductive material, a resin that holds these may be used in combination.
- a conductive material for the cathode a material having a work function (4 eV or less) metal, alloy, electrically conductive compound, and a mixture thereof as an electrode material is used.
- electrode materials include sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) Mixtures, indium, lithium / aluminum mixtures, rare earth metals and the like.
- a mixture of these metals and a second metal which is a stable metal having a larger work function value than this for example, a magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / Aluminum mixtures, magnesium / indium mixtures, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al2O3) mixtures, lithium / aluminum mixtures, aluminum and the like are preferred.
- the cathode can be produced by forming a thin film of these electrode materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- the light coming to the cathode side is reflected and reflected to the first electrode side, and this light can be reused and absorbed again by the photoelectric conversion layer. Improved and preferable.
- the cathode may be a metal (for example, gold, silver, copper, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, aluminum, magnesium, indium, etc.), carbon nanoparticles, nanowires, nanostructures, or a nanowire dispersion. If so, a transparent and highly conductive cathode can be formed by a coating method, which is preferable.
- a metal for example, gold, silver, copper, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, aluminum, magnesium, indium, etc.
- the cathode side is made light transmissive, for example, a conductive material suitable for the cathode such as aluminum and aluminum alloy, silver and silver compound is made thin with a film thickness of about 1 to 20 nm, and then the anode By providing a film of the conductive light-transmitting material mentioned in the description, a light-transmitting cathode can be obtained.
- a conductive material suitable for the cathode such as aluminum and aluminum alloy
- silver and silver compound is made thin with a film thickness of about 1 to 20 nm
- the intermediate electrode material required in the case of the tandem structure as shown in FIG. 3 is preferably a layer using a compound having both transparency and conductivity.
- Transparent metal oxides such as ITO, AZO, FTO, titanium oxide, very thin metal layers such as Ag, Al, Au, or layers containing nanoparticles / nanowires, conductive polymer materials such as PEDOT: PSS, polyaniline, etc. ) Can be used.
- the substrate is preferably a member that can transmit the light that is photoelectrically converted, that is, a member that is transparent to the wavelength of the light to be photoelectrically converted.
- a transparent resin film from the viewpoint of light weight and flexibility.
- the material, a shape, a structure, thickness, etc. can be suitably selected from well-known things.
- polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) modified polyester, polyethylene (PE) resin film, polypropylene (PP) resin film, polystyrene resin film, polyolefin resins such as cyclic olefin resin Film, vinyl resin film such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) resin film, polysulfone (PSF) resin film, polyether sulfone (PES) resin film, polycarbonate (PC) resin film, A polyamide resin film, a polyimide resin film, an acrylic resin film, a triacetyl cellulose (TAC) resin film, and the like can be given. If the resin film transmittance of 80% or more at 0 ⁇ 800 nm), can be preferably applied to a transparent resin film according to the present invention.
- biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film preferably a biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film, a biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film, a polyethersulfone film, or a polycarbonate film. More preferred are a stretched polyethylene terephthalate film and a biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film.
- the transparent substrate used in the present invention can be subjected to a surface treatment or an easy adhesion layer in order to ensure the wettability and adhesion of the coating solution.
- a surface treatment or an easy adhesion layer in order to ensure the wettability and adhesion of the coating solution.
- a conventionally well-known technique can be used about a surface treatment or an easily bonding layer.
- the surface treatment includes surface activation treatment such as corona discharge treatment, flame treatment, ultraviolet treatment, high frequency treatment, glow discharge treatment, active plasma treatment, and laser treatment.
- Examples of the easy adhesion layer include polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, vinyl copolymer, butadiene copolymer, acrylic copolymer, vinylidene copolymer, and epoxy copolymer.
- a barrier coat layer may be formed in advance on the transparent substrate, or a hard coat layer may be formed in advance on the opposite side to which the transparent conductive layer is transferred. Good.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention may have various optical functional layers for the purpose of more efficient reception of sunlight.
- a light condensing layer such as an antireflection film or a microlens array, or a light diffusion layer that can scatter light reflected by the cathode and enter the power generation layer again may be provided. .
- the antireflection layer can be provided as the antireflection layer.
- the refractive index of the easy adhesion layer adjacent to the film is 1.57. It is more preferable to set it to ⁇ 1.63 because the transmittance can be improved by reducing the interface reflection between the film substrate and the easy adhesion layer.
- the method for adjusting the refractive index can be carried out by appropriately adjusting the ratio of the oxide sol having a relatively high refractive index such as tin oxide sol or cerium oxide sol and the binder resin.
- the easy adhesion layer may be a single layer, but may be composed of two or more layers in order to improve adhesion.
- the condensing layer for example, it is processed so as to provide a structure on the microlens array on the sunlight receiving side of the support substrate, or the amount of light received from a specific direction is increased by combining with a so-called condensing sheet. Conversely, the incident angle dependency of sunlight can be reduced.
- quadrangular pyramids having a side of 30 ⁇ m and an apex angle of 90 degrees are arranged two-dimensionally on the light extraction side of the substrate.
- One side is preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m. If it is smaller than this, the effect of diffraction is generated and colored.
- the light scattering layer examples include various antiglare layers, layers in which nanoparticles or nanowires such as metals or various inorganic oxides are dispersed in a colorless and transparent polymer, and the like.
- the method and process for patterning the electrode, the power generation layer, the hole transport layer, the electron transport layer, and the like according to the present invention are not particularly limited, and known methods can be appropriately applied.
- the electrode can be patterned by a known method such as mask vapor deposition during vacuum deposition or etching or lift-off.
- the pattern may be formed by transferring a pattern formed on another substrate.
- a method of sealing a cap made of aluminum or glass by bonding with an adhesive, a plastic film on which a gas barrier layer such as aluminum, silicon oxide, or aluminum oxide is formed and an organic photoelectric conversion element are pasted with an adhesive.
- Method, spin coating of organic polymer material with high gas barrier property (polyvinyl alcohol, etc.), inorganic thin film with high gas barrier property (silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, etc.) or organic film (parylene etc.) are deposited under vacuum. Examples thereof include a method and a method of laminating these in a composite manner.
- optical sensor array Next, an optical sensor array to which the bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric conversion element 10 described above is applied will be described in detail.
- the optical sensor array is produced by arranging the photoelectric conversion elements in a fine pixel form by utilizing the fact that the bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric conversion elements generate a current upon receiving light, and projected onto the optical sensor array.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a configuration of the optical sensor array.
- 3A is a top view
- FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A ′ of FIG. 3A.
- the optical sensor array 20 is paired with a transparent electrode 22 as a lower electrode, a photoelectric conversion unit 24 for converting light energy into electric energy, and a transparent electrode 22 on a substrate 21 as a holding member.
- the counter electrode 23 is sequentially laminated.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 24 includes two layers, a photoelectric conversion layer 24b having a bulk heterojunction layer in which a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material are uniformly mixed, and a buffer layer 24a. In the example shown in FIG. 3, six bulk heterojunction organic photoelectric conversion elements are formed.
- the substrate 21, the transparent electrode 22, the photoelectric conversion layer 24 b, and the counter electrode 23 have the same configuration and role as the transparent electrode 12, the photoelectric conversion unit 14, and the counter electrode 13 in the bulk heterojunction photoelectric conversion element 10 described above. It is.
- the substrate 21 glass is used for the substrate 21, ITO is used for the transparent electrode 22, and aluminum is used for the counter electrode 23, for example.
- the BP-1 precursor is used as the p-type semiconductor material of the photoelectric conversion layer 24b, and the polymerized cross-linked product of the exemplary compound 1 is used as the n-type semiconductor material, for example.
- the buffer layer 24a is made of PEDOT (poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -PSS (polystyrene sulfonic acid) conductive polymer (trade name BaytronP, manufactured by Stark Vitec).
- PEDOT poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
- PSS polystyrene sulfonic acid
- Such an optical sensor array 20 was manufactured as follows.
- An ITO film was formed on the glass substrate by sputtering and processed into a predetermined pattern shape by photolithography.
- the thickness of the glass substrate was 0.7 mm
- the thickness of the ITO film was 200 nm
- the measurement area (light receiving area) of the ITO film after photolithography was 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm.
- a mixed solution obtained by mixing a tetrabenzoporphyrin derivative with a chlorobenzene solvent at a ratio of 6: 5 and ultrasonically stirring (5 minutes) was used.
- annealing was performed by heating in an oven at 180 ° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the thickness of the mixed film of BP-1 + crosslinked polymer of Compound Example 1 after the annealing treatment was 70 nm.
- 1 ⁇ m of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) was formed by spin coating and baked at 150 ° C. to prepare a passivation layer (not shown).
- the optical sensor array 20 was produced as described above.
- Example 1 The compound used in Example 1 was synthesized as follows.
- PCBG Phenyl-C61-glycidyl butyrate
- organic photoelectric conversion element 1 Preparation of organic photoelectric conversion element 1 An indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive film deposited on a glass substrate with a thickness of 110 nm (sheet resistance 13 ⁇ / ⁇ ) is patterned to a width of 2 mm using a normal photolithography technique and hydrochloric acid etching, and transparent An electrode was formed.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- Baytron PH510 manufactured by Starck Vitec, which is a conductive polymer, was spin-coated with a film thickness of 30 nm, and then heat-dried at 140 ° C. for 10 minutes in the atmosphere.
- the substrate was brought into the glove box and worked in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the substrate was heat-treated at 180 ° C. for 3 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the substrate on which the series of organic layers was formed was placed in a vacuum deposition apparatus.
- the element was set so that the shadow mask with a width of 2 mm was orthogonal to the transparent electrode, and the inside of the vacuum deposition apparatus was depressurized to 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less, and then at a deposition rate of 2 nm / second, lithium fluoride was 5 nm and Al was 80 nm. It vapor-deposited and the organic photoelectric conversion element 1 of a 2 square mm size was obtained.
- the obtained organic photoelectric conversion element 1 was sealed using an aluminum can and a UV curable resin in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element 4 was similarly prepared except that 1.5% by mass of the low-molecular n-type semiconductor PCBM was changed to 1.0% by mass of PCBG (monomer of the polymer n-type semiconductor material). Got. PCBG polymerized during heating at 160 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a polymer n-type semiconductor. Similarly, the obtained organic photoelectric conversion element 4 was sealed using an aluminum can and a UV curable resin in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- Organic photoelectric conversion element 5 was obtained in the same manner as in the production of organic photoelectric conversion element 4 except that 1.0% by mass of PCBG was changed to 1.0% by mass of polymer 1 (polymer n-type semiconductor material). Similarly, the obtained organic photoelectric conversion element 5 was sealed using an aluminum can and a UV curable resin in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the retention rate of the conversion efficiency after irradiating the light with the intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 for 100 hours with the resistor sandwiched between the anode and the cathode of the organic photoelectric conversion element is defined as the initial conversion efficiency. And evaluated as a percentage.
- Table 1 shows the evaluation results.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention combining a high-molecular n-type semiconductor material and a low-molecular p-type semiconductor material has high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Furthermore, it can be seen that the photoelectric conversion element in which the n-type semiconductor material forms a three-dimensional network structure has high durability.
- Example 2 [Evaluation of suitability for upper layer application] The following p-type semiconductor material, n-type semiconductor material, and a chlorobenzene solution of a mixture of p-type semiconductor material and n-type semiconductor material are spin-coated on a glass substrate, heated at 160 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then subjected to spectroscopy. Spectral absorption was measured with an absorption meter.
- chlorobenzene was dropped onto the obtained thin film and spin coating was performed at 1500 rpm for 60 seconds, and then the applicability of the upper layer was evaluated according to the following criteria from the result of spectral absorption measurement.
- ⁇ Spectral absorption rate of absorption maximum after application of chlorobenzene is 95% or more ⁇ : Spectral absorption rate of absorption maximum after application of chlorobenzene is kept 80% or more ⁇ : Spectral absorption rate of absorption maximum after application of chlorobenzene is 80% Table 2 shows the results of the evaluation.
- the structure of the organic thin film photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be manufactured by a coating method having high production suitability.
- a high suitability for upper layer coating is particularly useful when producing a pin type device and a tandem type photoelectric conversion device that can achieve higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- Example 3 [Production of tandem elements]
- a titanium oxide layer was formed as follows: Was applied.
- Baytron PH510 manufactured by Starck Vitec was spin-coated again with a film thickness of 30 nm, and then heat-dried at 140 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air, and the sample was moved again into the glove box.
- a second bulk heterojunction layer was formed using a chlorobenzene solution in which 1.0% by mass of regioregular poly (3-hexylthiophene), P3HT) manufactured by Reike Metal Co., Ltd. and 0.8% by mass of PCBM were dissolved. .
- the substrate on which the series of organic layers was formed was placed in a vacuum deposition apparatus.
- the element was set so that the shadow mask with a width of 2 mm was orthogonal to the transparent electrode, and the inside of the vacuum deposition apparatus was depressurized to 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less, and then at a deposition rate of 2 nm / second, lithium fluoride was 5 nm and Al was 80 nm.
- Vapor deposition was performed to obtain a tandem organic photoelectric conversion element 11 having a size of 2 mm square.
- the obtained organic photoelectric conversion element 11 was sealed using an aluminum can and a UV curable resin in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the obtained organic photoelectric conversion element 11 has a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 3.6%, and obtains an organic photoelectric conversion element having higher efficiency than an organic photoelectric conversion element having a single bulk heterojunction layer by tandemization. I was able to.
- the organic photoelectric conversion device of the present invention can be applied to a tandem organic photoelectric conversion device because of its excellent lamination property, and higher photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.
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Abstract
Description
5.前記フラーレン含有高分子化合物が、三次元ネットワーク構造を形成していることを特徴とする前記2~4のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
7.前記一般式(2)で表されるG1及びG2がビニル基であることを特徴とする前記6に記載の有機光電変換素子。
図1は、バルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子を示す断面図である。図1において、バルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子10は、基板11の一方面上に、透明電極(一般に陽極)12、正孔輸送層17、光電変換層14、電子輸送層18及び対極(一般に陰極)13が順次積層されている。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、n型半導体材料及びp型半導体材料を混合したバルクヘテロジャンクション層に、高分子化合物であるn型半導体材料と、低分子化合物であるp型半導体材料を用いることが特徴である。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、n型半導体材料及びp型半導体材料を混合したバルクヘテロジャンクション層に、高分子化合物であるn型半導体材料と、低分子化合物であるp型半導体材料を用いることが特徴である。
ここで、上記の不等式(1)は、p型半導体材料前駆体からp型半導体材料へと化学構造が変化する時に、前駆体の部分構造の変化、例えば、置換基の脱離、化学結合の開裂等が起こることで、前駆体の分子量Aが変化することが好ましい態様として挙げられる。
一般式(3)、(4)において、Zia及びZib(iは1~4の整数を表す)は、各々独立に、1価の原子または原子団を表す。Zia及びZibの例を挙げると、原子としては、水素原子;フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子等のハロゲン原子;等が挙げられる。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、光電変換層と陰極との中間に電子輸送層を形成することで、光電変換層で発生した電荷をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となるため、これらの層を有していることが好ましい。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、光電変換層と陽極との中間には正孔輸送層を、光電変換層で発生した電荷をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となるため、これらの層を有していることが好ましい。
エネルギー変換効率の向上や、素子寿命の向上を目的に、各種中間層を素子内に有する構成としてもよい。中間層の例としては、正孔ブロック層、電子ブロック層、正孔注入層、電子注入層、励起子ブロック層、UV吸収層、光反射層、波長変換層などを挙げることができる。
本発明の有機光電変換素子においては、少なくとも陽極と陰極とを有する。また、タンデム構成をとる場合には、中間電極を用いることでタンデム構成を達成することができる。なお、本発明においては、主に正孔が流れる電極を陽極と呼び、主に電子が流れる電極を陰極と呼ぶ。
本発明の陽極は、好ましくは380~800nmの光を透過する電極である。材料としては、例えば、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、SnO2、ZnO等の透明導電性金属酸化物、金、銀、白金等の金属薄膜、金属ナノワイヤ、カーボンナノチューブ用いることができる。
陰極は導電材単独層であってもよいが、導電性を有する材料に加えて、これらを保持する樹脂を併用してもよい。陰極の導電材としては、仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、ナトリウム、ナトリウム-カリウム合金、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属等が挙げられる。
また、前記図3のようなタンデム構成の場合に必要となる中間電極の材料としては、透明性と導電性を併せ持つ化合物を用いた層であることが好ましく、前記陽極で用いたような材料(ITO、AZO、FTO、酸化チタン等の透明金属酸化物、Ag、Al、Au等の非常に薄い金属層またはナノ粒子・ナノワイヤを含有する層、PEDOT:PSS、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子材料等)を用いることができる。
基板側から光電変換される光が入射する場合、基板はこの光電変換される光を透過させることが可能な、即ちこの光電変換すべき光の波長に対して透明な部材であることが好ましい。基板は、例えば、ガラス基板や樹脂基板等が好適に挙げられるが、軽量性と柔軟性の観点から透明樹脂フィルムを用いることが望ましい。本発明で透明基板として好ましく用いることができる透明樹脂フィルムには特に制限がなく、その材料、形状、構造、厚み等については公知のものの中から適宜選択することができる。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、太陽光のより効率的な受光を目的として、各種の光学機能層を有していてよい。光学機能層としては、例えば、反射防止膜、マイクロレンズアレイ等の集光層、陰極で反射した光を散乱させて再度発電層に入射させることができるような光拡散層などを設けてもよい。
本発明に係る電極、発電層、正孔輸送層、電子輸送層等をパターニングする方法やプロセスには特に制限はなく、公知の手法を適宜適用することができる。
また、作製した有機光電変換素子が環境中の酸素、水分等で劣化しないために、有機光電変換素子だけでなく有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子などで公知の手法によって封止することが好ましい。
次に、以上説明したバルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子10を応用した光センサアレイについて詳細に説明する。光センサアレイは、前記のバルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子が受光によって電流を発生することを利用して、前記の光電変換素子を細かく画素状に並べて作製し、光センサアレイ上に投影された画像を電気的な信号に変換する効果を有するセンサである。
実施例1で使用した化合物は以下のように合成した。
Chemical Communications,vol.22(1999),p2275に従って、p型半導体材料前駆体、BP-1前駆体を得た。
Adv.Mater.,vol.20(2008),p2116に従って、フェニル-C61-酪酸グリシジル(PCBG)を得た。
Adv.Mater.,vol.20(2008),p2116を参考として、bis-PCBMを合成した。ついで、J.Mater.Chem.,vol.15(2005),p5158を参考として、bis-PCBMの塩素化反応を行い、下記モノマー1を合成し、下記スキームで、0.95当量の2,5-ビス(オクチロキシ)-1,4-ビス(ヒドロキシメチル)ベンゼンと、1当量のモノマー1と、塩基存在下で重縮合反応を行い、反応終了後、メタノールを加えて反応を停止させ、フラーレン含有のポリマー1(ポリスチレン換算Mn=5500)を得た。
下記スキームで、上記ポリマー1合成時の中間体、モノマー1と、ビニルアルコールとを塩基存在下で重縮合反応を行い、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーによって精製し、例示化合物1を得た。
上記ポリマー1合成時の中間体、モノマー1と、グリシドールとを塩基存在下で重縮合反応を行い、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーによって精製し、例示化合物7を得た。
(有機光電変換素子1の作製)
ガラス基板上に、インジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜を110nm堆積したもの(シート抵抗13Ω/□)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と塩酸エッチングとを用いて2mm幅にパターニングして、透明電極を形成した。
有機光電変換素子1の作製において、BP-1前駆体1.2質量%を、数平均分子量45000のリーケメタル社製レジオレギュラーポリ(3-ヘキシルチオフェン)、P3HT、高分子n型半導体材料)1.0質量%に変更した以外は同様にして有機光電変換素子2を得、窒素雰囲気下でアルミニウム缶とUV硬化樹脂を用いて封止を行った。
有機光電変換素子2の作製において、低分子n型半導体PCBM1.5質量%を、PCBG(高分子n型半導体材料のモノマー)1.0質量%に変更した以外は同様にして有機光電変換素子3を得た。得られた有機光電変換素子3は同様に、窒素雰囲気下でガラス製の封止キャップとUV硬化樹脂を用いて封止を行った。
有機光電変換素子1の作製において、低分子n型半導体PCBM1.5質量%を、PCBG(高分子n型半導体材料のモノマー)1.0質量%に変更した以外は同様にして有機光電変換素子4を得た。なおPCBGは160℃30分間の加熱の間に重合し、高分子n型半導体となった。得られた有機光電変換素子4は同様に、窒素雰囲気下でアルミニウム缶とUV硬化樹脂を用いて封止を行った。
有機光電変換素子4の作製において、PCBG1.0質量%を、ポリマー1(高分子n型半導体材料)1.0質量%に変更した以外は同様にして有機光電変換素子5を得た。得られた有機光電変換素子5は同様に、窒素雰囲気下でアルミニウム缶とUV硬化樹脂を用いて封止を行った。
有機光電変換素子4の作製において、PCBG1.0質量%を、例示化合物1(三次元架橋型高分子n型半導体材料のモノマー)1.0質量%に変更した以外は同様にして有機光電変換素子6を得た。なお例示化合物1は160℃30分間の加熱の間に重合し、三次元架橋型高分子n型半導体となった。得られた有機光電変換素子6は同様に、窒素雰囲気下でガラス製の封止キャップとUV硬化樹脂を用いて封止を行った。
有機光電変換素子4の作製において、PCBG1.0質量%を、例示化合物7(三次元架橋型高分子n型半導体材料のモノマー)1.0質量%に変更した以外は同様にして有機光電変換素子7を得た。なお例示化合物7は160℃30分間の加熱の間に重合し、三次元架橋型高分子n型半導体となった。得られた有機光電変換素子7は同様に、窒素雰囲気下でガラス製の封止キャップとUV硬化樹脂を用いて封止を行った。
(有機光電変換素子の評価:変換効率)
ガラス製の封止キャップとUV硬化樹脂を用いて封止を行った有機光電変換素子に、ソーラシュミレーター(AM1.5G)の光を100mW/cm2の強度で照射して、電圧-電流特性を測定し、光電変換効率を求めた。
さらに、有機光電変換素子の陽極と陰極の間に抵抗を挟んで接続した状態で、上記の100mW/cm2の強度の光を100時間照射した後の変換効率の保持率を、初期の変換効率との百分率で評価した。
〔上層塗布適性の評価〕
ガラス基板上に、下記のp型半導体材料、n型半導体材料、及び、p型半導体材料とn型半導体材料混合物のクロロベンゼン溶液をスピンコートし、160℃で30分間の加熱を行った後、分光吸収測定器により分光吸収を測定した。
△:クロロベンゼン塗布後の吸収極大の分光吸収率が80%以上を保持
×:クロロベンゼン塗布後の吸収極大の分光吸収率が80%未満
評価の結果を表2に示す。
〔タンデム素子の作製〕
実施例1の本発明の有機光電変換素子6において、バルクへテロジャンクション層の塗布・160℃で30分加熱後、フッ化リチウム及びアルミニウムを蒸着するのに代えて、以下のように酸化チタン層を塗布した。
11 基板
12 陽極
13 陰極
14 光電変換層
14p p層
14i i層
14n n層
14′ 第1の光電変換層
15 電荷再結合層
16 第2の光電変換層
17 正孔輸送層
18 電子輸送層
20 光センサアレイ
21 基板
22 陽極
23 陰極
24 光電変換部
24a バッファ層
24b 光電変換層
Claims (14)
- n型半導体材料及びp型半導体材料を混合したバルクヘテロジャンクション層を備える有機光電変換素子であって、前記n型半導体材料が高分子化合物であり、かつ前記p型半導体材料が低分子化合物であることを特徴とする有機光電変換素子。
- 前記n型半導体材料が、フラーレン含有高分子化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記フラーレン含有高分子化合物が、フラーレン構造を主鎖中に含有する高分子化合物であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記フラーレン含有高分子化合物が、下記一般式(1)で表される化合物であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の有機光電変換素子。
(式中、R1、R2は置換または無置換のアルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アラルキル基、アリール基、ヘテロアリール基、シリル基から選ばれる置換基を表し、L1、L2は置換または無置換のアルキレン基、アルケンジイル基、アルキンジイル基、シクロアルキレン基、アリーレン基、ヘテロアリーレン基、シリレン基、エーテル基、チオエーテル基、カルボニル基、カルボキシル基、アミノ基、アミド基、またはこれらが複数連結した構造を表す。nは2以上の整数を表す。なお、式中、球状のフラーレン構造のうち一方の半球部分のみを示し、他方の半球部分は省略しており、フラーレン構造に置換するR1、L1を含む第1置換基と、R2、L2を含む第2置換基の位置関係は任意である。) - 前記フラーレン含有高分子化合物が、三次元ネットワーク構造を形成していることを特徴とする請求項2~4のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記三次元ネットワーク構造を形成しているフラーレン含有高分子化合物が、下記一般式(2)で表される構造を有するモノマーを重合架橋して得られた化合物であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の有機光電変換素子。
(式中、R3、R4は置換または無置換のアルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アラルキル基、アリール基、ヘテロアリール基、シリル基から選ばれる置換基を表し、L3、L4は置換または無置換のアルキレン基、アルケンジイル基、アルキンジイル基、シクロアルキレン基、アリーレン基、ヘテロアリーレン基、シリレン基、エーテル基、チオエーテル基、カルボニル基、カルボキシル基、アミノ基、アミド基、またはこれらが複数連結した構造を表す。G1、G2は三次元ネットワーク構造の結合鎖となる重合基である。なお、式中、球状のフラーレン構造のうち一方の半球部分のみを示し、他方の半球部分は省略しており、フラーレン構造に置換するG1、R3、L3を含む第1置換基と、G2、R4、L4を含む第2置換基の位置関係は任意である。) - 前記一般式(2)で表されるG1及びG2がビニル基であることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記p型半導体材料が、p型半導体材料前駆体を加熱することによって化学構造変化を起こし、p型半導体材に変換された化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記p型半導体材料が、テトラベンゾポルフィリン誘導体であることを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記バルクヘテロジャンクション層が、p型半導体材料またはその前駆体、及びn型半導体材料またはその前駆体を溶解した溶液から形成された層であることを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記バルクヘテロジャンクション層が、p型半導体材料またはその前駆体、及びn型半導体材料またはその前駆体を溶解した溶液から層を形成した後、さらに加熱することによって形成された層であることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記バルクヘテロジャンクション層が複数であることを特徴とする請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子を有することを特徴とする太陽電池。
- 請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子がアレイ状に配置されてなることを特徴とする光センサアレイ。
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| JP2011187852A (ja) * | 2010-03-11 | 2011-09-22 | Toshiba Corp | 有機薄膜太陽電池およびその製造方法 |
| US20110232731A1 (en) * | 2010-03-29 | 2011-09-29 | Gon Namkoong | High efficiency hybrid organic-inorganic photovoltaic cells |
| JP2011198856A (ja) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-10-06 | Fujifilm Corp | 有機光電変換素子の製造方法、有機光電変換素子、撮像素子、撮像装置 |
| WO2011148717A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-28 | 2011-12-01 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子、太陽電池及び光センサアレイ |
| JP2012033606A (ja) * | 2010-07-29 | 2012-02-16 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 光電変換素子 |
| WO2012147990A1 (ja) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-11-01 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子およびその製造方法 |
| CN102823012A (zh) * | 2010-03-04 | 2012-12-12 | 格尔德殿工业公司 | 包括含有cnt和纳米线复合材料的透明导电涂层的电子器件及其制备方法 |
| TWI495174B (zh) * | 2010-12-30 | 2015-08-01 | Au Optronics Corp | 有機太陽電池 |
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| KR101942423B1 (ko) * | 2011-09-09 | 2019-04-12 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 광 다이오드 |
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| WO2011148717A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-28 | 2011-12-01 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子、太陽電池及び光センサアレイ |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20110036406A1 (en) | 2011-02-17 |
| JP5566890B2 (ja) | 2014-08-06 |
| JPWO2010021374A1 (ja) | 2012-01-26 |
| US8729387B2 (en) | 2014-05-20 |
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