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WO2010060018A1 - Dérivés azo et diaza et leurs applications en photothérapie - Google Patents

Dérivés azo et diaza et leurs applications en photothérapie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010060018A1
WO2010060018A1 PCT/US2009/065482 US2009065482W WO2010060018A1 WO 2010060018 A1 WO2010060018 A1 WO 2010060018A1 US 2009065482 W US2009065482 W US 2009065482W WO 2010060018 A1 WO2010060018 A1 WO 2010060018A1
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compound
compounds
independently
ring
formula
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Raghavan Rajagopalan
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Mallinckrodt Inc
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Mallinckrodt Inc
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Priority to CA2698639A priority Critical patent/CA2698639A1/fr
Priority to JP2010539950A priority patent/JP2011503238A/ja
Priority to EP09760063A priority patent/EP2227474A1/fr
Priority to CN2009801304779A priority patent/CN102046632A/zh
Priority to US12/679,972 priority patent/US20110264026A1/en
Publication of WO2010060018A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010060018A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/06—Peri-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
    • A61K41/0057—Photodynamic therapy with a photosensitizer, i.e. agent able to produce reactive oxygen species upon exposure to light or radiation, e.g. UV or visible light; photocleavage of nucleic acids with an agent
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/001—Preparation for luminescence or biological staining
    • A61K49/0013—Luminescence
    • A61K49/0017—Fluorescence in vivo
    • A61K49/0019—Fluorescence in vivo characterised by the fluorescent group, e.g. oligomeric, polymeric or dendritic molecules
    • A61K49/0021—Fluorescence in vivo characterised by the fluorescent group, e.g. oligomeric, polymeric or dendritic molecules the fluorescent group being a small organic molecule
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

  • Photodiagnostic and phototherapeutic agents include a class of molecules capable of absorbing, emitting, or scattering electromagnetic radiation applied to a biological material, particularly in the visible and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This property of optical agents is used in a range of biomedical applications for visualizing, imaging or otherwise characterizing biological materials and/or achieving a desired therapeutic outcome. Recent developments in targeted administration and delivery of optical agents, and advanced systems and methods for applying and detecting electromagnetic radiation in biological environments has considerably expanded the applicability and effectiveness of optical agents for clinical applications.
  • optical agents that absorb and/or emit in the visible and near- infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum include their use in biomedical imaging and visualization.
  • NIR near- infrared
  • compounds absorbing and/or emitting electromagnetic radiation in these regions of the electromagnetic spectrum currently are useful for optical tomography, optoacoustic tomography, optical coherence tomography, confocal scanning laser tomography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence endoscopy; techniques which have emerged as essential molecular imaging techniques for imaging and visualizing biological processes at the organ, cellular and subcellular (e.g., molecular) levels.
  • Biomedical images are generated, for example, by detecting electromagnetic radiation, nuclear radiation, acoustic waves, electrical fields, and/or magnetic fields transmitted, emitted and/or scattered by components of a biological sample. Modulation of the energy or intensity of the applied radiation yields patterns of transmitted, scattered and/or emitted radiation, acoustic waves, electrical fields or magnetic fields that contain useful anatomical, physiological, and/or biochemical information.
  • a number of applications of biomedical imaging have matured into robust, widely used clinical techniques including planar projection and tomographic X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and gamma ray imaging.
  • Established optical imaging and visualization techniques are based on monitoring spatial variations in a variety of optical parameters including the intensities, polarization states, and frequencies of transmitted, reflected, and emitted electromagnetic radiation.
  • NlR visible and near infrared
  • NIR electromagnetic radiation 700 nm to 900 nm
  • electromagnetic radiation of this wavelength range is capable of substantial penetration (e.g., up to four centimeters) in a range of biological media.
  • Optical imaging and visualization using optical agents has potential to provide a less invasive and safer imaging technology, as compared to X-ray, and other widely used nuclear medicine technologies.
  • Applications of optical imaging for diagnosis and monitoring of the onset, progression and treatment of various disease conditions, including cancer, are well established.
  • D. A. Benaron and D. K. Stevenson Optical time-of-felectromagnetic radiation and absorbance imaging of biologic media, Science, 1993, 259, pp. 1463-1466; R. F. Potter (Series Editor), Medical optical tomography: functional imaging and monitoring, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bell ⁇ ngham, 1993; G. J.
  • optical imaging agents for in vivo and in vitro biomedical imaging, anatomical visualization and monitoring organ function are described in International Patent Publication WO2008/108941 ; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,672,333; 5,698,397; 6,167,297;6,228,344; 6,748,259; 6,838,074; 7,011 ,817; 7,128,896, and 7,201 ,892.
  • optical imaging agents are commonly used for enhancing signal-to-noise and resolution of optical images and extending these techniques to a wider range of biological settings and media.
  • optical imaging agents having specific molecular recognition and/or tissue targeting functionality has also been demonstrated as effective for identifying, differentiating and characterizing discrete components of a biological sample at the organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels.
  • optical agents have been developed as tracers for real time monitoring of physiological function in a patient, including fluorescence-based monitoring of renal function. (See International Patent Publication PCT/US2007/0149478). Given their recognized utility, considerable research continues to be directed toward developing improved optical agents for biomedical imaging and visualization. [006] In addition to their important role in biomedical imaging and visualization, optical agents capable of absorption in the visible and NIR regions have also been extensively developed for clinical applications for phototherapy.
  • Photodynamic therapy in particular, has been used effectively for localized superficial or endoluminal malignant and premalignant conditions.
  • the clinical efficacy of PDT has also been demonstrated for the treatment of various other diseases, injuries, and disorders, including cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis, inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases and dermatologicai diseases.
  • Visudyne and Photofrin are two optical agents that have been developed for the treatment of macular degeneration of the eye and for ablation of several types of tumors, respectively.
  • Phototherapy is carried out by administration and delivery of a photose ⁇ s ⁇ tizer to a therapeutic target tissue (e.g., tumor, lesion, organ, etc.) followed by photoactivation of the photosensitizer by exposure to applied electromagnetic radiation.
  • a therapeutic target tissue e.g., tumor, lesion, organ, etc.
  • Phototherapeutic procedures require photosensitizers that are relatively chemically inert, and become activated only upon irradiation with electromagnetic radiation of an appropriate wavelength.
  • Selective tissue injury can be induced with electromagnetic radiation when photosensitizers bind to the target tissues, either directly or through attachment to a bioactive carrier or targeting moiety.
  • Photosensitizers essentially operate via two different pathways, classified as Types 1 and 2.
  • Type 1 operates via direct energy or electron transfer from the photosensitizer to the cellular components thereby inducing cell death
  • Type 2 process involves first the conversion of singlet oxygen from the triplet oxygen found in the cellular environment followed by either direct reaction of singlet oxygen with the cellular components or further generating secondary reactive species (e.g. peroxides, hydroxyl radical, etc.) which will induce cell death.
  • secondary reactive species e.g. peroxides, hydroxyl radical, etc.
  • the Type 1 mechanism proceeds via a multistep process involving activation of the photosensitizer by absorption of electromagnetic radiation followed by direct interaction of the activated photosensitizer, or reactive species derived from the photosensitizer, with the target tissue, for example via energy transfer, electron transfer or reaction with reactive species (e.g., radicals, ions, nitrene, carbene etc.) resulting in tissue damage.
  • the Type 1 mechanism can be schematically represented by the following sequence of reactions:
  • the Type 2 mechanism proceeds via a multi-step process involving activation of the photosensitizer by absorption of electromagnetic radiation followed by energy transfer from the activated photosensitizer to oxygen molecules in the environment of the target tissue. This energy transfer process generates excited state oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) which subsequently interacts with the target tissue so as to cause tissue damage.
  • the Type 2 mechanism can be schematically represented by the following sequence of reactions:
  • hv indicates applied electromagnetic radiation
  • POTOSENSITIZER indicates photoactivated photosensitizer
  • 3 O 2 is ground state triplet oxygen
  • 1 O 2 is excited state singlet oxygen.
  • Type 1 photosensitizers by their very nature, are not expected to produce reactive oxygen species, rather, the reactive species produced by these photosensitizers will immediately react with the cellular component at the binding site and trigger cell death
  • Type 2 phototherapeutic agents do have certain advantages over Type 1 agents
  • Type 2 agents can potentially be catalytic, i.e., the Type 2 photosensitizer is regenerated once the energy transfer to the oxygen has taken place.
  • Type 1 process would generally be expected to require stoichiometric amounts of the photosensitizer in some clinical settings
  • Table I provides a summary of the attributes of Type 1 and Type 2 phototherapeutic agents. Given these attributes, it is clear that development of safe and effective Type 1 phototherapeutic agents would be useful to complement the existing therapeutic approaches provided by Type 2 agents, and to enhance the therapeutic portfolio available for clinicians.
  • Electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength Requires red electromagnetic radiation for can be used optimal performance.
  • optical agents for these applications preferably have strong absorption in the visible or NIR regions, and also exhibit iow systemic toxicity, low mutagenicity, and rapid clearance from the blood stream. These optical agents must also be compatible with effective administration and delivery to the target tissue, for example by having reasonable solubilities and a low tendency for aggregation in solution.
  • optical agents for Type 1 and 2 phototherapy preferably provide large yields of singlet oxygen (Type 2) or other reactive species, such as free radicals or ions, capable of causing local tissue damage.
  • Type 1 and Type 2 photosensitizers typically undergo photoactivation followed by intersystem crossing to their lowest triplet excited state, and therefore, a relatively long triplet lifetime is usually beneficial for providing effective tissue damage.
  • Other useful properties of optica! agents for these applications include chemical inertness and stability, insensitivity of optical properties to changes in pH, and compatibility with conjugation to ligands providing targeted delivery via molecular recognition functionality.
  • Multifunctional optical agents have also been developed for phototherapy that are capable of providing both imaging and visual functionality upon excitation at a first range of wavelengths and phototherapeutic functionality upon excitation at a second range of wavelength. (See, US Patent No. 7,235,685 and International Patent Publication WO 2007/106436).
  • Optical agents for some phototherapeutic applications preferably exhibit a high degree of selectivity for the target tissue.
  • Selectivity provided by optical agents facilitates effective delivery to a target tissue of interest and provides a means of differentiating different tissue classes during therapy.
  • Selective tissue injury can be induced with electromagnetic radiation when photosensitizers bind to the target tissues either directly, as in the case of Photofrin, or through attachment to a bioactive carrier, or through in situ biochemical synthesis of the photosensitizer in localized area, as in the case of 2-amino!evuiinic acid, which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of porphyrin.
  • Previous studies have shown that certain dyes selectively localize in tumors and serve as a powerful probe for the detection and treatment of small cancers.
  • optical agents for biomedical applications are needed having enhanced specificity for important target tissue classes, such as tumors and other lesions.
  • optical agents are needed having enhanced optical, physical, chemical and pharmacokinetic properties for administration, delivery and excitation with electromagnetic radiation.
  • the invention relates generally to optical agents, including Type 1 phototherapeutic agents, for biomedical applications, such as phototherapy.
  • fused ring azo and diaza compounds comprising a plurality of fused rings including a first ring having an intra-ring azo or intra-ring diaza group capable of activation upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths in visible and/or infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • Optical agents of the invention enable a versatile phototherapy platform for treatment of a range of pathological conditions, including the treatment of cancers, stenosis and inflammation.
  • the invention further provides preparations and formulations comprising the fused ring azo and diaza compounds and methods of making and using the fused ring azo and diaza compounds as optical agents in in vivo or ex vivo biomedical procedures.
  • reactive species such as radicals, nitrenes, carbenes, ions, etc.
  • Optical agents further include conjugates, for example, fused ring azo and diaza compounds including a targeting ligand such as an aptamer, polypeptide, oligonucleotide, carbohydrate, antibody, or other biomolecule, or fragments thereof, capable of providing moiecular recognition and/or targeting functionality.
  • Optical agents further include multifunctional optical agents providing tandem phototherapy and imaging functionality comprising a fused ring azo or diaza component functioning as a photosensitizer directly or indirectly linked to a chromophore component, such as a C 5 -C 30 aryl group, functioning as an optically detectable component.
  • a fused ring azo or diaza component functioning as a photosensitizer directly or indirectly linked to a chromophore component, such as a C 5 -C 30 aryl group, functioning as an optically detectable component.
  • the invention provides a class of fused ring azo and diaza compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapeutic methods, including Type 1 phototherapy, comprising a first ring having an intra-ring azo or intra-ring diaza group, wherein the first ring is fused to a second unsaturated ring and third aromatic ring, in an embodiment, for example, the invention provides a compound for use in a phototherapy procedure, the compound being of the formula (FX1):
  • Y is -CU ⁇ d a ⁇ U ⁇ b D - -NU a - -O- -S-, or -C(O)-;
  • Z is -CUV- -NU C - -O-, S-, or -C(O)-; wherein U a is independently -(L 4 ) h -W 4 -R 4 ; wherein U b is independently -(L 5 )i-W 5 -R 5 ; wherein U c is independently -(L-VWLR 8 ; wherein U d is independently -(L 7 ) ⁇ -W 7 -R 7 ;
  • X is hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, or At;
  • each of L 1 - L 7 is independently C 1 -C 10 alkylene, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkylene, C 2 -C 10 alkenylene, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkenylene, C 2 -C 10 aikynylene, ethenyiene, ethy ⁇ ylene, phenylene, 1-aza- 2,5-dioxocydopentylene, 1 ,4-diazacyclohexylene, -(CH 2 CH 2 O) 13 -, or -(CHOH) 3 -; each of W 1 - W 7 is independently a single bond, -(CH 2 J n -, -(HCCH) n -, -O- -S-, -SO-, - SO 2 -, -SO
  • the composition of R 1 - R 9 , Q, X, Y, Z, W 1 - W 9 and L 1 - L 9 is selected such that the compound undergoes photoactivation upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths over the range of 350 nanometers to 1300 nanometers, and optionally wavelengths over the range of 400 nanometers to 900 nanometers.
  • at least one, and optionally all, of R 1 - R 3 is an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group.
  • at least one, and optionally all, of R 4 - R 7 is a targeting ligand (Bm).
  • X is a halogen, such as Br.
  • reference to embodiments wherein e, f, g, h, i, j, and k is equal to 0 refers to compounds where L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6 , and/or L 7 , respectively, is not present
  • reference to embodiments wherein e, f, g, h, i, j, and k is equai to 1 refers to compounds where L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L ⁇ , and/or L 7 , respectively, is present.
  • W 1 is directly linked to the centra!
  • Embodiments wherein W 1 is a single bond and e is equal to 0 refer to compositions having R 1 directly linked to the fused ring core of formula (FX1) via a single bond.
  • Embodiments wherein W 2 is a single bond and f is equal to 0 refer to compositions having R 2 directly linked to the fused ring core of formula (FX1) via a single bond.
  • W 3 is a single bond and g is equal to 0 refer to compositions having R 3 directly linked to the fused ring core of formula (FX1) via a single bond.
  • Embodiments wherein W 4 is a single bond and h is equal to 0 refer to compositions having R 4 directly linked to the fused ring core of formula (FX1) via a single bond.
  • Embodiments wherein W 5 is a single bond and i is equal to 0 refer to compositions having R 5 directly linked to the fused ring core of formuia (FX1) via a single bond.
  • Embodiments wherein W 6 is a single bond and j is equal to 0 refer to compositions having R 6 directly linked to the central fused ring core of formula (FX1) via a single bond.
  • Embodiments wherein W 7 is a single bond and k is equal to 0 refer to compositions having R 7 directly linked to the central fused ring core of formula (FX1) via a single bond.
  • fused ring core refers to fused rings A, B and C as provided in formuia (FX1).
  • a group corresponding to" an indicated species expressly includes a radical (including a divalent radical), for example an aromatic radical or heterocyclic aromatic radical, of the species or group of species provided in a covalently bonded configuration, optionally with one or more ring substituents, including but not limited to electron donating groups, electron withdrawing groups, fluorophores, photosensitizers and/or targeting ligands.
  • a radical including a divalent radical
  • an aromatic radical or heterocyclic aromatic radical of the species or group of species provided in a covalently bonded configuration
  • one or more ring substituents including but not limited to electron donating groups, electron withdrawing groups, fluorophores, photosensitizers and/or targeting ligands.
  • (FX3) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein: R 1 - R 3 , R s , R 9 , L 1 - L 3 W 1 - W 3 , e, f, g, X, Y and Z are as described in connection with formula (FX1).
  • R 1 - R 3 , R 8 , R 9 , L 1 - L 3 W 1 -W 3 , e, f, g, X, Y and Z are as described in connection with formula (FX1).
  • Compounds of the invention include isomers, for example diaza and azo isomers having formulas (FX3) and (FX4), respectively.
  • Compounds of the invention include tautomers having formula (FX3) and ⁇ FX4) that are capable of undergoing tuatomerization reactions that i ⁇ terconvert between tautomeric forms, for example via hydrogen migration and/or photoactivated tautomerization.
  • both of R ⁇ or R 9 are not hydrogen, for example, the ground state of a compound of the invention has formula (FX4).
  • the compound of the invention preferentially exists in its tautomeric diaza form indicated by structure (FX3) in the ground state.
  • Scheme 1 below provides an example of a compound of the invention having formula (FX4) wherein R 9 is hydrogen, wherein the azo compound undergoes interconversion to form the diaza tautomer having formula (FX3):
  • the invention further provides fused ring azo and diaza compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapeutic methods wherein ring B is a 6 membered carbocyclic ring, the compound being of the formula (FX5) , (FX6), (FX7), or (FX8): a pharmaceuticaily acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein: R 1 - R 7 , L 1 - L 7 , W 1 - W 7 , Q, X, e, f, g, h, i, j, and k are as described in connection with formula (FX1).
  • the invention further provides fused ring azo and diaza compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapeutic methods, wherein ring B is a 6 membered heterocyclic ring, the compound being of the formula (FX9), ⁇ FX10), (FX11), (FX12), (FX13) (FX14), (FX15), (FX16), (FX17), (FX18), (FX19) or (FX20):
  • R 1 - R 7 , L 1 - L 7 , W 1 - W 7 , Q, X, e, f, g, h, i, j, and k are as described in connection with formula (FX1).
  • the invention further provides compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapeutic methods, wherein one or more ring substitue ⁇ ts of rings C and B combine to form one or more additional rings fused to rings C and/or B,
  • the invention provides fused ring azo and diaza compounds for phototherapy, wherein R 1 , R 2 , W 1 , W 2 , and L 1 and L 2 , if present, together with the atoms to which they are attached combine to form one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings, optionally one carbocyc ⁇ c or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings; and/or wherein R 2 , R 3 , W 2 , W 3 , and L 2 and L 3 , if present, together with the atoms to which they are attached combine to form one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings optionally one carbocyclic or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings.
  • the invention provides fused ring diaza and azo compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapy being of the formula (FX21), (FX22), or (FX23): (FX23); or a pharmaceuticalfy acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein each of rings D and E is independently one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings; and wherein R 1 - R 3 , L 1 - L 3 W 1 - W 3 , Q, X, Y, Z, e, and g, are as described in connection with formula (FX1).
  • each of rings D and E of formula (FX21) - (FX23) is independently a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring, such as a pyrazine group of a phenyl group.
  • the invention provides a fused ring azo or diaza compound having any one of formula (FX21) - (FX23), wherein each of rings D and E is independently a C 5 - C 2 o aryl group, optionally a C 5 - C 10 aryl group, fused to ring C.
  • each of rings D and E of formula (FX21) - (FX23) is independently a group corresponding to benzene, naphthalene, naphthoquinone, diphenylmethane, fluorene, anthracene, anthraquinone, phenanthrene, tetracene, naphthace ⁇ edione, pyridine, qutnoline, isoquinoline, indole, isoindole, pyrrole, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine, purine, benzimidazole, furan, benzofuran, dibenzofuran, carbazole, acridine, acridone, phenanthridine, thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, xanthene, xanthone, flavone, coum
  • the invention provides a fused ring azo or diaza compound having any one of formula (FX21) - (FX23), wherein each of rings D and E is independently a group corresponding to benzene, pyrazine, azulene or aza-azulene, optionally having one or more electron withdrawing groups, electron donating groups and/or targeting ligands provided as ring substituents.
  • the invention provides fused ring azo and diaza compounds for phototherapy, wherein U a and U c together with the atoms to which they are attached combine to form one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings, optionally one carbocyclic or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings; and/or wherein R 3 , W 3 , and L 3 , if present, and U c together with the atoms to which they are attached combine to form one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings, optionally one carbocyclic or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings.
  • the invention provides fused ring diaza and azo compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapy being of the formuta (FX24), ⁇ FX25), (FX26), (FX27) or (FX28):
  • each of rings F and G is independently one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic 5, 6, or 7 membered rings; wherein R 1 - R 3 , L 1 - L 3 W 1 - W 3 , Q, X, Y, Z, e, f, g, h, I, j, and k, are as described in connection with formula (FX1), and wherein each of rings D and E of formula (FX24) - (FX28) are as defined in the description of formulas (FX21) - FX23).
  • each of rings F and G of formula (FX24) - (FX28) is independently one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic alicyclic rings, and optionally a single carbocyclic or heterocyclic alicyclic ring.
  • each of rings D and E of formula (FX24) - (FX28) is independently a carbocyclic or heterocyclic C 5 -Ci 0 cycloalkyl or C 5 -Ci 0 cydoalkenyl.
  • each of rings D and E of formula (FX24) - (FX28) is independently cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane or piperidine.
  • the invention provides fused ring azo and diaza compounds for phototherapy, wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are directly attached to ring C; the compound being of the formula (FX29): (FX29); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Q, X, Y, Z, R 1 , R z , and R 3 are as described in connection with formula (FX1).
  • the invention provides fused ring azo and diaza compounds for phototherapy of formula (FX30) or (FX31);
  • the invention provides compounds having any of formulas (FX29) - (FX31), wherein each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 5 -C 10 aryl, -NR 48 R 49 , -CO 2 R 40 , -NR 50 COR 51 , or Bm. ).
  • the invention provides compounds having any of formulas (FX29) - (FX31), wherein each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 10 alkyl, and optionally wherein each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is hydrogen.
  • the invention includes therapeutic agents for biomedical applications, including phototherapy, comprising purified stereoisomers (e.g., ena ⁇ tiomers and diastereomers), tautomers (diaza and azo tautomers), salts (including quarternary salts), and/or ionic forms (e.g., protonated and deprotonated forms) of the compounds of any of formula (FX1) - (FX40), and mixtures thereof.
  • purified stereoisomers e.g., ena ⁇ tiomers and diastereomers
  • tautomers diaza and azo tautomers
  • salts including quarternary salts
  • ionic forms e.g., protonated and deprotonated forms
  • Fused ring azo and diaza compounds of the invention include unsaturated ring B fused to ring A which has an intra-ring azo or intra-ring diaza group and is fused to aromatic ring C.
  • unsaturated ring B has an intra-ring alkene group, wherein a carbon atom of the alkene group is also a ring member of ring A.
  • the presence of the intra-ring alkene group may enhance the stability of the fused ring azo or diaza compound prior to photoactivation, for example, under formulation, delivery and in vivo conditions
  • unsaturated ring B is provided in a configuration so as to extend the overall conjugation in the compound, for example extending the conjugation of aromatic ring C. Extending conjugation via incorporation of unsaturated ring B has the benefit in some compounds of enabling the photoactivation and internal energy transfer processes to occur upon absorption of electromagnetic radiation having longer wavelengths, as compared to the unconjugated analog (e.g., an analog having saturated ring substituted for ring B), that results in generation of reactive species.
  • the unconjugated analog e.g., an analog having saturated ring substituted for ring B
  • Some compounds of the present invention have a red shifted absorption spectrum relative to corresponding compounds wherein ring B is substituted with a fuliy saturated 6 membered ring.
  • Incorporation of unsaturated ring B in compounds of the invention is important for enabling phototherapy biomedical procedures using visible and NIR electromagnetic radiation, as opposed to ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation that can cause unwanted tissue damage upon application of electromagnetic radiation to a subject.
  • Incorporation of unsaturated ring B in compounds of the invention is also significant as it allows use of visible and NIR electromagnetic radiation in a phototherapy procedure that is transmitted appreciably into biological media.
  • the invention provides fused ring azo and diaza compounds having any of formula (FX1) - (FX29) wherein X is hydrogen.
  • the invention provides fused ring azo and diaza compounds having any of formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein X is a halogen atom, such as F, Cl, Br, or At.
  • X is a halogen atom
  • Compounds of the invention having formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein X is a halogen atom, may be useful for generating reactive species comprising halogen radicals upon photoactivation.
  • composition of ring substituents on the rings A, B, C, D, E, F and/or G in compositions having formula (FX1) - (FX40) is selected to achieve preselected properties, such as optical, physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties useful for biomedical applications including phototherapy and optical imaging.
  • a ring substituent refers to an atom or moiety directly or indirectly bonded to an intra-ring atom (e.g., a ring member).
  • the invention provides compounds of any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), for example, wherein any of rings A, B, C, D, E, F and G has at least one electron donating group provided as a ring substituent and/or at least one electron withdrawing group provided as a ring substituent.
  • any of rings B, C, D, E, F and G has at least one electron donating group and at least one electron withdrawing group provided as ring substituents.
  • compositions having any one of (FX1) - (FX40) wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 and/or R 3 is an electron withdrawing group (EWG) bonded directly or indirectly to a carbon atom of ring C and at least one of R 1 , R 2 and/or R 3 is an electron donating group (EDG) bonded directly or indirectly to a carbon atom of ring C.
  • EWG electron withdrawing group
  • Incorporation of a combination of an EWD and an EDG as ring substituents of different carbon atoms of any of rings B, C, D, E, F and G is particularly beneficial for providing optical agents having large extinction coefficients in the visible and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., 350 nm - 1300 nm, optionally 400 nm to 900 nm), emission in the visible and near infrared regions (e.g., 350 nm - 1300 nm, optionally 500 - 900 nm), a large fluorescence quantum yield (e.g., >0.1) and a Stake's shift useful for optical detection and imaging (e.g., Stake's shift > 10 nm).
  • optical agents having large extinction coefficients in the visible and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., 350 nm - 1300 nm, optionally 400 nm to 900 nm), emission in the visible and near infrared
  • an electron withdrawing group and an electron donating group are positioned on adjacent carbon atoms of any of rings B, C, D, E, F and G.
  • the invention includes embodiments wherein an electron withdrawing group and an electron donating group are positioned on non-adjacent carbon atoms of any of rings B, C, D, E, F and G.
  • Multiple electron withdrawing groups and/or electron donating groups on each substituent arm of any of rings B, C, D, E, F and G are contemplated by the compositions of this aspect of the invention.
  • one EWG arm may comprise two, three, or more electron withdrawing groups bonded to any of rings B 1 C, D, E, F and G via a common linking moiety.
  • the invention provides compositions having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is -NR 48 R 49 , or -NR 50 COR 51 , and wherein optionally each of R AB - R 51 is H or C 1 - Cio alkyl.
  • the invention provides compositions having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is -CN, halo, -CO 2 R 40 -COR S4 , -NO 2 , - SO 2 R 55 , or -SO 2 NR 58 R 69 , and wherein optionally each of R 40 , R 54 , R 55 , R 5B and R 59 is H or C 1 - C 10 alkyl.
  • the invention provides compositions having any one of formula (FX1)
  • R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are -CO 2 R 40 ,-COR 54 , -SO 2 NR 58 R 59 or -SO 2 R 55 , and wherein optionally each of R 40 , R 54 , R 58 and R 59 is H or C 1 - C 10 alkyl.
  • the invention provides compositions having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is -NR 48 R 49 , and wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is -CO 2 R 4 VCOR 54 , - SO 2 NR 58 R 59 Or -SO 2 R 65 , and wherein optionally each of R 48 , R 49 , R 40 , R 54 , R 55 , R 58 and R 59 is H or C 1 - C 10 alkyl.
  • the invention provides compounds having electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups attached to adjacent positions of ring C.
  • the invention includes compounds having electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups attached to non- adjacent positions of ring C.
  • any one of R 1 and R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, -OR 46 , -SR 47 , -NR 48 R 49 , or -NR 50 COR 51 ; and the other of R 1 and R 2 is -CN, -CO 2 R 40 , -SO 2 OR 43 , -CONR 52 R 53 , -COR 54 , -NO 2 , -SOR 41 , -SO 2 R 55 , - PO 3 R 56 R 57 , halo, C 1 -C 6 acyl, trihalomethyi, Or -SO 2 NR 58 R 59 ;
  • any one of R 1 and R 3 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, -OR 46 , -SR 47 , -NR 48 R 49 , or -NR 50 COR 51 ;and the other of R 1 and R 3 is -CN 1 -CO 2 R 40 , -SO 2 OR 43 , -CONR 62 R 53 , -COR 54 , -NO 2 , -SOR 41 , -SO 2 R 55 , - PO 3 R 56 R 57 , halo, C 1 -C 6 acyl, trihalomethyi, or -SO 2 NR 58 R 59 ;
  • any one of R 2 and R 3 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, -OR 46 , -SR 47 , -NR 48 R 49 , or -NR 50 COR 51 ;and the other of R 2 and R 3 is -CN, -CO 2 R 40 , -SO 2 OR 43 , -CONR 52 R 53 , -COR 54 , -NO 2 , -SOR 41 , -SO 2 R 55 , - PO 3 R 56 R 57 , halo, C 1 -C 6 acyl, trihalomethyi, or -SO 2 NR 58 R 59 ; (d) any two of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, -OR 46 , -SR 47 , -NR 48 R 49 , or -NR 50 COR 51 ; and the other of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is -CN, -CO 2 R 40 , -SO 2 OR 43 , -CN,
  • any two of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is -CN, -CO 2 R 40 , -SO 2 OR 43 , -CONR 52 R 53 , -COR 54 , -NO 2 , -SOR 41 , -SO 2 R 55 , -PO 3 R 56 R 57 , haio, C 1 -C 6 acyl, trihaiomethyl, or -SO 2 NR 58 R 59 ; and the other of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, -OR 46 , -SR 47 , -NR 48 R 49 , Or -NR 50 COR 51 .
  • the invention provides optical agents for phototherapy having a liga ⁇ d component for targeting the optical agent to a selected organ, tissue, or other cell material.
  • a targeting ligand incorporation of a targeting ligand in some compounds and methods of the invention enables targeted delivery such that at least a portion of optical agent administered to a subject preferentially accumulates at a preselected, desired site, such as the site of an organ, tissue, or tumor or other lesion, prior to, or during, exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
  • the targeting ligand of an optical agent selectively binds to, or otherwise preferentiaily associates with, biomolecules (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, hormones, lipids, oligonucleotides, etc.) excreted or otherwise generated by a target tissue.
  • biomolecules e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, hormones, lipids, oligonucleotides, etc.
  • Targeting ligands of the invention may be indirectly or directly linked to, or non-covalently associated with, the central fused ring core of formulas (FX1) - (FX29).
  • the invention provides fused ring azo and diaza compounds having any one of formula (FX1 ) - (FX29) wherein at least one of rings A, B, C, D, E, F, and G has a targeting ligand provided as a substituent.
  • the invention includes, for example, compounds of any one of formula (FX1) — (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 - R 9 is independently a targeting liga ⁇ d (abbreviated as "Bm" throughout this description).
  • the invention includes compounds wherein R 1 is Bm and W 1 is -NR 16 CO- -CONR 15 - OCONR 17 - -NR 16 COO-, or -NR 19 CONR 20 -; or R 2 is Bm and W 2 is -NR 16 CO-, -CONR 15 — OCONR 17 -, -NR 16 COO-, or -NR 19 CONR 20 -;or R 3 is Bm and W 3 is -NR 16 CO-, -CONR 15 — OCONR 17 -, -NR 16 COO-, Or -NR 19 CONR 20 -; or R 4 is Bm and W 4 is - NR 16 CO-, -CONR 15 — OCONR 17 -, -NR 16 COO-, Or -NR 19 CONR 20 -; or R 5 is Bm and W 5 is - NR 16 CO-, -CONR 15 — OCONR 17 -, -NR 18 COO- or -NR 19 CONR 20 -;
  • the invention includes compounds of any one of formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 - R 9 , optionally at least one of R 4 - R 7 , is independently a polypeptide comprising 2 to 30 amino acid units.
  • the invention includes compounds of any one of formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 - R 9 , optionally at least one of R 4 - R 7 , is independently an antibody or fragment thereof.
  • the invention includes compounds of any one of formula ⁇ FX1 ) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 - R 9 , optionally at least one of R 4 - R 7 , is independently a polynucleotide comprising 1 to 50 nucleic acid units.
  • the invention includes compounds of any one of formula (FX1 ) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 - R 9 , optionally at least one of R 4 - R 7 , is independently an aptamer.
  • the invention includes compounds of any one of formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 - R 9 is independently a dye (abbreviated as "FL"), such as a C 5 -C 30 aryl chromophore and/or C 5 -C 30 aryl fluorophore, that is excited upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths selected over the range of 350 nanometers to 1300 nanometers, optionally over the range of 400 nanometers to 900 nanometers.
  • FL a dye
  • Compounds of this aspect of the invention include bifunctional optical agents, capable of providing tandem functionality as a photosensitizer and imaging agent.
  • the invention provides a compound having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX29) that functions as a photosensitizer upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation having a first distribution of wavelengths, and wherein at least one of R 1 - R 9 is independently a fluorophore that is excited upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation having a second distribution of wavelengths that is different from the first distribution of wavelengths, for example, wherein the first and second distributions of wavelengths have different absorption maxima and, optionally wherein the first and second distributions of wavelengths are characterized by absorption peaks that are not overlapping or by absorption maxima in the visible or near IR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum that differ by 20 nanometers or more.
  • At least one of R 1 - R 9 is independently a C 5 -C 30 aryl fluorophore having one or more electron donating groups as substituents, having one or more electron withdrawing groups as substituents, or having both electron donating and electron withdrawing groups as substituents.
  • At least one of R 1 - R 9 is independently a fluorophore group corresponding to a pyrazine, a thiazole, a phe ⁇ ylxanthene, a phenothiazine, a phe ⁇ oselenazine, a cyanine, an indocya ⁇ ine, a squaraine, a dipyrrolo pyrimidone, an anthraquinone, a tetracene, a quinoline, an acridine, an acridone, a phenanthridine, an azo dye, a rhodamine, a phenoxazine, an azulene, an aza-azulene, a triphenyl methane dye, an indole, a benzoindoie, an indocarbocyanine, a Nile Red dye, or a benzoindocarbocyanine, optionally having
  • the invention provides compounds of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein each of R 14 - R 36 is independently hydrogen, a C 1 -C 10 alkyi, or C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, and optionally wherein each of R 14 - R 36 is hydrogen, a C r C 5 alkyi or C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, and optionally wherein each of R 14 - R 36 is hydrogen.
  • the invention provides compounds of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein each of R 40 - R 62 and R 65 - R 66 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyi or C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, and optionally wherein each of R 40 - R 62 and R 65 - R 66 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 5 aikyl and C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, and optionally wherein each of R 40 - R 62 and R BS - R 66 is hydrogen.
  • the invention provides compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapeutic methods having any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein each of R 1 - R 9 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyi, Ci-C 10 alkoxy, C 5 -C 10 aryl, -CH(R 63 )CO 2 H, -OR 46 , - CH(R 64 )NH 2 , FL or Bm.
  • the invention provides compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapeutic methods having any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein R 1 is a C 5 -C 10 aryl, wherein optionally the C 5 -C 10 aryl includes an electron donating group, electron withdrawing group, and/or Bm as a ring substituent, and each of R 2 and R 3 is independently a hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyi, C 5 -C 10 aryl, a FL or Bm, wherein optionally the C 5 -C 10 aryi includes an electron donating group, electron withdrawing group, or a targeting iigand (Bm) as a substituent.
  • formulas (FX1) - (FX29) wherein R 1 is a C 5 -C 10 aryl, wherein optionally the C 5 -C 10 aryl includes an electron donating group, electron withdrawing group, and/or Bm as a ring substituent
  • each of R 2 and R 3 is independently a
  • the invention provides compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapeutic methods having any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein R 2 is a C 5 -C 10 aryl, wherein optionally the C 5 -C 10 aryl includes an electron donating group, electron withdrawing group, and/or Bm as a ring substituent, and each of R 1 and R 3 is independently a hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 5 -C 10 aryl, a FL or Bm, wherein optionally the C 5 -Ci 0 aryl includes an electron donating group, electron withdrawing group, or a targeting Iigand (Bm) as a substituent.
  • the invention provides compounds useful as optica!
  • agents for phototherapeutic methods having any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein R 3 is a C 5 -C 10 aryl, wherein optionally the C 5 -C 10 aryl includes an electron donating group, electron withdrawing group, and/or Bm as a ring substituent, and each of R 1 and R 2 is independently a hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 5 -C 10 aryl, a FL or Bm, wherein optionally the C 6 -C 10 aryl includes an electron donating group, electron withdrawing group, or a targeting Iigand (Bm) as a substituent.
  • R 3 is a C 5 -C 10 aryl, wherein optionally the C 5 -C 10 aryl includes an electron donating group, electron withdrawing group, and/or Bm as a ring substituent
  • each of R 1 and R 2 is independently a hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 5 -C 10 aryl,
  • the invention provides compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapeutic methods having any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is a FL, such as a fluorophore that is excited upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths over the range of 350 nanometers to 1300 nanometers, preferably wavelengths selected over the range of 400 nanometers to 900 nanometers for some applications.
  • a FL such as a fluorophore that is excited upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths over the range of 350 nanometers to 1300 nanometers, preferably wavelengths selected over the range of 400 nanometers to 900 nanometers for some applications.
  • L 1 - L 7 and W - W 7 groups may be spacer and attaching groups, respectively, for providing an appropriate linkage between R 1 - R 7 and the fused ring core of formulas (FX1) - (FX29).
  • the invention provides compounds of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein any one of L 1 - L 7 is independently a spacer moiety for establishing the relationship between R 1 - R 7 and the fused ring core providing useful optical, pharmacokinetic, or targeting properties.
  • the invention provides compounds of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein any one of W - W 7 is independently an attaching moiety for attaching R 1 - R 7 directly or indirectly to the fused ring core.
  • the invention provides compounds having formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of e, f, g, h, i, j and k is 0, and optionally ail of e, f, g, h, i, j and k are 0.
  • the invention provides compounds having formula (FX1) - (FX29), and related phototherapy methods, wherein e is 0, and/or f is 0, and/or g is 0, and/or h is 0, and/or i is 0, and/or j is 0, and/or k is 0.
  • the invention provides compounds useful as optical agents for phototherapeutic methods having any of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of W 1 - W 7 is a single bond, and optionally all of W 1 - W 7 are single bonds.
  • the invention provides compounds having formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein W 1 is a single bond, and/or W 2 is a single bond, and/or W 3 is a single bond, and/or W 4 is a single bond, and/or W 5 is a single bond, and/or W 6 is a single bond, and/or W 7 is a single bond.
  • the invention provides compounds having formula (FX1) - (FX29), and related phototherapy methods, wherein e is 0 and W 1 is a single bond and R 1 is directly bonded to ring C; and/or f is 0 and W 2 is a single bond and R 2 is directly bonded to ring C; and/or g is 0 and W 3 is a single bond and R 3 is directly bonded to ring C; and/or h is 0 and W 4 is a single bond and R 4 is directly bonded to ring B; and/or i is 0 and W 5 is a single bond and R 5 is directly bonded to ring B; and/or j is 0 and W 6 is a single bond and R 6 is directly bonded to ring B; and/or k is 0 and W 7 is a single bond and R 7 is directly bonded to ring B.
  • At least one of L 1 - L 7 is independently -(CH 2 ) m - -(HCCHV- , - (CHOH) m - , or -(CH 2 CH 2 O) m -, wherein each m is independently an integer selected from the range of 1 to 10.
  • the invention provides compounds of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of W 1 - W 3 is independently a single bond, -O- -CO-, - COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO-, -NR 14 -, -CONR 15 -, -NR 16 CO-; -NR 19 CONR 20 -, Or -NR 21 CSNR 22 -.
  • the invention provides compounds of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of: L 1 and W 1 ; L 2 and W 2 ; and L 3 and W 3 ; and L 4 and W 4 ; and L 6 and W 5 ; and L 6 and W 6 ; and L 7 and W 7 combine to form: -(CH 2 J n -, -O(CH 2 ) n ⁇ , -CO(CH 2 ),,- -OCO(CH 2 ),,-, - COO(CH 2 )n- -OCOO(CH 2 ) ⁇ - -N(R 23 ⁇ CH 2 ) ⁇ - -CON(R 25 )(CH 2 ) ⁇ - -N(R 26 )CO(CH 2 ) n - - OCONR 27 (CH 2 ) n - -NR 28 COO(CH 2 ) n - ⁇ NR 29 CONR 30 (CH 2 ) ⁇ -
  • the invention provides a compound for phototherapy having any one of formula (FX1 ) - (FX40), wherein R 1 - R 9 do not include an azide group.
  • the invention provides a compound for phototherapy having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein R 1 — R 9 do not include a sulfenate group.
  • the invention provides a compound for phototherapy having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein R 1 - R 9 do not include a thiadiazole group.
  • the invention provides a compound for phototherapy having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein R 1 - R 9 do not include a cyanate group.
  • the invention provides a compound for phototherapy having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein R 1 - R 9 do not include an isocyanide group.
  • the invention provides a compound for phototherapy having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein R 1 - R 9 do not include an isocyanate group.
  • the invention provides a compound for phototherapy having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein R 1 - R 9 do not include an isothiocyanate group.
  • the invention provides a compound for phototherapy having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein R 1 - R 9 do not include a thiocyanate group.
  • the invention provides a compound for phototherapy comprising a ring having an intra-ring diaza or intra-ring azo group fused to additional rings that are not saturated rings.
  • compounds of the invention may optionally include a poly(ethylene glycol) (abbreviated as PEG) component.
  • PEG poly(ethylene glycol)
  • the invention provides a composition having any one of the formula (FX1) - (FX29), wherein at least one of R 1 - R 9 is - ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 O) b R 61 and/or at least one of L 1 - L 7 is -(CH 2 OCH 2 ) b - wherein b is selected from the range of 1 to 100.
  • Incorporation of a poly(ethylene glycol) glycol component in some compositions of the invention provides pharmacokinetic, chemical, and/or physical properties useful for bioanalytical, diagnostic and/or phototherapeutic applications.
  • Poly(ethylene glycol) containing compounds of some embodiments of the invention for example, provide enhanced biocompatibility, low toxicity and suppress immune responses upon administration.
  • Poly(ethylene glycol) containing compounds of some embodiments of the invention facilitate formulation, administration and/or delivery, for example, by enhancing solubility.
  • the invention further provides a compound having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), or a pharmaceutical formulation thereof, for use in an optical imaging, diagnostic, and/or phototherapeutic biomedical procedure such as a Type 1 or Type 2 phototherapy procedure.
  • the invention provides an optical agent comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation, wherein at least one active ingredient of the formulation is a compound having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40) provided in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the invention includes, for example, formulations comprising a compound having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation for combination therapy comprising a compound having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40) and one or more additional diagnostic and/or therapeutic agents, such as anti-cancer agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and/or imaging agents (e.g., optical and/or non-optical imaging agents).
  • the invention provides methods for a biomedical procedure, such as a phototherapy procedure, wherein the method comprises: (i) administering (e.g., via intravenous or intraarterial injection, oral administration, topical administration, subcutaneous administration, etc.) to a subject a therapeutically or diagnostically effective amount of the compound having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40) and (ii) exposing the administered compound to electromagnetic radiation.
  • the administrating step is carried out under conditions sufficient for contacting the compound with a target tissue or cell, wherein the compound selectively binds to or otherwise preferentially associates with the target tissue or cell.
  • the medical phototherapy procedure comprises administering, contacting or otherwise targeting the compound to or with a target tissue of the subject, such as a tumor, lesion, site of inflammation, vasculature tissue, or organ.
  • methods of the invention further comprise exposing the administered compound at the target tissue to electromagnetic radiation having sufficient power, fluence, intensity and/or dose (net number of photons provided to the target tissue) to result in injury, inactivation and/or death to cells at the target tissue.
  • the target tissue is a tissue type selected from the group consisting of breast, lung, throat, cervical, colon, kidney, stomach, ovarian, testicular, prostate, gastric, esophageal, uterine, endometrial, and pancreatic tissue
  • exposing the administered compound to electromagnetic radiation generates fluorescence
  • the biomedical procedure further comprises detecting fluorescence from the administered compound.
  • exposing the administered compound to electromagnetic radiation generates a diagnostically effective amount of fluorescence, for example an amount of fluorescence allowing for optical detection, visualizing and/or imaging of the target tissue.
  • a method of the invention further comprises exposing the administered compound at the target tissue to electromagnetic radiation having sufficient power, fluence, intensity and/or dose (net number of photons provided to the target tissue) to provide optical detection, visualization and/or imaging of the target tissue.
  • a method of the invention further comprises generating an image of the fluorescence from the compound.
  • a method of the invention further comprises visualizing the fluorescence from the compound.
  • the electromagnetic radiation exposed to the compound of any one of formulas (FX1) ⁇ (FX40) does not have wavelengths in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • the electromagnetic radiation exposed to the compound of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40) does not have wavelengths in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation is used in the present methods.
  • Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation herein refers to electromagnetic radiation wherein a single photon does not have enough energy to completely remove at least one electron from an atom or molecule of the subject's body.
  • Figures 1 A - 1 D provides schematic representations of reaction mechanisms of fused ring azo and diaza compounds for phototherapy methods, wherein photoactivation generates reactive species.
  • Figures 2A and 2B provide examples of synthetic schemes for derivatizing fused ring diaza photosensitizers of the invention.
  • Figure 2A provides a scheme for the addition of Br to unsaturated ring B of the fused ring diaza compound having formula (FX33) resulting in synthesis of a compound having formula (FX40).
  • Figure 2B provides a synthetic scheme for attaching a targeting peptide to a fused-ring diaza compound of the invention.
  • Figure 3 is a bar graph illustrating leukemia cell viability results for control conditions (DMSO, electromagnetic radiation and no photosensitzer) wherein cells were exposed to electromagnetic radiation in presence of dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • Figure 4 is a bar graph illustrating first leukemia cell viability results for test conditions wherein celts were exposed to electromagnetic radiation in presence of a fused ring diaza compound having formula (FX33).
  • Optical agent generally refers to compounds, compositions, preparations, and/or formulations that absorb, emit, or scatter electromagnetic radiation of wavelength, generally in the range of 350-1300 nanometers, within a biologically relevant environment or condition.
  • optical agents of the invention when excited by electromagnetic radiation, undergo emission via fluorescence or phosphorescence pathways.
  • optical imaging agents or Optical contrast agents.
  • optical agents of the invention absorb electromagnetic radiation and undergo photochemical reactions such as photofrag mentation of one or more photolabile bonds to generate reactive species such as nitrenes, carbene, free radicals, ions, excited species, etc. This process is useful for a wide range of phototherapy applications, for example in the treatment of tumors or other lesions.
  • Photosensitizers refers to a phototherapeutic agent or a component thereof providing for photoactivation, for example, photoactivation resulting in generation of reactive species that locally kill, injury, inactivate or otherwise degrade ceils (e.g., cancer cells, tumor cells, non-cancer cells, etc.).
  • Photosensitizers of some embodiments undergo photoactivation that initiates bond cleavage reactions, such as photolysis and/or nitrogen extrusion reactions, thereby generating reactive species capable of causing localized cell death or injury.
  • Optical agents include Type 1 and Type 2 phototherapeutic agents.
  • Optical agents of the present invention can contain fluorophores.
  • fluorophore generally refers to a component or moiety of a molecule which causes a molecule to be fluorescent.
  • Fluorophores can be functional groups in a molecule which absorb electromagnetic radiation of first specific wavelengths and re-emit energy at second specific wavelengths. The amount and wavelengths of the emitted electromagnetic radiation depend on both the fluorophore and the chemical environment of the fluorophore.
  • optical agents including photosensitizers, phototherapeutic agents, imaging agents, dyes, and detectable agents; and conjugates, complexes, and derivatives thereof.
  • Some optical agents of the invention provide detectable agents that can be administered to a subject and subsequently detected using a variety of optical techniques, including optical imaging, visualization, and one-, two-, three- and point optical detection.
  • Optical agents include, but are not limited to, phototherapeutic agents (Type 1 and 2), photosensitizers, imaging agents, dyes, detectable agents, photosensitizer agents, photoactivators, and photoreactive agents; and conjugates, complexes, and derivatives thereof.
  • Phototherapy procedure refers to a therapeutic procedure involving administration of a phototherapeutic agent to a patient followed by subsequent excitation by exposure to applied electromagnetic radiation, such as electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths in the visible and/or near IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum such as wavelengths in the range of 350- 1300 nanometers, so as to generate a therapeutically effective amount of excited phototherapeutic agent.
  • Phototherapy includes, but is not iimited to, photodynamic therapy.
  • phototherapy includes procedures involving administration of Type 1 and/or Type 2 phototherapeutic agents, optionally further including administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • targeting ligand refers to a chemical group and/or substituent having functionality for targeting a compound of any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40) to an anatomical and/or physiological site of a patient, such as a selected cell, tissue or organ.
  • a targeting ligand is characterized as a ligand that selectively or preferentially binds to a specific biological site(s) (e.g., enzymes, receptors, etc. ) and/or biological surface(s) (e.g., membranes, fibrous networks, etc.).
  • the invention provides compounds having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein Bm is an amino acid, or a polypeptide comprising 2 to 30 amino acid units. In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein Bm is a mono- or polysaccharide comprising 1 to 50 carbohydrate units. In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein Bm is a mono-, oligo- or poly-nucleotide comprising 1 to 50 nucleic acid units.
  • the invention provides compounds having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein Bm is a protein, an enzyme, a carbohydrate, a peptidomimetic, a glycomimetic, a glycopeptide, a glycoprotein, a lipid, an antibody (polyclonal or monoclonal), or fragment thereof.
  • the invention provides compounds having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein Bm is an aptamer.
  • the invention provides compounds having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), wherein Bm is a drug, a hormone, steriod or a receptor.
  • each occurrence of Bm in the compounds of (FX1) - (FX40) is independently a monoclonal antibody, a polyclonal antibody, a metal complex, an albumin, or an inclusion compound such as a cyclodextrin.
  • each occurrence of Bm in the compounds of (FX1) - (FX40) is independently integrin, selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibrin, tissue plasminogen, thrombin, LDL, HDL, Sialyl LewisX or a mimic thereof, or an atherosclerotic plaque binding molecule.
  • the shown "Biomolecule” component may be a targeting Jigand (Bm).
  • targeting ligands include steroid hormones for the treatment of breast and prostate lesions, whole or fragmented somatostatin, bombesin, and neurotensin receptor binding molecules for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors, whole or fragmented cholecystekinin receptor binding molecules for the treatment of lung cancer, whole or fragmented heat sensitive bacterioendotoxin (ST) receptor and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) binding molecules for the treatment of colorectal cancer, dihydroxyindolecarboxylic acid and other melanin producing biosynthetic intermediates for melanoma, whole or fragmented integrin receptor and atherosclerotic plaque binding molecules for the treatment of vascular diseases, and whole or fragmented amyloid plaque binding molecules for the treatment of brain lesions.
  • ST heat sensitive bacterioendotoxin
  • CEA carcinoembryonic antigen
  • Bm if present, is selected from heat-sensitive bacterioendotoxin receptor binding peptide, carcinoembryonic antigen antibody (anti-CEA), bombesin receptor binding peptide, neurotensin receptor binding peptide, cholecystekinin receptor binding peptide, somastatin receptor binding peptide , ST receptor binding peptide , neurotensin receptor binding peptide, steriod receptor binding peptide, carbohydrate receptor binding peptide or estrogen.
  • Bm, if present, is a ST enterotoxin or fragment thereof.
  • Bm, if present, is selected from octreotide and octreotate peptides.
  • Bm if present, is a synthetic polymer.
  • synthetic polymers useful for some applications include polyaminoacids, polyols, polyamines, polyacids, oligonucleotides, aborols, dendrimers, and aptamers.
  • Target tissue refers to tissue of a subject to which an optical agent is administered or otherwise contacted, for example during a biomedical procedure such as an optical imaging, phototherapy or visualization procedure. Target tissue may be contacted with an optical agent of the invention under in vivo conditions or ex vivo conditions. Target tissues in some methods of the invention include cancerous tissue, cancer cells, precancerous tissue, a tumor, a lesion, a site of inflammation, or vasculature tissue.
  • Target tissue in some methods of the invention includes a melanoma cell, a breast lesion, a prostate lesion, a lung cancer cell, a colorectal cancer cell, an atherosclerotic plaque, a brain lesion, a blood vessel lesion, a lung lesion, a heart lesion, a throat lesion, an ear lesion, a rectal lesion, a bladder lesion, a stomach lesion, an intestinal lesion, an esophagus lesion, a liver lesion, a pancreatic lesion, and a solid tumor.
  • Target tissue in some embodiments refers to a selected organ of the subject or component thereof, such as iung, heart, brain, stomach, liver, kidneys, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, skin, colon, prostate, ovaries, breast, bladder, blood vessel, throat, ear, or esophagus.
  • inflammation generally refers to a biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, irritants, etc. Inflammation can be either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is an initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and can be achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into injured tissues. An inflammatory response can involve the local vascular system, the immune system, and/or various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, referred to as chronic inflammation, can lead to a progressive shift in the type of cells which are present at the site of inflammation can be characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.
  • tumor-specific agent refers to an entity, such as an optical agent, that preferentially accumulates in a tumor at a higher level than normal tissue regardless of the particular mechanism of uptake in the tumors, for example, either receptor mediated or enhance permeability and retention (EPR).
  • Optical agents of the invention include tumor-specific agents, including tumor specific phototherapy agents, for example having a targeting ligand providing specificity in the administration, delivery and/or binding to tumor tissue.
  • peptide and “polypeptide” are used synonymously in the present description, and refer to a class of compounds composed of amino acid residues chemically bonded together by amide bonds (or peptide bonds).
  • Peptides and polypetides are polymeric compounds comprising at least two amino acid residues or modified amino acid residues. Modifications can be naturally occurring or non-naturaily occurring, such as modifications generated by chemical synthesis.
  • Modifications to amino acids in peptides include, but are not limited to, phosphorylation, glycosylation, lipidation, prenylation, sulfonation, hydroxylation, acetylation, methionine oxidation, alkyfation, acylation, carbamylation, iodtnation and the addition of cofactors.
  • Peptides include proteins and further include compositions generated by degradation of proteins, for example by proteoiyic digestion. Peptides and polypeptides may be generated by substantially complete digestion or by partial digestion of proteins.
  • Polypeptide targeting ligands include, for example, polypeptides comprising 1 to 100 amino acid units, optionally for some embodiments 1 to 50 amino acid units and, optionally for some embodiments 1 to 20 amino acid units.
  • Protein refers to a class of compounds comprising one or more polypeptide chains and/or modified polypeptide chains. Proteins may be modified by naturally occurring processes such as post-trans!ationa!
  • modifications or co-tra ⁇ slat ⁇ o ⁇ al modifications include, but are not limited to, phosphorylation, glycosylatio ⁇ , lipidation, prenylation, sulfonation, hydroxylation, acetylation, methionine oxidation, the addition of cofactors, proteolysis, and assembly of proteins into macromoiecular complexes.
  • Modification of proteins may also include non-naturally occurring derivatives, analogues and functional mimetics generated by chemical synthesis
  • Exemplary derivatives include chemical modifications such as alkylation, acyiatio ⁇ , carbamylation, iodination or any modification that denvatizes the protein.
  • oligonucleotide and “polynucleotide” refers to a class of compounds composed of nucleic acid residues chemically bonded together.
  • Targeting ligands of the invention include oligonucleotides and polynucleotides comprising a plurality of nucleic acid residues, such as DNA or RNA residues, and/or modified nucleic acid residues.
  • Oligo- or poly-nucleotide targeting ligands include, for example, oligo- or polynucleotides comprising 1 to 100 nucleic acid units, optionally for some embodiments 1 to 50 nucleic acid units and, optionally for some embodiments 1 to 20 nucleic acid units.
  • aptamer refers to an oligo- or poly-nucleotide or polypeptide that binds to, or otherwise selectively associates with, a specific target molecule
  • the invention provides optical agents having an aptamer targeting ligand that preferentially binds to proteins, peptides or other biomolecules expressed, or otherwise generated by, a target tissue, such as a tumor, precancerous tissue, site of inflammation or other lesion
  • spacer moiety refers to a component provided between the central fused ring core of some compounds of the invention and any of R 1 - R 7 .
  • any one of L 1 - L 7 in formulas (FX1) - (FX28) is a spacer moiety.
  • Spacer moieties useful for some embodiments are provided between any of R 1 - R 7 and the central fused ring core to enhance the overall chemical, optical, physical and/or pharmacokinetic properties of an optical agent of the invention.
  • Useful spacer moieties for compounds of the invention having formulas (FX1) - (FX28) include C 1 -C 10 alkylene, C 3 -Ci 0 cycloalkylene, C 2 -C 10 alkenylene, C 3 -Ci 0 cycloalkenylene, C 2 -Ci 0 alkynylene, ethenylene, ethynylene, phenylene, 1-aza-2,5-dioxocyclopentylene, 1,4- diazacyclohexylene, -(CH 2 CH 2 O) D -, or -(CHOH) 3 -, wherein each of a and b is independently selected from the range of 1 to 100, optionally selected from the range of 1 to 30 and optionaily selected from the range of 1 to 10.
  • the invention includes compounds having formulas (FX1) - (FX40) that do not have a spacer moiety.
  • attachment moiety refers to a component provided to attach any of R 1 - R 7 directly or indirectly to the central fused ring core in compounds of the invention.
  • any one of W 1 - W 7 in formulas (FX1) - (FX28) is an attaching moiety
  • Attaching moieties may connect to the central fused ring core directly or may connect to the central fused ring core via a spacer moiety. Attaching moieties in some embodiments provide a means of derivatizing the central fused ring core so as to provide optical agents having useful overall chemical, optical, physical and/or pharmacokinetic properties, including targeting and molecular recognition functionality.
  • Attaching moieties useful in the invention include, but are not limited to, a single bond, -(CH 2 J n -, -(HCCH) n -, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO 2 -, -SO 3 -, -OSO 2 -, -NR 14 -, -CO-, - COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO-, -CONR 15 -, -NR 16 CO- -OCONR 17 -, -NR 18 COO-, -NR 19 CONR 20 -, - NR 21 CSNR 23 -, -0(CH 2 J n - -S(CH 2 ),,-, -NR 23 (CH 2 ) n - -CO(CH 2 J n -, -COO(CH 2 J n -, -OCO(CH 2 J n - -OCOO(CH 2 J n - -CONR 24 (
  • an “electron withdrawing group” refers to a chemical group that draws electrons or electron density from a center, such as any of rings A-G of the fused ring azo and diaza compounds of the invention.
  • the electron withdrawing group(s) are independently selected from cyano (-CN) 1 carbonyl (-CO), carboxylates (-CO 2 R 40 ), halo (-F, -Ci, -Br, -I 1 -At), carbamates (-CONR 52 R 53 ), acyl (-COR 54 ), nitro (-NO 2 ), sulfinyl (-SOR 41 ), sulfonyl (-SO 2 R 55 ), -SO 2 OR 43 , and -PO 3 R 56 R 57 ; wherein in the context of this description, R 40 -R 57 are independently selected to enhance biological and/or physiochemical properties of the optical agents of the invention.
  • R 55 -R 62 are independently selected from any one of a hydrogen atom, an anionic functional group (e.g., carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphonate and phosphate) and a hydrophilic functional group (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, suifo ⁇ yl, sulfonato and phosphonato).
  • an anionic functional group e.g., carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphonate and phosphate
  • a hydrophilic functional group e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, suifo ⁇ yl, sulfonato and phosphonato.
  • the EWG(s) are independently selected from -CN, halo, C 1 -C 10 acyl, -CO 2 R 40 , -SOR 41 , -OSR 42 , -SO 2 OR 43 , -CONR 52 R 53 ; -COR 54 ; -NO 2 , -SO 2 R 55 , -SO 2 NR 58 R 59 , and -PO 3 R 56 R 57 , wherein R 40 - R 59 are as described in the context of compounds of formula (FX1).
  • an EWG is located at the terminus of a substituent arm of any of rings A-G of the fused ring azo and diaza compounds of formulas (FX1 ) - (FX40).
  • an “electron donating group” refers to a chemical group that releases electrons or electron density to a center, such any of rings A-G of the fused ring azo and diaza compounds of the invention.
  • the electron donating group(s) are independently selected from C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 5 -C 10 aryl, -(CH 2 J 3 OH 1 -OR 46 , -SR 47 , - NR 48 R 49 , -N(R 50 JCOR 51 , and -P(R 71 J; wherein in the context of this description, R 46 -R 71 are independently selected to enhance biological and/or physiochemical properties of the optical agents of the invention and wherein a is selected from the range of 1 to 10.
  • R 46 -R 71 are independently selected from any one of a hydrogen atom, an anionic functional group (e.g., carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphonate and phosphate) and a hydrophilic functional group (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonyl, sulfonato and phosphonato).
  • an anionic functional group e.g., carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphonate and phosphate
  • a hydrophilic functional group e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonyl, sulfonato and phosphonato.
  • the EDG(s) are independently C 1 -C 10 alkyl, -NR 46 R 49 , -OR 46 , -NR 50 COR 51 , or -SR 47 , wherein R 46 - R 51 are as described in the context of compounds of formulas (FX1).
  • an EDG is located at the terminus of a substituent arm of any of rings A-G of the fused ring azo and diaza compounds of formulas (FX1) - (FX40) invention.
  • diagnosis When used herein, the terms "diagnosis”, “diagnostic” and other root word derivatives are as understood in the art and are further intended to include a general monitoring, characterizing and/or identifying a state of health or disease. The term is meant to encompass the concept of prognosis.
  • diagnosis of cancer can include an initial determination and/or one or more subsequent assessments regardless of the outcome of a previous finding. The term does not necessarily imply a defined level of certainty regarding the prediction of a particular status or outcome.
  • Amino acids include glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, serine, threonine, serine, Threonine, asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
  • reference to "a side chain residue of a natural ⁇ -amino acid” specifically includes the side chains of the above-referenced amino acids.
  • administering means that a compound or formulation thereof of the invention, such as an optical agent, is provided to a patient or subject, for example in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the invention includes methods for a biomedical procedure wherein a therapeutically or diagnostically effective amount of a compound having any one of formulas (FX1J - (FX40) is administered to a patient in need of treatment, for example to a patient undergoing treatment for a diagnosed diseased state including cancer and vascular diseases.
  • Administering may be carried out by a range of techniques known in the art including intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection or infusion, oral administration, transdermal absorption through the skin, or by inhalation.
  • Alkyl groups include straight-chain, branched and cyclic alkyl groups. Alkyl groups include those having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups include small alky! groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups include medium length alkyl groups having from 4-10 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups include long alkyl groups having more than 10 carbon atoms, particularly those having 10-30 carbon atoms. Cyclic alkyl groups include those having one or more rings. Cyclic alkyl groups include those having a 3-, A-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or 10-member carbon ring and particularly those having a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-member ring.
  • the carbon rings in cyclic alkyl groups can also carry alkyl groups.
  • Cyclic alkyl groups can include bicyclic and tricyclic alkyl groups.
  • Alkyl groups are optionally substituted- Substituted alkyl groups include among others those which are substituted with aryl groups, which in turn can be optionally substituted.
  • alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-buty!, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, branched-pentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, branched hexyi, and cyclohexyl groups, all of which are optionally substituted.
  • Substituted alkyl groups include fully halogenated or semihalogenated alkyl groups, such as alkyl groups having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms and/or iodine atoms.
  • Substituted alkyl groups include fully fluorinated or semifluorinated alkyl groups, such as alkyl groups having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms.
  • An alkoxy group is an alkyl group that has been modified by linkage to oxygen and can be represented by the formula R-O and may also be referred to as an alky! ether group.
  • alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and heptoxy.
  • Alkoxy groups include substituted alkoxy groups wherein the alky portion of the groups is substituted as provided herein in connection with the description of aikyl groups. As used herein MeO- refers to CH 3 O-.
  • Aikenyl groups include straight-chain, branched and cyclic alkenyl groups.
  • Alkenyl groups include those having 1 , 2 or more double bonds and those in which two or more of the double bonds are conjugated doubie bonds.
  • Alkeny! groups include those having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Alkenyl groups include small alkenyl groups having 2 to 3 carbon atoms.
  • Alkenyl groups include medium length alkenyl groups having from 4-10 carbon atoms.
  • ASkenyl groups include long alkenyl groups having more than 10 carbon atoms, particularly those having 10-20 carbon atoms. Cyclic alkenyl groups include those having one or more rings.
  • Cyclic aikenyl groups include those in which a double bond is in the ring or in an aikenyl group attached to a ring.
  • Cyclic alkenyl groups include those having a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or 10-member carbon ring and particularly those having a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-member ring.
  • the carbon rings in cyclic alkenyl groups can also carry alkyl groups.
  • Cyclic alkenyl groups can include bicyclic and tricyclic alkyl groups. Alkenyl groups are optionally substituted. Substituted alkenyl groups include among others those which are substituted with alkyl or aryl groups, which groups in turn can be optionally substituted.
  • alkenyl groups include ethenyl, prop-1-enyl, prop-2-enyl, cycloprop-1-enyl, but-1-enyi, but-2-enyl, cyclobut-1-enyl, cyclobut-2-enyi, pent-1-enyl, pent-2-enyl, branched pentenyl, cyclopent-1-enyl, hex-1-enyl, branched hexenyl, cyclohexenyl, all of which are optionally substituted.
  • Substituted alkenyl groups include fully halogenated or semihalogenated alkenyl groups, such as aikenyl groups having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms and/or iodine atoms.
  • Substituted alkenyl groups include fully fluorinated or semifluorinated alkenyl groups, such as aikenyl groups having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms.
  • Aryl groups include groups having one or more 5-, 6- or 7- member aromatic or heterocyclic aromatic rings.
  • Aryl groups can contain one or more fused aromatic rings.
  • Heterocyclic aromatic rings can include one or more N, O 1 or S atoms in the ring.
  • Heterocyclic aromatic rings can include those with one, two or three N, those with one or two O, and those with one or two S, or combinations of one or two or three N, O or S.
  • Aryl groups are optionally substituted.
  • Substituted aryl groups include among others those which are substituted with alkyl or alkenyl groups, which groups in turn can be optionally substituted.
  • aryl groups include phenyl groups, biphenyl groups, pyridinyl groups, and naphthyl groups, all of which are optionally substituted.
  • Substituted aryl groups include fully halogenated or semihalogenated aryl groups, such as aryl groups having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms and/or iodine atoms.
  • Substituted aryl groups include fully fluorinated or semifluori ⁇ ated aryl groups, such as aryl groups having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms.
  • Aryl groups include, but are not ⁇ mited to, aromatic group-containing or heterocylic aromatic group-containing groups corresponding to any one of the following benzene, naphthalene, naphthoquinone, diphenylmethane, fluorene, anthracene, anthraquinone, phenanthrene, tetracene, naphthacenedione, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indoles, isoindole, pyrrole, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine, purine, benzimidazole, furans, benzofuran, dibenzofuran, carbazole, acridine, acridone, phenanthridine, thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, xanthene, xanthone, flavone, cou
  • a group corresponding to the groups listed above expressly includes an aromatic or heterocyclic aromatic radical, including monovalent, di valent and polyvalent radicals, of the aromatic and heterocyclic aromatic groups listed above provided in a covalently bonded configuration in the compounds of the invention.
  • Aryl groups optionally have one or more aromatic rings or heterocyclic aromatic rings having one or more electron donating groups, electron withdrawing groups and/or targeting ligands provided as substituents.
  • Arylalkyl groups are alkyl groups substituted with one or more aryl groups wherein the alkyl groups optionally carry additional substituents and the aryi groups are optionally substituted.
  • alkylaryl groups are phenyi-substituted alkyl groups, e.g., phenyimethyi groups.
  • Alkylaryl groups are alternatively described as aryl groups substituted with one or more alkyl groups wherein the alkyl groups optionally carry additional substituents and the aryl groups are optionally substituted.
  • Specific alkylaryl groups are alkyl-substituted phenyl groups such as methylphenyl.
  • Substituted arylalkyl groups include fully halogenated or semihalogenated arylalkyl groups, such as arylalkyl groups having one or more alkyl and/or aryl having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms and/or iodine atoms.
  • Optional substitution of any alkyl, alkenyl and aryl groups includes substitution with one or more of the following substituents: halogens, -CN, -COOR, -OR, -COR, -OCOOR, -CON(R) 2 , -OCON(R) 2 , -N(R) 2 , -NO 2 , -SR, -SO 2 R, -SO 2 N(R) 2 or -SOR groups.
  • Optional substitution of alkyl groups includes substitution with one or more alkenyl groups, aryl groups or both, wherein the alkenyl groups or aryl groups are optionally substituted.
  • Optional substitution of alkenyl groups includes substitution with one or more alkyl groups, aryl groups, or both, wherein the alky! groups or aryl groups are optionally substituted.
  • Optional substitution of aryl groups includes substitution of the aryl ring with one or more alkyt groups, alkeny! groups, or both, wherein the alky! groups or alkenyl groups are optionally substituted.
  • alkyl, alkenyl and aryl groups include among others:
  • R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group or an aryl group and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups all of which are optionaliy substituted;
  • R is a hydrogen, or an alkyl group or an aryl groups and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups al! of which groups are optionally substituted;
  • each R independently of each other R, is a hydrogen or an alkyl group or an aryl group and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups all of which groups are optionaliy substituted; R and R can form a ring which may contain one or more double bonds;
  • each R independently of each other R, is a hydrogen or an alkyl group or an aryl group and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups all of which groups are optionally substituted; R and R can form a ring which may contain one or more double bonds;
  • each R independently of each other R, is a hydrogen, or an alkyl group, acyl group or an aryl group and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl or acetyl groups all of which are optionally substituted; or R and R can form a ring which may contain one or more double bonds.
  • R is an alkyi group or an aryl groups and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl groups all of which are optionally substituted; for -SR, R can be hydrogen;
  • R is H, alkyl, aryl, or acyl; for example, R can be an acyl yielding -
  • R* is a hydrogen or an alkyl group or an aryl group and more specifically where R * is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups all of which groups are optionally substituted.
  • alkylene refers to a divalent radical derived from an alkyl group as defined herein. Alkylene groups in some embodiments function as attaching and/or spacer groups in the present compositions. Compounds of the invention include substituted and unsubstituted CrC 2O alkylene, C 1 -Ci 0 alkylene and C 1 -C 5 alkylene groups.
  • cycloalkylene refers to a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyt group as defined herein. Cycloalkylene groups in some embodiments function as attaching and/or spacer groups in the present compositions. Compounds of the invention include substituted and unsubstituted C 1 -C 2O cycloalkylene, Ci-C 10 cycloalkylene and C 1 -Cs cycloalkylene groups.
  • alkenylene refers to a divalent radical derived from an alkenyl group as defined herein. Alkenylene groups in some embodiments function as attaching and/or spacer groups in the present compositions.
  • Compounds of the invention include substituted and unsubstituted C 1 -C 2O alkenylene, C 1 -C 10 alkenyfene and C 1 -C 5 alkenylene groups.
  • cylcoalkenylene refers to a divalent radical derived from a cylcoalkenyl group as defined herein. Cycloalkenylene groups in some embodiments function as attaching and/or spacer groups in the present compositions.
  • Compounds of the invention include substituted and unsubstituted C 1 -C 20 cylcoalkenylene, C 1 -C 10 cylcoalkenylene and C 1 -C 5 cylcoalkenylene groups.
  • alkynylene refers to a divalent radical derived from an alkynyl group as defined herein. Alkynylene groups in some embodiments function as attaching and/or spacer groups in the present compositions. Compounds of the invention include substituted and unsubstituted C 1 -C 2O alkynylene, C 1 -C 10 alkynylene and C 1 -C 5 alkynylene groups.
  • halo refers to a halogen group such as a fluoro (-F), chloro (- Cl) 1 bromo (-Br), iodo (-1) or astato (-At).
  • a diaza group of a compound of the invention includes a cyclic group wherein a carbon - carbon bond in a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is replaced with a nitrogen - nitrogen single bond (i.e. N-N).
  • a diaza compound of the invention includes a fused ring structure comprising one or more aromatic groups and one or more alicyclic groups, wherein a carbon - carbon bond in a carbocydic or heterocyclic ring of the alicyclic group is replaced with a nitrogen
  • N-N nitrogen single bond
  • heterocyclic refers to ring structures containing at least one other kind of atom, in addition to carbon, in the ring. Examples of such atoms include nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Examples of heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, imidazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydrothienyl, fury!, thienyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyi, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyi, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridtnyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, triazolyl and tetrazolyl groups.
  • carbocyclic refers to ring structures containing only carbon atoms in the ring.
  • Carbon atoms of carbocyclic rings may be bonded to a wide range of other atoms and function groups.
  • Alicyclic refers to a ring that is not an aromatic ring. Alicyclic rings include both carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings.
  • Alkoxyalkyl refers to a substituent of the formula alkyl-O-alkyl.
  • Polyhydroxyalkyl refers to a substituent having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and from 2 to 5 hydroxyl groups, such as the 2,3- dihydroxypropyl, 2,3,4- trihydroxybutyl or 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl residue.
  • Polyalkoxyalkyl refers to a substituent of the formula alkyl-(alkoxy) n -alkoxy wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 4, and more preferably for some embodiments 1 to 3.
  • Luminescence refers to the emission of electromagnetic radiation from excited electronic states of atoms or molecules.
  • Luminescence generally refers to electromagnetic radiation emission, such as photoluminescence, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence, among others.
  • photoluminescence including fluorescence and phosphorescence
  • the excited electronic state is created by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation.
  • Luminescence detection involves detection of one or more properties of the luminescence or associated luminescence process. These properties may include intensity, excitation and/or emission spectrum, polarization, lifetime, and energy transfer, among others. These properties may also include time-independent (steady-state) and/or time-dependent (time- resolved) properties of the luminescence.
  • luminescence techniques include fluorescence intensity (FLINT), fluorescence polarization (FP), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence lifetime (FLT), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), among others.
  • FLINT fluorescence intensity
  • FP fluorescence polarization
  • FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer
  • FLT fluorescence lifetime
  • TIRF total internal reflection fluorescence
  • FCS fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
  • FRAP fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
  • BRET bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
  • controlled-release component refers to an agent that facilitates the controlled-release of a compound including, but not limited to, polymers, polymer matrices, geis, permeable membranes, liposomes, microspheres, or the like, or any combination thereof. Methods for producing compounds in combination with controlled-release components are known to those of skill in the art.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of an appropriate federal or state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animais, and more particularly in humans or does not impart significant deieterious or undesirable effect on a subject to whom it is administered and in the context in which it is administered.
  • Specific substituted alkyl groups include haloalkyl groups, particularly trihaiomethyl groups and specifically trifiuoromethyl groups.
  • Specific substituted aryi groups include mono-, di-, tri, tetra- and pentahalo-substituted phenyl groups; mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and hepta- halo-substituted naphthalene groups; 3- or 4-halo-substituted phenyl groups, 3- or 4-alkyl- substituted phenyl groups, 3- or 4-alkoxy-substituted phenyl groups, 3- or 4-RCO-substituted phenyl, 5- or 6-halo-substituted naphthalene groups.
  • substituted aryl groups include acetylphenyl groups, particularly 4-acetylphenyl groups; fluorophenyl groups, particularly 3-fluorophenyl and 4-fluorophenyl groups; chlorophe ⁇ yl groups, particularly 3-chJorophenyl and 4- chlorophenyl groups; methylphenyl groups, particularly 4-methylphenyi groups, and methoxyphenyl groups, particularly 4-methoxy ⁇ henyl groups.
  • any of the above groups which contain one or more substituents it is understood that such groups do not contain any substitution or substitution patterns which are sterically impractical and/or synthetically non-feasible.
  • compositions of this invention include all stereochemical isomers arising from the substitution of these compounds.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts comprise pharmaceutically-acceptable anions and/or cations.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt can refer to acid addition salts or base addition salts of the compounds in the present disclosure.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is any salt which retains at least a portion of the activity of the parent compound and does not impart significant deleterious or undesirable effect on a subject to whom it is administered and in the context in which it is administered.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include metal complexes and salts of both inorganic and organic acids.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include metal salts such as aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese and complex salts.
  • salts include, but are not limited to, acid salts such as acetic, aspartic, alkylsulfonic, arylsulfonic, axetil, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, bisulfuric, bitartaric, butyric, calcium edetate, camsylic, carbonic, chlorobenzoic, -cilexetil, citric, edetic, edisy ⁇ c, estolic, esy!, esylic, formic, fumaric, gluceptic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, glycolylarsanilic, hexamic, hexylresorcjnoic, hydrabamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodic, hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, maleic, malic, malonic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, methyln
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be derived from amino acids, including but not limited to cysteine. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be found, for example, in Stahl et a!., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, Wiley-VCH; Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zurich, 2002. (ISBN 3-906390-26-8).
  • alkali metal cations e.g., Li + , Na + , K +
  • alkaline earth metal cations e.g., Ca 2+ , Mg 2+
  • non-toxic heavy metal cations and ammonium NH 4 +
  • substituted ammonium N(R') 4 +
  • R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alky!, i.e., including, methyl, ethyl, or hydroxyethyl, specifically, trimethyl ammonium, triethyl ammonium, and triethanol ammonium cations).
  • compositions include among other halides (e.g., Cl “ , Br " ), sulfate, acetates (e.g., acetate, trifluoroacetate), ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, citrates, and lactate.
  • halides e.g., Cl “ , Br "
  • sulfate e.g., acetate, trifluoroacetate
  • ascorbates e.g., acetate, trifluoroacetate
  • ascorbates e.g., acetate, trifluoroacetate
  • ascorbates e.g., acetate, trifluoroacetate
  • ascorbates e.g., acetate, trifluoroacetate
  • ascorbates e.g., aspartates
  • benzoates citrates
  • lactate e.g., citrates, and lactate.
  • the compounds of this invention may contain one or more chiral
  • the invention encompasses administering optical agents useful in the invention to a patient or subject.
  • a "patient” or “subject”, used equivalent ⁇ herein, refers to an animal.
  • an animal refers to a mammal, preferably a human.
  • the subject may either: (1) have a condition diagnosable, preventable and/or treatable by administration of an optical agent of the invention; or (2) is susceptible to a condition that is diagnosable, preventable and/or treatable by administering an optical agent of this invention.
  • compositions of the invention includes formulations and preparations comprising one or more of the present optical agents provided in an aqueous solution, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation or preparation.
  • compositions of the invention further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants, buffers, electrolytes, salts, carriers, binders, coatings, preservatives and/or excipients.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation having an active ingredient comprising a composition of the invention, such as a compound of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40).
  • a composition of the invention such as a compound of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40).
  • the invention provides a method of synthesizing a composition of the invention or a pharmaceutical formulation thereof, such as a compound of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40).
  • a pharmaceutical formulation comprises one or more excipients, carriers, diluents, and/or other components as would be understood in the art.
  • the components meet the standards of the National Formulary ("NF"), United States Pharmacopoeia (“USP”; United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc., Rockville, Maryland), or Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations (Sarfaraz K. Niazi, all volumes, ISBN: 9780849317521 , ISBN 10: 0849317525; CRC Press, 2004).
  • NF National Formulary
  • USP United States Pharmacopoeia
  • USP United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc., Rockville, Maryland
  • Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations (Sarfaraz K. Niazi, all volumes, ISBN: 9780849317521 , ISBN 10: 0849317525; CRC Press, 2004).
  • the formulation base of the formulations of the invention comprises physiologically acceptable excipients, namely, at least one binder and optionally other physiologically acceptable excipients.
  • physiologically acceptable excipients are those known to be usable in the pharmaceutical technology sectors and adjacent areas, particularly, those listed in relevant pharmacopeias (e.g. DAB, Ph. Eur., BP, NF, USP), as well as other excipients whose properties do not impair a physiological use.
  • an effective amount of a composition of the invention is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the phrase "therapeutically effective” qualifies the amount of compound administered in the therapy. This amount achieves the goal of ameliorating, suppressing, eradicating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or delaying the onset of a targeted condition.
  • an effective amount of a composition of the invention is a diagnostically effective amount.
  • the phrase "diagnostically effective” qualifies the amount of compound administered in diagnosis, for example of a disease state or other pathological condition. The amount achieves the goal of being detectable while avoiding adverse side effects found with higher doses.
  • an active ingredient or other component is included in a therapeutically acceptable amount.
  • an active ingredient or other component is included in a diagnostically acceptable amount.
  • compositions including salts and ester forms of compounds Compounds of this invention and compounds useful in the methods of this invention include those of the compounds and formula(s) described herein and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts and esters of those compounds.
  • salts include any salts derived from the acids of the formulas herein which acceptable for use in human or veterinary applications.
  • esters refers to hydrolyzable esters of compounds of the names and structural formulas herein.
  • salts and esters of the compounds of the formulas herein can include those which have the same or better therapeutic, diagnostic, or pharmaceutical ⁇ human or veterinary) general properties as the compounds of the formulas herein.
  • a composition of the invention is a compound or salt or ester thereof suitable for pharmaceutical formulations.
  • the invention provides a method for treating or diagnosing a medical condition comprising administering to a subject (e.g. patient) in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount or diagnostically effective amount of a composition of the invention, such as a compound of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40).
  • the medical condition is cancer, or various other diseases, injuries, and disorders, including cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis, inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases and dermatological diseases.
  • the invention provides a medicament which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compositions of the invention, such as a compound of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40).
  • the invention provides a medicament which comprises a diagnostically effective amount of one or more compositions of the invention.
  • the invention provides a method for making a medicament for treatment of a condition described herein.
  • the invention provides a method for making a medicament for diagnosis or aiding in the diagnosis of a condition described herein.
  • the invention provides the use of one or more compositions set forth herein for the making of a medicament.
  • Prodrugs of the compounds of the invention are useful in embodiments including compositions and methods. Any compound that will be converted in vivo to provide a biologically, pharmaceutically, diagnostically, or therapeutically active form of a compound of the invention is a prodrug.
  • Various examples and forms of prodrugs are well known in the art. Examples of prodrugs are found, inter alia, in Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985), Methods in Enzymology, VoL 42, at pp. 309-396, edited by K. Widder, et. al.
  • a prodrug such as a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug can represent prodrugs of the compounds of the invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use.
  • Prodrugs of the invention can be rapidly transformed in vivo to a parent compound of a compound described herein, for example, by hydrolysis in blood or by other cell, tissue, organ, or system processes. Further discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, V. 14 of the A. C. S. Symposium Series, and in Edward B. Roche, ed., Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press (1987).
  • composition of the invention is isolated or purified.
  • an isolated or purified compound may be at least partially isolated or purified as would be understood in the art.
  • Type 1 phototherapeutic agents including compositions, preparations and formulations, and methods of using and making Type 1 phototherapeutic agents.
  • Type 1 phototherapeutic agents of the invention include compounds comprising a first ring A having an intra-ri ⁇ g azo or intra-ring diaza group, a second unsaturated ring B and a third aromatic ring, provided in a fused ring configuration wherein ring A is fused to both unsaturated ring B and aromatic ring C, and wherein unsaturated ring B and aromatic ring C are also fused to each other, incorporation of unsaturated ring B in the fused ring configuration in some compounds may enhance stability prior to photoactivatio ⁇ and may extend conjugation in the fused ring azo or diaza compound, thereby allowing for photoactivation and internal energy transfer processes upon absorption of longer wavelength electromagnetic radiation as compared to analogs wherein unsaturated ring B is substituted with a saturated 6 membered ring.
  • Fused ring A, B and C of some compositions of the invention functions as an aromatic antenna group for coupling energy from incident electromagnetic radiation into the phototherapeutic agent.
  • energy coupled into the phototherapeutic agent is subsequently transferred to the surroundings to achieve a desired therapeutic outcome.
  • FIG. 1 A and 1C provide schematic representations of reaction mechanisms for phototherapeutic agents having formula (FX3) and Figures 1B and 1 D provide schematic representations of reaction mechanisms for phototherapeutic agents having formula (FX4).
  • FX3 reaction mechanisms for phototherapeutic agents having formula (FX3)
  • Figures 1B and 1 D provide schematic representations of reaction mechanisms for phototherapeutic agents having formula (FX4).
  • fused ring azo or diaza compounds of the invention are photoactivated by exposure to visible or near infrared electromagnetic radiation, for example electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths ranging from 350 nm to 1300 nm.
  • Absorption of at least a portion of the applied electromagnetic radiation generates a therapeutically effective amount of photoactivated photosensitizer, which is schematically represented in figures 1 A - 1 D by the compound provided in brackets with an asterisk symbol ( * ).
  • Activation of the phototherapeutic agent may occur via a single photon absorption process, a mulitphoto ⁇ absorption process or a combination of a single photon absorption process and a mulitphoton absorption process.
  • the activated photosensitizer subsequently undergoes processes, such as interna! energy transfer, bond cieavage and/or extrusion processes, resulting in formation of reactive species capable of causing a desired therapeutic result.
  • Reactive species generated by the compounds of the invention may include free radicals, intramolecular diradicals, ions, electrons, electrophiles, nitrene, vibrational ⁇ excited species, and translationally excited species.
  • excitation of a fused ring diaza photosensitizer having formula (FX3) in some embodiments may causes tautomerization so as to generate an excited state corresponding to the azo tautomer, which subsequently generates reactive species, for example via nitrogen extrusion.
  • excitation of a fused ring azo photosensitizer having formula (FX3) in some embodiments may directly result in formation of reactive species, as also shown in Figure 1C, for example via cleavage of C-N bond(s).
  • excitation of a diaza photosensitizer having formula (FX4) in some embodiments may result in a number free radical reactive species involving a range of processes, including radical formation by opening ring A, formation of a radical by cleavage of the C-X bond, nitrogen extrusion and formation of radicals having a plurality of unpaired electrons.
  • a nitrogen extrusion mechanism is exemplified in Figures 1C and 1 D, compounds of the invention may generate reactive species via other pathways including other bond cleavage pathways (e.g.
  • photoactivation can beneficially provide a plurality of radicals that may be utilized to cause cell death.
  • Another benefit of compounds of the invention is the double bond associated with the carbon to which X is attached. This carbon - carbon double bond may tend to provide increased stability (e.g., in vivo) to the compound at least prior to photolysis.
  • unsaturated ring B having an intra-ring alkene group is provided to allow for photoexcitation at longer wavelengths (e.g., visible or NIR electromagnetic radiation).
  • the reactive species generated upon excitation of the photosensitizer collide, react with, or otherwise interact with ceil components of a target organ or tissue class, thereby resulting in death, injury and/or damage to cells at the target tissue.
  • Type 1 phototherapeutic agents useful for certain phototherapy applications incorporate rings C-E of formula (FX1) - (FX40), including aromatic groups, heterocyclic aromatic groups, polycyclic aromatic groups and polycyclic heterocyclic aromatic groups, that absorb strongly in the visible and/or NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • Rings C-E provide effective photoactivation by electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths selected over the range of 300 nm to 1300 nm include, but are not limited to, a group corresponding to benzene, azulenes, aza- azulenes, anthracenes, pyrazines, py ⁇ dazines, quino ⁇ nes, quinoxalines, courmarins, phenoxazines, phenothiazines, rhodamines, and the like.
  • the invention further includes phototherapeutic agents having one or more rings C-E comprising aromatic group(s) and heterocyclic aromatic group(s) that are functionalized by incorporation of heteroatom ring members and/or substituents on the ring structure(s) providing excitation wavelength selection and/or tunability.
  • rings C-E comprise one or more aromatic or heterocyclic aromatic groups, optionally provided in a fused ring configuration and/or having one or more electron donating and/or electron withdrawing groups provided as ring substituents for providing selected excitation characteristics, such as a selected absorption spectrum and/or strong absorption in the visible and/or NIR regions.
  • Some phototherapeutic agents of the invention operate, at least in part, via the Type 2 process involving formation of excited state oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), and optionally contain a C 5 -C 2 O aryl that is a group corresponding to a cyani ⁇ e, indocyanine, phenothiazine, and phthalocyanines.
  • R 1 - R 9 are selected to provide optical properties supporting and enabling use of these compositions in phototherapeutic methods, such as providing one or more of the following: (i) large extinction coefficients; (ii) strong absorption in the visible and/or infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., 350 to 1300 nanometers, preferably for some applications 350-900 nanometers); and (iii) a large quantum yield for the production of reactive species, such as free radicals or ions, capable of causing photoactivation initiated tissue damage.
  • reactive species such as free radicals or ions
  • composition of R 1 - R 9 in the compounds of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40) may also be based, at least in part, on a number of pharmacokinetic and physical properties supporting effective delivery and clearance of the optical agents of the present methods and compositions. Such factors may include solubility, toxicity, immune response, biocompatibility, and bioclearance considerations.
  • any one of R 1 - R 9 in the compounds of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40) comprise a hydrophilic group, a lipophilic group, hydrophobic group, or an amphiphilic group.
  • at least one of R 1 - R 9 is a substituent comprising poly ⁇ ethylene glycol) (PEG; - (CH 2 ⁇ CH 2 ) b R 61 ), or a derivative of PEG.
  • a phototherapeutic agent of the invention incorporates aromatic groups and/or heterocyclic aromatic groups that are derivatized by the addition of at least one electron withdrawing group and at least one electron donating group bonded directly or indirectly to a carbon atom of the ring structure.
  • one or more the electron withdrawing (EWG) and electron donating (EDG) group(s) are directly attached to the ring structure of the aromatic group.
  • EWG and EDG are indirectly attached to the to the ring structure of the aromatic group through an unsaturated spacer that is in conjugation with the double bonds of a C 5 -C 30 aryl group.
  • Electron donating and withdrawing groups in these dye compositions may be positioned ortho, meta or para to each other with respect to the to the ring structure of the aromatic group.
  • two electron withdrawing groups are positioned para to each other on the ring structure of the aromatic group and two electron donating groups are positioned para to each other on the ring structure of the aromatic group.
  • electron withdrawing groups and electron donating groups are positioned so as to make the overall compound symmetrical.
  • Optical agents of the invention support a broad therapeutic platform useful for a variety of in vivo phototherapy procedures, for example for the treatment of cancer, stenosis, inflammation, infection and arthritis.
  • Optical agents of the invention are optionally multifunctional agents capable of providing a useful combination of photodiagnostic, phototherapeutic, molecular recognition and/or targeting functionality.
  • a dye component is incorporated into the phototherapeutic agent of the present compositions for imparting useful optical functionality, for example by functioning as an optical absorber, chromophore, and/or fluorophore. This functionality is useful for targeted administration and excitation of the therapeutic agent.
  • optical agents of the invention further comprise a targeting component, such as a targeting ligand.
  • an optical agent of the invention comprises a targeting ligand integrated with a photosensitizer component to access enhanced administration, delivery and photoactivation functionality for phototherapy therapy.
  • Optical agents and bioconjugates thereof are provided having one or more targeting ligands covalently bonded to or noncovalently associated with the phototherapeutic agents of the invention, thereby providing specificity for administering, targeting, delivery and/or localizing an optical agent to a specific biological environment, such as a target tissue such as a specific organ, tissue, cell type or tumor site.
  • Bm is a targeting ligand, optionally providing molecular recognition functionality.
  • the targeting ligand is a particular region of the compound that is recognized by, and binds to, a target site on the organ, tissue, tumor or cell.
  • Targeting ligands are often, but not always, associated with biomolecules or fragments thereof which include hormones, amino acids, peptides, peptidomimetics, proteins, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids, enzymes, carbohydrates, glycomimetics, lipids, albumins, mono- and polyclonal antibodies, receptors, inclusion compounds such as cyclodextrins, and receptor binding molecules.
  • biomolecules include steroid hormones for the treatment of breast and prostate lesions; somatostatin receptor binding molecules, bombesin receptor binding molecules, and neurotensin receptor binding molecules for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors, choiecystekinin receptor binding molecules for the treatment of lung cancer; heat sensitive bacterioendotoxin (ST) receptor binding molecules and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) binding molecules for the treatment of colorectal cancer, dihydroxyindolecarboxylic acid and other melanin producing biosynthetic intermediates for melanoma, integrin receptor and atheroscleratic plaque binding molecules for the treatment of vascular diseases, amyloid plaque binding molecules for the treatment of brain lesions, cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor binding molecules, steroid receptor binding molecules, carbohydrate receptor binding molecules, dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • ST heat sensitive bacterioendotoxin
  • CEA carcinoembryonic
  • Targeting ligands for use in the invention may also include synthetic polymers.
  • synthetic polymers include polyaminoacids, polyols, polyamines, polyacids, oligonucleotides, aborols, dendrimers, and aptamers.
  • appropriate targeting ligands may include integrin, selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibrin, tissue plasminogen activator, thrombin, LDL, HDL, Sialyl LewisX and its mimics, and atherosclerotic plaque binding molecules.
  • Coupling of phototherapeutic and/or diagnostic agents to biomoiecules can be accomplished by methods well known in the art as disclosed in Hnatowich et a!., Radioactive Labeling of Antibody. A simple and efficient method. Science, 1983, 220, 613-615; A. Pelegrin et al-, Photoimmunodiagnosis with antibody-fluorescein conjugates: in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. Journal of Cellular Pharmacology, 1992,3,141-145; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,342, each of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • the inventive receptor-targeted phototherapeutic agents are expected to be effective in the treatment of various lesions.
  • the estrogen receptor is an example of a steroid receptor to which steroid receptor binding molecules would bind.
  • the following compounds are known to bind to the estrogen receptor: estratriol, 17 ⁇ -aminoestrogen (AE) derivatives such as prolame and butolame; drugs such as tamoxifen, ICI-164384, raloxifene, genistein; 17 ⁇ -estradioi; glucocorticoids, progesterone, estrogens, retinoids, fatty acid derivatives, phytoestrogens, etc.
  • AE 17 ⁇ -aminoestrogen
  • kits can identify compounds specific for binding to the estrogen receptor (e.g., Estrogen Receptor-alpha Competitor Assay Kit, Red; Estrogen Receptor-beta Competitor Assay Kit, Red (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad CA).
  • the glucose receptor is an example of a carbohydrate receptor to which carbohydrate receptor binding molecules would bind.
  • the glucose conjugate N-palmitoyl glucosamine [NPG] is known to bind the glucose receptor (Dufes et al., Pharm. Res. 17:1250, 2000).
  • the glycoprotein hormone receptor is another example of a carbohydrate receptor to which carbohydrate receptor binding molecules would bind.
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is known to bind the glycoprotein hormone receptor ⁇ Tilly et al., Endocrinology 131 : 799, 1992).
  • carbohydrate receptor binding molecules Other compounds known to bind the carbohydrate receptor, and hence examples of carbohydrate receptor binding molecules, are polysialic acid, bacterial adhesins (specialized surface proteins that mediate binding of many pathogenic bacteria, such as enterohemorrhagic E.
  • EHEC colt
  • Shigella dysenteriae to host cells, which allow these bacteria to colonize host cell surfaces
  • soluble carbohydrate receptor analogs artificial glycopolymers and other multivalent glycoconjugates such as an acrylamide copolymer carrying -L-fucopyranoside and 3-suifo-D-galactopyranoside in clusters
  • isomeric carbohydrates synthetic derivatives, neoglycoproteins, neoglycolipids, glycosidases, and glycosyltransferases.
  • Carbohydrate binding proteins can be screened with phage display libraries as known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Somatostatin receptor binding molecules include somatostatin and somatostatin receptor analogs, octreotide, glycosylated somatostatin- 14 (somatostatin-dextran 70 ), seglitide, peptides P587 and P829 as described in Vallabhajosula et a!., J. Nuclear Med., 37:1016, 1996.
  • Cholecystokinin receptor binding molecules include the endogenous peptides cholecystekinin (CCK)-4, CCK-8, CCK-33, and gastrin; antagonists devazepide and lorglumide; agonists BC264 [Tyr(SO 3 H)-gNle-mGly-Trp-(NMe)Nle-Asp-Phe-NH 3 ] and desuifated CCK-8; Kinevac (synthetic cholecystekinin, sincalide); and CCK analogues modified at the sulfated tyrosyl at position 27.
  • CCK cholecystekinin
  • Neurotensin receptor binding molecules include neurotensin, neuromedin N, JMV449 (H- Lys ⁇ (CH 2 NH)-Lys-Pro-Tyr-lle-Leu), the non-peptide antagonist SR142948A (2-([5-(2,6- dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(4-(/V-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]- ⁇ /-methylcarbamoyl)-2-isopropy!phenyl)-1 /-/- pyrazole-3-carbonyl)amino)adamantine-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride), and levocobastine.
  • Commercially available neurotensin receptor binding kits can evaluate potential neurotensin receptor binding molecules (e.g., DELFIA Neurotensin Receptor Binding Kit, PerkinEimer (Boston MA)).
  • Bombesin receptor binding molecules include the endogenous ligands gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuromedin B (NMB), and GRP-18-27, and antagonists including JMV-1458 (glycine-extended bombesin (paraphydroxy-phenyl-propionyl-Gln-Trp-Ala-Vai-Gly-His-Leu-Met- GIy-OH)), JMV-641 , JMV-1799, and JMV-1802, PD165929, 1-naphthoyl-[DAla 24 ,DPro 26 , ⁇ 26- 27]GRP-20-27, kuwanon H, and kuwanon G.
  • Commercially available bombesin receptor binding kits can evaluate potential bombesin receptor binding molecules (e.g., DELFIA Bombesin Receptor Binding Kit, PerkinEimer (Boston MA)).
  • ST receptor binding molecules include native ST peptide, and SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NOS:5-54 and fragments and derivatives thereof from U.S. Patent No. 5,518,888.
  • a targeting ligand may contain all or part of a steroid hormone or a steroid receptor binding compound, and therefore target steroid hormone sensitive receptors.
  • the compound is administered, targets and preferably accumulates in the desired site such as breast and/or prostate lesion, is photoactivated, and forms free radicals at this site thereby effecting cell injury, damage, or death at the desired target site. Similar target binding molecules and uses will be recognized by one sk ⁇ led in the art.
  • the targeting group may be a compound that targets and binds to a somatostatin, bombesin, CCK, and/or neurotensin receptor binding molecule, or may be a carcinogenic embryonic antigen-binding compound that binds to a carcinogenic embryonic antigen.
  • These are then photoactivated for radical formation at, for example, lung cancer cells with CCK receptor binding molecules, colorectal cancer ceils with ST receptor and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) binding molecules, melanoma cells with dihyroxyindolecarboxylic acid, vascular sites of atherosclerotic plaque with integrin receptor binding molecules, brain lesions with amyloid plaque binding molecules, and the like.
  • the optical agents of this example may contain additional functionalities that can be used to attach various types of biomoiecules, synthetic polymers, and organized aggregates for selective delivery to various organs or tissues of interest.
  • synthetic polymers include polyaminoacids, polyols, poiyamines, poiyacids, oligonucleotides, aborols, dendrimers, and aptamers.
  • the invention includes, but is not limited to, phototherapeutic agents comprising a photosensitizer - biomolecule conjugate which provides advantages over nonspecific phototherapeutic agents or the conjugation of photosensitizers to veryajige biomolecules. These conjugates provide enhanced localization in, and rapid visualization of, tumors which is beneficial for both diagnosis and therapy.
  • the agents are rapidly cleared from blood and non-target tissues so there is less concern for accumulation and for toxicity.
  • a variety of high purity compounds may be easily synthesized for combinatorial screening of new targets, e.g., to identify receptors or targeting agents, and for the ability to affect the pharmacokinetics of the conjugates by minor structural changes.
  • a liposome or micelle may be utilized as a carrier or vehicle for the composition.
  • a phototherapeutic agent comprises a fused ring azo or diaza photosensitizer that may be a part of the lipophilic bilayers or miceile, and the targeting iigand, if present, may be on the external surface of the liposome or micelle.
  • a targeting Iigand may be externally attached to the liposome or micelle after formulation for targeting the liposome or miceile (which contains the fused ring azo or diaza phototherapeutic agent/photosensitizer) to the desired tissue, organ, or other site in the body.
  • the invention provides a fused ring azo or diaza compound for use in a phototherapy procedure, the compound being of the formula (FX29);
  • each of R as and R 89 is independently hydrogen, Ci-C 10 alkyl, C 5 -C 10 aryl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 10 polyhydroxyalkyl, -(CH 2 V 1 CO 2 R 90 , or - (CH 2 ) P NR 91 R 92 .
  • R 90 can be either hydrogen or C 1 -C 10 alkyl, and each of R 91 and R 92 can independently be hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 5 -C 10 aryl, C 1 -C 10 polyhydroxyalkyl, -(CH 2 JqCO 2 R 93 , or -COR 94 .
  • R 91 and R 92 is -(CH 2 ) q CO 2 R 93 and/or -COR 94
  • R 93 can be either hydrogen or C 1 -C 10 alkyl
  • R 94 can be hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, or C 1 - Cio polyhydroxyalkyl.
  • each of R 81 , R 82 , and R 83 is independently hydrogen, CrC 10 alkyl, C 5 -C 10 aryl, hydroxy!, -SO 3 H, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, C 1 -C 10 polyhydroxyalkyl, C 1 -C 10 polyalkoxyalkyl, -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 R 9S , -(CH 2 ) S NR 96 R 97 , or - (CH 2 )(CONR 98 R 99 .
  • X is either hydrogen or halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine).
  • Y can be -CR 84 R 85 -, -O- -NR 84 - -S- or -C(O)-
  • Z can be -CR 86 R 87 -, -O- -NR 86 -, -S-, or -C(O)-.
  • R 95 can be either hydrogen or C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • R 96 , R 97 , R 98 , R 99 , R 84 , and R 86 can independently be hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -
  • each of R , R , R , and R can independently be hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 5 -C 10 aryl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 10 polyhydroxyalkyl,
  • R 100 can be hydrogen or C 1 -Ci 0 alky]
  • each of R 101 , R 102 , R 103 , and R 104 can independently be hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, Or C 1 -C 10 polyhydroxyalkyl.
  • each of "n”, “p”, “q”, V, “s”, T, “u”, V 1 and “w” may independently be 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, one or more (e.g., each) of "n", "p", "q",
  • V 1 "s”, T 1 "u", “v”, and “w” may independently be 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • R S1 and R B2 may be tethered together to form a five- or six-membered ring.
  • R 82 and R 83 may be tethered together to form a five- or six-membered ring.
  • both of Y and Z include R groups, the R groups of Y and Z may be tethered together to form a five- or six-membered ring.
  • X may be hydrogen, while X may be halogen in other embodiments. In one particular example, X may be bromine.
  • each of R 88 and R 89 may independently be hydrogen or C 1 -C 10 alkyl rather than substituents of the broader list mentioned above.
  • Y of formula (FX29) can be -CR 64 R 85 -, -O-, -NR 84 -, -S-, or -C(O)-.
  • Y is -CR 84 R 85 -.
  • Y is -C(O)-.
  • Y is -O-.
  • Y is -NR 84 -.
  • Y is -S-.
  • Z of formula (FX29) can be -CR 86 R 87 -, -O- -NR 86 -, -S-, or -C(O)-.
  • Z is -CR 86 R 87 -.
  • Z is -O-
  • Z is -NR 86 -.
  • Z is -S-.
  • Z is -
  • each of R 81 , R 82 , and R 83 of formula (FX29) as wel! may independently be hydrogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, -SO 3 H, or -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 R 95 .
  • each of R 81 , R 82 , and R 83 may independently be hydrogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, -SO 3 H, or -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 R 95 .
  • R 82 , and R 63 may independently be hydrogen, hydroxyl, or C 1 -Ci 0 alkoxy. In some embodiments,
  • R 95 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • each of R 84 -R 87 and R 9S -R 104 is independently H or C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • each of R 81 , R 82 , and R 83 is independently hydrogen Or C 1 -C 10 alkoxy (e.g., C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy).
  • X is hydrogen or halogen (e.g., bromine)
  • Y is -C(O)-
  • Z is -CK
  • a fused ring azo compound of the invention has Formula (FX32).
  • a fused ring diaza compound of the invention has Formula (FX33).
  • the invention provides bioconjugates of compounds having formula (FX29).
  • a bioconjugate of this aspect includes a compound of any one of formula (FX29)-(FX33) and a biomolecule linked (either directly through an appropriate bond or indirectly via an appropriate linking group) to the compound.
  • the biomolecule is typically an appropriate moiety useful in directing/targeting the compound to a particular target (e.g., cell, tissue, receptor, etc.).
  • the biomolecule may be an antibody, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, a carbohydrate, a glycomimetic, a drug, a hormone, or a nucleic acid.
  • the biomolecule may be a somatostatin receptor binding molecule, a heat- sensitive bacterioenterotoxin (ST) receptor binding molecule, a neurotensin receptor binding molecule, a bombesin receptor binding molecule, a cholecystekinen (CCK) receptor binding molecule, a steroid receptor binding molecule, or a carbohydrate receptor binding molecule.
  • ST heat-sensitive bacterioenterotoxin
  • CCK cholecystekinen
  • a related third aspect of the invention is directed to methods for making the above- mentioned bioconjugates. In such methods, one or more appropriate steps and conditions are taken to link (either directly through an appropriate bond or indirectly via an appropriate linking group) an above-mentioned biomolecule to a compound of formula (FX29) - (FX33).
  • Such a method may include displacement of one or more atoms/molecules (e.g., hydrogen, an alkyl group, or an appropriate R group) from the compound such that the biomolecule can be appropriately linked to the compound to form the resulting bioconjugate.
  • the biomolecule may be linked to the fuse ring core of the compound via , -(CH 2 ) n -, -(HCCH) n -, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO 2 -, -SO 3 -, -OSO 2 -, -NR 14 -, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, - OCOO-, -CONR 15 -, -NR 16 CO-, -OCONR 17 -, -NR 18 COO-, -NR 19 CONR 20 -, -NR 21 CSNR 22 -, - 0(CHa) n -, -S(CH 2 J n
  • the biomolecule may be linked to the compound via — NR 16 CO(CH 2 ) q - - -(CH 2 JPCONR 15 -; -OCONR 17 -, -NR 18 COO-,-NR 19 CONR 20 - , or -NR 19 CO(CH 2 J n CONR 20 - in some embodiments, wherein R 15 - R 20 are as described in connection with formula (FX1).
  • at least one (e.g., each) of "p", "q", and "r” may independently be O, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • bioconjugate of a compound of formula (FX29) is shown below in Formula (FX34) and (FX35): rein m is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, optionally 1 to 10.
  • the "Biomolecule" component in formula (FX34) and (FX35) is Bm as described in connection with formula (FX1), and optionally is a polypeptide.
  • m is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, optionally 1 to 10.
  • the "Biomolecule” component in formula (FX36) and (FX37) is Bm as described in connection with formuia (FX1), and optionally is a polypeptide
  • bioconjugate of a compound of formula (FX29) is shown below in Formula (FX38) and (FX39): , wherein m is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, optionally 1 to 10.
  • the "Biomolecule" component in formula (FX38) and (FX39) is Bm as described in connection with formula (FX1), and optionally is a polypeptide
  • Figures 2A and 2B provide examples of synthetic schemes for derivatiztng fused ring diaza photosensitizers of the invention.
  • Figure 2A provides a scheme for the addition of Br to unsaturated ring B of the fused ring diaza compound having formula (FX33), thereby resulting in synthesis of a compound having formula (FX40).
  • a mixture of a compound having formula (FX33) (246 mg, 1 mmol) is dissolved in methylene chloride (10-20 ml_) and cooled to 0 - 5 °C. Thereafter, bromine (176 mg, 1.1 mmol) is added and the entire mixture is stirred at ambient temperature until the bromine solution is decolorized.
  • the reaction mixture is then treated with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 ml.) and the organic layer is separated, washed with additional saturated bicarbonate solution and water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo.
  • the crude product having formula (FX40) is then purified by flash chromatography.
  • Figure 2B provides a scheme showing an exemplary method for making a fused ring diaza bioconjugate. As shown in figure 2B, a fused ring diaza compound having formula (FX33) is coupled to a peptide targeting ligand. As will be understood by those having skill in the art, similar synthetic approaches may be used to generate bioconjugates of the azo fused ring compounds of the invention.
  • Example I.bfiv Phototherapeutic Methods and Cell Viability Measurements
  • a general procedure is carried out for measuring cell viability upon exposure of tumor cells to the fused ring diaza compound of Formula (FX33) and electromagnetic radiation.
  • the compound of Formula (FX33) has an absorption maxima ( ⁇ ma ⁇ ) of 334 nm.
  • the cell viability measurements are carried out using human myeloid leukemia U937 cell line by the standard WST- 1 assay. In this procedure, U397 Leukemia cells (0.5 x 10 6 ) are plated in standard T-25 cell culture flasks, and are exposed to four controls and a series of test conditions corresponding to a range of fused ring diaza compound concentrations, summarized in Table 1.
  • the compound of formula (FX33) is dissolved in 20 to 30% DMSO at an initial concentration of 2-4 mM and serially diluted to the final desired value such that the amount of DMSO exposed to the cells is below 0.5%.
  • the cells are incubated at 37 C with various concentrations of the fused ring diaza compound photosensitizer for about 30 minutes prior to exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
  • the cells are irradiated at 5, 10 and 20 and 30 minute durations using a 200-W UV lamp that radiates electromagnetic radiation with maximum output in the range of 325 ⁇ -425 nm with constant cooling such that the temperature at the surface of the microliter plates does not exceed 37 0 C. It should be noted that in the present study, the electromagnetic radiation source is not optimized with respect to power and wavelength.
  • the viability of cells is assessed after 24 hours following exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
  • the electromagnetic radiation source is a B- 100SP High Intensity Lamp from UVP.
  • HBSS Hank's Balanced Salt Solution
  • Trypan blue stain Trypan blue stain
  • a hemacytometer to count iive and dead cells. The number of viable cells is determined and percent viability is determined using:
  • Figure 3 provides cell viability results for control conditions (Control 4, no photosensitzer, DIvISO 1 electromagnetic radiation) wherein cells are exposed to electromagnetic radiation and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • Control 4 no photosensitzer, DIvISO 1 electromagnetic radiation
  • DMSO toxicity is observed only at high concentrations of DMSO.
  • Cells are incubated without DMSO (0 ⁇ M) and with DMSO at concentrations of 3 ⁇ M, 6 ⁇ M, and 12 ⁇ M, and are exposed to electromagnetic radiation from a B-100SP High Intensity Lamp for 0, 5, and 20 minutes.
  • the results indicate that 100% of the cells are viable for conditions of 0 ⁇ M DMSO and 3 ⁇ M DMSO with no exposure to electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic radiation exposure for 5 minutes, and electromagnetic radiation exposure for 20 minutes.
  • At least about 95% of the cells are viable for conditions of 6 ⁇ M DMSO with no electromagnetic radiation exposure, electromagnetic radiation exposure for 5 minutes, and electromagnetic radiation exposure for 20 minutes. With 12 ⁇ M DMSO with no electromagnetic radiation exposure and with electromagnetic radiation exposure for 5 minutes, at least 95% of cells were viable; and with electromagnetic radiation exposure for 20 minutes, about 78% of cells are viable.
  • Figure 4 provides cell viability results for test conditions wherein cells are exposed to electromagnetic radiation and the compound of formula (FX33) for concentrations of 6 ⁇ M, 13 ⁇ M and 25 ⁇ M.
  • the cell viability experiments with the compound of formula (FX33) exhibit concentration-dependent and electromagnetic radiation exposure time-dependent decreases in cell viability.
  • the viability of ceils in contact with a fused ring diaza photosensitizer decreases dramatically upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation over the range of 5 minutes to 20 minutes.
  • Cells are incubated in the absence of the compound of formula (FX33) (0 ⁇ M) and with the compound of formula (FX33) at concentrations of 6 ⁇ M, 13 ⁇ M and 25 ⁇ M.
  • the cells are exposed to electromagnetic radiation from a B-100SP High Intensity Lamp for 0, 5, 10, and 20 minutes.
  • the results indicate that in the absence of the compound of formula (FX33), cells at all electromagnetic radiation exposure times have 100% viability.
  • In the presence of 6 ⁇ M of the compound of formula (FX33), cells have 100% viability with electromagnetic radiation exposure for 5 and 10 minutes, and about 92% viability with electromagnetic radiation exposure for 20 minutes.
  • cells In the presence of 25 ⁇ M of the compound of formula (FX33), cells have about 86% viability with electromagnetic radiation exposure for 5 minutes, about 30% viability with electromagnetic radiation exposure for 10 minutes, and about 8% viability with electromagnetic radiation exposure for 20 minutes.
  • a VC 5O/2 o value of 5.25 ⁇ M is determined for the compound of formula (FX33), wherein VC 50/20 is defined as the concentration at which 50% decrease in cell viability is observed when the cells are exposed to electromagnetic radiation and the fused ring diaza photosensitizer for 20 minutes.
  • Phototherapy such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) typically employs a combination of a photosensitizer (PS) and visible or near infrared electromagnetic radiation to generate reactive species that kill or otherwise degrade target cells, such as tumors or other lesions.
  • PS photosensitizer
  • the invention provides phototherapeutic agents useful for phototherapy.
  • the invention includes phototherapy methods wherein a phototherapeutic agent comprising a compound of any one of the formulas (FX1) - (FX40) is administered to a patient, for example, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of such a component is administered to a patient in need of treatment, in some embodiments, compounds of the invention provide an optical agent capable of selective targeting and delivery to a target tissue such as a tumor, site of inflammation or other lesion.
  • a target tissue such as a tumor, site of inflammation or other lesion.
  • the phototherapeutic agent is optionally allowed to accumulate in a target region of interest (e.g., target tissue, tumor, or organ).
  • the phototherapeutic agent is activated by exposure to electromagnetic radiation, preferably for some methods at the site of the target tissue.
  • the phototherapeutic agent is activated after a therapeutically or diagnostically effective concentration of the phototherapeutic agent has accumulated in a target tissue.
  • An effective concentration of a compound of the invention depends on the nature of the formulation, method of delivery, target tissue, activation method and toxicity to the surrounding normal non-target tissue. Exposure to electromagnetic radiation and activation of the phototherapeutic agent may occur during or after administration of the phototherapeutic agent and accumulation at the target tissue.
  • the target region is iiluminated with electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths in the range of about 350 nm to about 1300 nm, preferably for some applications in the range of about 400 nm to about 900 nm.
  • the target region sis illuminated with electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths in the range of about 300 nm to about 900 nm.
  • the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation corresponds to a peak in the absorption spectrum of the phototherapeutic agent, for example is within 20 nanometers of a peak in the absorption spectrum of the phototherapeutic agent in the visible or NIR regions, in some phototherapeutic procedures the target site is exposed to electromagnetic radiation having fluence, dosage and/or power sufficient to activate the phototherapeutic agent so as to induce cell death, for example via necrosis or apoptosis processes.
  • electromagnetic radiation having low energy e.g., less than 200 mW/crn 2 or optionally less than 100 mW/cm 2
  • power or fluence e.g., less than 200 mW/crn 2 or optionally less than 100 mW/cm 2
  • the region of interest is, for example, a lesion or tumor on the skin surface, the region can be directly illuminated.
  • endoscopic and/or endoluminal catheters can be employed to deliver electromagnetic radiation to the subject to provide a photodiagnostic and/or phototherapeutic effect.
  • Appropriate power, dosage and intensity of the electromagnetic radiation depends on the size, depth, and the pathology of the lesion, as is known to one skilled in the art.
  • the fluence of the electromagnetic radiation is preferably, but not always, kept below 200 mW/cm 2 , optionally below 100 mW/cm 2 , to minimize undesirable thermal effects.
  • the intensity, power, and duration of the illumination, and the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation may vary widely depending on the body location, the lesion site, the effect to be achieved, etc.
  • the power of the applied electromagnetic radiation is preferably is selected over the range of 1 - 500 mW/cm 2 and optionally for some applications is selected over the range of 1 - 200 mW/cm 2 and optionally for some applications selected over the range of 1 - 100 mW/cm 2 .
  • the duration of the exposure to applied electromagnetic radiation is selected over the range of 1 second to 60 minutes, and optionally for some appiications is selected over the range of 1 second to 30 minutes, and optionally for some applications is selected over the range of 1 second to 10 minutes, and optionaily for some applications is selected over the range of 1 second to 1 minute.
  • the invention provides a method of using a phototherapeutic agent, the method comprising: (i) administering a therapeutically effective amount of a phototherapeutic agent to a subject, the phototherapeutic agent comprising a compound being of the formula (FX1):
  • Y is-CU a U b - -NU 3 -, -O- -S-, or -C(O)-;
  • Z is-CU c U d - -NU C - -O-, S-, or -C(O)-; wherein each U a is independently -(l_ 4 ) h -W 4 -R 4 ; wherein each U b is independently -(L 5 )i-W 5 -R s ; wherein each U c is independently - ⁇ L 6 ) ⁇ W 6 - R6 ; wherein each U d is independently -(L 7 ) k -W 7 -R 7 ;
  • X is hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, or At;
  • each of L 1 - L 7 is independently C- S -C 10 alkylene, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyle ⁇ e, C 2 -C 10 alkenyiene, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkenylene, C 3 -Ci 0 alkynylene, ethenylene, ethynylene, phenylene, 1-aza- 2,5-dioxocyclopentyiene, 1 ,4-diazacyclohexylene, -(CH 2 CH 2 O) b - or -(CHOH) 3 -; each of W 1 - W 7 is independently a single bond, -(CH 2 J n -, -(HCCH) n -, -O-, -S-, -SO-, - SO 2
  • the phototherapeutic agent is exposed to a therapeutically effective amount of electromagnetic radiation.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of electromagnetic radiation is an amount for achieving a desired therapeutic result, for example an amount for generating a therapeutically effective amount of reactive species for damaging or causing local cell death of a selected target tissue.
  • the method further comprises generating one or more reactive species from said compound administered to the patient via the exposure of the phototherapeutic agent to applied electromagnetic radiation.
  • the method further comprises contacting a selected organ or selected tissue in the patient with the phototherapeutic agent.
  • a therapeutically effective dose of the phototherapeutic agent is administered to a patient in need of treatment.
  • Phototherapeutic agents useful in the present methods include fused ring azo and diaza compounds having a first ring having a intra-ri ⁇ g azo or intra-ring diaza group, wherein the first ring is fused to second unsaturated ring and third aromatic ring.
  • Phototherapeutic agents useful in the present methods include compounds optionally having a targeting ligand for targeted administration.
  • Phototherapeutic agents useful in the present methods include compounds optionally having a dye component, such as a fluorophore or chromophore, for imaging and/or visualization functionality.
  • the method of the invention comprises administering to a patient a compound having any one of formula (FX1) - (FX40), including any of the specific compositions classes and compounds described in connection with formula (FX1) - (FX4Q).
  • the present methods expressly include methods of using phototherapeutic agents, wherein the phototherapeutic agent includes the compound classes, compounds, and al! variations thereof, described herein, including the compound classes, compounds and variations described in connection with any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40).
  • Embodiments of this aspect may comprise a method of carrying out an in vivo therapeutic and/or diagnostic procedure.
  • the invention comprises a method of carrying out an in vivo phototherapeutic, photoactivation, and/or photosensitizing procedure.
  • the present methods have broad clinical utility which includes, but is not limited to, phototherapy of tumors, inflammatory processes, and impaired vasculature.
  • subjects of the invention may be any mammal, such as a human, and optionally the subject of the present methods is a patient in need of treatment and/or diagnosis.
  • the present methods are also useful for in ex vivo and in vitro procedures, including medical therapeutic and diagnostic procedures.
  • Methods of the invention may optionally further comprise a number of additional steps, processes and/or conditions.
  • the method further comprises the step of administering the phototherapeutic agent into a bodily fluid of the subject.
  • the phototherapeutic agent may be introduced into the patient by any suitable method, including intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection or infusion, oral administration, transdermal absorption through the skin, or by inhalation.
  • the method further comprises contacting a target tissue, such as an organ, tissue, tumor, lesion, or cell type, with a compound of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40) prior to or during the exposure step.
  • the method further comprises allowing the compound to accumulate in a target tissue prior to exposure of the phototherapeutic agent to electromagnetic radiation.
  • the method further comprises contacting and/or selectively targeting the diagnostic agent to a selected organ, tissue, tumor, lesion, inflammation, or cell type.
  • the phototherapeutic agent is administered to the skin, a tumor, surgical site, or a wound site.
  • the phototherapeutic agent is administered and/or delivered to a blood vessel, lung, heart, throat, ear, rectum, bladder, stomach, intestines, esophagus, liver, brain, prostrate, breast, or pancreas of the subject.
  • the optical conditions for the step of exposing the phototherapeutic agent administered to the patient to electromagnetic radiation will vary considerably with the (i) therapeutic and/or diagnostic objectives, and ⁇ ii) the condition of the subject (e.g., height, weight, state of health etc.).
  • the applied electromagnetic radiation has wavelengths, energy and/or fluence sufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic and/or diagnostic result.
  • the electromagnetic radiation has wavelengths, energy and/or fluence sufficient to activate the phototherapeutic agent, for example wavelengths, energy and/or fluence sufficient to result in generation of reactive species, including free radicals and/or optionally singlet oxygen.
  • the electromagnetic radiation has wavelengths, energy and/or fluence sufficient to result in cleavage of at least one photolabile bond of the optical agent upon absorption and, optionally internal energy transfer process(es).
  • the electromagnetic radiation exposed to the phototherapeutic agent has wavelengths corresponding to a maximum in the absorption spectrum of the phototherapeutic agent, preferably for some applications a maximum (e.g., within 20 nm of a maximum in the absorption spectrum) in the visible or NIR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • excitation is achieved using electromagnetic radiation substantially free (e.g., less than about 10% of total radiant energy), of ultraviolet radiation, for example, to minimize exposure of the subject to electromagnetic radiation capable of causing unwanted cell or tissue damage.
  • Electromagnetic radiation may be provided to the phototherapeutic agent using a range of optical sources and/or surgical instrumentation, including a laser, electromagnetic radiation emitting diodes, fiber optic device, endoscope, catheter, optical filters, mirrors, lenses, or any combination of these.
  • Compounds of the invention are also useful for targeting biological moieties. Targeted moieties may also undergo subsequent or coincident phototherapeutic applications.
  • compounds of the formulas (FX1) to (FX40) contain one or more biotargeting groups. These ligands are well known in the art.
  • the fused ring azo or diaza compound which includes a targeting moiety can be administered to a patient in a therapeutically or diagnostically effective amount to photoactivate and/or detect the fused ring azo or diaza compound within the patient.
  • the whole body or portion thereof e.g., site of tumor, lesion or wound
  • electromagnetic radiation of suitable wavelength to photoexcite the fused ring azo or diaza compound.
  • photoexcitation at a target tissue initiates localized generation of reactive species for achieving a desired therapeutic outcome.
  • electromagnetic radiation emanating from the patient as a result of the absorption and excitation of the fused ring azo or diaza compound is then detected. By evaluating the location, intensity, and/or wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the patient, a diagnosis can be made as a result of the targeting properties of the fused ring azo or diaza compound.
  • compounds of the invention are useful for both oncology and non- oncology applications.
  • Some specific targets are tumors accessible via endoscope.
  • a compound that targets a protein, polypeptide, oligonucleotide or other biomolecute associated with such a tumor is administered to the tumor via endoscope or other useful method.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used in phototherapeutic applications or imaging applications.
  • Other specific targets include colon, lung, ovarian, cervical, esophageal, bladder, blood, and stomach cancers; endometriosis, and bacterial infections.
  • Particular targeting groups include ST receptor binding agents, bombesin receptor binding agents, leukemia peptides, and folate receptor binding agents.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds and bioconjugates can be determined by standard pharmaceutics! procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals for determining the LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED 50 , (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index that can be expressed as the ratio LD 50 ZED 50 .
  • Compounds and bioconjugates that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds and bioconjugates exhibiting toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds and bioconjugates to the site affected by the disease or disorder in order to minimize potential damage to unaffected cells and reduce side effects.
  • the data obtained from the cell culture assays and animai studies can be used in formulating a range of dosages for use in humans and other mammals.
  • the dosage of such compounds and bioconjugates lies preferably within a range of circulating plasma or other bodily fluid concentrations that include the ED 50 and provides clinically efficacious results (i.e., reduction in disease symptoms).
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the therapeutically effective amount can be estimated initially from cell culture assays.
  • a dosage may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the ⁇ C S0 (the concentration of the test compound that achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful dosages in humans and other mammals.
  • Compound and bioconjugate levels in piasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
  • an amount of a compound or bioconjugate that may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the unit content of a compound/bioconjugate contained in an individual dose of each dosage form need not in itself constitute a therapeutically effective amount, as the necessary therapeutically effective amount could be reached by administration of a number of individual doses. The selection of dosage depends upon the dosage form utilized, the condition being treated, and the particular purpose to be achieved according to the determination of those skilled in the art.
  • the dosage and dosage regime for treating a disease or condition may be selected in accordance with a variety of factors, including the type, age, weight, sex, diet and/or medical condition of the patient, the route of administration, pharmacological considerations such as activity, efficacy, pharmacokinetic and/or toxicology profiles of the particular compound/bioco ⁇ jugate employed, whether a compound/bioconjugate delivery system is utilized, and/or whether the compound/bioconjugate is administered as a pro-drug or part of a drug combination.
  • the dosage regime actually employed may vary widely from subject to subject, or disease to disease and different routes of administration may be employed in different clinical settings.
  • compositions including salts and ester forms of compounds Compounds of this invention and compounds useful in the methods of this invention include those of the compounds and formula(s) described herein and pharmaceut ⁇ cally-acceptable salts and esters of those compounds.
  • salts include any salts derived from the acids and bases of the formulas herein which are acceptable for use in human or veterinary applications.
  • ester refers to hydrolyzable esters of compounds of the names and formulas herein.
  • salts and esters of the compounds of the formulas herein can include those which have the same or better therapeutic, diagnostic, or pharmaceutical (human or veterinary) general properties as the compounds of the formulas herein.
  • a composition of the invention is a compound or salt or ester thereof suitable for pharmaceutical formulations.
  • the invention provides a method for treating a medical condition comprising administering to a subject (e.g. patient) in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of the invention, such as a compound of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40).
  • a composition of the invention such as a compound of any one of formulas (FX1) - (FX40).
  • the medical condition is cancer, or various other diseases, injuries, and disorders, including cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis, inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases and dermatological diseases.
  • compositions/formulations of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount (which may optionally include a diagnostically effective amount) of at least one compound or bioconjugate of the present invention.
  • Subjects receiving treatment that includes a compound/bioconjugate of the invention are preferably animals (e.g., mammals, reptiles and/or avians), more preferably humans, horses, cows, dogs, cats, sheep, pigs, and/or chickens, and most preferably humans.
  • the invention provides a medicament which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compositions of the invention, such as a compound of any one of formulas (FX1 ) - (FX40).
  • the invention provides a method for making a medicament for treatment of a condition described herein, tn an embodiment, the invention provides a method for making a medicament for diagnosis or aiding in the diagnosis of a condition described herein.
  • the invention provides the use of one or more compositions set forth herein for the making of a medicament.
  • Prodrugs of the compounds of the invention are useful in embodiments including compositions and methods. Any compound that will be converted in vivo to provide a biologically, pharmaceutically, diagnosticaliy, or therapeutically active form of a compound of the invention is a prodrug.
  • Various examples and forms of prodrugs are we!l known in the art. Examples of prodrugs are found, inter alia, in Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bu ⁇ dgaard, ⁇ Elsevier, 1985), Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 42, at pp. 309-396, edited by K. Widder, et. al.
  • a prodrug such as a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug can represent prodrugs of the compounds of the invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use.
  • Prodrugs of the invention can be rapidly transformed in vivo to a parent compound of a compound described herein, for example, by hydrolysis in blood or by other cell, tissue, organ, or system processes. Further discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, V. 14 of the A. CS. Symposium Series, and in Edward B. Roche, ed., Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press (1987).
  • the invention contemplates pharmaceutically active compounds either chemically synthesized or formed by in vivo biotransformation to compounds set forth herein.
  • a composition of the invention is isolated or purified.
  • an isolated or purified compound may be at least partially isolated or purified as would be understood in the art.
  • the composition of the invention has a chemical purity of 95%, optionally for some applications 99%, optionally for some applications 99.9%, optionally for some applications 99.99% pure, and optionally for some applications 99.999% pure.
  • a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to a subject in a diagnostically or therapeutically effective amount.
  • a dosage regimen including the amount of compound delivered, frequency of administration, and whether administration is continuous or intermittent
  • Factors affecting a particular dosage regimen include, for example, the type, age, weight, sex, diet, and condition of the subject; the type of pathological condition and its severity; and the nature of the desired therapeutic effect.
  • Pharmacological considerations include fused ring azo or diaza compound activity, efficacy, pharmacokinetic, and toxicology profiles of the particular fused ring azo or diaza compound used; the route of administration and whether a drug delivery system is utilized; and whether the fused ring azo or diaza compound is administered as part of a combination therapy (e.g., whether the agent is administered in combination with one or more other active compounds, other agents, radiation, and the like).
  • compositions for oral administration may be, for example, prepared in a manner such that a single dose in one or more oral preparations contains at least about 20 mg of the fused ring azo or diaza compound per square meter of subject body surface area, or at least about 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg of the fused ring azo or diaza compound per square meter of subject body surface area (the average body surface area for a human is, for example, 1.8 square meters).
  • a single dose of a composition for oral administration can contain from about 20 to about 600 mg, and in certain aspects from about 20 to about 400 mg, in another aspect from about 20 to about 300 mg, and in yet another aspect from about 20 to about 200 mg of the fused ring azo or diaza compound per square meter of subject body surface area.
  • Compositions for parenteral administration can be prepared in a manner such that a single dose contains at least about 20 mg of the fused ring azo or diaza compound per square meter of subject body surface area, or at least about 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg of the fused ring azo or diaza compound per square meter of subject body surface area.
  • a single dose in one or more parenteral preparations contains from about 20 to about 500 mg, and in certain aspects from about 20 to about 400 mg, and in another aspect from about 20 to about 450 mg, and in yet another aspect from about 20 to about 350 mg of the fused ring azo or diaza compound per square meter of subject body surface area.
  • these oral and parenteral dosage ranges represent generally preferred dosage ranges, and are not intended to limit the invention.
  • the dosage regimen actually employed can vary widely, and, therefore, can deviate from the generally preferred dosage regimen. It is contemplated that one skilled in the art will tailor these ranges to the individual subject.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the invention may be used as part of a combination.
  • the term "combination" means the administration of two or more compounds directed to the target condition.
  • the treatments of the combination generally may be co-administered in a simultaneous manner.
  • Two compounds can be co-administered as, for example: (a) a single formulation (e.g., a single capsule) having a fixed ratio of active ingredients; or (b) multiple, separate formulations (e.g., multiple capsules) for each compound.
  • the treatments of the combination may alternatively (or additionally) be administered at different times.
  • the fused ring azo and diaza compounds and salts of this invention can be used in the form of a kit that is suitable for use in performing the methods described herein, packaged in a container.
  • the kit can contain the fused ring azo or diaza compound or compounds and, optionally, appropriate diluents, devices or device components suitable for administration and instructions for use in accordance with the methods of the invention.
  • the devices can include parenteral injection devices, such as syringes or transdermal patch or the like.
  • Device components can include cartridges for use in injection devices and the like.
  • the kit includes a first dosage form including a fused ring azo or diaza compound or salt of this invention and a second dosage form including another active ingredient in quantities sufficient to carry out the methods of the invention.
  • the first dosage form and the second dosage form together can include a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds for treating the targeted condition(s).
  • compositions including a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of this invention, as well as processes for making such compositions.
  • Such compositions generally include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (e.g., excipients, vehicles, auxiliaries, adjuvants, diluents) and may include other active ingredients.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers e.g., excipients, vehicles, auxiliaries, adjuvants, diluents
  • Formulation of these compositions may be achieved by various methods known in the art. A general discussion of these methods may be found in, for example, Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA: 1975). See also, Lachman, L., eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (Marcel Decker, New York, N. Y., 1980).
  • the preferred composition depends on the route of administration. Any route of administration may be used as long as the target of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is available via that route. Suitable routes of administration include, for example, oral, intravenous, parenteral, inhalation, rectal, nasal, topical (e.g., transdermal and intraocular), intravesical, intrathecal, enteral, pulmonary, intralymphatic, intracavital, vaginal, transurethral, intradermal, aural, intramammary, buccal, orthotopic, intratracheal, intralesional, percutaneous, endoscopical, transmucosal, sublingual, and intestinal administration.
  • routes of administration include, for example, oral, intravenous, parenteral, inhalation, rectal, nasal, topical (e.g., transdermal and intraocular), intravesical, intrathecal, enteral, pulmonary, intralymphatic, intracavital, vaginal, transurethral, intradermal, aural, intramamm
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in conjunction with the compounds of the invention are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Carriers can be selected based on a number of factors including, for example, the particular fused ring azo or diaza compound(s) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) used, the compound's concentration, stability, and intended bioavailability; the condition being treated, the subject's age, size, and general condition, the route of administration; etc. A general discussion related to carriers may be found in, for example, J.G. Nairn, Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, pp 1492-1517 (A Gennaro, ed , Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1985)).
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include, for example, capsules, tablets, gelcaps, pills, dragees, troches, powders, granules, and lozenges
  • the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers
  • the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be mixed with carriers including, but not limited to, lactose, sucrose, starch powder, corn starch, potato starch, magnesium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, cellulose alkyl esters, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, sodium carbonate, agar, manmtoi, sorbitol, sodium saccharin, gelatin, acacia gum, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl
  • the dosage forms also can include buffering agents, such as sodium citrate, or magnesium or calcium carbonate or bicarbonate Tablets and pills additionally can, for example, include a coating (e g , an enteric coating) to delay disintegration and absorption.
  • concentration of the fused ring azo or diaza compound in a solid oral dosage form can be from about 5 to about 50%, and in certain aspects from about 8 to about 40%, and in another aspect from about 10 to about 30% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
  • Liquid dosage forms of the compounds of the invention for oral administration include, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art (e.g , water) Such compositions also can include adjuvants, such as wetting, emulsifying, suspending, flavoring (e g , sweetening), and/or perfuming agents
  • concentration of the fused ring azo or diaza compound in the liquid dosage form can be from about 0.01 to about 5 rng, and in certain aspects from about 0 01 to about 1 mg, and in another aspect from about 0.01 to about 0.5 mg per ml of the composition
  • Low concentrations of the compounds of the invention in liquid dosage form can be prepared in the case that the fused ring azo or diaza compound is more soluble at low concentrations.
  • tablets or powders for ora! administration can be prepared by dissolving the fused ring azo or diaza compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent capable of dissolving the compound to form a solution and then evaporating when the solution is dried under vacuum.
  • a carrier can also be added to the solution before drying. The resulting solution can be dried under vacuum to form a glass.
  • the glass can then mix with a binder to form a powder.
  • This powder may be mixed with fillers or other conventional tabieting agents, and then processed to form a tablet.
  • the powder may be added to a liquid carrier to form a solution, emulsion, suspension, or the like.
  • solutions for oral administration are prepared by dissolving the fused ring azo or diaza compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent capable of dissolving the compound to form a solution.
  • An appropriate volume of a carrier is added to the solution while stirring to form a pharmaceutically acceptable solution for ora! administration.
  • Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous injections, intraarterial injections, intraorbital injections, intracapsular injections, intraspinal injections, intraperitoneal injections, intramuscular injections, i ⁇ trasternal injections, and infusion.
  • Dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration include solutions, suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, and any other dosage form that can be administered parenterally.
  • Injectable preparations can be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing, wetting agents, and/or suspending agents.
  • Acceptable vehicles for parenteral use include both aqueous and nonaqueous pharmaceuticaHy-acceptable solvents.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous solvents include, for example, water, saline solutions, dextrose solutions (e.g., such as DW5), electrolyte solutions, etc.
  • the present fused ring azo and diaza compounds are formulated as nanoparticles or microparticles.
  • Use of such nanoparticle or microparticle formulations may be beneficial for some applications to enhance delivery, localization, target specificity, administration, etc. of the fused ring azo or diaza compound.
  • Potentially useful nanoparticles and microparticles include, but are not limited to, micelles, liposomes, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, vesicles, tubular micelles, cylindrical micelles, bilayers, folded sheets structures, globular aggregates, swollen micelles, inclusion complex, encapsulated droplets, microcapsules, nanocapsules or the like.
  • the present fused ring azo and diaza compounds can be located inside the nanoparticle or microparticle, within a membrane or wall of the nanoparticle or microparticle, or outside of (but bonded to or otherwise associated with) the nanoparticle or microparticle.
  • the agent formulated in nanoparticles or micropart ⁇ cles may be administered by any of the routes previously described.
  • the fused ring azo or diaza compound is slowly released over time.
  • the liposome, micelle, capsule, etc. circulates in the bloodstream and is delivered to the desired site (e g , target tissue).
  • liposomes may be prepared from dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) because this lipid has a low heat transitton.
  • DPPC dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
  • PC egg phosphatidylcholine
  • Liposomes are made using standard procedures as known to one skilled in the art (e g , Braun-Falco et al., (Eds.), Griesbach Conference, Liposome Dermatics, Sp ⁇ nger-Veriag, Berlin (1992), pp 69 81; 91 117 which is expressly incorporated by reference herein).
  • Polycaprolactone, poly(glycolic) acid, poly(lactic) acid, polyanhydride or lipids may be formulated as microspheres
  • the present fused ring azo and diaza compounds may be mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 1 the mixture then dried and coated with ethylene vinyl acetate, then cooled again with PVA.
  • PVA polyvinyl alcohol
  • the present fused ring azo and diaza compounds may be within one or both lipid bilayers, in the aqueous between the bilayers, or within the center or core Liposomes may be modified with other molecules and lipids to form a cationic liposome.
  • Liposomes may also be modified with lipids to render their surface more hydrophilic which increases their circulation time in the bloodstream
  • the thus-modified liposome has been termed a "stealth" liposome, or a long- lived liposome, as described in U S Pat.
  • compositions and methods include a micelle delivery system, for example, involving one or more PEG-based amphiphiiic polymers developed for drug delivery including PEG- ⁇ oly( ⁇ -caprolactone), PEG-poly(amino acid), PEG-polylactide or a PEG - phospholid constructs, a cross linked poly(acrylic acid) polymer system, a phospholipid-based system and/or block copolymer systems comprising one or more of the following polymer blocks a poly(lact ⁇ c acid) polymer block, a poly(propylene glycol) polymer block
  • Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable nonaqueous solvents include, but are not limited to, the following (as well as mixtures thereof): alcohols (these include, for example, ⁇ -glycerol formal, ⁇ -glycerol formal, 1 , 3-butyleneglycol, aliphatic or aromatic alcohols having from 2 to about 30 carbons (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, t-butanol, hexanol, octanol, amylene hydrate, benzyl alcohol, glycerin (glycerol), glycol, hexylene, glycol, tetrahydrofuranyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol), fatty acid esters of fatty alcohols (e.g., polyalkyle ⁇ e glycols, such as polypropylene glycol and polyethylene glycol), sorbitan, sucrose, and cholesterol); amide
  • poiyoxyethylene sorbitan esters e.g., polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monostearate, and POLYSORBATE 20, 40, 60, and 80 (from ICI Americas, Wilmington, DE)
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone e.g., polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil and polyoxyethylated castor oils, such as CREMOPHOR EL solution or CREMOPHOR RH 40 solution
  • saccharide fatty acid esters i.e., the condensation product of a monosaccharide (e.g., pentoses, such as, ribose, ribulose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, and xylulose; hexoses, such as glucose, fruct
  • Examples include diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl isosorbide, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether), and glycofurol (tetrahydrofurfuranyl alcohol polyethylene glycol ether); ketones (these typically have from about 3 to about 30 carbons. Examples include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone); hydrocarbons (these are typically aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons having from about 4 to about 30 carbons).
  • oils examples include benzene, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, dioxolanes, hexane, n-decane, n-dodecane, n-hexane, sulfola ⁇ e, tetramethylenesulfone, tetramethylenesulfoxide, toluene, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); and tetramethylene sulfoxide; oils (these include oils of mineral, vegetable, animal, essential, or synthetic origin).
  • mineral oils such as aliphatic and wax-based hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, mixed aliphatic and aromatic based hydrocarbons, and refined paraffin oil
  • vegetable oils such as linseed, tung, safflower, soybean, castor, cottonseed, groundnut, rapeseed, coconut, palm, olive, corn, corn germ, sesame, persic, and peanut oil
  • glycerides such as mono-, di-, and triglycerides
  • animal oils such as fish, marine, sperm, cod-liver, haliver, squaiene, squalane, and shark liver oil
  • oleic oils and polyoxyethylated castor oil
  • alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl halides (these include alkyl or aryl halides having from 1 to about 30 carbons and one or more halogen substituents.
  • Examples include methylene chloride); monoethanolamine; petroleum benzin; troJamine; omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., alpha-linolenic acid, eicosape ⁇ taenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid); polyglycol ester of 12- hydroxystearic acid and polyethylene glycol (SOLUTOL HS-15, from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany); polyoxyethylene glycerol; sodium laurate; sodium oleate; and sorbitan monooleate.
  • Other pharmaceutically acceptable solvents for use in the invention are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Genera!
  • Solvents useful in the invention include, but are not limited to, those known to stabilize the fused ring azo and diaza compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These typically include, for example, oils rich in triglycerides, such as safflower oil, soybean oil, and mixtures thereof; and alkyleneoxy-modified fatty acid esters, such as polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil and polyoxyethylated castor oils (e.g., CREMOPHOR EL solution or CREMOPHOR RH 40 solution).
  • oils rich in triglycerides such as safflower oil, soybean oil, and mixtures thereof
  • alkyleneoxy-modified fatty acid esters such as polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil and polyoxyethylated castor oils (e.g., CREMOPHOR EL solution or CREMOPHOR RH 40 solution).
  • triglycerides include INTRALIPID emulsified soybean oil (Kabi-Pharnrtacia Inc., Sweden), NUTRALIPID emulsion (McGaw, Irvine, California), LlPOSYN IS 20% emulsion (a 20% fat emulsion solution containing 100 mg safflower oil, 100 mg soybean oil, 12 mg egg phosphatides, and 25 mg glycerin per ml of solution; Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL), LIPOSYN III 2% emulsion (a 2% fat emulsion solution containing 100 mg safflower oil, 100 mg soybean o ⁇ , 12 mg egg phosphatides, and 25 mg glycerin per ml of solution; Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL), natural or synthetic glycerol derivatives containing the docosahexaenoyl group at levels of from about 25 to about 100% (by weight based on the total fatty acid content) (DHASCO from Martek Bioscience
  • compositions of this invention can be included in the compositions of this invention for various purposes generally known in the pharmaceutical industry. These components tend to impart properties that, for example, enhance retention of the fused ring azo or diaza compound or salt at the site of administration, protect the stability of the composition, control the pH, and facilitate processing of the fused ring azo or diaza compound or salt into pharmaceutical formulations, and the like.
  • cryoprotective agents agents for preventing reprecipitation of the fused ring azo or diaza compound or salt surface
  • active, wetting, or emulsifying agents e.g., lecithin, polysorbate-80, TWEEN 80, pluronic 60, and poiyoxyethyle ⁇ e stearate
  • preservatives e.g., ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
  • microbial preservatives e.g., benzyl alcohol, phenol, m-creso!, chlorobutanol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and paraben
  • agents for adjusting pH or buffering agents e.g., acids, bases, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, etc.
  • agents for adjusting osmolarity e.g., glycerin
  • thickeners e.g., aluminum monostearate, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, stearyl
  • Formulations for parenteral administration may be prepared from one or more sterile powders and/or granules having a compound or sait of this invention and one or more of the carriers or diluents mentioned for use in the formulations for oral administration.
  • the powder or granule typically is added to an appropriate volume of a solvent (typicaiiy while agitating (e.g., stirring) the solvent) that is capable of dissolving the powder or granule.
  • a solvent typicaiiy while agitating (e.g., stirring) the solvent
  • Particular solvents useful in the invention include, for example, water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, and/or various buffers.
  • Emulsions for parenteral administration can be prepared by, for example, dissolving a compound or salt of this invention in any pharmaceutically acceptable solvent capable of dissolving the compound to form a solution; and adding an appropriate volume of a carrier to the solution while stirring to form the emulsion.
  • Solutions for parenteral administration can be prepared by, for example, dissolving a compound or salt of this invention in any pharmaceutically acceptable solvent capable of dissolving the compound to form a solution; and adding an appropriate volume of a carrier to the solution while stirring to form the solution.
  • Suppositories for rectal administration can be prepared by, for example, mixing the drug with a suitable nonirritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable excipients include, for example, cocoa butter; synthetic mono-, di-, or triglycerides; fatty acids; and/or polyethylene glycols.
  • Topical administration includes the use of transdermal administration, such as transdermal patches or iontophoresis devices.
  • the emulsions or solutions described above for oral or parenteral administration can be packaged in IV bags, vials, or other conventional containers in concentrated form, and then diluted with a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid (e.g., saline) to form an acceptable fused ring azo or diaza compound concentration before use.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid e.g., saline
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts comprise pharmaceutically-acceptable anions and/or cations.
  • PharmaceuticaHy-acceptabJe cations include among others, alkali metal cations ⁇ e.g., Li + , Na + , K + ), alkaline earth metal cations (e.g., Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ), non-toxic heavy metal cations and ammonium (NH 4 + ) and substituted ammonium (N(R 1 J 4 + , where R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl, i.e., including, methyl, ethyl, or hydroxyethyl, specifically, trimethyl ammonium, triethyl ammonium, and triethanol ammonium cations).
  • Pharmaceutically-acceptable anions include among other halides (e.g., Cl ' , Br " ), sulfate, acetates (e.g., acetate, t ⁇ fluoroacetate), ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, citrates, and lactate.
  • compositions of the invention includes formulations and preparations comprising one or more of the present compounds provided in an aqueous solution, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation or preparation.
  • compositions of the invention further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants, buffers, electrolytes, salts, carriers, binders, coatings, preservatives and/or excipients.
  • Compounds and bioconjugates of the present invention may be formulated by known methods for administration to a subject using several routes which include, but are not limited to, parenteral, oral, topical, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and ophthalmic routes.
  • An individual compound/bioconjugate may be administered in combination with one or more additional compounds/bioconjugates of the present invention and/or together with other biologically active or biologically inert agents.
  • Such biologically active or inert agents may be in fluid or mechanical communication with the compound ⁇ s)/bioconjugate(s) or attached to the compound(s)/bioconjugate(s) by ionic, covalent, Van der Waals, hydrophobic, hydrophilic or other physical forces, it is preferred that administration is localized in a subject, but administration may also be systemic.
  • Compounds and bioconjugates of the present invention may be formulated by any conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • the compounds/bioconjugates and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates may be specifically formulated for administration, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or the nose) or oral, buccal, parenteral or rectal administration.
  • the compounds/bioconjugates may take the form of charged, neutral and/or other pharmaceuticaliy acceptable salt forms.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, those described in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (A. R. Gennaro, Ed.), 20th edition, Williams & Wiikins PA, USA (2000).
  • Compounds and bioconjugates of the present invention may be formulated in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, controlled- or sustained- release formulations and the like.
  • Such formulations will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the compound/bioconjugate, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
  • the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
  • Compounds and bioconjugates of the present invention may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection (e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion).
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form in ampoules or in multi-dose containers with an optional preservative added.
  • the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass, plastic or the like.
  • the formulation may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • a parenteral preparation may be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a nontoxic pare ⁇ teraliy acceptable diluent or solvent (e.g., as a solution in 1 ,3-butanedio!).
  • a nontoxic pare ⁇ teraliy acceptable diluent or solvent e.g., as a solution in 1 ,3-butanedio!.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid may be used in the parenteral preparation.
  • compounds and bioconjugates of the present invention may be formulated in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, such as sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • a compound/bioconjugate suitable for parenteral administration may include a sterile isotonic saline solution containing between 0.1 percent and 90 percent weight per volume of the compound/bioconjugate.
  • a solution may contain from about 5 percent to about 20 percent, more preferably from about 5 percent to about 17 percent, more preferably from about 8 to about 14 percent, and still more preferably about 10 percent of the compound/bioconjugate.
  • the solution or powder preparation may also include a solubilizi ⁇ g agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection.
  • a solubilizi ⁇ g agent such as lignocaine
  • a local anesthetic such as lignocaine
  • a compound/bioconjugate of the invention may be formulated to take the form of tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (e.g., excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants and disintegrants):
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers e.g., excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants and disintegrants:
  • Binding agents include, but are not limited to, corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl ceilulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, (e.g., Nos. 2208, 2906, 2910), microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
  • natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxy
  • Suitable forms of microcrystalline cellulose include, for example, the materials sofd as AVICEL-PH-101 , AVICEL- PH-103 and AVICEL-PH-105 (available from FMC Corporation, American Viscose Division, Avicei Sales, Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, USA).
  • An exemplary suitable binder is a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose sold as AVICEL RC-581 by FMC Corporation.
  • Fillers include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof.
  • Lubricants include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, electromagnetic radiation mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitoi, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium Saury! sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil ⁇ e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laurate, agar, and mixtures thereof.
  • Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel (AEROSIL 200, manufactured by W.R. Grace Co.
  • D is in teg rants
  • Disintegrants include, but are not limited to, agar-agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pre-gelatinized starch, other starches, days, other algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof.
  • the tablets or capsules may optionally be coated by methods well known in the art. If binders and/or fillers are used with a compound/bioconjugate of the invention, they are typically formulated as about 50 to about 99 weight percent of the compound/bioconjugate. In one aspect, about 0.5 to about 15 weight percent of disintegrant, and particularly about 1 to about 5 weight percent of disintegrant, may be used in combination with the compound. A lubricant may optionally be added, typically in an amount of less than about 1 weight percent of the compound/bioconjugate.
  • Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of solutions, syrups or suspensions. Alternatively, the liquid preparations may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oii, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and/or preservatives (e.g., methy! or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid).
  • suspending agents e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats
  • emulsifying agents e.g., lecithin or acacia
  • non-aqueous vehicles e.g., almond oii,
  • the preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and sweetening agents as appropriate.
  • Preparations for oral administration may also be formulated to achieve controlled release of the compound/bioconjugate.
  • Oral formulations preferably contain 10% to 95% compound/bioconjugate.
  • a compound/bioconjugate of the present invention may be formulated for buccal administration in the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in a conventional manner.
  • Other methods of oral delivery of compounds/bioconjugates of the invention will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
  • Controlled-release (or sustained-release) preparations may be formulated to extend the activity of a compound/bioconj ⁇ gate and reduce dosage frequency. Controlled-release preparations can also be used to effect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the compound/bioconjugate, and consequently affect the occurrence of side effects.
  • Controlled-release preparations may be designed to initially release an amount of a compound/bioconjugate that produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release other amounts of the compound/bioconjugate to maintain the level of therapeutic effect over an extended period of time.
  • the compound/bioconjugate can be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of compound/bioconjugate being metabolized and/or excreted from the body.
  • the controlled-release of a compound/bioconjugate may be stimulated by various inducers, e.g., change in pH, change in temperature, enzymes, water, and/or other physiological conditions or molecules.
  • Controlled-release systems may include, for example, an infusion pump which may be used to administer the compound/bioconjugate in a manner similar to that used for delivering insulin or chemotherapy to the body generally, or to specific organs or tumors.
  • the compound/bioconjugate is administered in combination with a biodegradable, biocompatible polymeric implant that releases the compound/bioconjugate over a controlled period of time at a selected site.
  • polymeric materials include poiyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, poiygtycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyethylene vinyl acetate, and copolymers and combinations thereof.
  • a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of a therapeutic target (e.g., organ, tissue, or group of cells), thus requiring only a fraction of a systemic dosage.
  • a therapeutic target e.g., organ, tissue, or group of cells
  • Compounds/bioconjugates of the invention may be administered by other controlled- release means or delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These include, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or the like, or a combination of any of the above to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Other methods of controlled-release delivery of compounds/bioconjugates will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
  • Compounds/bioconjugates of the invention may be administered directly to the lung of a patient/subject by inhalation.
  • a compound/bioconjugate may be conveniently delivered to the lung by a number of different devices.
  • a Metered Dose Inhaler which utilizes canisters that contain a suitable low boiling point propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas may be used to deliver a compound/bioconjugate directly to the lung.
  • MDI devices are available from a number of suppliers such as 3M Corporation, Aventis, Boehringer Ingleheim, Forest Laboratories, Glaxo-Wellcome, Schering Plough and Vectura.
  • a Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) device may be used to administer a compound/bioconjugate to the lung.
  • DPI devices typically use a mechanism such as a burst of gas to create a cloud of dry powder inside a container, which may then be inhaled by the patient.
  • DPI devices are also well known in the art and may be purchased from a number of vendors which include, for example, Fisons, Glaxo-Wellcome, Inhale Therapeutic Systems, ML Laboratories, Qdose and Vectura.
  • MDDPI multiple dose DPI
  • MDDPI devices are available from companies such as AstraZeneca, GlaxoWellcome, IVAX, Schering Plough, SkyePharma and Vectura.
  • capsules and cartridges of geiatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound/bioconjugate and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch for these systems.
  • a liquid spray device supplied, for example, by Aradigm Corporation.
  • Liquid spray systems use extremely small nozzle holes to aerosolize liquid compound/bioconjugate formulations that may then be directly inhaled into the lung.
  • a nebulizer device may be used to deliver a compound/bioconjugate to the lung.
  • Nebulizers create aerosols from liquid compound/bioconjugate formulations by using, for example, ultrasonic energy to form fine particles that may be readily inhaled.
  • Examples of nebulizers include devices supplied by Sheffield/Systemic Pulmonary Delivery Ltd., Aventis and Batelle Pulmonary Therapeutics.
  • an electrohydrodynamic (“EHD”) aerosol device may be used to deliver a compound/bioconjugate to the lung.
  • EHD aerosol devices use electrical energy to aerosolize liquid compound/bioconjugate solutions or suspensions.
  • the electrochemical properties of the compound/bioconjugate formulation are important parameters to optimize when delivering this compound/bioconjugate to the lung with an EHD aerosol device. Such optimization is routinely performed by one of skill in the art.
  • Other methods of intra-pulmonary delivery of compounds/bioconjugates will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
  • Liquid compound/bioconjugate formulations suitable for use with nebulizers and liquid spray devices and EHD aerosol devices will typically include the compound/bioconjugate with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liquid such as alcohol, water, polyethylene glycol or a perfluorocarbon.
  • another material may be added to alter the aerosol properties of the solution or suspension of the compound/bioconjugate.
  • this material may be a liquid such as an alcohol, glycol, poiyglycol or a fatty acid.
  • Other methods of formulating liquid compound/bioconjugate solutions or suspensions suitable for use in aerosol devices are known to those of skill in the art.
  • a compound/bioconjugate of the invention may be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long-acting formulations may be administered by implantation (e.g., subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Accordingly, the compound/bioconjugate may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials such as an emulsion in an acceptable oil or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives such as a sparingly soluble salt. Other methods of depot delivery of compounds/bioconjugates will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
  • a compound/bioconjugate may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier so that an effective dosage is delivered, based on the desired activity ranging from an effective dosage, for example, of 1.0 ⁇ M to 1.0 mM.
  • a topical formulation of a compound/bioconjugate can be applied to the skin.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be in the form of, for example, and not by way of limitation, an ointment, cream, gel, paste, foam, aerosol, suppository, pad or gelled stick.
  • a topical formulation may include a therapeutically effective amount of a compound/bioconjugate in an ophthalmologically acceptable excipient such as buffered saline, mineral oil, vegetable oils such as corn or arachis oil, petroleum jelly, Miglyol 182, alcohol solutions, or liposomes or liposome-like products.
  • an ophthalmologically acceptable excipient such as buffered saline, mineral oil, vegetable oils such as corn or arachis oil, petroleum jelly, Miglyol 182, alcohol solutions, or liposomes or liposome-like products.
  • ophthalmologically acceptable excipient such as buffered saline, mineral oil, vegetable oils such as corn or arachis oil, petroleum jelly, Miglyol 182, alcohol solutions, or liposomes or liposome-like products.
  • Any of these formulations of such compou ⁇ ds/bioconjugates may include preservatives, antioxidants, antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and other biologically or pharmaceutically
  • Compounds/bioconjugates of the invention may be formulated in rectal formulations such as suppositories or retention enemas that include conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides and/or binders and/or carriers such as triglycerides, microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin. Rectal formulations can contain a compound/bioconjugate in the range of 0.5% to 10% by weight. Other methods of recta! delivery of compounds/bioconjugates will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
  • Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients:
  • Active Ingredient 250.0 Starch 305.0 Magnesium stearate 5.0
  • a tablet formula is prepared using the following ingredients:
  • a dry powder inhaler formulation is prepared containing the following components:
  • the active ingredient is mixed with the lactose and the mixture is added to a dry powder inhaling appliance.
  • Tablets each containing 60 mg of active ingredient, are prepared as follows:
  • the active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly.
  • the solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders which are then passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve.
  • the granules as produced are dried at 50- 60 0 C and passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve.
  • the sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate, and talc previously passed through a No. 30 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 150 mg.
  • Capsules each containing 80 mg of active ingredient are made as follows:
  • the active ingredient, cellulose, starch, and magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 190 mg quantities.
  • Suppositories each containing 225 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:
  • Active Ingredient 225 Saturated fatty acid glycerides to 2000
  • the active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve and suspended in the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously melted using the minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into a suppository mold of nominal 2.0 g capacity and allowed to cool.
  • Suspensions each containing 50 mg of active ingredient per 5.0 ml dose are made as follows:
  • the active ingredient, sucrose and xantham gum are blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and mixed with a previously made solution of the microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose in water.
  • the sodium benzoate, flavor, and color are diluted with some of the water and added with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.
  • Capsules each containing 150 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:
  • kits can include a compound/bioconjugate of the present invention, optionaiiy one or more ingredients for preparing a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation of the compound/bioconjugate, and instructions for use (e.g., administration).
  • a kit can include a compound/bioconjugate of the present invention, optionaiiy one or more ingredients for preparing a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation of the compound/bioconjugate, and instructions for use (e.g., administration).
  • different components of a compound/bioconjugate formulation can be packaged in separate containers and admixed immediately before use.
  • Such packaging of the components separately can, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the compound/bioconjugate.
  • the pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil such as a blister pack.
  • Such packaging of the components separately can also, in certain instances, permit long-term storage without losing activity of the components.
  • the different components can be packaged separately and not mixed prior to use.
  • Kits may include reagents in separate containers such as, for example, sterile water or saline to be added to a lyophilized active component packaged separately.
  • sealed glass ampules may contain lyophi ⁇ zed superoxide dismutase mimetics and in a separate ampule, sterile water, sterile saline or sterile each of which has been packaged under a neutral non- reacting gas, such as nitrogen.
  • Ampuies may consist of any suitable material, such as glass, organic polymers, such as polycarbonate, polystyrene, ceramic, metal or any other material typically employed to hold reagents.
  • suitable containers include bottles that may be fabricated from similar substances as ampules, and envelopes that may consist of foil- lined interiors, such as aluminum or an alloy.
  • Other containers include test tubes, vials, flasks, bottles, syringes, and the like.
  • Containers may have a sterile access port, such as a bottle having a stopper that can be pierced by a hypodermic injection needle.
  • Other containers may have two compartments that are separated by a readily removable membrane that upon removal permits the components to mix.
  • Removable membranes may be glass, plastic, rubber, and the like.
  • kits can be supplied with instructional materials. Instructions may be printed on paper or other substrate, and/or may be supplied as an electronic-readable medium, such as a floppy disc, mini-CD-ROM, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Zip disc, videotape, audio tape, and the like. Detailed instructions may not be physically associated with the kit; instead, a user may be directed to an Internet web site specified by the manufacturer or distributor of the kit, or supplied as electronic mail.
  • Isotopic variants of a molecule are generally useful as standards in assays for the molecule and in chemical and biological research related to the molecule or its use. Methods for making such isotopic variants are known in the art. Specific names of compounds are intended to be exemplary, as it is known that one of ordinary skill in the art can name the same compounds differently.
  • Optical agents of the invention may be formulated with pharmaceutically-acceptable anions and/or cations.
  • Pharmaceutica ⁇ y-acceptable cations include among others, alkali metal cations (e.g., Li + , Na + , K + ), alkaline earth metal cations (e.g., Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ), non-toxic heavy metal cations and ammonium (NH 4 + ) and substituted ammonium (N(R') 4 + , where R' is hydrogen, aikyl, or substituted alkyl, i.e., including, methyl, ethyl, or hydroxyethyl, specifically, trimethyl ammonium, triethyl ammonium, and Methanol ammonium cations).
  • alkali metal cations e.g., Li + , Na + , K +
  • alkaline earth metal cations e.g., Ca 2+ , Mg 2+
  • Pharmaceutically-acceptable anions include among other halides (e.g., Cl " , Br), sulfate, acetates (e.g., acetate, trifluoroacetate), ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, citrates, and lactate.
  • a liposome or micelle may be utilized as a carrier or vehicle for the composition.
  • the fused ring azo or diaza compound may be a part of the lipophilic bilayers or micelle, and the targeting ligand, if present, may be on the external surface of the liposome or micelle.
  • a targeting ligand may be externally attached to the liposome or micelle after formulation for targeting the liposome or micelle (which contains the fused ring azo or diaza optical agents) to the desired tissue, organ, or other site in the body.
  • the present compositions, preparations and formulations can be used both as a diagnostic agent as well as a phototherapy agent concomitantly.
  • an effective amount of the present compositions, preparations and formulations in a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation is administered to a patient.
  • Administration is foliowed by a procedure that combines photodiagnosis and phototherapy.
  • a composition comprising compounds for combined photodiagnosis and phototherapy is administered to a patient and its concentration, localization, or other parameters is determined at the target site of interest. More than one measurement may be taken to determine the location of the target site. The time it takes for the compound to accumulate at the target site depends upon factors such as pharmcokinetics, and may range from about thirty minutes to two days.
  • the phototherapeutic part of the procedure may be done either immediately after determining the site or before the agent is cleared from the site. Clearance depends upon factors such as pharmacokinetics.
  • the present compositions, preparations and formulations can be formulated into diagnostic or therapeutic compositions for enteral, parenteral, topical, aerosol, inhalation, or cutaneous administration. Topical or cutaneous delivery of the compositions, preparations and formulations may also include aerosol formulation, creams, gels, solutions, etc.
  • the present compositions, preparations and formulations are administered in doses effective to achieve the desired diagnostic and/or therapeutic effect.
  • compositions, preparations and formulations contain an effective amount of the composition(s), along with conventional pharmaceutical carriers and excipients appropriate for the type of administration contemplated.
  • compositions, preparations and formulations may also optionally include stabilizing agents and skin penetration enhancing agents.
  • Methods of this invention comprise the step of administering an "effective amount" of the present diagnostic and therapeutic compositions, formulations and preparations containing the present compounds, to diagnosis, image, monitor, evaluate, treat, reduce, alleviate, ameliorate or regulate a biological condition and/or disease state in a patient.
  • an effective amount refers to the amount of the diagnostic and therapeutic formulation, that, when administered to the individual is effective diagnosis, image, monitor, evaluate, treat, reduce alleviate, ameliorate or regulate a biological condition and/or disease state.
  • the effective amount of a given composition or formulation will depend at least in part upon, the mode of administration (e.g. intravenous, oral, topical administration), any carrier or vehicle employed, and the specific individual to whom the formulation is to be administered (age, weight, condition, sex, etc.).
  • the dosage requirements needed to achieve the "effective amount” vary with the particular formulations employed, the route of administration, and clinical objectives. Based on the results obtained in standard pharmacological test procedures, projected daily dosages of active compound can be determined as is understood in the art.
  • diagnostic and therapeutic formulations of the invention can be administered intravenously, in oral dosage forms, intraperitonea ⁇ y, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly, all using dosage forms we!l known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts.
  • the diagnostic and therapeutic formulations of this invention can be administered alone, but may be administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected upon the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
  • compositions and medicaments of this invention may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, buffer, emulsffier, surfactant, electrolyte or diluent.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as, for example, those described in Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th edition, ed. Alfonoso R. Gennaro, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1985).
  • ranges specifically include the values provided as endpoint values of the range.
  • a range of 1 to 100 specifically includes the end point values of 1 and 100. It will be understood that any subranges or individual values in a range or subrange that are included in the description herein can be excluded from the claims herein.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne de façon générale des agents optiques, y compris des agents photothérapeutiques de Type 1, destinés à des applications biomédicales comme la photothérapie. La présente invention concerne des composés azo et diaza à cycles fusionnés comportant une multitude de cycles fusionnés, y compris un premier cycle comportant un groupement azo ou diaza contenu dans un cycle pouvant s'activer par exposition à un rayonnement électromagnétique dans les régions visible et/ou infrarouge du spectre électromagnétique. Les agents optiques selon l'invention permettent d'obtenir une plate-forme photothérapeutique polyvalente pour le traitement d'une gamme d'états pathologiques, y compris le traitement de cancers, de sténoses et d'inflammations. La présente invention concerne en outre des préparations et des formules incluant les composés azo et diaza à cycles fusionnés et les méthodes de fabrication et d'utilisation des composés azo et diaza à cycles fusionnés en tant qu'agents optiques dans des procédures biomédicales in vivo ou ex vivo.
PCT/US2009/065482 2008-11-24 2009-11-23 Dérivés azo et diaza et leurs applications en photothérapie Ceased WO2010060018A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2698639A CA2698639A1 (fr) 2008-11-24 2009-11-23 Derives azo et diaza et leur utilisation en phototherapie
JP2010539950A JP2011503238A (ja) 2008-11-24 2009-11-23 アゾ誘導体およびジアザ誘導体ならびにそれらの光線療法における使用
EP09760063A EP2227474A1 (fr) 2008-11-24 2009-11-23 Dérivés azo et diaza et leurs applications en photothérapie
CN2009801304779A CN102046632A (zh) 2008-11-24 2009-11-23 偶氮和重氮衍生物及其在光疗中的用途
US12/679,972 US20110264026A1 (en) 2008-11-24 2009-11-23 Azo Derivatives and Uses Thereof in Phototherapy

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US11731008P 2008-11-24 2008-11-24
US61/117,310 2008-11-24

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CN (1) CN102046632A (fr)
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WO2010078942A3 (fr) * 2008-12-19 2011-04-07 Fluoron Gmbh Solution colorante
US9518062B2 (en) 2009-07-16 2016-12-13 Mallinckrodt Llc Compounds and compositions for use in phototherapy and in treatment of ocular neovascular disease and cancers

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US9186349B2 (en) 2009-05-12 2015-11-17 Mallinckrodt Llc Diaza heterocyclic compounds for phototherapy
US8731655B2 (en) 2009-05-12 2014-05-20 Mallinckrodt Llc Compounds containing acyclic N-N bonds for phototherapy
CN102329320B (zh) * 2011-07-20 2014-07-23 兰州大学 一种天然产物(±)-叶坎生及其中间产物的合成方法
WO2013045487A1 (fr) * 2011-09-28 2013-04-04 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag Médiateurs azoïques
TWI434895B (zh) 2012-03-28 2014-04-21 Ind Tech Res Inst 染料與光電轉換裝置
US9795466B2 (en) 2012-05-30 2017-10-24 Klox Technologies Inc. Phototherapy devices and methods
CN111333667B (zh) * 2020-04-14 2021-04-27 浙江工业大学 一种含硒杂环的萘酰亚胺类衍生物及其制备方法和抗病毒应用
CN112063028A (zh) * 2020-08-27 2020-12-11 上海春宜药品包装材料有限公司 生物可降解树脂包装膜及制备方法
CN118146115B (zh) * 2024-02-21 2025-05-13 中科帅天医药(深圳)有限公司 偶氮化合物、偶氮前药化合物、药物组合物、高能射线响应脂质分子以及高能射线响应脂质体

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US20020164287A1 (en) * 2001-05-04 2002-11-07 Mallinckrodt Inc. Azo compounds for type i phototherapy

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US20020164287A1 (en) * 2001-05-04 2002-11-07 Mallinckrodt Inc. Azo compounds for type i phototherapy

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010078942A3 (fr) * 2008-12-19 2011-04-07 Fluoron Gmbh Solution colorante
EP2532370A3 (fr) * 2008-12-19 2013-01-23 Fluoron Gmbh Solution comprenant un colorant
EA023688B1 (ru) * 2008-12-19 2016-07-29 Флуорон Гмбх Препарат для окрашивания пограничной внутренней мембраны и/или эпиретинальных мембран в глазу человека или животного
US9498547B2 (en) 2008-12-19 2016-11-22 Fluoron Gmbh Dye solution
US9872927B2 (en) 2008-12-19 2018-01-23 Fluoron Gmbh Dye solution
US9518062B2 (en) 2009-07-16 2016-12-13 Mallinckrodt Llc Compounds and compositions for use in phototherapy and in treatment of ocular neovascular disease and cancers
US9527858B2 (en) 2009-07-16 2016-12-27 Mallinckrodt Llc Compounds and compositions for use in phototherapy and in treatment of ocular neovascular disease and cancers

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US20110264026A1 (en) 2011-10-27
CN102046632A (zh) 2011-05-04
JP2011503238A (ja) 2011-01-27
CA2698639A1 (fr) 2010-05-24

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