WO2010050238A1 - 耐摩耗性および靭性に優れたパーライト系レール - Google Patents
耐摩耗性および靭性に優れたパーライト系レール Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010050238A1 WO2010050238A1 PCT/JP2009/005800 JP2009005800W WO2010050238A1 WO 2010050238 A1 WO2010050238 A1 WO 2010050238A1 JP 2009005800 W JP2009005800 W JP 2009005800W WO 2010050238 A1 WO2010050238 A1 WO 2010050238A1
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- Prior art keywords
- rail
- steel
- pearlite
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- sulfide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/0025—Adding carbon material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
- C21C7/064—Dephosphorising; Desulfurising
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pearlite rail intended to simultaneously improve wear resistance and toughness of a head in a rail used in overseas freight railroads.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that, in the finish rolling of a steel rail containing a high carbon content, a high ductility rail can be provided by rolling for three or more consecutive passes in a predetermined time between rolling passes. Further, in Patent Document 2, in finish rolling of a steel rail containing high carbon, by performing continuous rolling for two or more passes at a predetermined time between passes, and further performing accelerated cooling after rolling after performing continuous rolling. It discloses that a high wear resistance and high toughness rail can be provided. Furthermore, Patent Document 3 provides a high wear resistance and high toughness rail by performing accelerated rolling after rolling after cooling between passes in finish rolling of steel rails containing high carbon steel. We disclose what we can do.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 a certain level of austenite structure can be refined by combining the temperature during continuous hot rolling, the number of rolling passes and the time between passes, and a slight improvement in toughness is recognized.
- the effect is not recognized for the fracture starting from the inclusions present in the steel, and the toughness is not drastically improved.
- the grain growth of the austenite structure is fast in high carbon steel. For this reason, the austenite structure refined
- Patent Document 4 a method for producing high-carbon silicon-killed high-clean molten steel in which MnS-based elongation inclusions are reduced by means of fixing the amount of Ca as appropriate and fixing S as CaS has been proposed.
- segregated and concentrated S in the solidification process reacts with the segregated and concentrated Ca and calcium silicate generated in molten steel, and is sequentially fixed as CaS, thereby suppressing the formation of MnS elongation inclusions. It is to be done.
- Patent Document 5 a method for producing a high-carbon high-clean molten steel that reduces MnO inclusions and reduces MnS elongation inclusions precipitated from MnO has been proposed.
- this technique after melting in an air refining furnace, after steel is discharged in an undeoxidized or weakly deoxidized state, the dissolved oxygen is reduced to 30 ppm or less by vacuum treatment at a vacuum degree of 1 Torr or less. Next, Al and Si are added, and then Mn is added. As described above, the number of secondary deoxidation products serving as crystallization nuclei of MnS crystallized in the final solidified portion is decreased, and the MnO concentration in the oxide is decreased. Thereby, crystallization of MnS is suppressed.
- Patent Document 6 a method for producing high-carbon high-clean molten steel in which the amount of oxygen and Al in steel is reduced is proposed.
- This technique can produce a rail with excellent damage resistance by limiting the total oxygen amount based on the relationship between the total oxygen value of oxide inclusions and damage. Furthermore, the damage resistance of the rail is further improved by limiting the amount of solute Al or the composition of inclusions to a preferable range.
- Patent Documents 4 to 6 control the form and amount of MnS and Al-based inclusions produced at the billet stage.
- the form of inclusions changes during hot rolling.
- Mn sulfide inclusions that have been stretched in the longitudinal direction by rolling serve as the failure start point of the rail, so that it is possible to stably improve the damage resistance and toughness of the rail only by controlling the inclusions at the steel slab stage. There is a problem that can not be.
- Patent Document 7 suppresses grain growth by adding an alloy, precipitating carbonitride, and pinning an austenite structure.
- the amount of alloy carbonitride produced varies greatly depending on the rolling temperature and the amount of reduction.
- large variations occur in the suppression of grain growth, resulting in partial grain coarsening, and the alloy carbonitride alone cannot stably improve the damage resistance and toughness of the rail.
- the disclosed technique of Patent Document 7 is only to achieve the miniaturization of the austenite structure. There is no effect on damage from Mn sulfide inclusions stretched in the longitudinal direction by rolling, and there is a problem that the damage resistance and toughness of the rail cannot be improved stably.
- the present invention was created in view of the above-mentioned problems, and has an object to provide a pearlite rail that is improved in the wear resistance and toughness of the head at the same time, which is particularly required for rails of overseas freight railroads.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- the pearlitic rail of the present invention is, in mass%, C: 0.65-1.20%, Si: 0.05-2.00%, Mn: 0.05-2.00%, P ⁇ 0.0150 %, S ⁇ 0.0100%, Ca: 0.0005 to 0.0200%, and the balance is made of steel containing Fe and inevitable impurities.
- a head surface portion having a depth of up to 10 mm starting from the surface of the head corner portion and the top of the head is a pearlite structure, and the hardness of the pearlite structure is Hv 320 to 500.
- the amount of Mn sulfide inclusions having a long side of 10 to 100 ⁇ m per unit area is 10 to 200 / mm 2 .
- Hv refers to the Vickers hardness defined in JIS B7774.
- the steel contains, by mass%, one or two of Mg: 0.0005 to 0.0200% and Zr: 0.0005 to 0.0100%, 500 to 50000 Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions having a particle size of 5 to 100 nm per unit area in an arbitrary transverse section (cross section parallel to the rail width direction) in the pearlite structure May be present in an amount of / mm 2 .
- the steel may selectively contain one or more of steel components described in the following (1) to (9) in mass%.
- Co 0.01 to 1.00%
- Mo 0.01 to 0.50%
- V 0.005 to 0.50%
- Nb 0.002 to 1 type or 2 types of 0.050%
- B 0.0001 to 0.0050%
- Cu 0.01 to 1.00%
- Ni 0.01 to 1.00%
- Ti 0.0050 to 0.0500%
- Al more than 0.0100 to 1.00% (9)
- N 0.0060 to 0.0200%
- the composition, structure and hardness of the rail steel are controlled, and in addition to this, P and S are reduced, Ca is added, and the number of Mn sulfide inclusions is controlled.
- the wear resistance and toughness of the pearlite structure can be improved, and in particular, the service life of overseas railroad rails can be improved.
- the toughness of the pearlite structure can be further improved, and the service life can be further improved. it can.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of a pearlitic rail excellent in wear resistance and toughness of the present invention.
- the rail head portion 3 includes a top portion 1 and head corner portions 2 located at both ends of the top portion 1.
- One of the head corner portions 2 is a gauge corner (GC) portion that mainly contacts the wheel.
- GC gauge corner
- a range from the surface of the head corner portion 2 and the top of the head 1 to a depth of 10 mm is referred to as a head surface portion 3a (solid hatched portion).
- a range up to a depth of 20 mm starting from the surfaces of the head corner portion 2 and the top portion 1 is indicated by reference numeral 3b (dotted line hatched portion).
- the present inventors examined a steel component system that adversely affects the toughness of the rail.
- a steel with a changed carbon content and a steel with a changed content of P and S we conducted test melting and hot rolling experiments simulating hot rolling conditions equivalent to rails, and prototyped rails was made.
- the impact value of the prototype was measured by the impact test, and the influence of the P and S contents on the impact value was examined.
- the impact value is improved when the P and S contents are both reduced below a certain level.
- the impact value was greatly improved by reducing the amount of addition of any element to a certain level at the same time.
- the inventors proceeded to elucidate the factors governing the impact value.
- the rail having a low impact value it was confirmed that a large number of Mn sulfide inclusions extending in the longitudinal direction by hot rolling existed and became the starting point of fracture. Therefore, the present inventors have elucidated the generation mechanism of Mn sulfide inclusions extending in the longitudinal direction.
- the steel slab is once reheated to 1200-1300 ° C. and hot rolled.
- the relationship between the hot rolling conditions and the form of MnS was investigated. As a result, it was confirmed that the soft Mn sulfide inclusions easily cause plastic deformation and easily extend in the rail longitudinal direction when the rolling temperature is high and the rolling amount during rolling is large.
- the present inventors examined a method for suppressing the stretching of the Mn sulfide-based inclusion itself. As a result of test melting and hot rolling experiments, it was confirmed that Mn sulfide inclusions were produced with various oxides as nuclei. Furthermore, as a result of investigating the hardness of the oxide and the morphology of the Mn sulfide inclusions, it was confirmed that this stretching can be suppressed by hardening the inclusions that are the core of the Mn sulfide inclusions. Furthermore, the present inventors examined a hard inclusion which becomes a nucleus of the Mn sulfide-based inclusion.
- the present inventors conducted test melting and hot rolling experiments using steel added with Ca.
- the Mn sulfide inclusions produced by using the Ca oxide and sulfide aggregate (CaO—CaS) as the core hardly stretched after hot rolling, and consequently stretched in the longitudinal direction. It was confirmed that Mn sulfide inclusions were reduced.
- the fracture from the stretched Mn sulfide inclusions is reduced, and the impact value is reduced. It was confirmed to improve.
- the present inventors also tested the relationship between the addition amount of Ca and the addition amount of S in which oxide and sulfide form an aggregate in order to further suppress the stretching of Mn sulfide-based inclusions, and test melting and hot rolling It examined by experiment. As a result, by controlling the ratio of the addition amount of S and Ca, Ca sulfide is moderately generated and finely dispersed, thereby further extending the elongation of Mn sulfide inclusions after rolling. It was confirmed that it could be suppressed.
- the present inventors utilize Mn sulfide inclusions and oxides to increase the grain growth of the austenite structure after hot rolling.
- the suppression method was examined.
- a nano-sized oxide or Mn sulfide system can be used as a pinning element instead of the conventional alloys. It was found that it was necessary to finely disperse inclusions. Therefore, the present inventors examined a method for finely dispersing oxides and Mn sulfide inclusions.
- the present inventors conducted a hot rolling experiment using steel to which Mg and Zr were added. As a result, it was confirmed that nano-sized oxides and Mn sulfide inclusions were finely dispersed, and the grain growth of the austenite structure after rolling could be suppressed. Furthermore, as a result of an impact test using this steel, it was confirmed that the impact value was improved by refinement of the pearlite structure in the steel to which Mg and Zr were added.
- the present inventors changed the amount of S by using a steel having a carbon content of 1.00% with a P content of 0.0150% or less, and further added Ca, Mg, and Zr to prepare an experimental steel. Test dissolution. Next, a laboratory rolling experiment simulating the hot rolling conditions equivalent to the rail was performed, and a prototype of the rail was produced. Then, the impact value of the prototype was measured by an impact test, and the influence of the amount of S and the addition of Ca, Mg, and Zr on the impact value was investigated. The hardness of the material was adjusted to the Hv400 level by controlling the heat treatment conditions.
- FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the amount of S (ppm) and the impact value. It was confirmed that the impact value is improved when the S content is reduced to 0.0100% or less when the P content is 0.0150% or less in the steel ( ⁇ mark) with the C content of 1.00%. Moreover, it was confirmed from the result of the steel ( ⁇ mark) to which Ca was added that by adding Ca, the stretched Mn sulfide inclusions were controlled and the impact value was improved. Furthermore, from the result of steel added with Ca, Mg, Zr ( ⁇ mark), by adding Mg and Zr in addition to Ca, nano-sized oxides and Mn sulfide inclusions are finely dispersed. As a result, it was confirmed that the impact value was remarkably improved.
- C is an effective element that promotes pearlite transformation and ensures wear resistance.
- this component system cannot maintain the minimum strength and wear resistance required for the rail.
- the C content exceeds 1.20%, a large amount of coarse pro-eutectoid cementite structure is generated, and wear resistance and toughness are lowered. For this reason, the amount of C added is limited to 0.65 to 1.20%.
- the C content is preferably 0.90% or more.
- Si is an essential component as a deoxidizer. Moreover, it is an element which raises the hardness (strength) of a rail head by the solid solution strengthening to the ferrite phase in a pearlite structure
- the Si content is less than 0.05%, these effects cannot be expected sufficiently.
- the amount of Si exceeds 2.00%, a lot of surface defects are generated during hot rolling, and weldability deteriorates due to generation of oxides.
- the hardenability is remarkably increased, and a martensite structure that is harmful to the wear resistance and toughness of the rail is generated. Therefore, the Si addition amount is limited to 0.05 to 2.00%.
- the Si content is preferably 0.20 to 1.30%.
- Mn is an element that increases the hardenability and refines the pearlite lamella spacing to ensure the hardness of the pearlite structure and improve the wear resistance.
- the amount of Mn is less than 0.05%, the effect is small, and it is difficult to ensure the wear resistance required for the rail.
- the amount of Mn exceeds 2.00%, the hardenability is remarkably increased, and a martensite structure that is harmful to wear resistance and toughness is easily generated. For this reason, the amount of Mn added is limited to 0.05 to 2.00%.
- the Mn content is desirably 0.40 to 1.30%.
- P is an element inevitably contained in steel.
- the amount of P is an element inevitably contained in steel.
- the amount of P increases, the pearlite structure becomes brittle due to embrittlement of the ferrite phase, and brittle fracture, that is, rail damage is likely to occur.
- the amount of P is low.
- the P amount is reduced to 0.0150% or less, the segregation of P is remarkably reduced, and the embrittlement of the pearlite structure which is the starting point of fracture is suppressed. It was confirmed that the impact value was greatly improved. From this result, the amount of P is limited to 0.0150% or less.
- the lower limit of the amount of P is not limited, but considering the dephosphorization ability in the refining process, it is considered that the amount of P is about 0.0020% which is the limit in actual production. Note that the process of reducing P (reducing the amount of P) not only increases the refining cost but also deteriorates productivity. Therefore, in view of economy, it is desirable that the P content be 0.0030 to 0.0100% in order to stably improve the impact value.
- S is an element inevitably contained in steel.
- the amount of S is reduced to 0.0100% or less, the amount of Mn sulfide inclusions that are the starting point of fracture is reduced.
- the amount of S is limited to 0.0100% or less.
- the lower limit of the amount of S is not limited, but considering the desulfurization capability in the refining process, the amount of S of about 0.0010% is considered to be the limit for actual production. Note that the process of reducing S (reducing the amount of S) not only increases the refining cost but also deteriorates productivity.
- the S amount is 0.0060 or less.
- the amount of S is reduced to 0. 0020 to 0.0035% is desirable.
- Ca is a deoxidation / desulfurization element.
- an oxide and sulfide of Ca form an aggregate (CaO—CaS).
- This aggregate serves as a production nucleus of Mn sulfide inclusions, and suppresses stretching of the Mn sulfide inclusions after rolling. Furthermore, nano-sized Mn sulfide inclusions are formed using this as a nucleus.
- Ca is an element having such an effect. If the amount of Ca is less than 0.0005%, the effect is small, and it is insufficient as a production nucleus of Mn sulfide inclusions.
- the Ca content exceeds 0.0200%, depending on the oxygen content in the steel, the number of single hard CaO that does not become the core of Mn sulfide inclusions increases. As a result, the toughness of the rail steel is greatly reduced. For this reason, the Ca addition amount is limited to 0.0005 to 0.0200%.
- the content be 0.0020 to 0.0080%.
- S and Ca generate an aggregate of oxide and sulfide (CaO—CaS).
- This aggregate serves as a nucleus of Mn sulfide-based inclusions and greatly affects the stretching of Mn sulfide-based inclusions. Therefore, control of the S addition amount and the Ca addition amount is important. Therefore, hot rolling experiments were carried out by melting the test steel with varying amounts of S and Ca. As a result, when the ratio of the Ca addition amount to the S addition amount (S / Ca) is within a specific range, Ca oxides and sulfides are appropriately generated and finely dispersed. Further, it was found that stretching of Mn sulfide inclusions after rolling can be further suppressed.
- the value of S / Ca when the value of S / Ca is less than 0.45, the number of single hard CaOs that do not become nuclei of Mn sulfide inclusions slightly increases. As a result, the toughness of the rail steel may be reduced. Further, when the value of S / Ca exceeds 3.00, the number of sulfide aggregates (CaO—CaS) serving as nuclei of the Mn sulfide inclusions is reduced, and the Mn sulfide inclusions are stretched. Be encouraged. As a result, the toughness of the rail steel may be reduced. For this reason, it is more desirable that the value of S / Ca be in the range of 0.45 to 3.00.
- Mg is a deoxidizing element and is an element that mainly combines with O to form a complex with a fine nano-sized oxide (MgO) or sulfide (MgS).
- MgO nano-sized oxide
- MgS sulfide
- the amount of Mg is less than 0.0005%, the amount of fine oxide (MgO) and sulfide (MgS) composites produced is small, and the effect of suppressing the grain growth of the austenite structure after rolling cannot be sufficiently obtained. .
- MgO fine oxide
- MgS sulfide
- the amount of Mg exceeds 0.0200%, a coarse oxide of Mg is generated, and the toughness of the rail is lowered. At the same time, fatigue damage occurs from the coarse oxide. For this reason, the amount of Mg added is limited to 0.0005 to 0.0200%.
- MgO fine oxides
- MgS sulfides
- Zr is a deoxidizing element, and is an element that mainly combines with O to form a fine nano-sized oxide (ZrO 2 ).
- This oxide is finely and uniformly dispersed, and further nano-sized Mn sulfide inclusions are formed using this oxide as a nucleus.
- the grain growth of the austenite structure after rolling is suppressed, the structure of the rail steel is refined, and the toughness of the pearlite structure can be improved.
- the amount of Zr is less than 0.0005%, the amount of fine oxide (ZrO 2 ) produced is small, and the effect of suppressing the grain growth of the austenite structure after rolling cannot be sufficiently obtained.
- the Zr addition amount is limited to 0.0005 to 0.0100%.
- fine oxides pinning austenitic structure (ZrO 2), oxide forming the Mn sulfide-based inclusions nanosize (ZrO 2) securing a sufficient amount of generated and harmful coarse to fatigue damage In order to sufficiently suppress the formation of an oxide and improve the impact value, it is desirable that the amount of Mg added is in the range of 0.0010 to 0.0050%.
- the rail manufactured with the above composition has improved hardness (strengthening) of pearlite structure and pro-eutectoid ferrite structure, improved toughness, prevention of softening of weld heat affected zone, and cross-sectional hardness distribution inside rail head.
- One or more elements selected from Co, Cr, Mo, V, Nb, B, Cu, Ni, Ti, Al, and N are added as necessary for the purpose of controlling Is preferred.
- Cr and Mo increase the pearlite equilibrium transformation point, and ensure the hardness of the pearlite structure mainly by reducing the pearlite lamella spacing.
- V and Nb generate carbides and nitrides during hot rolling and the subsequent cooling process, thereby suppressing the growth of austenite grains.
- the toughness and hardness of the pearlite structure are improved by precipitation hardening in the ferrite structure and pearlite structure.
- carbides and nitrides are stably generated, and the weld joint heat-affected zone is prevented from being softened.
- B reduces the cooling rate dependency of the pearlite transformation temperature and makes the hardness distribution of the rail head uniform.
- Cu dissolves in the ferrite in the ferrite structure or pearlite structure, and increases the hardness of the pearlite structure.
- Ni improves the toughness and hardness of the ferrite structure and pearlite structure, and at the same time, prevents softening of the heat-affected zone of the weld joint.
- Ti refines the structure of the weld heat affected zone and prevents embrittlement of the weld joint.
- Al moves the eutectoid transformation temperature to the high temperature side and increases the hardness of the pearlite structure.
- N promotes pearlite transformation by segregating at austenite grain boundaries.
- toughness is improved by refining the pearlite block size.
- Co is dissolved in the ferrite phase in the pearlite structure.
- the fine ferrite structure formed by contact with the wheels on the wear surface of the rail head is further refined to improve wear resistance.
- the Co content is less than 0.01%, the ferrite structure cannot be refined, and the effect of improving the wear resistance cannot be expected.
- the economic efficiency decreases due to the increase in the alloy addition cost. For this reason, the Co addition amount is limited to 0.01 to 1.00%.
- Cr increases the equilibrium transformation temperature and, as a result, refines the ferrite structure and pearlite structure and contributes to higher hardness (strength). At the same time, the cementite phase is strengthened to improve the hardness (strength) of the pearlite structure.
- the Cr content is less than 0.01%, the effect is small, and the effect of improving the hardness of the rail steel is not seen at all.
- the Cr addition amount is limited to 0.01 to 2.00%.
- Mo like Cr, contributes to higher hardness (strength) by raising the equilibrium transformation temperature and, as a result, making the ferrite structure and pearlite structure fine.
- Mo is an element that improves the hardness (strength), but if the amount of Mo is less than 0.01%, the effect is small, and the effect of improving the hardness of the rail steel is not seen at all.
- the Mo amount exceeds 0.50% and excessive Mo is added, the transformation rate is significantly reduced. As a result, a sprig damage starting from the martensite structure is generated at the head corner portion or the head top portion, and the surface damage resistance is reduced. For this reason, the amount of Mo added is limited to 0.01 to 0.50%.
- V refines austenite grains by the pinning effect of V carbide and V nitride when heat treatment is performed at a high temperature. Furthermore, precipitation hardening by V carbide and V nitride generated in the cooling process after hot rolling increases the hardness (strength) of the ferrite structure and pearlite structure and at the same time improves the toughness. V is an element effective for obtaining such an effect. In the heat-affected zone reheated to a temperature range below the Ac1 point, V is effective in preventing V softening of the weld joint heat-affected zone by generating V carbide and V nitride in a relatively high temperature range. Element.
- the amount of V is less than 0.005%, the effect cannot be sufficiently expected, and no improvement in the hardness or toughness of the ferrite structure or pearlite structure is observed.
- the V content exceeds 0.50%, precipitation hardening of V carbides and nitrides becomes excessive, and the toughness of the ferrite structure and pearlite structure decreases. As a result, the sprig damage occurs at the head corner and the top, and the surface damage resistance is reduced. Therefore, the V addition amount is limited to 0.005 to 0.50%.
- Nb like V, refines austenite grains by the pinning effect of Nb carbide or Nb nitride when heat treatment is performed at a high temperature. Furthermore, the hardness (strength) of the ferrite structure and the pearlite structure is increased and the toughness is improved by precipitation hardening with Nb carbide and Nb nitride generated in the cooling process after hot rolling. Nb is an effective element for obtaining such an effect. In the heat-affected zone reheated to a temperature range below the Ac1 point, Nb stably generates Nb carbide and Nb nitride from a low temperature range to a high temperature range, and the weld joint heat-affected zone It is an effective element for preventing softening.
- the amount of Nb is less than 0.002%, the effect cannot be expected, and no improvement in the hardness or toughness of the ferrite structure or pearlite structure is observed.
- the Nb content exceeds 0.050%, precipitation hardening of Nb carbides and nitrides becomes excessive, and the toughness of the ferrite structure and pearlite structure decreases. As a result, the sprig damage occurs at the head corner and the top, and the surface damage resistance is reduced. Therefore, the amount of Nb added is limited to 0.002 to 0.050%.
- B forms iron boride (Fe 23 (CB) 6 ) at the austenite grain boundaries and promotes pearlite transformation. Due to this pearlite transformation promoting effect, the cooling rate dependency of the pearlite transformation temperature is reduced, and a more uniform hardness distribution can be obtained from the head surface to the inside of the rail. For this reason, the life of the rail can be extended. If the amount of B is less than 0.0001%, the effect is not sufficient, and the hardness distribution of the rail head is not improved. On the other hand, if the amount of B exceeds 0.0050%, a coarse borohydride is generated, resulting in a decrease in toughness. Therefore, the B addition amount is limited to 0.0001 to 0.0050%.
- Cu is an element that improves the hardness (strength) of the pearlite structure by solid-solution strengthening in the ferrite phase in the ferrite structure or pearlite structure. If the amount of Cu is less than 0.01%, the effect cannot be expected. On the other hand, if the Cu content exceeds 1.00%, a martensitic structure that is harmful to toughness is generated due to a significant improvement in hardenability. As a result, the sprig damage occurs at the head corner and the top, and the surface damage resistance is reduced. For this reason, the amount of Cu is limited to 0.01 to 1.00%.
- Ni is an element that improves the toughness of the ferrite structure and the pearlite structure, and at the same time increases the hardness (strength) by solid solution strengthening. Furthermore, in the weld heat affected zone, an intermetallic compound of Ni 3 Ti that is a composite compound with Ti is finely precipitated, and softening is suppressed by precipitation strengthening. When the amount of Ni is less than 0.01%, the effect is remarkably small. When the amount of Ni exceeds 1.00%, the toughness of the ferrite structure and pearlite structure is significantly reduced. As a result, the sprig damage occurs at the head corner and the top, and the surface damage resistance is reduced. Therefore, the Ni addition amount is limited to 0.01 to 1.00%.
- the structure of the heat-affected zone heated to the austenite region is refined and brittleness of the welded joint is achieved. It is an effective ingredient for preventing oxidization.
- the Ti content is less than 0.0050%, the effect is small, and when the Ti content exceeds 0.0500%, coarse Ti carbides or Ti nitrides are generated, and the toughness of the rail is lowered. At the same time, fatigue damage occurs from coarse precipitates. Therefore, the Ti addition amount is limited to 0.0050 to 0.050%.
- Al is an essential component as a deoxidizer. Moreover, it is an element that moves the eutectoid transformation temperature to the high temperature side, and is an element that contributes to increasing the hardness (strength) of the pearlite structure. If the Al content is 0.0100% or less, the effect is weak. On the other hand, if the Al content exceeds 1.00%, it is difficult to make a solid solution in the steel, and coarse alumina inclusions are generated. As a result, the toughness of the rail is reduced, and at the same time, fatigue damage is generated from coarse precipitates. Furthermore, since oxides are generated during welding and weldability is remarkably reduced, the amount of Al added is limited to more than 0.0100 to 1.00%.
- N promotes ferrite and pearlite transformation from the austenite grain boundary by segregating at the austenite grain boundary. Thereby, toughness can be improved mainly by reducing the pearlite block size.
- the N content is less than 0.0060%, the effect is weak.
- the N content exceeds 0.0200%, it becomes difficult to make a solid solution in the steel, and bubbles that become the starting point of fatigue damage are generated, and fatigue damage occurs inside the rail head. For this reason, the N addition amount is limited to 0.0060 to 0.0200%.
- the hardness of the pearlite structure exceeds Hv500, the toughness of the pearlite structure is remarkably lowered, and the damage resistance of the rail head surface portion 3a is lowered. For this reason, the hardness of the pearlite structure is limited to the range of Hv 320 to 500.
- the head surface portion 3a of the rail indicates a range (solid hatched portion) up to a depth of 10 mm starting from the surfaces of the head corner portion 2 and the top portion 1 as shown in FIG. If the pearlite structure of the above component range is arranged at this site, wear due to contact with the wheel can be suppressed, and the wear resistance of the rail can be improved.
- the pearlite structure having a hardness of Hv 320 to 500 is arranged in the range 3b up to a depth of 20 mm starting from the surfaces of the head corner portion 2 and the head top portion 1, that is, at least within the hatched portion of the dotted line in FIG. It is preferable that the wear resistance in the case of further wear to the inside of the rail head due to contact with the wheel is further ensured, and the service life of the rail can be improved. Accordingly, it is desirable that the pearlite structure having a hardness of Hv 320 to 500 is disposed in the vicinity of the surface of the rail head 3 where the wheel and the rail mainly contact each other, and the other part may be a metal structure other than the pearlite structure.
- a high temperature rail head 3 having an austenite region after rolling or after reheating is used as a method for obtaining a pearlite structure having a hardness of Hv 320 to 500 in the vicinity of the surface of the rail head 3, as described later. It is desirable to perform accelerated cooling.
- the above-described head surface portion 3a or the metal structure in the range 3b up to a depth of 20 mm including the head surface portion 3a is preferably composed only of the pearlite structure as described above.
- a trace amount of pro-eutectoid ferrite structure, pro-eutectoid cementite structure, bainite structure and martensite structure with an area ratio of 5% or less may be mixed in the pearlite structure.
- these structures are mixed in a content of 5% or less, the wear resistance and toughness of the rail head 5 are not greatly adversely affected.
- the above-described head surface portion 3a or the metal structure in the range 3b including the head surface portion 3a up to a depth of 20 mm may be 95% or more if it is a pearlite structure.
- a content of 5% or less means a content of 5% or less, and a content other than a pearlite structure does not describe a trace amount of more than 5%. Means (outside of the present invention).
- the number of Mn sulfide inclusions having a long side length of 10 to 100 ⁇ m and rail damage resistance were determined. Was confirmed to have a good correlation. Therefore, the evaluation object of the number of Mn sulfide inclusions is limited to the long side length of 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
- Mn sulfide inclusions with a long long side with a significant stress concentration on the damage resistance is larger, and the effect of Mn sulfide inclusions with a short long side is shorter.
- the impact is small.
- Mn sulfide inclusions with 100 ⁇ m in length which is inappropriate for grasping the characteristics of the steel, and that Mn sulfide inclusions less than 10 ⁇ m in length are Since there is little influence on the damage property, Mn sulfide inclusions having the indicated size were evaluated.
- the number of Mn sulfide inclusions having a long side of 10 to 100 ⁇ m per unit area is 10 to 200 / mm.
- the reason for limiting to 2 will be described in detail. If the total number of Mn sulfide inclusions with a long side of 10 to 100 ⁇ m exceeds 200 / mm 2 per unit area, the number of Mn sulfide inclusions will be excessive in this component system, and stress concentration will occur around the inclusions. This increases the possibility of rail damage. The impact value cannot be improved even in the mechanical properties of steel.
- the trap site adsorbs inevitable hydrogen remaining in the steel in this component system. Is significantly reduced. This increases the possibility of inducing hydrogen defects (hydrogen embrittlement), which may impair the damage resistance of the rail. Therefore, the total number of Mn sulfide inclusions having a long side length of 10 to 100 ⁇ m is limited to 10 to 200 / mm 2 per unit area.
- Mn sulfide inclusions refers to Mn sulfide inclusions produced using Ca oxide and sulfide aggregates (CaO—CaS) as nuclei, and other Mn sulfide inclusions. Both interventions are evaluated.
- the number of Mn sulfide inclusions As for the number of Mn sulfide inclusions, a sample is cut out from the longitudinal section of the rail head 3 where rail damage is apparent as shown in FIG. 3, and the sulfide inclusions are measured. The rail longitudinal section of each sample cut out is mirror-polished, and Mn sulfide inclusions are examined with an optical microscope in an arbitrary section. Then, the number of inclusions of the limited size is counted, and this is calculated as the number per unit section. The representative value of each rail steel was the average value of the number per unit cross section of these 20 visual fields.
- the measurement site of the Mn sulfide inclusions is not particularly limited, but it is desirable to measure a range of 3 to 10 mm in depth from the surface of the rail head 5 that is the starting point of damage. Further, in order to further reduce the influence of Mn sulfide inclusions as a starting point of fracture, to suppress hydrogen defects, and to stably improve the breakage resistance of the rail, the long side is 10 to 100 ⁇ m. It is desirable to control the total number of Mn sulfide inclusions in a range of 20 to 180 / mm 2 per unit area.
- Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions having a particle size of 5 to 100 nm In the present invention, the particle size is 5 to 100 nm in an arbitrary cross section.
- the Mg-based oxide, Zr oxide and Mn sulfide-based inclusion are preferably present in an amount of 500 to 50,000 / mm 2 per unit area. The reason why the particle size of Mg-based oxide, Zr oxide and Mn sulfide-based inclusions to be evaluated is limited to the range of 5 to 100 nm will be described in detail.
- the particle size of the Mg-based oxide, Zr oxide and Mn sulfide-based inclusion is in the range of 5 to 100 nm, a sufficient pinning effect is exhibited at the grain boundary when formed in the austenite structure. As a result, it was confirmed that the pearlite structure was refined and the toughness was improved reliably without adversely affecting the damage resistance of the rail. Therefore, the evaluation targets of Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions are limited to the range of 5 to 100 nm in particle size. The pinning effect is more effective as many inclusions having a fine particle size exist.
- Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions having a particle size of less than 5 nm Measurement is very difficult.
- the pinning effect cannot be obtained for Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions having a particle size exceeding 100 nm.
- Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions with the above sizes are evaluated.
- the amount (number) per unit mm 2 of Mg-based oxide, Zr oxide and Mn sulfide-based inclusion having a particle size of 5 to 100 nm in an arbitrary cross section in the longitudinal direction is set to 500 to 50,000.
- the reason for limiting will be described in detail.
- the total number of Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions having a particle size of 5 to 100 nm is less than 500 / mm 2 per unit area, the pinning effect in the austenite structure after rolling is sufficiently high Does not appear. For this reason, a pearlite structure coarsens and the toughness of a rail does not improve.
- the total number of Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions having a particle size of 5 to 100 nm exceeds 50000 / mm 2 per unit area, precipitation becomes excessive and the pearlite structure itself is brittle. And the toughness of the rail decreases. Therefore, the total number of Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions having a particle size of 5 to 100 nm is limited to 500 to 50000 pieces / mm 2 per unit area.
- Mg-based oxides and Zr oxides partially include composite oxides such as Mn sulfides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions include Mg oxides and Zr oxides.
- a fine oxide such as an oxide or Ca oxide is generated as a nucleus.
- the Mg-based oxide, Zr oxide, and Mn sulfide-based inclusion are observed as follows, and the particle size and number are measured. First, a thin film is sampled from an arbitrary cross section shown in FIG. 4 and observed using a transmission electron microscope at a magnification of 50,000 to 500,000. The particle size of the precipitate is obtained as a diameter of a circle corresponding to the area of each precipitate by observation.
- the precipitates are observed in 20 fields of view, the number of precipitates corresponding to a predetermined diameter of 5 to 100 nm is counted, and this is converted into the number per unit area.
- the representative value of rail steel is the average value of these 20 fields of view.
- the measurement sites for Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions are not particularly limited, but a range of 3 to 10 mm in depth from the surface of the rail head surface portion 3a where toughness is required is measured. It is desirable to do.
- the rail steel of this invention which has said component composition and microstructure is not specifically limited, Usually, it manufactures with the following method. First, smelting is performed in a commonly used melting furnace such as a converter or an electric furnace to obtain molten steel. And using this molten steel, the steel slab for rolling (steel ingot) is manufactured by the ingot-making / splitting method or the continuous casting method. Further, after reheating the steel slab to 1200 ° C. or higher, several passes of hot rolling are performed to form a rail. Then, a rail is manufactured by performing heat processing (reheating, cooling).
- de-P de-S treatment
- de-S treatment a commonly used melting furnace such as a converter and an electric furnace
- the Mn sulfide inclusions are controlled by adding Ca.
- nano-sized oxides and Mn sulfide inclusions are finely dispersed by adding Mg and Zr as necessary. Details of the manufacturing conditions are shown below.
- de-S it is desirable to carefully carry out normal de-P treatment and de-S treatment in order to achieve low P and low S.
- de-S it is desirable to spend time in the hot metal ladle (the pre-stage of converter refining), add CaO sufficiently, and discharge CaS as slag.
- the addition of CaO here is a method performed when reducing S from hot metal with a very high amount of S.
- a CaO—Si alloy that is added to generate an aggregate of Ca oxide and sulfide (CaO—CaS), which will be described later, there is no influence.
- de-P in order to prevent remelting of P from slag containing P (such as P 2 O 5 ) separated by de-P during refining in a converter, it is desirable to discharge slag during refining.
- the Mn sulfide inclusions are controlled by adding Ca. It is desirable to add Ca in the refining process before casting.
- a method for adding Ca it is desirable to add a Ca alloy (Ca—Si alloy or the like) wire or a Ca alloy lump with a ladle or to blow Ca alloy powder.
- a Ca—Si alloy such as 50Ca-50Si
- a Fe—Si—Ca alloy such as Fe-30Si-30Ca
- a Ni—Ca alloy such as 90Ni-10Ca
- Ca has a high vapor pressure
- a Ca alloy for example, a Ca—Si alloy
- the activity of Ca is lower than in the case of Ca alone, so evaporation at the time of addition becomes relatively gentle and the yield is also improved.
- a lower Ca concentration in the alloy is preferable in that the yield is improved and the occurrence of splash during addition is suppressed.
- the molten steel is stirred by Ar bubbling in the ladle after addition to make the Ca concentration uniform, It is desirable to raise inclusions.
- the amount of molten steel is 200 t or more, it is desirable to perform stirring for about 5 to 10 minutes. Excessive stirring is not preferable because the inclusions are coarsened by agglomeration and coalescence of the inclusions. From the viewpoint of securing the yield of Ca, it is advantageous to add at the end of the refining process. Ca may be added into the tundish in the casting process, not in the refining process.
- pure metal Mg, Mg alloy (Fe— Si—Mg, Fe—Mn—Mg, Fe—Si—Mn—Mg, Si—Mg), or Zr alloy (Fe—Si—Zr, Fe—Mn—Mg—Zr, Fe—Si—Mn—Mg—Zr) ) Is desirable.
- Mg alloy Fe— Si—Mg, Fe—Mn—Mg, Fe—Si—Mn—Mg, Si—Mg
- Zr alloy Fe—Si—Zr, Fe—Mn—Mg—Zr, Fe—Si—Mn—Mg—Zr
- the order in which Ca, Mg and Zr are added is not specified, but high-carbon steel with a small amount of oxygen has a relatively weak oxidizing power in order to efficiently generate Ca, Mg and Zr oxides. It is desirable to add Ca first, and then add Mg or Zr having strong oxidizing power.
- the temperature at which final forming is performed is preferably in the range of 900 to 1000 ° C. from the viewpoint of securing the shape and material.
- a high temperature rail head 3 having an austenite region after rolling or after reheating is used. It is desirable to perform accelerated cooling.
- heat treatment (and cooling) is performed by a method as described in Patent Document 8 (JP-A-8-246100), Patent Document 9 (JP-A-9-111352), and the like.
- Patent Document 8 JP-A-8-246100
- Patent Document 9 JP-A-9-111352
- Tables 1 to 6 show the chemical composition of the test rail steel.
- the balance consists of Fe and inevitable impurities.
- Rail steels having the component compositions shown in Tables 1 to 6 were produced by the following method. Demetalization and desulfurization were performed at the hot metal stage, and further, sufficient dephosphorization and desulfurization were performed in a commonly used melting furnace such as a converter and an electric furnace to obtain molten steel. By adding Ca to the molten steel, Mn sulfide inclusions were controlled, or by adding Mg and Zr, nano-sized oxides and Mn sulfide inclusions were finely dispersed. And the steel ingot was manufactured by the continuous casting method, and also hot rolling was performed with respect to the steel ingot. Then, it was set as the rail by heat-processing.
- FIG. 3 shows the observation position of the Mn sulfide inclusions in the rail steel defined in claim 1. As shown in FIG. 3, a sample was cut out from a region having a depth of 3 to 10 mm from the rail head surface including the head surface portion 3a in the longitudinal section of the obtained rail steel. Then, the number of Mn sulfide inclusions having a long side of 10 to 100 ⁇ m per unit area (pieces / mm 2 ) was determined by the method described above.
- FIG. 4 shows the Mn sulfide inclusions, Mg oxides, and Zr oxidations of the rail steel defined in claim 2. Indicates the observation position of the object. As shown in FIG. 4, a sample was cut out from a region having a depth of 3 to 10 mm from the rail head surface including the head surface portion 3a in the obtained cross section of the rail steel. Then, the number per unit area (pieces / mm 2 ) of Mg-based oxides, Zr oxides, and Mn sulfide-based inclusions having a particle diameter of 5 to 100 nm was determined by the method described above.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the sampling position of the test piece in the abrasion test, and the numbers in the figure indicate dimensions (mm).
- a disk-shaped test piece was cut out from a region including the head surface portion 3a in the rail steel.
- a disk-shaped test piece (rail test piece 4) is arranged on one of the two rotating shafts facing each other, and a mating member 5 is placed on the other rotating shaft. Arranged. In a state where a predetermined load is applied to the rail test piece 4, the rail test piece 4 and the mating member 5 are brought into contact with each other.
- testing machine Nishihara type abrasion testing machine (see Fig. 6)
- Test piece shape disk-shaped test piece (outer diameter: 30 mm, thickness: 8 mm)
- Test piece sampling position 2mm below the rail head surface (see Fig.
- Test load 686 N (contact surface pressure 640 MPa) Slip rate: 20% Opposite material: Pearlite steel (Hv380) Atmosphere: In the air Cooling: Forced cooling with compressed air (flow rate: 100 Nl / min) Repeat count: 700,000 times
- FIG. 7 illustrates the sampling position of the test piece in the impact test.
- a test piece was cut out from the rail width (cross section) direction so that the region including the head surface portion 3 a in the cross section of the rail steel became the notch bottom. Then, an impact test was performed on the obtained test piece under the following conditions, and an impact value (J / cm 2 ) was measured.
- Tester Impact tester Test piece shape: JIS3 2mm U-notch Test piece sampling position: 2mm below the rail head surface (see Fig. 7)
- Test temperature Normal temperature (20 ° C)
- the wear test result of * 2 is the result of the above-described wear test, and the reduction amount (g) of the weight of the rail test piece 13 is shown as the wear amount.
- the impact test result of * 3 is the result of the head impact test described above, and indicates the impact value (J / cm 2 ). In addition, it means that toughness is excellent, so that an impact value (J / cm ⁇ 2 >) is large. In this evaluation, when the amount of wear after 700,000 times was 1.5 g or less, it was evaluated that the wear resistance was excellent. Since the impact value at 20 ° C varies greatly depending on the carbon content of the steel, the standard value indicating the superiority or inferiority of the characteristics has not been set. did.
- Long side A pearlite rail excellent in wear resistance and toughness, in which the number of Mn sulfide inclusions of 10 to 100 ⁇ m, the microstructure of the rail head, and the hardness are within the limited ranges of the present invention.
- the chemical component is within the limited range of the present invention, and the long side: 10
- the number of Mn sulfide inclusions of ⁇ 100 ⁇ m, the particle size: the number of Mg oxide, Zr oxide, and Mn sulfide inclusions of 5 to 100 nm, the microstructure of the rail head, and the hardness are the limited range of the present invention. It is a pearlitic rail with excellent wear resistance and toughness.
- the microstructure of the head includes a pearlite structure compared with the comparative rail steel (steel Nos. 64 to 68), and the hardness is within the limited range of the present invention. is there. For this reason, the wear resistance and toughness of the rail can be improved.
- FIG. 8 shows the results of wear tests of the rail steel of the present invention (steel Nos. 1 to 47) and the comparative rail steel (steel Nos. 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 64, 66, and 67).
- the chemical components of steel C, Si, and Mn are within the limited range of the present invention, thereby preventing the formation of proeutectoid ferrite structure and martensite structure that adversely affect wear resistance, and the hardness is limited by the present invention.
- the wear resistance can be greatly improved in any carbon amount.
- FIG. 9 shows the results of an impact test of the rail steel of the present invention (steel Nos. 1 to 47) and the comparative rail steel (steel Nos. 49, 51, 53, 65, 66, and 68).
- the chemical components of steel C, Si, and Mn are within the limited range of the present invention, thereby preventing the formation of proeutectoid cementite structure and martensite structure that adversely affect toughness, and the hardness is within the limited range of the present invention.
- the toughness can be greatly improved at any carbon content.
- the rail steels of the present invention (steel Nos. 1 to 47) have P, S, and Ca addition amounts in the limited range of the present invention compared to the comparative rail steels (steel Nos. 54 to 63). Is within. For this reason, the toughness of the rail of a pearlite structure
- the rail steel of the present invention (steel Nos. 11 to 13, 18 to 20, 24 to 26, 29 to 31, 33 to 35, 36 to 38, 45 to 47) is added with Ca. Furthermore, the Ca addition amount is optimized. Thereby, Mn sulfide inclusions are controlled, and the number thereof is within the limited range of the present invention.
- tissue can be improved.
- oxides and Mn sulfide inclusions are finely dispersed, and the number of Mg oxide, Zr oxide, and Mn sulfide inclusions is 500 to 50,000. / Mm 2 .
- tissue can further be improved.
- the pearlite rail of the present invention has excellent wear resistance and toughness over the current high-strength rail. For this reason, this invention can be applied suitably as a rail used in a remarkably severe track environment like a rail for a freight railroad that transports natural resources mined in a region where the natural environment is severe.
- head portion 2 head corner portion 3: rail head portion 3a: head surface portion 3b: range from the head corner portion and the top surface to a depth of 20 mm 4: rail test piece 5: mating material 6 : Cooling nozzle
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2008年10月31日に、日本に出願された特願2008-281847号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
しかし、レールの製造においては、熱間圧延時の成形性確保の観点から、圧延温度の低減、圧下量の増加には限界があり、十分なオーステナイト粒の微細化が達成できなかった。また、変態核を利用したオーステナイト粒内からのパーライト変態については、変態核の量の制御が困難なことや粒内からのパーライト変態が安定しない等の問題があり、十分なパーライト組織の微細化が達成できなかった。
また特許文献2には、高炭素含有の鋼レールの仕上げ圧延において、所定のパス間時間で連続2パス以上の圧延を行い、さらに、連続圧延を行った後、圧延後に加速冷却を行うことにより高耐摩耗・高靭性レールを提供できることを開示している。
さらに特許文献3には、高炭素鋼含有の鋼レールの仕上げ圧延において、パス間で冷却を施し、連続圧延を行った後、圧延後に加速冷却を行うことにより高耐摩耗・高靭性レールを提供できることを開示している。
特許文献7の技術では、V、Nbを添加し、V、Nbの炭窒化物を析出させる。さらに、V、Nbの添加量に合わせた加速冷却を行い、圧延後のオーステナイト組織の粒成長を制御し、パーライト組織を微細化し、レールの靭性を向上されるものである。
また、特許文献7の開示技術は、オーステナイト組織の微細化を達成することのみである。圧延で長手方向に延伸したMn硫化物系介在物からの損傷については全く効果がなく、安定的にレールの耐損傷性や靭性を向上させることができないといった問題がある。
本発明のパーライト系レールは、質量%で、C:0.65~1.20%、Si:0.05~2.00%、Mn:0.05~2.00%、P≦0.0150%、S≦0.0100%、Ca:0.0005~0.0200%を含有し、残部として、Feおよび不可避的不純物を含む鋼からなる。前記レールの頭部において、頭部コーナー部および頭頂部の表面を起点として深さ10mmまでの範囲からなる頭表部がパーライト組織であり、かつ前記パーライト組織の硬さがHv320~500である。前記パーライト組織中の長手方向の任意断面(レールの長さ方向に平行な断面)において、長辺が10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物が、単位面積あたり10~200個/mm2の量で存在する。
ここでHvとは、JIS B7774で規定されたビッカース硬さをいう。
本発明のパーライト系レールでは、前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、Mg:0.0005~0.0200%、Zr:0.0005~0.0100%の1種または2種を含有し、前記パーライト組織中の任意の横断面(レール幅方向に平行な断面)において、粒径が5~100nmのMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物が、単位面積当たり500~50000個/mm2の量で存在してもよい。
前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、下記(1)~(9)に記載した鋼成分のいずれか1種または2種以上を選択的に含有してもよい。
(1)Co:0.01~1.00%
(2)Cr:0.01~2.00%、Mo:0.01~0.50%の1種または2種
(3)V:0.005~0.50%、Nb:0.002~0.050%の1種または2種
(4)B:0.0001~0.0050%
(5)Cu:0.01~1.00%
(6)Ni:0.01~1.00%
(7)Ti:0.0050~0.0500%
(8)Al:0.0100超~1.00%
(9)N:0.0060~0.0200%
図1は、本発明の耐摩耗性および靭性に優れたパーライト系レールの長手方向に対して垂直な断面を示す。レール頭部3は、頭頂部1と、前記頭頂部1の両端に位置する頭部コーナー部2を有する。頭部コーナー部2の一方は、車輪と主に接触するゲージコーナー(G.C.)部である。
前記頭部コーナー部2および前記頭頂部1の表面を起点として深さ10mmまでの範囲を頭表部3a(実線の斜線部)と呼ぶ。また、前記頭部コーナー部2および前記頭頂部1の表面を起点として深さ20mmまでの範囲を符号3b(点線の斜線部)で示す。
その結果、Hv320~500レベルのパーライト組織の鋼では、P、Sの含有量が、いずれも、ある一定レベル以下に低減されると、衝撃値が向上することが確認された。
さらに、P、Sの組み合わせで最適含有量を検討した結果、いずれの元素も同時にある一定レベル以下まで添加量を低減させると、衝撃値が大幅に向上することが確認された。
そこで、本発明者らは、長手方向に延伸したMn硫化物系介在物の生成機構を解明した。レール製造においては、鋼片を、一旦、1200~1300℃まで再加熱して熱間圧延を行っている。この熱間圧延条件とMnSの形態との関係を調査した。その結果、圧延温度が高い場合、及び圧延時の圧下量が大きい場合に、軟質なMn硫化物系介在物は塑性変形を容易に引き起こし、レール長手方向に延伸しやすいことが確認された。
さらに本発明者らは、Mn硫化物系介在物の核となる硬質な介在物を検討した。融点が高い酸化物を用いてラボ実験を行った結果、比較的融点の高いCaは、酸化物に加えて硫化物を形成し、CaO-CaSの集合体を形成することを発見した。また、CaSは、Mn硫化物系介在物との整合性が高いため、このCaの酸化物と硫化物の集合体(CaO-CaS)にMn硫化物系介在物が効率的に生成することを突き止めた。
なお、整合性とは、2つの金属の結晶構造において、ある結晶面での格子定数(原子間の距離)の差のことを示す。この差が小さいほど、整合性が高い、すなわち2つの金属が結合し易いと考えられる。
さらに、この鋼を用いて衝撃試験を行った結果、Caが添加され、延伸したMn硫化物系介在物が少ない鋼では、延伸したMn硫化物系介在物からの破壊が減少し、衝撃値が向上することが確認された。
そこで本発明者らは、酸化物やMn硫化物系介在物を微細分散させる方法を検討した。その結果、Mg、Zrの酸化物は、凝集せず、微細に均一に分散することが確認された。さらに、Mg系の酸化物及びZrの酸化物は、共に、Mn硫化物系介在物との整合性がよく、この微細な酸化物を核にしてMn硫化物系介在物も微細に分散することが確認された。
(1)鋼の化学成分の限定理由
本発明のパーライト系レールにおいて、鋼の化学成分を前述した数値範囲に限定する理由について詳細に説明する。
Cは、パーライト変態を促進させて、かつ、耐摩耗性を確保する有効な元素である。C量が0.65%未満になると、本成分系では、レールに要求される最低限の強度や耐摩耗性が維持できない。また、C量が1.20%を超えると、粗大な初析セメンタイト組織が多量に生成し、耐摩耗性や靭性が低下する。このため、C添加量を0.65~1.20%に限定する。なお、耐摩耗性を十分に確保するにはC量を0.90%以上とすることが望ましい。
なお、低P化(P量の低減化)の処理は、精錬コストの増大をもたらすばかりでなく、生産性を悪化させる。そこで、経済性も鑑み、衝撃値を安定的に向上させるには、P量を0.0030~0.0100%とすることが望ましい。
なお、低S化(S量の低減化)の処理は、精錬コストの増大をもたらすばかりでなく、生産性を悪化させる。そこで、経済性も鑑み、延伸したMn硫化物系介在物の生成を抑制し、衝撃値を安定的に向上させるには、S量を0.0060以下とすることが望ましい。
また、さらに衝撃値を向上させるには、オーステナイト組織をピンニングする微細なMn硫化物系介在物を安定的に生成させ、延伸したMn硫化物系介在物の生成を抑制するため、S量を0.0020~0.0035%とすることが望ましい。
なお、延伸したMn硫化物系介在物の生成を確実に抑制し、かつMn硫化物系介在物の核とならず靭性に有害な硬質CaOの生成を未然に抑制し、衝撃値を向上させるには、Ca添加量を0.0015~0.0150%の範囲にすることが望ましい。また、さらに衝撃値を向上させるには、オーステナイト組織をピンニングする微細なMn硫化物系介在物を安定的に生成させ、Mn硫化物系介在物の粗大化を抑制する必要があり、Ca量を0.0020~0.0080%とすることが望ましい。
具体的には、S/Caの値が0.45未満になると、Mn硫化物系介在物の核とならない単独の硬質CaOの数が若干増加する。この結果、レール鋼の靭性が低下する場合がある。また、S/Caの値が3.00を超えると、Mn硫化物系介在物の核となる硫化物の集合体(CaO-CaS)の数が低減し、Mn硫化物系介在物の延伸が助長される。この結果、レール鋼の靭性が低下する場合がある。このため、S/Caの値を0.45~3.00の範囲とすることがさらに望ましい。
Mgは、脱酸元素であり、主にOと結合して微細なナノサイズの酸化物(MgO)や硫化物(MgS)との複合体を形成する元素である。この複合体を核にして、ナノサイズのMn硫化物系介在物が形成される。その結果、圧延後のオーステナイト組織の粒成長が抑制され、レール鋼の組織が微細化し、パーライト組織の靭性を向上させることができる。しかし、Mg量が0.0005%未満では、微細な酸化物(MgO)と硫化物(MgS)の複合体の生成量が少なく、圧延後のオーステナイト組織の粒成長抑制効果が十分に得られない。Mg量が0.0200%を超えると、Mgの粗大酸化物が生成し、レールの靭性が低下すると同時に、粗大な酸化物から疲労損傷が発生する。このため、Mg添加量を0.0005~0.0200%に限定する。
なお、オーステナイト組織をピンニングする微細な酸化物(MgO)、及びナノサイズのMn硫化物系介在物を形成する酸化物(MgO)と硫化物(MgS)の複合体の生成量を十分に確保し、疲労損傷に有害で粗大な酸化物の生成を十分に抑制し、衝撃値を向上させるには、Mg添加量を0.0010~0.0050%の範囲にすることが望ましい。
なお、オーステナイト組織をピンニングする微細な酸化物(ZrO2)、ナノサイズのMn硫化物系介在物を形成する酸化物(ZrO2)の生成量を十分に確保し、かつ疲労損傷に有害な粗大な酸化物の生成を十分に抑制し、衝撃値を向上させるには、Mg添加量を0.0010~0.0050%の範囲にすることが望ましい。
Coは、摩耗面のラメラ構造やフェライト粒径を微細化し、パーライト組織の耐摩耗性を高める。Cr、Moは、パーライトの平衡変態点を上昇させ、主に、パーライトラメラ間隔を微細化することにより、パーライト組織の硬度を確保する。V、Nbは、熱間圧延やその後の冷却課程で炭化物や窒化物を生成し、これにより、オーステナイト粒の成長を抑制する。さらに、フェライト組織やパーライト組織中に析出硬化することにより、パーライト組織の靭性と硬度を向上させる。また、炭化物や窒化物を安定的に生成させ、溶接継ぎ手熱影響部の軟化を防止する。
Bは、パーライト変態温度の冷却速度依存性を低減させ、レール頭部の硬度分布を均一にする。Cuは、フェライト組織やパーライト組織中のフェライトに固溶し、パーライト組織の硬度を高める。Niは、フェライト組織やパーライト組織の靭性と硬度を向上させ、同時に、溶接継ぎ手熱影響部の軟化を防止する。Tiは、溶接熱影響部の組織の微細化を図り、溶接継ぎ手部の脆化を防止する。Alは、共析変態温度を高温側へ移動させ、パーライト組織の硬度を高める。Nは、オーステナイト粒界に偏析することにより、パーライト変態を促進させる。そして、パーライトブロックサイズを微細化することにより、靭性を向上させる。
Coは、パーライト組織中のフェライト相に固溶する。これにより、レール頭部の摩耗面において、車輪との接触により形成させる微細なフェライト組織をより一層微細化し、耐摩耗性を向上させる。Co量が0.01%未満では、フェライト組織の微細化が図れず、耐摩耗性の向上効果が期待できない。また、Co量を1.00%超添加しても、上記の効果が飽和し、添加量に応じたフェライト組織の微細化が図れない。また、合金添加コストの増大により経済性が低下する。このため、Co添加量を0.01~1.00%に限定する。
次に、レールの頭表部3aがパーライト組織であり、かつ、その硬さをHv320~500の範囲に限定する理由について説明する。
まず、パーライト組織の硬さをHv320~500の範囲に限定する理由について説明する。
本成分系では、パーライト組織の硬さがHv320未満になると、レールの頭表部3aの耐摩耗性の確保が困難となり、レールの使用寿命が低下する。また、ころがり面に塑性変形起因のフレーキング損傷が発生し、レール頭表部3aの耐表面損傷性が大きく低下する。また、パーライト組織の硬さがHv500を超えると、パーライト組織の靭性が著しく低下し、レール頭表部3aの耐損傷性が低下する。このためパーライト組織の硬さをHv320~500の範囲に限定する。
ここで、レールの頭表部3aとは、図1中に示すように、頭部コーナー部2及び頭頂部1の表面を起点として深さ10mmまでの範囲(実線の斜線部)を示す。この部位に上記の成分範囲のパーライト組織が配置されていれば、車輪との接触による摩耗を抑制し、レールにおいて耐摩耗性の向上が図れる。
なお、レール頭部3の表面近傍において、硬さHv320~500のパーライト組織を得る方法としては、後述するように、圧延後、または、再加熱後のオーステナイト領域のある高温のレール頭部3に加速冷却を行うことが望ましい。
言い換えれば、本発明でのレール頭部5のうち、前記した頭表部3a、又は頭表部3aを含む深さ20mmまでの範囲3bの金属組織は、95%以上がパーライト組織であれば良く、耐摩耗性や靭性を十分に確保するためには、頭部金属組織の98%以上をパーライト組織とすることが望ましい。
なお、後述する表1及び表2におけるミクロ組織の欄で微量と記載しているのは5%以下の含有量を意味し、パーライト組織以外の組織において微量と記載していないのは5%超の量(本発明外)を意味する。
本発明において、評価対象とした長手方向の任意断面のMn硫化物系介在物の長辺の長さを10~100μmの範囲に限定する理由について詳細に説明する。
本成分系において、Mn硫化物系介在物の長辺の長さと実レールの損傷実績(実際にレールを使用した際の損傷状況)を調査した結果、レールの破壊は、応力集中が発生するMn硫化物系介在物の端部から発生していることを確認した。そこで、Mn硫化物系介在物の長さを変化させた鋼を試験溶解し、熱間圧延実験を行った結果、長辺の長さ10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物の数とレール耐損傷性には、よい相関があることが確認された。したがって、Mn硫化物系介在物の数の評価対象を長辺の長さ10~100μmの範囲に限定する。
長辺10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物の合計個数が単位面積あたり200個/mm2を超えると、本成分系ではMn硫化物系介在物の数が過剰となり、介在物周囲の応力集中の発生により、レールの損傷の可能性が高くなる。鋼の機械的特性においても衝撃値の向上が望めない。また、長辺10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物の合計個数が単位面積あたり10個/mm2未満になると、本成分系では鋼中に残存してしまう不可避的な水素を吸着するトラップサイトが著しく減少する。これにより水素性の欠陥(水素脆化)を誘発する可能性が高くなり、レールの耐損傷性を損なう可能性がある。そこで、長辺の長さ10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物の合計個数を単位面積当たり10~200個/mm2に限定する。
なお、本限定において、Mn硫化物系介在物とは、Caの酸化物と硫化物の集合体(CaO-CaS)を核に生成したMn硫化物系介在物と、それ以外のMn硫化物系介在の両方を評価対象とする。
また、破壊の起点となるMn硫化物系介在物の影響をさらに少なくし、水素性の欠陥を未然に抑制し、レールの耐折損性を安定的に向上させるには、長辺10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物の合計個数を単位面積当たり20~180個/mm2の範囲に制御することが望ましい。
本発明では、任意の横断面において、粒径が5~100nmのMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物が、単位面積当たり500~50000個/mm2の量で存在することが好ましい。
評価対象となるMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物の粒径を5~100nmの範囲に限定する理由について詳細に説明する。
Mg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物の粒径が5~100nmの範囲であれば、オーステナイト組織中に生成した場合、粒界において十分なピンニング効果を示す。これにより、レールの耐損傷に悪影響することなく、結果的にパーライト組織を微細化し、確実に靭性を向上させることが確認された。したがってMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物の評価対象を粒径5~100nmの範囲に限定する。
なお、ピンニング効果に対しては、粒径が微細な介在物が多数存在するほど効果があるが、粒径5nm未満のMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物については、その測定が非常に困難である。また、粒径100nm超のMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物については、上記のようにピンニング効果が得られない。以上により、上記のサイズのMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物を評価対象とする。
粒径5~100nmのMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物の合計個数が、単位面積あたり500個/mm2未満になると、圧延後のオーステナイト組織中のピンニング効果が十分にあらわれない。このため、パーライト組織が粗大化し、レールの靭性が向上しない。また、粒径5~100nmのMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物の合計個数が、単位面積あたり50000個/mm2を超えると、析出が過剰となり、パーライト組織自体が脆化し、レールの靭性が低下する。そこで、粒径5~100nmのMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物の合計個数を単位面積当たり500~50000個/mm2に限定する。
Mg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物は、以下のように観察し,粒径、個数を測定する。まず、図4に示した任意の横断面から薄膜を採取し、透過型電子顕微鏡を用いて、倍率50000~500000の倍率で観察する。析出物の粒径は、観察により個々の析出物の面積を求め、その面積に相当する円の直径として求める。
析出物は20視野の観察を行い、所定の直径5~100nmに該当する析出物の数をカウントし、これを単位面積当たりの数に換算する。レール鋼の代表値は、これら20視野の平均値とする。なお、Mg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物の測定部位は、特に限定しないが、靭性が必要とされるレール頭表部3aの表面から深さ3~10mmの範囲を測定することが望ましい。
上記の成分組成及びミクロ組織を有する本発明のレール鋼は、特に限定するものではないが、通常は、以下の方法により製造される。まず転炉、電気炉などの通常使用される溶解炉で溶製を行い、溶鋼を得る。そして、この溶鋼を用いて、造塊・分塊法あるいは連続鋳造法によって、圧延用の鋼片(鋼塊)を製造する。さらに、鋼片を1200℃以上に再加熱後、数パスの熱間圧延を行い、レールの成形を行う。その後、熱処理(再加熱、冷却)を施すことによりレールが製造される。
特に、溶銑段階では、通常の脱S、脱Pを行い(脱P、脱S処理)、さらに、転炉、電気炉などの通常使用される溶解炉で十分な脱S、脱Pを行う(脱P、脱S処理)。次いで、Caを添加することにより、Mn硫化物系介在物を制御する。さらには、必要に応じてMg、Zrを添加することにより、ナノサイズの酸化物やMn硫化物系介在物を微細に分散させる。
製造条件の詳細を以下に示す。
脱Sについては、溶銑鍋(転炉精錬の前段階)において、時間をかけ、CaOを十分に添加し、CaSをスラグとして排出することが望ましい。
なお、ここでのCaOの添加は、S量が非常に高い溶銑からSを低減する場合に行う方法である。後述するCaの酸化物と硫化物の集合体(CaO-CaS)を生成させるために添加するCaO-Si合金の添加とは異なり、なんら影響を与えるものではない。
脱Pについては、転炉での精錬において、脱Pにより分離したP(P2O5など)を含むスラグからのPの再溶解を防止するため、精錬途中でスラグを排出することが望ましい。
Caは、鋳造前の精錬工程で添加することが望ましい。Caの添加方法としては、取鍋でCa合金(Ca-Si合金など)ワイヤーやCa合金塊を添加したり、Ca合金粉末を吹き込むことが望ましい。
Ca合金としては、Ca-Si合金(50Ca-50Siなど)や、Fe-Si-Ca合金(Fe-30Si-30Caなど)、Ni-Ca合金(90Ni-10Caなど)が用いられる。Caは蒸気圧が高いため、純Caを添加すると、溶鋼のスプラッシュが発生したり、湯面上のスラグを巻き込んで溶鋼清浄性が悪化する。また、歩留も低い。そこで、Ca合金、例えば、Ca-Si合金を添加することが広く行われている。合金化することにより、Ca単体の場合よりもCaの活量が低下するので、添加時の蒸発が相対的に穏やかになり、歩留も向上する。
合金中のCa濃度が低い方が歩留も向上し、添加時のスプラッシュの発生も抑制される点で好ましい。ただし、Ca以外の他元素(Siなど)が同時に添加されることにも留意し、Ca合金組成を選択する必要がある。
Caの歩留を確保する観点からは、精錬工程の最後で添加するのが有利である。Caを、精錬工程ではなく、鋳造工程においてタンディッシュ内に添加しても良い。鋳造時のスループット(時間当たりの鋳造量)に応じて、Ca合金の添加速度を調整する必要がある。この場合、Ca添加後の溶鋼撹拌は、タンディッシュ内および鋳型内に限られるため、Ca濃度の均一性は、取鍋添加時よりやや劣る。そこで、鋳造段階におけるCaの酸化物と硫化物の集合体(CaO-CaS)の凝集や偏析を防止するため、電磁力などで凝固途中の溶鋼を攪拌することが望ましい。また、鋳造時の溶鋼の流れを制御するため、鋳造ノズルの形状を最適化することが望ましい。
また、Mn硫化物系介在物と整合性の高いCaSを効率的に生成させるには、過剰なCaOの生成を抑制するように溶鋼の酸素量を調整することが望ましい。酸素量を事前に調整するには、Al、Si等により事前に脱酸することが望ましい。
なお、Ca、MgやZrを添加する順番については明記していないが、酸素量の少ない高炭素鋼では、Ca、MgやZrの酸化物を効率よく生成させるには、比較的酸化力の弱いCaを先に添加し、その後、酸化力の強いMgやZrを添加することが望ましい。
また、熱間圧延後の熱処理に関して、レール頭部3において、硬さHv320~500のパーライト組織を得るためには、圧延後、または、再加熱後のオーステナイト領域のある高温のレール頭部3に加速冷却を行うことが望ましい。加速冷却の方法としては、特許文献8(特開平8-246100号公報)、特許文献9(特開平9-111352号公報)等に記載されているような方法で熱処理(及び冷却)を行うことにより、所定の組織と硬さを得ることができる。
なお、レール圧延後、再加熱によって熱処理を行うには、レール頭部やレール全体を火炎や高周波で加熱することが望ましい。
表1~6は、供試レール鋼の化学成分を示す。なお、残部はFe及び不可避的不純物からなる。この表1~6に示す成分組成を有するレール鋼を以下の方法により製造した。
溶銑段階で脱P、脱Sを行い、さらに、転炉、電気炉などの通常使用される溶解炉で十分な脱P、脱Sを行って溶鋼を得た。この溶鋼にCaを添加することによりMn硫化物系介在物を制御し、あるいはさらに、Mg、Zrを添加することによりナノサイズの酸化物やMn硫化物系介在物を微細に分散させた。そして、連続鋳造法により鋼塊を製造し、さらに鋼塊に対して熱間圧延を行った。その後、熱処理を施すことによりレールとした。
図3は、請求項1に限定したレール鋼のMn硫化物系介在物の観察位置を示す。
図3に示されたように、得られたレール鋼の長手方向の断面のうち、頭表部3aを含むレール頭表面から3~10mmの深さの領域からサンプルを切り出した。そして、前述した方法により、長辺が10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物の単位面積当たりの個数(個/mm2)を求めた。
図4は、請求項2に限定したレール鋼のMn硫化物系介在物、Mg系酸化物、及びZr酸化物の観察位置を示す。
図4に示されたように、得られたレール鋼の横断面のうち、頭表部3aを含むレール頭表面から3~10mmの深さの領域からサンプルを切り出した。そして、前述した方法により、粒径5~100nmのMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物の単位面積当たりの個数(個/mm2)を求めた。
レール頭部3の表面から深さ4mmの位置からサンプルを切り出した。そして、観察面を、研磨の後、ナイタール腐食液でエッチングした。JIS G 0551に準拠して、光学顕微鏡によって観察面のミクロ組織を観察した。
また、JIS B7774に従って、切り出したサンプルのビッカース硬さHvを測定した。なお、ビッカース硬度は、荷重98N(10kgf)でサンプルにダイヤモンド圧子を載荷して測定した。表には(Hv、98N)と記載した。
得られた結果を表7~12に示す。なお、表中、*1の頭部材質は、レール頭部5の表面から深さ4mmの部位の材質であることを示す。
図5は、摩耗試験における試験片の採取位置を図示したものであり、図中の数字は寸法(mm)を示す。
図5に示されたように、レール鋼のうち、頭表部3aを含む領域から円盤状試験片を切り出した。そして、図6に示されたように、相対する2本の回転軸のうち、一方の回転軸に円盤状試験片(レール試験片4)を配置し、他方の回転軸には相手材5を配置した。レール試験片4に所定の荷重がかかる状態で、レール試験片4と相手材5を接触させた。この状態で、冷却用ノズル6から圧搾空気を供給して冷却しながら、2本の回転軸を所定の回転速度で回転させた。そして、70万回回転させた後、レール試験片4の重量の減少量(摩耗量)を測定した。
摩耗試験の条件を以下に示す。
試験機:西原式摩耗試験機(図6参照)
試験片形状:円盤状試験片(外径:30mm、厚さ:8mm)
試験片採取位置:レール頭部表面下2mm(図5参照)
試験荷重:686N(接触面圧640MPa)
すべり率:20%
相手材:パーライト鋼(Hv380)
雰囲気:大気中
冷却:圧搾空気による強制冷却(流量:100Nl/min)
繰返し回数:70万回
図7は、衝撃試験における試験片の採取位置を図示したものである。
図7に示されたように、レール鋼の横断面のうち、頭表部3aを含む領域がノッチ底になるように、レール幅(横断面)方向から試験片を切り出した。そして、得られた試験片に対して、以下の条件で衝撃試験を行い、衝撃値(J/cm2)を測定した。
試験機:衝撃試験機
試験片形状:JIS3号2mmUノッチ
試験片採取位置:レール頭部表面下2mm(図7参照)
試験温度:常温(20℃)
本評価において、70万回での摩耗量が1.5g以下の場合、耐摩耗性に優れていると評価した。20℃の衝撃値は、鋼の炭素量によってその値が大きく変動するため、特性の優劣を示す基準値は設定しておらず、同一の炭素量のレール鋼にて、衝撃値の優劣を比較した。
鋼No.3、4、7、8、11~14、17~19、21~25、29、30、32~34、36、37、43、45、46:化学成分が上記本発明の限定範囲内で、長辺:10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物の数、レール頭部のミクロ組織、硬さが、本発明の限定範囲内である耐摩耗性および靭性に優れたパーライト系レールである。
鋼No.1、2、5、6、9、10、15、16、20、26~28、31、35、38~42、44、47:化学成分が上記本発明の限定範囲内で、長辺:10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物の数、粒径:5~100nmのMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物、及びMn硫化物系介在物の数、レール頭部のミクロ組織、硬さが、本発明の限定範囲内である耐摩耗性および靭性に優れたパーライト系レールである。
鋼No.48~53:C、Si、Mnの成分が本発明の範囲外のレール。
鋼No.54~55:P、Sの成分が本発明の範囲外のレール。
鋼No.56~57:Caの成分が本発明の範囲外のレール。
鋼No.58~63:P、S、Caの成分が本発明の範囲外のレール。
鋼No.64~66:化学成分は本発明の範囲内であるが、頭部のミクロ組織が上記本発明の限定範囲外のレール。
鋼No.67~68:化学成分は本発明の範囲内であるが、頭部の硬さが上記本発明の限定範囲外のレール。
本発明レール鋼(鋼No.1~47)では、比較レール鋼(鋼No.64~68)と比べて、頭部のミクロ組織がパーライト組織を含み、硬さが本発明の限定範囲内である。このため、レールの耐摩耗性や靭性を向上させることができる。
鋼のC、Si、Mnの化学成分を本発明の限定範囲内とし、これにより、耐摩耗性に悪影響する初析フェライト組織、マルテンサイト組織の生成を防止し、硬さを本発明の限定範囲内とする。以上により、いずれの炭素量においても、耐摩耗性を大きく向上させることができる。
鋼のC、Si、Mnの化学成分を本発明の限定範囲内とし、これにより、靭性に悪影響を及ぼす初析セメンタイト組織、マルテンサイト組織の生成を防止し、硬さを本発明の限定範囲内とする。以上により、いずれの炭素量においても、靭性を大きく向上させることができる。
さらに、図11に示すように、本発明レール鋼(鋼No.11~13、18~20、24~26、29~31、33~35、36~38、45~47)は、Caが添加され、さらには、Ca添加量の最適化が行われている。これにより、Mn硫化物系介在物が制御され、その数を本発明の限定範囲内としている。このため、パーライト組織のレールの靭性を向上させることができる。上記に加えて、Mg、Zrが添加されている場合、酸化物やMn硫化物系介在物を微細に分散させ、Mg系酸化物、Zr酸化物、Mn硫化物系介在物の数を500~50000個/mm2としている。これにより、パーライト組織のレールの靭性をさらに向上させることができる。
2:頭部コーナー部
3:レール頭部
3a:頭表部
3b:頭部コーナー部および頭頂部の表面を起点として深さ20mmまでの範囲
4:レール試験片
5:相手材
6:冷却用ノズル
Claims (11)
- 質量%で、
C:0.65~1.20%、
Si:0.05~2.00%、
Mn:0.05~2.00%、
P≦0.0150%、
S≦0.0100%、
Ca:0.0005~0.0200%を含有し、
残部として、Feおよび不可避的不純物を含む鋼からなり、
レールの頭部において、頭部コーナー部および頭頂部の表面を起点として深さ10mmまでの範囲からなる頭表部がパーライト組織であり、
かつ、前記パーライト組織の硬さがHv320~500であり、
前記パーライト組織中の長手方向の任意断面において、長辺が10~100μmのMn硫化物系介在物が、単位面積あたり10~200個/mm2の量で存在することを特徴とするパーライト系レール。 - 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、Mg:0.0005~0.0200%、Zr:0.0005~0.0100%の1種または2種を含有し、
前記パーライト組織中の任意の横断面において、粒径が5~100nmのMg系酸化物、Zr酸化物およびMn硫化物系介在物が、単位面積当たり500~50000個/mm2の量で存在することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のパーライト系レール。 - 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、Co:0.01~1.00%を含有することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のパーライト系レール。
- 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、Cr:0.01~2.00%、Mo:0.01~0.50%の1種または2種を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のパーライト系レール。
- 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、V:0.005~0.50%、Nb:0.002~0.050%の1種または2種を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のパーライト系レール。
- 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、B:0.0001~0.0050%を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のパーライト系レール。
- 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、Cu:0.01~1.00%を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれかに記載のパーライト系レール。
- 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、Ni:0.01~1.00%を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれかに記載のパーライト系レール。
- 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、Ti:0.0050~0.0500%を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれかに記載のパーライト系レール。
- 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、Al:0.0100超~1.00%を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれかに記載のパーライト系レール。
- 前記鋼は、質量%で、さらに、N:0.0060~0.0200%を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~10のいずれかに記載のパーライト系レール。
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- 2009-10-30 PL PL09823351T patent/PL2343390T3/pl unknown
- 2009-10-30 CA CA2734980A patent/CA2734980C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-10-30 AU AU2009308639A patent/AU2009308639B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-10-30 ES ES09823351.3T patent/ES2550793T3/es active Active
- 2009-10-30 BR BRPI0918859-2A patent/BRPI0918859B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-30 CN CN2009801337274A patent/CN102137947B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-10-30 WO PCT/JP2009/005800 patent/WO2010050238A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2009-10-30 EP EP09823351.3A patent/EP2343390B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-10-30 KR KR1020117004501A patent/KR101263102B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-10-30 RU RU2011110256/02A patent/RU2461639C1/ru active
- 2009-10-30 JP JP2010535687A patent/JP4757957B2/ja active Active
- 2009-10-30 US US13/061,001 patent/US20110155821A1/en not_active Abandoned
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| JP2016176110A (ja) * | 2015-03-20 | 2016-10-06 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | 炭素鋼鋳片及び炭素鋼鋳片の製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2461639C1 (ru) | 2012-09-20 |
| US20110155821A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
| JP4757957B2 (ja) | 2011-08-24 |
| AU2009308639B2 (en) | 2015-07-02 |
| CA2734980C (en) | 2014-10-21 |
| CN102137947A (zh) | 2011-07-27 |
| EP2343390B1 (en) | 2015-08-19 |
| KR101263102B1 (ko) | 2013-05-09 |
| PL2343390T3 (pl) | 2016-01-29 |
| CA2734980A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
| JPWO2010050238A1 (ja) | 2012-03-29 |
| BRPI0918859A2 (pt) | 2015-12-01 |
| CN102137947B (zh) | 2013-03-20 |
| BRPI0918859B1 (pt) | 2021-05-04 |
| EP2343390A1 (en) | 2011-07-13 |
| EP2343390A4 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
| AU2009308639A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
| KR20110036758A (ko) | 2011-04-08 |
| ES2550793T3 (es) | 2015-11-12 |
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