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WO2010044510A1 - Fibre à cristaux photoniques conservant une polarisation avec grande échelle pour un endoscope à diffusion raman anti-stokes cohérente d'efficacité élevée - Google Patents

Fibre à cristaux photoniques conservant une polarisation avec grande échelle pour un endoscope à diffusion raman anti-stokes cohérente d'efficacité élevée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010044510A1
WO2010044510A1 PCT/KR2008/006988 KR2008006988W WO2010044510A1 WO 2010044510 A1 WO2010044510 A1 WO 2010044510A1 KR 2008006988 W KR2008006988 W KR 2008006988W WO 2010044510 A1 WO2010044510 A1 WO 2010044510A1
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Prior art keywords
photonic crystal
crystal fiber
cars
fiber
core
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/KR2008/006988
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English (en)
Inventor
Jae Yong Lee
Eun Seong Lee
Dae Won Moon
Dong Il Yeom
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Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
Ajou University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation
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Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
Ajou University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation
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Publication of WO2010044510A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010044510A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02347—Longitudinal structures arranged to form a regular periodic lattice, e.g. triangular, square, honeycomb unit cell repeated throughout cladding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
    • G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02366—Single ring of structures, e.g. "air clad"
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/024—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with polarisation maintaining properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02361—Longitudinal structures forming multiple layers around the core, e.g. arranged in multiple rings with each ring having longitudinal elements at substantially the same radial distance from the core, having rotational symmetry about the fibre axis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a design for a photonic crystal fiber which is a core element constituting a CARS endoscope, and more particularly, to a numerical design for a novel photonic crystal fiber capable of transferring pump and Stokes beams for generating CARS signals without distortion and collecting the generated CARS signals at high efficiency.
  • a normal optical microscope has difficulty in obtaining clear morphological and chemical images for a transparent bio sample (a cell or tissue) and various structures in the cell. This is because linear properties of light for objects and background substances are almost similar, and therefore, optical contrast is not provided.
  • studies have been actively conducted to detect characteristics and functions of an interior of a cell by dying a fluorescence indicator over a sample and then obtaining a fluorescence distribution of light irradiated onto the sample.
  • a fluorescent substance changes characteristics of a bio sample itself, or its fluorescent property deteriorates as time elapses. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain a distribution image of a whole sample .
  • a Raman scattering spectroscopy and the like are representatively used in obtaining molecular images for microstructures .
  • a Raman microscope has an advantage in that a single wavelength light source is used in the Raman microscope regardless of a molecular vibrational frequency, so that a laser light source can be easily selected and its operation is simple.
  • the intensity of a Raman scattering signal is extremely weak, it takes much time to obtain microscopic images. For this reason, there is a limitation in observing dynamic characteristics of cells in a bio sample or the like.
  • a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscope is designed to overcome such a limitation and uses a principle of four-wave mixing in which a CARS signal beam is generated by interacting three incident laser beams in a sample using the Raman nonlinear effect of light.
  • Fig. 1 shows the principle of a CARS spectroscopy using a Raman shift. While two incident laser beams (pump and Stokes beams) having a frequency difference of a Raman shift of a specific molecule in a sample cause a beat waveform, forced harmonic oscillation coherent to the waveform is forcibly induced.
  • a coherent signal beam having the same phase in a specific direction is generated due to the anti-Stokes Raman scattering in which the wavelength of the laser beam is shortened after interaction.
  • the nonlinear optical signal is precisely mapped on a sample space at a high speed, thereby obtaining CARS microscopic images .
  • the CARS microscope has an advantage in that a fast speed for obtaining images can be obtained based on a much higher sensitivity than that of the Raman scattering microscope.
  • the intensity of a CARS signal is determined by third-order nonlinear interaction of a bio sample with incident light, as the intensity of light is increased, the intensity of the CARS signal can be considerably amplified. Therefore, a pulse laser having high peak power is generally used to maximize the nonlinear effect of light.
  • the CARS microscope can obtain a three-dimensional image for an interior of a sample at high space resolution by focusing and scanning light. In the CARS microscope, no laser energy is left in the sample after laser interaction. For this reason, the CARS microscope uses a noninvasive microscopy capable of protecting a sample from being thermally damaged by a laser beam.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing the configuration of a CARS endoscope.
  • the main function of optical fiber waveguide is to guide the pump and Stokes laser pulses having strong intensity and collects generated CARS signals with high efficiency.
  • the normal single-mode fiber which operates in a band of 800 to lOOOnm that is an operational range of the CARS microscope, may easily cause nonlinear distortion (spectral broadening) to high-power pulse lasers (pump and Stokes beams) during the propagation due to the limited size a core (the effective diameter of the core mode is 6 /l or less) , and therefore, efficiency of generating CARS signals may be considerably lowered.
  • the photonic crystal fibers experimentally proposed for the first time in the late 1990s possess the silica/air-hole structure formed along the length of a waveguide.
  • This sectional structure can be appropriately adjusted so that one can easily tailor waveguide properties including a mode- field distribution, group-velocity dispersion of guided light through the fiber.
  • the photonic crystal fiber can operate as a single mode throughout all wavelengths and implement nonlinearity at both extremes. For this reason, the photonic crystal fiber has come into the spotlight in the field of nonlinear optics.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a photonic crystal fiber with large core mode area for a high efficiency coherent anti -Stokes Raman scattering endoscope system, which can suppress the nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear phase modulation effect that may occur when a conventional normal single mode fiber used.
  • the fiber core- mode with an area 5 to 10 times larger than that of the normal single mode fiber is obtained by proper design of a photonic crystal fiber.
  • another object of the present invention is to provide a polarization maintaining single-mode photonic crystal fiber for a high efficiency coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering endoscope, wherein a spatial single mode and a polarization state of the light are maintained in the fiber, thereby preventing interference between spatial modes in pump and Stokes beams and maintaining a linear polarization state along the waveguide.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a photonic crystal fiber with double cladding structure for a high efficiency coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering endoscope, which can collect widely- scattered backward CARS signals at high efficiency by using the fiber with high numerical aperture realized by the second cladding structure.
  • the present invention provides a polarization maintaining large-mode area photonic crystal fiber with double cladding structure for a high efficiency CARS endoscope.
  • the fiber transfers the Stokes and pump beams to a sample and collects a CARS signal reflected from the sample.
  • This waveguide is the photonic crystal fiber 100 including a core 110 made of a silica, the core being positioned at the center of the photonic crystal fiber, and the core having a triangular shape,- an inner clad 120 formed of a silica, the inner clad being formed at an outside of the core 110, the inner clad having a plurality of air holes 121 formed therein, and the plurality of air holes extending in a lateral direction of the fiber while forming a hexagonal shape at a predetermined distance from the center of the core 110; an outer clad 130 having a circular frame shape surrounding an outer circumference of the inner clad 120; and an external silica 140 for support surrounding and supporting an outer circumference of the outer clad 130.
  • the distance L between the air holes 121 formed in the inner clad 120 may be 6 to 10 ⁇ m, and the ratio of the diameter d of the air holes 121 and the distance L may be 0.2 to 0.3.
  • the core 110 may be formed by removing three air holes positioned at the center of the photonic crystal fiber from the structure of the inner clad 120.
  • An elliptical air hole 111 having a major axis of 0.4 to 1.5 ⁇ m and an eccentricity (major axis/minor axis) of 1.2 to 2.5 may be formed at the center of the core 110.
  • the outer clad 130 may be formed of an air layer.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a generation principle of a CARS signal at an energy level
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing the configuration of a CARS endoscope including a CARS photonic crystal fiber
  • Fig. 3 illustrates (a) a schematic view of a novel photonic crystal fiber for realizing a CARS endoscope, (b) a view showing the structure of an inner clad of the fiber, (c) a view showing the structure of a core in which three air holes are removed, and (d) a view showing the structure of the core into which an elliptical air hole is finally inserted;
  • Fig. 4 is a view showing mode field distribution of light passing through a photonic crystal fiber with different wavelength based on a computer simulation
  • Fig. 5 is a graph showing the numerical modeling of spectrum (top) and pulse (bottom) properties of light before and after the propagation of the photonic crystal fiber (left) according to the present invention and a normal single mode fiber (right) .
  • optical fiber 110 core
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing the configuration of a CARS endoscope.
  • the CARS endoscope includes a light source 1 generating a Stokes beam having a frequency band and a pump beam allowing a sample to be excited; an optical fiber 100 simultaneously transferring the two beams generated from the light source 1 and collecting back-scattering CARS signals (epi-CARS signals) generated from the sample; a scanner 2 focusing the two beams transferred from the optical fiber 100 on the sample and spatially scanning the sample; a band pass filter 3 filtering only epi-CARS signals detected through the optical fiber; and a photodetector 4 having a photomultiplier tube (PTM) amplifying and detecting the epi-CARS signals.
  • PTM photomultiplier tube
  • the light source 1 includes a Stokes beam, a pump beam and a probe beam, and uses a pulse laser having high peak power so as to generate an effective Raman signal from a sample to be observed.
  • a laser pulse having peak power of a few to a few tens of KW is incident into an optical fiber constituting an endoscope and passes through the optical fiber.
  • a silica medium itself constituting an optical fiber has relatively small linearity. However, as light propagates along a long length of the optical fiber, linearity effects are accumulated. For this reason, a considerable nonlinear interaction occurs with respect to light having a high intensity.
  • the nonlinear property of light is generally defined by the following nonlinear coefficient ⁇ ;
  • n 2 denotes a nonlinear constant of a medium
  • a eff denotes a sectional size (or effective area) of light passing through a waveguide in a given wavelength .
  • a reciprocal number obtained by multiplying the nonlinear coefficient and the peak power of the light together is defined by the following nonlinear length L N ; It can be considered that the nonlinear effect does not occur when the nonlinear length L N calculated with respect to the given waveguide and the intensity of the light is sufficiently longer than the substantial length of the waveguide.
  • n 2 in the silica is about 2xlO ⁇ 2Or ⁇ "/W
  • a nonlinear coefficient ⁇ in a normal single mode fiber is about 2 to 4/W/km with respect to light having a center wavelength of lOOOnm. It can be seen that the nonlinear property of light passing through the waveguide can be controlled by the effective area A eff of light from the nonlinear coefficient defined as described above. Therefore, a waveguide having a small A ef f shows a large nonlinear property under the same condition, but a waveguide having a large sectional area of light shows a relatively small nonlinear property.
  • the minimum nonlinear effect occurs in the optical fiber through which pump and Stokes beams are transferred, and the maximum nonlinear effect occurs in the sample. Therefore, it is advantageous that the waveguide has A eff as large as possible.
  • Fig. 3 shows a structural section of a polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber with large core-mode area which proposed in the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 (a) shows the entire structure of the photonic crystal fiber, in which a black portion represents silica and white portions represent air.
  • the optical fiber 100 includes three portions, i.e., a core, an inner clad and an outer clad.
  • the core mode of the fiber has large-size, polarization maintaining and single- space mode characteristics, which will be described in detail with reference to Figs. 3 (b) to 3 (c) .
  • Initially incident pump and Stokes beams are waveguided by the inner clad 120 surrounding the core 110 positioned at the center of the fiber.
  • the outer clad 130 has an air structure with a circular frame shape and connected with external silica 140 through thin silica for support.
  • the outer clad 130 has a large refractive index difference from a silica portion including the core 110 and the inner clad 120.
  • the numerical aperture of light waveguided by the outer clad 130 is a large value of 0.5 or more.
  • the outer clad allows back- scattering signals (epi-CARS signals) scattered in the sample to be effectively focused and waveguided.
  • the structures of the inner clad 120 and the core 110 are shown in Figs. 3 (b) to 3 (d) .
  • the structure of an inner clad shown in Fig 3 (b) is a triangular lattice structure frequently used in the structure of a normal photonic crystal fiber.
  • air holes 121 having a diameter d are penetrated with a rotational symmetry of 60 degrees at a distance L between air holes in the silica.
  • the optical characteristic of a first cladding structure is determined by the diameter d and the distance L.
  • three air holes are removed as shown in Fig. 3 (c) . Therefore, the portion having the three air holes removed therein becomes a central core portion of the photonic crystal fiber.
  • L is designed to have 6 to 10 ⁇ m and d/L is designed to have a value of 0.2 to 0.3, so that light propagating through the central core having the three air holes removed therein can maintain a single mode in an operational region (700nm to 1500nm) .
  • the light advancing under the aforementioned conditions has a large effective area A ⁇ ff (150 to 300 /MR 2 ) , so that the nonlinear coefficient has a very small value .
  • the core of the photonic crystal fiber having the three air holes removed therein has a small bending loss of guided light with respect to the same effective area as compared with the core of a photonic crystal fiber having one air hole removed therein. For this reason, a waveguide having a relatively large effective area with respect to the bending loss can be implemented.
  • the core 110 of a photonic crystal fiber shown in Fig. 3 (c) has a triangular shape.
  • a triangular core 110 dose not substantially have birefringence due to the symmetry of its structure. Therefore, a novel structure is inserted to apply birefringence to the photonic crystal fiber as shown in Fig. 3 (d) .
  • Fig. 3 (d) is a structure in which an elliptical air hole 111 is inserted into the triangular core.
  • a and b denote main and minor axes of the elliptical air hole 111, respectively.
  • the length of the major axis b has a value of 0.4 to 1.5/ ⁇ II, and an eccentricity b/a has a value of 1.2 to 2.5.
  • the inserted structure induces birefringence to the photonic crystal fiber by changing a boundary condition caused by polarization of advancing light.
  • the photonic crystal fiber having the core of Fig. 3 (d) inserted into the double cladding structure of Fig. 3 (a) has a structure suitable for transferring pump and Stokes beams without distortion and collecting CARS signals.
  • Fig. 4 shows mode distribution characteristics of light passing through a waveguide with respect to various wavelengths.
  • the designed photonic crystal fiber has an effective area of about 200 ⁇ m 2 or more throughout various wavelengths. In such a structure, the magnitude of birefringence is gradually decreased as the wavelength is shortened. However, it has confirmed that a birefringence of about 10 "5 or more is maintained throughout an operational region.
  • Fig. 5 shows the spectrum and pulse variation characteristic of an initial pulse laser passing through a photonic crystal fiber proposed in the present invention up to 2m.
  • a eff 20 W 2
  • a pulse laser having a mean intensity of 20OmW, a repetition rate of 76MHz and a spectrum width of 0.4nm were used.
  • the proposed photonic crystal fiber it can be seen that the spectrum and pulse characteristic of the initial pulse laser are hardly changed as shown in the left graph of Fig. 5 after the initial pulse laser passes through the photonic crystal fiber up to 2m.
  • a very small change in spectrum characteristic is due to the minimized nonlinearity of the photonic crystal fiber proposed in the present invention.
  • the photonic crystal fiber at a given wavelength has relatively large group velocity dispersion (-100ps/nm/km at 800nm) .
  • group velocity dispersion -100ps/nm/km at 800nm
  • a pulse change caused by dispersion is not large due to the wide pulse width and the short length of the fiber.
  • the spectrum of the initial pulse laser is seriously broadened as shown in the right graph of Fig. 5 mainly due to the nonlinear self -phase modulation effect after the initial pulse laser passes through the normal single mode fiber up to 2 m.
  • the pulse width is broadened and the intensity is lowered due to the interaction between the nonlinear effect and dispersion characteristic of a waveguide. If the broadened spectrum width is larger than a Raman width, effective CARS signals are not generated, which causes a serious sensitivity degradation of the CARS endoscope .
  • the present invention proposes the structure of a novel photonic crystal fiber necessary for implementing a CARS microscope as an endoscope.
  • a polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber with large scale proposed in the present invention, reduces nonlinear distortion on the spectrum of a high-power laser pulse passing through a waveguide as compared with a normal single mode fiber, so that pump and Stokes beams passing through the photonic crystal fiber can reach a sample with properties similar to those of an initial laser pulse.
  • the photonic crystal fiber operates as a single mode, thereby reducing distortion of signals due to the inter-modal interference effect of light passing through the fiber.
  • Such characteristics allow pump and Stokes beams of an initial laser to safely reach the sample without distortion on a spectrum due to the nonlinear effect or interference. Further, the polarization state of the pump and Stokes beams passing through the photonic crystal fiber is maintained, so that the pump and Stokes beams having the same polarization state are incident onto the sample to generate stable CARS signals. Furthermore, generated back-scattering CARS signals are effectively collected using a double cladding structure having a high numerical aperture, thereby improving sensitivity of the endoscope.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur une conception pour la structure d'une nouvelle fibre à cristaux photoniques pour mettre en œuvre un système d'endoscope à diffusion Raman anti-Stokes cohérente (CARS). La fibre à cristaux photoniques est une fibre à cristaux photoniques conservant une polarisation à double gainage avec une zone de mode importante. La fibre à cristaux photoniques proposée a un mode d'âme hautement biréfringent dont l'aire efficace est de quelques fois à quelques dizaines de fois plus importante que celle d'une fibre monomode normale tout en conservant un monomode spatial unique dans la région fonctionnelle. De telles caractéristiques réduisent de façon maximale une distorsion non linéaire de pompe haute puissance et d'impulsions laser de Stokes utilisées dans une imagerie CARS, empêchant ainsi une diminution de l'efficacité de génération de signaux CARS passant à travers le guide d'ondes. Simultanément, une structure à double gainage ayant une ouverture numérique élevée est introduite, permettant ainsi de collecter des signaux CARS faibles avec une efficacité élevée. Lors de la comparaison de la fibre à cristaux photoniques proposée avec la fibre monomode normale, un système d'endoscope CARS haute performance avec une sensibilité davantage améliorée peut être mis en œuvre.
PCT/KR2008/006988 2008-10-15 2008-11-27 Fibre à cristaux photoniques conservant une polarisation avec grande échelle pour un endoscope à diffusion raman anti-stokes cohérente d'efficacité élevée Ceased WO2010044510A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020080101267A KR100982556B1 (ko) 2008-10-15 2008-10-15 고성능 간섭성 반스톡스 라만산란 내시경용 대면적 편광유지 광결정 광섬유
KR10-2008-0101267 2008-10-15

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140212083A1 (en) * 2013-01-31 2014-07-31 Institut National D'optique Optical fiber for coherent anti-stokes raman scattering endoscopes
CN104765100A (zh) * 2015-03-10 2015-07-08 北京航空航天大学 一种四层结构的细径实芯保偏光子晶体光纤

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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KR101297522B1 (ko) * 2012-10-19 2013-08-16 충남대학교산학협력단 임의의 미세 형상 구조를 갖는 광도파관

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US20030056550A1 (en) * 2000-09-21 2003-03-27 Masatoshi Tanaka Method of manufacturing photonic crystal fiber
WO2004057392A1 (fr) * 2002-12-20 2004-07-08 Crystal Fibre A/S Fibre a cristaux photoniques a souplesse de conception amelioree concernant les dimensions des defauts du coeur
US20070088219A1 (en) * 2005-10-13 2007-04-19 Xie Xiaoliang S System and method for coherent anti-stokes raman scattering endoscopy

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JP2004344209A (ja) 2003-05-20 2004-12-09 Pentax Corp 内視鏡装置のスコープ
JP2006039256A (ja) 2004-07-28 2006-02-09 Mitsubishi Cable Ind Ltd 光ファイバ

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030056550A1 (en) * 2000-09-21 2003-03-27 Masatoshi Tanaka Method of manufacturing photonic crystal fiber
WO2004057392A1 (fr) * 2002-12-20 2004-07-08 Crystal Fibre A/S Fibre a cristaux photoniques a souplesse de conception amelioree concernant les dimensions des defauts du coeur
US20070088219A1 (en) * 2005-10-13 2007-04-19 Xie Xiaoliang S System and method for coherent anti-stokes raman scattering endoscopy

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140212083A1 (en) * 2013-01-31 2014-07-31 Institut National D'optique Optical fiber for coherent anti-stokes raman scattering endoscopes
US9146346B2 (en) * 2013-01-31 2015-09-29 Institut National D'optique Optical fiber for Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman scattering endoscopes
CN104765100A (zh) * 2015-03-10 2015-07-08 北京航空航天大学 一种四层结构的细径实芯保偏光子晶体光纤
CN104765100B (zh) * 2015-03-10 2016-12-14 北京航空航天大学 一种四层结构的细径实芯保偏光子晶体光纤

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