WO2009113659A1 - 半導体発光素子及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
半導体発光素子及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009113659A1 WO2009113659A1 PCT/JP2009/054873 JP2009054873W WO2009113659A1 WO 2009113659 A1 WO2009113659 A1 WO 2009113659A1 JP 2009054873 W JP2009054873 W JP 2009054873W WO 2009113659 A1 WO2009113659 A1 WO 2009113659A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
- H10H20/83—Electrodes
- H10H20/832—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H10H20/835—Reflective materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
- H10H20/81—Bodies
- H10H20/822—Materials of the light-emitting regions
- H10H20/824—Materials of the light-emitting regions comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaP
- H10H20/825—Materials of the light-emitting regions comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaP containing nitrogen, e.g. GaN
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
- H10H20/83—Electrodes
- H10H20/832—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H10H20/833—Transparent materials
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor light emitting device and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly to a semiconductor light emitting device including a bonding pad electrode and a manufacturing method thereof.
- This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-64716 filed in Japan on March 13, 2008 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-117866 filed in Japan on April 28, 2008. Is hereby incorporated by reference.
- GaN-based compound semiconductors have attracted attention as semiconductor materials for short wavelength light emitting devices.
- GaN-based compound semiconductors are thin film forming means such as metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on sapphire single crystals, various oxides and III-V group compounds. Formed by.
- MOCVD metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
- MBE molecular beam epitaxy
- a GaN-based compound semiconductor thin film has a characteristic that current diffusion in the in-plane direction of the thin film is small. Furthermore, the p-type GaN-based compound semiconductor has a characteristic that the resistivity is higher than that of the n-type GaN-based compound semiconductor. Therefore, the current spread in the in-plane direction of the p-type semiconductor layer hardly occurs when only the p-type electrode made of metal is stacked on the surface of the p-type semiconductor layer.
- Patent Document 1 In order to give the p-type electrode translucency, a conductive metal oxide such as ITO or a metal thin film of about several tens of nm as described in Patent Document 1 is used.
- a conductive metal oxide such as ITO or a metal thin film of about several tens of nm as described in Patent Document 1 is used.
- Ni and Au are stacked on a p-type semiconductor layer as a p-type electrode on the order of several tens of nanometers, respectively, and heated in an oxygen atmosphere to perform alloying treatment, thereby reducing the resistance of the p-type semiconductor layer. It has been proposed to simultaneously promote the formation of a p-type electrode having translucency and ohmic properties (see Patent Document 1).
- a translucent electrode made of a metal oxide such as ITO or an ohmic electrode made of a metal thin film of about several tens of nm is difficult to use as a bonding pad because the strength of the electrode itself is low. Therefore, it is common to arrange a bonding pad electrode having a certain thickness on the p-type electrode. However, since the pad electrode is a metal material having a certain thickness, the pad electrode is not translucent, and the light transmitted through the p-type electrode is blocked by the pad electrode. Sometimes it was not possible to take it out of the room.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent No. 2803742 JP 2006-66903 A
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor light emitting device including a pad electrode that does not peel off due to tensile stress during bonding wire bonding, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the present invention employs the following configuration.
- a substrate a laminated semiconductor layer including a light emitting layer formed on the substrate, a translucent electrode formed on an upper surface of the laminated semiconductor layer, and a junction formed on the translucent electrode
- a semiconductor light emitting device comprising a layer and a bonding pad electrode, wherein the bonding pad electrode has a laminated structure including a metal reflective layer and a bonding layer sequentially laminated from the translucent electrode side, and the metal reflective layer Is a semiconductor light emitting element made of one metal selected from the group consisting of Ag, Al, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt or an alloy containing the metal.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element according to item 1 wherein a part of the bonding pad electrode is laminated on the bonding layer, and the remaining part of the bonding pad electrode is bonded on the translucent electrode.
- the bonding layer is made of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ge, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Rh, Ir, Ni, TiN, and TaN. 4.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element according to any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the semiconductor light-emitting element is at least one selected from the group consisting of a thin film having a thickness in a range of 10 to 400 mm.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element according to item 1 wherein the light reflectance at the element emission wavelength of the bonding pad electrode is 60% or more.
- the translucent electrode is made of a translucent conductive material, and the translucent conductive material is In, Zn, Al, Ga, Ti, Bi, Mg, W, Ce, Sn. 6.
- the semiconductor light-emitting device which is a conductive oxide, zinc sulfide, or chromium sulfide containing at least one selected from the group consisting of Ni.
- the stacked semiconductor layer is stacked from the substrate side in the order of the n-type semiconductor layer, the light-emitting layer, and the p-type semiconductor layer, and a part of the p-type semiconductor layer and the light-emitting layer is removed. A part of the n-type semiconductor layer is exposed, an n-type electrode is stacked on the exposed n-type semiconductor layer, and the translucent electrode, the bonding layer, and the upper surface of the remaining portion of the p-type semiconductor layer are formed. 7.
- the semiconductor light emitting device according to any one of items 1 to 6, wherein the bonding pad electrode is laminated.
- Semiconductor light emitting including a step of forming a laminated semiconductor layer including a light emitting layer on a substrate, a step of forming a translucent electrode, a step of forming a bonding layer, and a step of forming a bonding pad electrode A method for manufacturing an element, wherein the step of forming the translucent electrode includes the step of crystallizing the translucent electrode material.
- the step of forming the bonding pad electrode includes a step of forming a metal reflective layer and a step of forming a bonding layer, and the step of forming the bonding layer after the step of forming the translucent electrode; The step of forming the metal reflective layer and the step of forming the bonding layer are performed, and the metal reflective layer is selected from the group consisting of Ag, Al, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt. 11.
- the method for producing a semiconductor light emitting device according to 10 above comprising the metal or an alloy containing the metal.
- the bonding layer is made of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ge, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Rh, Ir, Ni, TiN, and TaN.
- the method for producing a semiconductor light-emitting element according to 10 or 11 above which is a thin film having at least one selected from the group consisting of a thickness of 10 to 400 mm.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a stable semiconductor light emitting device with high light emission output. Furthermore, the present invention can provide a high-luminance semiconductor light-emitting device including a pad electrode that does not peel off due to tensile stress during bonding of bonding wires.
- the present invention has a laminated structure in which the bonding pad electrode includes a metal reflective layer and a bonding layer that are sequentially laminated from the translucent electrode side through a bonding layer, and the metal reflective layer includes Ag, Al, Ru.
- Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt a semiconductor light emitting device made of one kind of metal selected from the group consisting of Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt, or an alloy containing the metal, and more preferably, the bonding layer is made of Al, Ti, V, Cr , Mn, Co, Zn, Ge, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Rh, Ir, Ni, TiN, TaN, a semiconductor light emitting device made of at least one selected from the group consisting of Therefore, the remarkably excellent effect is obtained in the number of bonding defects and the defect rate under the high temperature and high humidity test.
- FIG. 1 is an example of a schematic cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor light emitting device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an example of a schematic plan view showing a semiconductor light emitting element according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an example of a schematic cross-sectional view showing a laminated semiconductor layer constituting the semiconductor light emitting element according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an example of a schematic cross-sectional view showing a modification of the semiconductor light emitting device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is an example of a schematic plan view showing a modification of the semiconductor light emitting device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is another example of a schematic cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor light emitting element according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an example of a schematic cross-sectional view showing a lamp including a semiconductor light emitting element according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- SYMBOLS 1 Semiconductor light emitting element, 20 ... Laminated semiconductor layer, 101 ... Substrate, 104 ... N type semiconductor layer, 105 ... Light emitting layer, 106 ... P type semiconductor layer, 107 ... Bonding pad electrode, 107a ... Metal reflective layer, 107b ... Barrier Layer 107c ... bonding layer 108 ... n-type electrode 109 ... translucent electrode 110,120 ... bonding layer
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a semiconductor light-emitting element according to the present embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of the semiconductor light-emitting element
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a laminated semiconductor layer that constitutes the semiconductor light-emitting element. is there.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a modification of the semiconductor light emitting device of this embodiment
- FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view of the semiconductor light emitting device shown in FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 6 is another example of a schematic cross-sectional view showing the semiconductor light emitting device of this embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a lamp provided with the semiconductor light emitting device of this embodiment.
- the drawings referred to in the following description are for explaining the semiconductor light emitting device and the lamp. The size, thickness, dimensions, etc. of the respective parts shown in the drawings are different from the dimensional relationships of the actual semiconductor light emitting devices. .
- the semiconductor light emitting device 1 of this embodiment includes a substrate 101, a laminated semiconductor layer 20 including a light emitting layer 105 laminated on the substrate 101, and a transparent laminated on the upper surface of the laminated semiconductor layer 20.
- the optical electrode 109, the bonding layer 110 stacked on the translucent electrode 109, and the bonding pad electrode 107 stacked on the bonding layer 110 are configured.
- the semiconductor light emitting device 1 of this embodiment is a face-up mount type light emitting device that is taken out from the side on which the bonding pad electrode 107 (reflective bonding pad electrode) having a function of reflecting light from the light emitting layer 105 is formed.
- the laminated semiconductor layer 20 is configured by laminating a plurality of semiconductor layers. More specifically, the laminated semiconductor layer 20 is configured by laminating an n-type semiconductor layer 104, a light emitting layer 105, and a p-type semiconductor layer 106 in this order from the substrate side. Part of the p-type semiconductor layer 106 and the light emitting layer 105 is removed by means such as etching, and a part of the n-type semiconductor layer is exposed from the removed part. An n-type electrode 108 is stacked on the exposed surface 104c of the n-type semiconductor layer.
- a translucent electrode 109, a bonding layer 110, and a bonding pad electrode 107 are stacked on the upper surface 106 a of the p-type semiconductor layer 106.
- the translucent electrode 109, the bonding layer 110, and the bonding pad electrode 107 constitute a p-type electrode 111.
- the semiconductor light emitting device 1 of this embodiment light is emitted from the light emitting layer 105 by passing a current between the p-type electrode 111 and the n-type electrode 108. Further, part of the light emitted from the light-emitting layer 105 is transmitted through the translucent electrode 109 and the bonding layer 110, reflected by the bonding pad electrode 107 at the interface between the bonding layer 110 and the bonding pad electrode 107, and stacked again. It is introduced into the semiconductor layer 20. Then, the light reintroduced into the laminated semiconductor layer 20 is further transmitted and reflected, and then extracted outside the semiconductor light emitting element 1 from a location other than the bonding pad electrode 107 formation region.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 104, the light emitting layer 105, and the p-type semiconductor layer 106 are preferably composed mainly of compound semiconductors, preferably composed mainly of group III nitride semiconductors, and more preferably composed mainly of gallium nitride. preferable.
- the translucent electrode 109 laminated on the p-type semiconductor layer 106 preferably has a small contact resistance with the p-type semiconductor layer 106.
- the light-transmitting electrode 109 is preferably excellent in light transmittance.
- the translucent electrode 109 in order to uniformly diffuse the current over the entire surface of the p-type semiconductor layer 106, the translucent electrode 109 preferably has excellent conductivity.
- the constituent material of the translucent electrode 109 is a conductive oxide, sulfide, including any one of In, Zn, Al, Ga, Ti, Bi, Mg, W, Ce, Sn, and Ni.
- a translucent conductive material selected from the group consisting of either zinc or chromium sulfide is preferred.
- ITO indium tin oxide (In 2 O 3 —SnO 2 )
- IZO indium zinc oxide (In 2 O 3 —ZnO)
- AZO aluminum zinc oxide (ZnO—Al 2 O 3 )
- GZO gallium zinc oxide (ZnO—Ga 2 O 3 )
- fluorine-doped tin oxide, titanium oxide and the like are preferable.
- the structure of the translucent electrode 109 can be used without any limitation including a conventionally known structure.
- the translucent electrode 109 may be formed so as to cover almost the entire upper surface 106a of the p-type semiconductor layer 106, or may be formed in a lattice shape or a tree shape with a gap. After forming the translucent electrode 109, thermal annealing may be performed for the purpose of alloying or transparency, but it may not be performed.
- the translucent electrode 109 may be a crystallized structure, and in particular, a translucent electrode including an In 2 O 3 crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure or a bixbite structure (for example, ITO, IZO, etc.) can be preferably used.
- a translucent electrode including an In 2 O 3 crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure or a bixbite structure for example, ITO, IZO, etc.
- ITO, IZO, etc. a bixbite structure
- IZO containing In 2 O 3 crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure it can be processed into a specific shape using an amorphous IZO film having excellent etching properties, and then heat treatment is performed.
- an electrode having a light-transmitting property better than that of an amorphous IZO film By transferring from an amorphous state to a structure including the crystal by, for example, an electrode having a light-transmitting property better than that of an amorphous IZO film.
- the ZnO concentration in IZO is preferably 1 to 20% by mass, and more preferably 5 to 15% by mass. 10% by mass is particularly preferable.
- the film thickness of the IZO film is preferably in the range of 35 nm to 10000 nm (10 ⁇ m) at which low specific resistance and high light transmittance can be obtained. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of production cost, the thickness of the IZO film is preferably 1000 nm (1 ⁇ m) or less.
- the patterning of the IZO film is preferably performed before the heat treatment process described later.
- the amorphous IZO film becomes a crystallized IZO film, which makes etching difficult compared to the amorphous IZO film.
- the IZO film before heat treatment is in an amorphous state, it can be easily and accurately etched using a known etching solution (ITO-07N etching solution (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.)).
- the amorphous IZO film may be etched using a dry etching apparatus. At this time, Cl 2 , SiCl 4 , BCl 3 or the like can be used as an etching gas.
- IZO film in an amorphous state for example, and was heat-treated in 500 ° C. ⁇ 1000 ° C., comprising an IZO film and that includes In 2 O 3 crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure for controlling the condition, an In 2 O 3 crystal bixbyite structure
- An IZO film can be formed. Since an IZO film containing an In 2 O 3 crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure is difficult to etch as described above, it is preferable to perform a heat treatment after the above-described etching treatment.
- the heat treatment of the IZO film is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing no O 2, as the atmosphere containing no O 2, or an inert gas atmosphere such as N 2 atmosphere, or an inert gas and H, such as N 2 2 mixed gas atmospheres, and the like, and it is desirable to use an N 2 atmosphere or a mixed gas atmosphere of N 2 and H 2 .
- an inert gas atmosphere such as N 2 atmosphere, or an inert gas and H, such as N 2 2 2 mixed gas atmospheres, and the like
- N 2 atmosphere or a mixed gas atmosphere of N 2 and H 2 When the heat treatment of the IZO film is performed in an N 2 atmosphere or a mixed gas atmosphere of N 2 and H 2 , for example, the IZO film is crystallized into a film containing an In 2 O 3 crystal having a hexagonal structure, and the IZO film It is possible to effectively reduce the sheet resistance.
- the temperature when the IZO film is heat-treated is preferably 500 ° C. to 1000 ° C.
- the IZO film may not be sufficiently crystallized, and the light transmittance of the IZO film may not be sufficiently high.
- the IZO film is crystallized, but the light transmittance of the IZO film may not be sufficiently high.
- the semiconductor layer under the IZO film may be deteriorated.
- the crystal structure in the IZO film differs depending on the film formation conditions, the heat treatment conditions, and the like.
- the translucent electrode is not limited to a material, but a crystalline material is preferable.
- Inx having a bixbite crystal structure is preferable.
- may be IZO containing 2 O 3 crystals may be IZO containing in 2 O 3 crystals having a hexagonal crystal structure.
- IZO containing In 2 O 3 crystal having a hexagonal structure is preferable.
- an IZO film crystallized by heat treatment is very effective in the present invention because it has better adhesion to the bonding layer 110 and the p-type semiconductor layer 106 than an amorphous IZO film.
- the bonding layer 110 is laminated between the translucent electrode 109 and the bonding pad electrode 107 in order to increase the bonding strength of the bonding pad electrode 107 to the translucent electrode 109.
- the bonding layer 110 preferably has a light-transmitting property so that the light from the light-emitting layer 105 that is transmitted through the light-transmitting electrode 109 and irradiated onto the bonding pad electrode 107 is transmitted without loss.
- the joining layer 110 is made of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ge, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Rh. , Ir, Ni, TiN, TaN, and is preferably a thin film having a thickness in the range of 10 to 400 mm.
- the bonding layer 110 in the present invention is made of at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Co, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W, Rh, Ir, Ni, TiN, and TaN. It is preferable to use at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Co, Nb, Mo, Ta, W, Rh, Ni, TiN, and TaN.
- the bonding strength of the bonding pad electrode 107 to the translucent electrode 109 can be significantly increased.
- the thickness is set to 400 mm or less, preferably 10 to 400 mm, light from the light-emitting layer 105 can be effectively transmitted without being blocked. Note that if the thickness is less than 10 mm, the strength of the bonding layer 110 is lowered, which is not preferable because the bonding strength of the bonding pad electrode 107 to the translucent electrode 109 is lowered.
- the bonding strength of the bonding layer 110 using Ti, Cr, Co, or Ni is particularly high.
- the bonding layer 110 having such a strong bonding force may be stacked in a dot shape instead of a solid film shape.
- the metal reflective layer 107a and the translucent electrode 109 are in direct contact with each other, so that light from the light emitting layer 105 is reflected by the metal reflective layer 107a without passing through the bonding layer 110.
- the diameter of the dot is several tens nm to several hundreds nm.
- migration is generated and the material of the bonding layer 110 is aggregated by increasing the growth temperature of the bonding layer 110. Thereby, a dot can be formed.
- the bonding pad electrodes 107 are laminated on the bonding layer 110.
- the bonding pad electrodes 107 are peeled off due to tensile stress during wire bonding, In many cases, the electrode 107 peels off from the outer periphery. Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, it is preferable that a part of the bonding pad electrode 107 is laminated on the bonding layer 210, and the remaining part of the bonding pad electrode 107 is bonded on the translucent electrode 109. That is, the annular bonding layer 210 may be formed between the translucent electrode 109 and the bonding pad electrode 107 and at a position overlapping the outer peripheral portion 107 d of the bonding pad electrode 107.
- the translucent electrode 109 and the bonding pad electrode 107 are in direct contact with each other at the central portion 107e (remaining portion) excluding the outer peripheral portion 107d (part). Thereby, while ensuring the bonding strength between the translucent electrode 109 and the bonding pad electrode 107, the resistance between the translucent electrode 109 and the bonding pad electrode 107 can be lowered, and the light emission efficiency is increased. .
- the bonding pad electrode 107 is preferably one that reflects light from the light emitting layer and has excellent adhesion to the bonding wire. Therefore, for example, the bonding pad electrode 107 has a laminated structure, and includes a metal reflective layer 107a made of an alloy containing any one of Ag, Al, and Pt group elements or any of these metals, and a bonding layer 107c. Is preferably included. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 4, the bonding pad electrode 107 is a laminate in which a metal reflective layer 107a, a barrier layer 107b, and a bonding layer 107c are sequentially laminated in this order from the translucent electrode 109 side. It preferably consists of a body. The bonding pad electrode 107 may have a single-layer structure including only the metal reflection layer 107a, or may have a two-layer structure including the metal reflection layer 107a and the bonding layer 107c.
- the metal reflective layer 107a shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 4 is preferably made of a highly reflective metal, such as platinum group metals such as Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt, Al, Ag, and these metals. More preferably, it is made of an alloy containing at least one kind. Among these, Al, Ag, Pt, and alloys containing at least one of these metals are common as electrode materials, and are excellent in terms of easy availability and handling. Further, when the metal reflective layer 107a is formed of a metal having a high reflectance, it is desirable that the thickness is 20 to 3000 nm. If the metal reflection layer 107a is too thin, a sufficient reflection effect cannot be obtained.
- a highly reflective metal such as platinum group metals such as Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt
- Al, Ag, and these metals More preferably, it is made of an alloy containing at least one kind. Among these, Al, Ag, Pt, and alloys containing at least one
- a more desirable thickness is 50 to 1000 nm, and a most desirable thickness is 100 to 500 nm.
- the metal reflective layer 107a is in close contact with the bonding layer 110 in that the light from the light emitting layer 105 can be efficiently reflected and the bonding strength of the bonding pad electrode 107 can be increased. For this reason, in order for the bonding pad electrode 107 to obtain sufficient strength, the metal reflective layer 107 a needs to be firmly bonded to the translucent electrode 109 via the bonding layer 110.
- a strength that does not cause peeling in the step of connecting the gold wire to the bonding pad by a general method is preferable.
- Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt and alloys containing at least one of these metals are preferably used as the metal reflective layer 107a from the viewpoint of light reflectivity.
- the reflectance of the bonding pad electrode 107 varies greatly depending on the constituent material of the metal reflective layer 107a, but is preferably 60% or more. Further, it is preferably 80% or more, and more preferably 90% or more. The reflectance can be measured relatively easily with a spectrophotometer or the like. However, since the bonding pad electrode 107 itself has a small area, it is difficult to measure the reflectance. As a method of measuring the reflectance, a transparent “dummy substrate” made of glass, for example, having a large area is placed in the chamber when forming the bonding pad electrode, and the same bonding pad electrode is simultaneously formed on the dummy substrate and measured. A method is mentioned.
- the bonding pad electrode 107 can be made of only the above-described metal having high reflectivity. That is, the bonding pad electrode 107 may be composed only of the metal reflection layer 107a. However, various structures using various materials are known as the bonding pad electrode 107, and the above-described metal reflective layer 107a is newly provided on the semiconductor layer side (translucent electrode side) of these known materials. Alternatively, the lowermost layer on the semiconductor layer side of these known ones may be replaced with the above-described metal reflection layer 107a.
- any structure can be used for the laminated structure portion above the metal reflective layer 107a without any particular limitation.
- the layer formed on the metal reflective layer 107 a of the bonding pad electrode 107 has a role of enhancing the strength of the bonding pad electrode 107 as a whole. For this reason, it is necessary to use a relatively strong metal material or to sufficiently increase the film thickness. Desirable materials are Ti, Cr or Al. Among these, Ti is desirable in terms of material strength. When such a function is given, this layer is referred to as a barrier layer 107b.
- the barrier layer 107b may also serve as the metal reflective layer 107a.
- a thick metal material having good reflectivity and mechanically strong is formed, it is not necessary to form a barrier layer.
- the barrier layer 107b is not necessarily required.
- the thickness of the barrier layer 107b is desirably 20 to 3000 nm. If the barrier layer 107b is too thin, a sufficient strength enhancement effect cannot be obtained, and if it is too thick, no particular advantage is produced and only an increase in cost is caused. More desirably, the thickness is 50 to 1000 nm, and most desirably 100 to 500 nm.
- the bonding layer 107c which is the uppermost layer of the bonding pad electrode 107 (on the side opposite to the metal reflective layer 107a), is desirably made of a material having good adhesion to the bonding balls.
- Gold is often used for the bonding balls, and Au and Al are known as metals having good adhesion to the gold balls. Of these, gold is particularly desirable.
- the thickness of the uppermost layer is preferably 50 to 2000 nm, and more preferably 100 to 1500 nm. If it is too thin, the adhesion to the bonding ball will be poor, and if it is too thick, no particular advantage will be produced, and only the cost will increase.
- the light directed toward the bonding pad electrode 107 is reflected by the metal reflective layer 107a on the lowermost surface (translucent electrode side surface) of the bonding pad electrode 107, and part of the light is scattered and travels in the lateral direction or the oblique direction.
- the portion proceeds directly below the bonding pad electrode 107.
- the light that is scattered and travels in the lateral direction or the oblique direction is extracted from the side surface of the semiconductor light emitting element 1 to the outside.
- the light traveling in the direction immediately below the bonding pad electrode 107 is further scattered or reflected on the lower surface of the semiconductor light emitting element 1 and is externally transmitted through the side surface or the translucent electrode 109 (the portion where the bonding pad electrode does not exist). Is taken out.
- the bonding pad electrode 107 can be formed anywhere as long as it is on the translucent electrode 109. For example, it may be formed at a position farthest from the n-type electrode 108 or may be formed at the center of the semiconductor light emitting device 1. However, if it is formed too close to the n-type electrode 108, a short circuit between the wires and between the balls occurs during bonding, which is not preferable. Further, as the electrode area of the bonding pad electrode 107 is as large as possible, it is easy to perform the bonding operation, but it prevents the emission of light emission. For example, covering an area that exceeds half the area of the chip surface hinders the extraction of light emission, and the output is significantly reduced.
- the bonding work becomes difficult and the yield of the product is lowered.
- it is preferably slightly larger than the diameter of the bonding ball, and generally has a circular shape with a diameter of 100 ⁇ m.
- the metal elements such as the bonding layer, the metal reflection layer, and the barrier layer, the same metal element may be incorporated, or a combination of different metal elements may be used.
- the substrate 101 of the semiconductor light emitting device of the present embodiment is not particularly limited as long as a group III nitride semiconductor crystal is epitaxially grown on the surface, and various substrates can be selected and used.
- a substrate made of lanthanum strontium oxide aluminum tantalum, strontium titanium oxide, titanium oxide, hafnium, tungsten, molybdenum, or the like can be used.
- the intermediate layer 102 (buffer layer) is preferably formed on the c-plane of sapphire.
- an oxide substrate or a metal substrate that is known to cause chemical modification by contact with ammonia at a high temperature can be used, and the intermediate layer 102 can be formed without using ammonia.
- the intermediate layer 102 In the method using ammonia, when the base layer 103 is formed to form the n-type semiconductor layer 104 described later, the intermediate layer 102 also functions as a coat layer. These methods are effective in preventing chemical alteration of the substrate 101. Further, when the intermediate layer 102 is formed by a sputtering method, the temperature of the substrate 101 can be kept low. Therefore, even when the substrate 101 made of a material that decomposes at a high temperature is used, the substrate 101 is damaged. Each layer can be formed on the substrate without giving.
- a stacked semiconductor layer refers to a semiconductor layer having a stacked structure including a light-emitting layer formed over a substrate.
- the laminated semiconductor layer is a laminated semiconductor made of a group III nitride semiconductor, and an n-type semiconductor layer on the substrate.
- the light emitting layer 105, and the p-type semiconductor layer 106 are laminated in this order.
- the laminated semiconductor layer 20 may be further referred to as including the base layer 103 and the intermediate layer 102.
- the stacked semiconductor layer 20 is formed by the MOCVD method, a layer having good crystallinity can be obtained.
- a semiconductor layer having crystallinity superior to the MOCVD method can be formed.
- Buffer layer 102 is preferably made of polycrystalline Al x Ga 1-x N ( 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) , and more preferably those of the single crystal Al x Ga 1-x N ( 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) .
- the buffer layer 102 can be, for example, made of polycrystalline Al x Ga 1-x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) and having a thickness of 0.01 to 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the buffer layer 102 is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, the buffer layer 102 may not sufficiently obtain an effect of reducing the difference in lattice constant between the substrate 101 and the base layer 103.
- the thickness of the buffer layer 102 exceeds 0.5 ⁇ m, although the function as the buffer layer 102 is not changed, the film formation processing time of the buffer layer 102 becomes long, and the productivity may be reduced. There is.
- the buffer layer 102 has a function of relaxing a difference in lattice constant between the substrate 101 and the base layer 103 and facilitating formation of a C-axis oriented single crystal layer on the (0001) C plane of the substrate 101. Therefore, when the single crystal base layer 103 is stacked over the buffer layer 102, the base layer 103 with higher crystallinity can be stacked. In the present invention, it is preferable to perform the buffer layer forming step, but it may not be performed.
- the buffer layer 102 may have a hexagonal crystal structure made of a group III nitride semiconductor. Further, the group III nitride semiconductor crystals forming the buffer layer 102 may have a single crystal structure, and those having a single crystal structure are preferably used. By controlling the growth conditions, the group III nitride semiconductor crystal grows not only in the upward direction but also in the in-plane direction to form a single crystal structure. Therefore, by controlling the film formation conditions of the buffer layer 102, the buffer layer 102 made of a crystal of a group III nitride semiconductor having a single crystal structure can be obtained.
- the buffer function of the buffer layer 102 works effectively, so that the group III nitride semiconductor formed thereon has a good orientation. It becomes a crystal film having the property and crystallinity.
- the group III nitride semiconductor crystal forming the buffer layer 102 can be formed into a columnar crystal (polycrystal) having a texture based on a hexagonal column by controlling the film forming conditions.
- the columnar crystal consisting of the texture here is a crystal that is separated by forming a crystal grain boundary between adjacent crystal grains, and is itself a columnar shape as a longitudinal sectional shape.
- the film thickness of the underlayer 103 is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, and most preferably 1 ⁇ m or more. An AlxGa 1-x N layer with good crystallinity is more easily obtained when the thickness is increased.
- the underlayer 103 is not doped with impurities. However, when p-type or n-type conductivity is required, acceptor impurities or donor impurities can be added.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 104 is generally preferably composed of an n-contact layer 104a and an n-cladding layer 104b.
- the n contact layer 104a can also serve as the n clad layer 104b.
- the above-described base layer may be included in the n-type semiconductor layer 104.
- the n contact layer 104a is a layer for providing an n-type electrode.
- the n contact layer 104a is preferably composed of an Al x Ga 1-x N layer (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, more preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.1).
- n-type impurity is doped into the n-contact layer 104a, an n-type impurity 1 ⁇ 10 17 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 20 / cm 3, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 19 / cm If it contains in the density
- an n-type impurity For example, Si, Ge, Sn, etc. are mentioned, Preferably Si and Ge are mentioned.
- the film thickness of the n contact layer 104a is preferably 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m, and more preferably set to a range of 1 to 3 ⁇ m. When the film thickness of the n-contact layer 104a is in the above range, the semiconductor crystallinity is maintained well.
- the n-clad layer 104b is a layer that injects carriers into the light emitting layer 105 and confines carriers.
- the n-clad layer 104b can be formed of AlGaN, GaN, GaInN, or the like. Alternatively, a heterojunction of these structures or a superlattice structure in which a plurality of layers are stacked may be used. Needless to say, when the n-cladding layer 104b is formed of GaInN, it is desirable to make it larger than the band gap of GaInN of the light emitting layer 105.
- the film thickness of the n-clad layer 104b is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.005 to 0.5 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.005 to 0.1 ⁇ m.
- the n-type doping concentration of the n-clad layer 104b is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 to 1 ⁇ 10 20 / cm 3 , more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 to 1 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 . A doping concentration within this range is preferable in terms of maintaining good crystallinity and reducing the operating voltage of the device.
- n-cladding layer 104b is a layer including a superlattice structure, although not shown in detail, an n-side first layer made of a group III nitride semiconductor having a thickness of 100 angstroms or less and A structure in which an n-side second layer made of a group III nitride semiconductor having a composition different from that of the n-side first layer and having a film thickness of 100 angstroms or less is stacked may be included.
- the n-clad layer 104b may include a structure in which n-side first layers and n-side second layers are alternately and repeatedly stacked. Preferably, either the n-side first layer or the n-side second layer is in contact with the active layer (light-emitting layer 105).
- the n-side first layer and the n-side second layer as described above include, for example, AlGaN-based Al (sometimes simply referred to as AlGaN), GaInN-based (including simply InGaN), and In.
- the composition can be GaN.
- the n-side first layer and the n-side second layer are composed of an alternate structure of GaInN / GaN, an alternate structure of AlGaN / GaN, an alternate structure of GaInN / AlGaN, and an alternate structure of GaInN / GaInN having different compositions (“The description of “differing composition” means that each elemental composition ratio is different, and the same applies hereinafter), and may be an AlGaN / AlGaN alternating structure having a different composition.
- the n-side first layer and the n-side second layer are preferably GaInN / GaInN having different GaInN / GaN structures or different compositions.
- the superlattice layers of the n-side first layer and the n-side second layer are each preferably 60 angstroms or less, more preferably 40 angstroms or less, and each in the range of 10 angstroms to 40 angstroms. Most preferred. If the film thickness of the n-side first layer and the n-side second layer forming the superlattice layer is more than 100 angstroms, crystal defects are likely to occur, which is not preferable.
- the n-side first layer and the n-side second layer may each have a doped structure, or a combination of a doped structure and an undoped structure.
- the impurity to be doped conventionally known impurities can be applied to the material composition without any limitation.
- Si is suitable as an impurity.
- the n-side superlattice multilayer film as described above may be manufactured while doping is appropriately turned ON / OFF, even if the composition represented by GaInN, AlGaN, or GaN is the same.
- the light emitting layer 105 stacked on the n-type semiconductor layer 104 there is a light emitting layer 105 having a single quantum well structure or a multiple quantum well structure.
- a well layer 105b having a quantum well structure as shown in FIG. 4 a group III nitride semiconductor layer made of Ga 1-y In y N (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4) is usually used.
- the film thickness of the well layer 105b can be set to a film thickness that can provide a quantum effect, for example, 1 to 10 nm, and preferably 2 to 6 nm in terms of light emission output.
- the Ga 1-y In y N is used as the well layer 105b, and Al z Ga 1-z N (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0) having a larger band gap energy than the well layer 105b. .3) is defined as a barrier layer 105a.
- the well layer 105b and the barrier layer 105a may or may not be doped with impurities by design.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 106 is generally composed of a p-cladding layer 106a and a p-contact layer 106b.
- the p contact layer 106b can also serve as the p clad layer 106a.
- the p-cladding layer 106a is a layer for confining carriers in the light emitting layer 105 and injecting carriers.
- the p-cladding layer 106a is not particularly limited as long as it has a composition larger than the band gap energy of the light-emitting layer 105 and can confine carriers in the light-emitting layer 105, but is preferably Al x Ga 1-x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.4).
- the p-clad layer 106a is made of such AlGaN, it is preferable in terms of confining carriers in the light-emitting layer.
- the thickness of the p-clad layer 106a is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 400 nm, more preferably 5 to 100 nm.
- the p-type doping concentration of the p-clad layer 106a is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 to 1 ⁇ 10 21 / cm 3 , more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 to 1 ⁇ 10 20 / cm 3 .
- the p-clad layer 106a may have a superlattice structure in which a plurality of layers are stacked.
- the p-cladding layer 106a is a layer including a superlattice structure
- a detailed illustration is omitted, but a p-side first layer made of a group III nitride semiconductor having a thickness of 100 angstroms or less and A structure in which a p-side second layer made of a group III nitride semiconductor having a composition different from that of the p-side first layer and having a film thickness of 100 angstroms or less is stacked may be included. Further, it may include a structure in which p-side first layers and p-side second layers are alternately and repeatedly stacked.
- the p-side first layer and the p-side second layer as described above may have different compositions, for example, any composition of AlGaN, GaInN, or GaN, or an GaInN / GaN alternating structure, AlGaN.
- An alternating structure of / GaN or an alternating structure of GaInN / AlGaN may be used.
- the p-side first layer and the p-side second layer preferably have an AlGaN / AlGaN or AlGaN / GaN alternating structure.
- the superlattice layers of the p-side first layer and the p-side second layer are each preferably 60 angstroms or less, more preferably 40 angstroms or less, and each in the range of 10 angstroms to 40 angstroms. Is most preferred. If the thickness of the p-side first layer and the p-side second layer forming the superlattice layer exceeds 100 angstroms, it becomes a layer containing many crystal defects and the like, which is not preferable.
- the p-side first layer and the p-side second layer may each have a doped structure, or a combination of a doped structure and an undoped structure.
- the impurity to be doped conventionally known impurities can be applied to the material composition without any limitation.
- Mg is suitable as an impurity.
- the p-side superlattice multilayer film as described above may be manufactured while doping is appropriately turned on and off even if the composition represented by GaInN, AlGaN, and GaN is the same.
- the p contact layer 106b is a layer for providing a positive electrode.
- the p contact layer 106b is preferably Al x Ga 1-x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.4).
- Al composition is in the above range, it is preferable in terms of maintaining good crystallinity and good ohmic contact with the p ohmic electrode.
- a p-type impurity (dopant) is contained at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 to 1 ⁇ 10 21 / cm 3 , preferably 5 ⁇ 10 19 to 5 ⁇ 10 20 / cm 3 , good ohmic contact can be obtained. It is preferable in terms of maintenance, prevention of crack generation, and good crystallinity.
- the thickness of the p contact layer 106b is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 to 0.5 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.05 to 0.2 ⁇ m. When the film thickness of the p-contact layer 106b is within this range, it is preferable in terms of light emission output.
- the n-type electrode 108 also serves as a bonding pad, and is formed so as to be in contact with the n-type semiconductor layer 104 of the laminated semiconductor layer 20. For this reason, when forming the n-type electrode 108, the light emitting layer 105 and the p semiconductor layer 106 are partially removed to expose the n-contact layer of the n-type semiconductor layer 104, and the bonding pad is formed on the exposed surface 104c. An n-type electrode 108 is also formed. As the n-type electrode 108, various compositions and structures are known, and these known compositions and structures can be used without any limitation, and can be provided by conventional means well known in this technical field.
- an n-type electrode bonding layer 120 may be laminated between the n-type electrode 108 and the n-type semiconductor layer 104. Similar to the bonding layer 110 of the bonding pad electrode 107, the bonding layer 120 is made of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ge, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Hf, Ta, W, Re, A metal film made of at least one selected from the group consisting of Rh, Ir, Ni, TiN, and TaN is desirable. Although the thickness is not particularly limited, like the bonding layer 110, it is desirable that the thickness is 1000 mm or less, preferably 500 mm or less, more desirably 10 to 400 mm.
- the bonding layer 120 is made of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Co, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W, Rh, Ir, Ni, TiN, and TaN.
- those composed of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Co, Nb, Mo, Ta, W, Rh, Ni, TiN, and TaN are most preferable.
- the bonding strength of the n-type electrode 108 to the n-type semiconductor layer 104 can be remarkably increased.
- any one of conductive oxide, zinc sulfide, and chromium sulfide including any one of In, Zn, Al, Ga, Ti, Bi, Mg, W, Ce, Sn, and Ni is used as the bonding layer 120.
- a translucent conductive material selected from the group consisting of can also be used.
- ITO indium tin oxide (In 2 O 3 —SnO 2 )
- IZO indium zinc oxide (In 2 O 3 —ZnO)
- AZO zinc aluminum oxide (ZnO—Al 2 O)) 3
- GZO gallium zinc oxide (ZnO—Ga 2 O 3 )
- fluorine-doped tin oxide, titanium oxide and the like are preferable.
- These materials can be used as the bonding layer 120 by providing them by conventional means well known in this technical field.
- a crystallized structure may be used as in the case of the translucent electrode 109.
- an Indium having a hexagonal structure or a bixbite structure may be used.
- a translucent electrode (for example, ITO or IZO) containing 2 O 3 crystal can be preferably used.
- IZO containing In 2 O 3 crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure is used as the bonding layer 120, it can be processed into a specific shape by using an amorphous IZO film having excellent etching properties, and then subjected to heat treatment or the like. By transferring from an amorphous state to a structure including the crystal, the layer can be processed into a layer having higher conductivity than an amorphous IZO film.
- the ZnO concentration in IZO is preferably 1 to 20% by mass, and more preferably 5 to 15% by mass. 10% by mass is particularly preferable.
- the film thickness of the IZO film is preferably in the range of 35 nm to 10000 nm (10 ⁇ m) at which low specific resistance and high light transmittance can be obtained. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of production cost, the thickness of the IZO film is preferably 1000 nm (1 ⁇ m) or less.
- the patterning of the IZO film may be performed similarly to the case of the translucent electrode 109.
- an amorphous IZO film is subjected to, for example, a heat treatment at 500 ° C. to 1000 ° C., and the conditions are controlled to control an IZO film including a hexagonal In 2 O 3 crystal or a bixbite In 2 O 3 crystal.
- the IZO film containing can be made. Since an IZO film containing an In 2 O 3 crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure is difficult to etch as described above, it is preferable to perform a heat treatment after the above-described etching treatment. The heat treatment of the IZO film may be performed similarly to the case of the light-transmitting electrode 109.
- a layer made of the above-described light-transmitting conductive material Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ge, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Hf, Ta, W , Re, Rh, Ir, Ni, TiN, TaN, or a laminated structure with at least one metal film selected from the group consisting of TaN and TaN may be employed.
- a layer made of a light-transmitting conductive material and a metal film or a thin film such as Cr may be sequentially stacked on the n-type semiconductor layer 104.
- the bonding strength between the n-type electrode 108 and the n-type semiconductor layer 104 can be significantly increased.
- the n-type electrode 108 preferably has a laminated structure including at least a metal reflective layer made of an alloy containing any one of Ag, Al, and Pt group elements or any of these metals and a bonding layer. More specifically, it is preferably made of a laminate in which a metal reflective layer, a barrier layer, and a bonding layer are sequentially laminated in order from the n-type semiconductor layer 104 side. Further, the n-type electrode 108 may have a single-layer structure including only a metal reflection layer, or may have a two-layer structure including a metal reflection layer and a bonding layer.
- a substrate 101 such as a sapphire substrate is prepared.
- the buffer layer 102 is stacked on the upper surface of the substrate 101.
- the buffer layer 102 is formed over the substrate 101, it is desirable to form the buffer layer 102 after pretreatment of the substrate 101.
- the pretreatment include a method in which the substrate 101 is disposed in a chamber of a sputtering apparatus and sputtering is performed before the buffer layer 102 is formed.
- pretreatment for cleaning the upper surface may be performed in the chamber by exposing the substrate 101 to plasma of Ar or N2. By causing plasma such as Ar gas or N 2 gas to act on the substrate 101, organic substances and oxides attached to the upper surface of the substrate 101 can be removed.
- a buffer layer 102 is formed on the substrate 101 by sputtering.
- the ratio of the nitrogen flow rate to the flow rate of the nitrogen source material and the inert gas in the chamber is 50% to 100%, preferably 75%. It is desirable to do so.
- the buffer layer 102 having columnar crystals (polycrystal) is formed by sputtering, the ratio of the nitrogen flow rate to the nitrogen source flow rate in the chamber to the flow rate of the inert gas is preferably 1% to 50% for the nitrogen source. It is desirable to be 25%.
- the buffer layer 102 can be formed not only by the sputtering method described above but also by the MOCVD method.
- a single crystal base layer 103 is formed over the top surface of the substrate 101 over which the buffer layer 102 is formed.
- the base layer 103 is preferably formed using a sputtering method.
- the apparatus can have a simple configuration as compared with the MOCVD method, the MBE method, or the like.
- a reactive sputtering method in which a group V material such as nitrogen is circulated in the reactor.
- the higher the purity of the target material the better the film quality such as crystallinity of the thin film after film formation.
- the underlayer 103 is formed by sputtering, it is possible to use a group III nitride semiconductor as a target material as a raw material and perform sputtering by plasma of an inert gas such as Ar gas.
- the group III metal alone and the mixture thereof used as the target material in can be highly purified as compared with the group III nitride semiconductor. For this reason, in the reactive sputtering method, the crystallinity of the underlying layer 103 to be formed can be further improved.
- the temperature of the substrate 101 when the base layer 103 is formed is preferably 800 ° C. or higher, more preferably 900 ° C. or higher, and 1000 ° C. or higher. Most preferably. This is because by increasing the temperature of the substrate 101 when forming the base layer 103, atom migration easily occurs and dislocation looping easily proceeds.
- the temperature of the substrate 101 when the base layer 103 is formed needs to be lower than the temperature at which the crystal is decomposed, and is preferably less than 1200 ° C. If the temperature of the substrate 101 when forming the base layer 103 is within the above temperature range, the base layer 103 with good crystallinity can be obtained.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 104 is formed by laminating the n-contact layer 104a and the n-cladding layer 104b.
- the n contact layer 104a and the n clad layer 104b may be formed by sputtering or MOCVD.
- the light emitting layer 105 can be formed by either sputtering or MOCVD, but MOCVD is particularly preferable.
- the barrier layers 105a and the well layers 105b are alternately and repeatedly stacked, and the barrier layers 105a may be stacked in the order in which the barrier layers 105a are disposed on the n-type semiconductor layer 104 side and the p-type semiconductor layer 106 side.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 106 may be formed by either sputtering or MOCVD.
- the p-cladding layer 106a and the p-contact layer 106b may be sequentially stacked.
- a translucent electrode is stacked on the p-type semiconductor layer 106, and the translucent electrode other than a predetermined region is removed by, for example, a generally known photolithography technique.
- patterning is performed by photolithography, for example, and a part of the laminated semiconductor layer in a predetermined region is etched to expose a part of the n contact layer 104a, and the n-type electrode is formed on the exposed surface 104c of the n contact layer 104a.
- the bonding layer 110 is formed on the translucent electrode 109, and then the metal reflection layer 107a, the barrier layer 107b, and the bonding layer 107c are sequentially stacked to form the bonding pad electrode 107.
- the bonding layer 110 can be formed by, for example, a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method.
- a pretreatment for forming the bonding layer 110 the surface of the light-transmitting electrode in the region where the bonding layer is formed may be washed.
- a cleaning method there are a dry process that is exposed to plasma or the like and a wet process that is brought into contact with a chemical solution. The dry process is desirable from the viewpoint of simplicity of the process. In this way, the semiconductor light emitting device 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 is manufactured.
- the bonding layer 120 is formed between the n-type electrode 108 and the n-type semiconductor layer 104, the bonding layer 120 for the n-electrode 108 is formed at the same time as the light-transmitting electrode 109 and the bonding layer 110 are formed. Then, the n-type electrode 108 may be formed at the same time as the bonding pad electrode 107 is formed.
- the bonding layer 110 is laminated between the translucent electrode 109 and the bonding pad electrode 107, the bonding strength of the bonding pad electrode 107 to the translucent electrode 109 is increased. Can be increased. Accordingly, even when a bonding wire or the like is bonded to the reflective bonding pad electrode 107, the reflective bonding pad electrode 107 can be prevented from being peeled off due to a tensile stress during bonding wire bonding. In addition, since the bonding layer 110 can transmit light from the light emitting layer 105, the light from the light emitting layer 105 can be efficiently reflected by the bonding pad electrode 107 without being blocked by the bonding layer 110. Can do.
- the bonding layer 110 is made of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ge, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Rh, Ir, Ni, TiN, or TaN.
- a thin film made of at least one selected from the group and having a thickness in the range of 10 to 400 mm the bonding strength of the bonding pad electrode 107 can be increased and the light-transmitting property can be secured.
- Ti, Cr, Co, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W, Rh, Ir, Ni, TiN, and TaN are desirable, and Ti, Cr, Co, Nb, Mo, Ta, W, Rh, and Ni are preferable.
- TiN and TaN are the most desirable.
- the light transmittance and the adhesive strength of the bonding layer depend on the film thickness. The thinner the film thickness, the more desirable, and the larger the film thickness, the more desirable the adhesive strength.
- the bonding pad electrode 107 has a laminated structure, and includes at least a metal reflective layer 107a made of Ag, Al, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, and the like, and a bonding layer 107c.
- the metal reflection layer 107a is preferably Ag, Al, Rh, or Pt.
- the metal reflection layer 107a is disposed on the translucent electrode 109 side. Metals such as Ag and Al have a slightly low bonding strength to the translucent electrode 109 and may not be able to withstand the tensile stress particularly during wire bonding.
- the bonding layer 110 made of Cr or the like and having a thickness of 10 to 400 mm is laminated between the translucent electrode 109 and the metal reflective layer 107a, thereby forming the translucent electrode 109 and the metal reflective layer 107a.
- Bonding strength can be increased.
- the material generally called ITO or IZO used for the translucent electrode 109 has a slightly lower bonding strength than the metal reflective layer 107a made of a metal such as Ag or Al, the bonding layer 110 is used as the translucent electrode 109.
- the metal reflective layer 107a the bonding strength between the translucent electrode 109 and the metal reflective layer 107a can be increased.
- the translucent electrode 109 made of an IZO film crystallized by heat treatment is very effective in the present invention because it has better adhesion to the bonding layer 110 and the p-type semiconductor layer 106 than an amorphous IZO film. is there.
- the lamp of the present embodiment is obtained by using the semiconductor light emitting device 1 of the present embodiment.
- Examples of the lamp according to the present embodiment include a combination of the semiconductor light emitting element 1 and a phosphor.
- the lamp in which the semiconductor light emitting element 1 and the phosphor are combined can have a configuration well known to those skilled in the art by means well known to those skilled in the art.
- Conventionally, a technique for changing the emission color by combining the semiconductor light emitting element 1 and a phosphor is known, and such a technique can be employed in the lamp of this embodiment without any limitation. It is.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view schematically showing an example of a lamp configured using the semiconductor light emitting device 1 described above.
- the lamp 3 shown in FIG. 7 is a shell type, and the semiconductor light emitting element 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 is used.
- the bonding pad electrode 107 of the semiconductor light emitting device 1 is bonded to one of the two frames 31 and 32 (the frame 31 in FIG. 7) with a wire 33, and the n-type electrode 108 of the light emitting device 1.
- the semiconductor light emitting element 1 is mounted by bonding (bonding pad) to the other frame 32 with a wire 34. Further, the periphery of the semiconductor light emitting element 1 is sealed with a mold 35 made of a transparent resin.
- the lamp of this embodiment uses the semiconductor light emitting element 1 described above, the lamp has excellent light emission characteristics.
- the lamp according to the present embodiment can be used for any purpose such as a bullet type for general use, a side view type for portable backlight use, and a top view type used for a display.
- Example 1 A semiconductor light emitting device made of the gallium nitride compound semiconductor shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 was manufactured.
- a base layer 103 made of undoped GaN having a thickness of 8 ⁇ m and a Si-doped n-type GaN contact layer having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m are formed on a substrate 101 made of sapphire via a buffer layer 102 made of AlN.
- a multi-quantum well structure light emitting layer 105 provided with a 10 nm thick Mg-doped p-type Al 0.07 Ga 0.93 N clad layer 106 a and a 150 nm thick Mg-doped p-type GaN contact layer 106 b were sequentially laminated.
- a translucent electrode 109 made of ITO having a thickness of 200 nm and a bonding layer 110 made of 10 ⁇ Cr were formed on the p-type GaN contact layer 106b by a generally known photolithography technique. That is, the bonding layer 110 was laminated in a solid film shape. Then, on the bonding layer 110, a metal reflection layer 107a made of 200 nm Al, a barrier layer 107b made of 80 nm Ti, and a bonding pad structure 107 having a three-layer structure made of a bonding layer 107c made of 200 nm Au are formed by photolithography. Using this technique, it was formed in the region indicated by 107 in FIG.
- this is also etched using a photolithography technique to expose an n-type contact layer in a desired region, and an n-type electrode 108 having a two-layer structure of Ti / Au is formed on the n-type GaN contact layer.
- the light extraction surface was the semiconductor side.
- Lamination of the gallium nitride compound semiconductor layer was performed by the MOCVD method under normal conditions well known in the technical field.
- the forward voltage at a current application value of 20 mA was 3.0 V when energized by the probe needle.
- the light output at an applied current of 20 mA was 20 mW.
- the light emission distribution on the light emitting surface emitted light on the entire surface under the positive electrode.
- the reflectance of the bonding pad electrode produced in this example was 80% in the wavelength region of 460 nm. This value was measured with a spectrophotometer using a glass dummy substrate placed in the same chamber when the bonding pad electrode was formed.
- a bonding test was performed on 100,000 chips (number of bonding failures), but there was no pad peeling.
- the chip was subjected to a high temperature and high humidity test according to a conventional method.
- a test method a chip is placed in a high-temperature and high-humidity device (Isuzu Seisakusho, ⁇ -SERIES), and a light emission test of 100 chips each in an environment of a temperature of 85 ° C. and a relative humidity of 85 RH% (amount of power to the chip) 5 mA, 2000 hours), the results shown in Table 2 were obtained.
- Example 2 to Comparative Example 5 The configurations of the translucent electrode, the bonding layer, and the bonding pad electrode were changed as shown in Table 1 below, and the configuration of the n-type electrode 108 was changed from the n-type semiconductor layer 104 side to the bonding shown in Table 1 below.
- the light emitting devices of Examples 2 to 5 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the laminate was formed by sequentially laminating a layer and a bonding pad electrode (metal reflective layer, barrier layer, bonding layer). .
- the IZO film used as the translucent electrode was formed by a sputtering method.
- the IZO film was formed to a thickness of about 250 nm by DC magnetron sputtering using a 10 mass% IZO target.
- the sheet resistance of the IZO film formed here was 17 ⁇ / sq, and the IZO film immediately after film formation was confirmed to be amorphous by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- an IZO film was provided only in the positive electrode formation region on the p-type GaN contact layer 27 by the well-known photolithography method and the wet etching method as in the case of ITO of Example 1, thereby forming a positive electrode.
- the bonding layer 110 was laminated in a dot shape instead of a solid film shape.
- Comparative Example 1 since there is no bonding layer, the number of bonding defects and the number of defects in the high-temperature and high-humidity test are as large as 100, respectively.
- the reflectance is as low as 55%. Since the thickness of the bonding layer is as thin as 0.5 nm, the number of bonding defects is 50, and the number of defects in the high-temperature and high-humidity test is 65. In Comparative Example 4, since the bonding layer is made of SiO 2, the number of bonding defects is In Comparative Example 5, the light-emitting output was as low as 10 mW because the material of the translucent electrode was Au.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2008年3月13日に日本に出願された特願2008-64716号及び2008年4月28日に日本に出願された特願2008-117866号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
[1] 基板と、前記基板上に形成されてなる発光層を含む積層半導体層と、前記積層半導体層の上面に形成された透光性電極と、前記透光性電極上に形成された接合層及びボンディングパッド電極とを具備する半導体発光素子であって、前記ボンディングパッド電極は、透光性電極側から順次積層された金属反射層とボンディング層とを含む積層構造からなり、前記金属反射層は、Ag、Al、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Ptからなる群から選択される1種の金属または当該金属を含む合金からなる半導体発光素子。
[2] 前記ボンディングパッド電極の全部が、前記接合層上に積層されている前項1に記載の半導体発光素子。
[3] 前記ボンディングパッド電極の一部が前記接合層上に積層され、前記ボンディングパッド電極の残部が前記透光性電極上に接合されている前項1に記載の半導体発光素子。
[4] 前記接合層が、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Zn、Ge、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Rh、Ir、Ni、TiN、TaNからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種からなるものであり、厚みが10Å以上400Å以下の範囲の薄膜であることを特徴とする前項1乃至3の何れか一項に記載の半導体発光素子。
[5] 前記ボンディングパッド電極の素子発光波長における光反射率が60%以上である前項1に記載の半導体発光素子。
[6] 前記透光性電極が、透光性の導電性材料から構成され、当該透光性の導電性材料が、In、Zn、Al、Ga、Ti、Bi、Mg、W、Ce、Sn、Niからなる群から選択される一種を含む導電性の酸化物、硫化亜鉛または硫化クロムである前項1乃至5の何れか一項に記載の半導体発光素子。
[7] 前記積層半導体層が、前記基板側から、n型半導体層、前記発光層、p型半導体層の順に積層されてなり、前記p型半導体層及び前記発光層の一部が除去されて前記n型半導体層の一部が露出され、露出された前記n型半導体層にn型電極が積層されるとともに、前記p型半導体層の残部の上面に前記透光性電極、前記接合層及び前記ボンディングパッド電極が積層されている前項1乃至6の何れか一項に記載の半導体発光素子。
[8] 前記積層半導体層が、窒化ガリウム系半導体を主体として構成されている前項1乃至7の何れか一項に記載の半導体発光素子。
[9] 基板上に、発光層を含む積層半導体層を形成する工程と、透光性電極を形成する工程と、接合層を形成する工程と、ボンディングパッド電極を形成する工程とを含む半導体発光素子の製造方法であって、前記透光性電極を形成する工程が透光性電極用材料を結晶化させる工程を含む半導体発光素子の製造方法。
[10] 前記透光性電極を形成する工程の後に、前記接合層を形成する工程及び前記ボンディングパッド電極を形成する工程が行われる前項9に記載の半導体発光素子の製造方法。
[11] 前記ボンディングパッド電極を形成する工程は、金属反射層を形成する工程及びボンディング層を形成する工程を含み、前記透光性電極を形成する工程の後に、前記接合層を形成する工程、前記金属反射層を形成する工程、及び前記ボンディング層を形成する工程が行なわれ、前記金属反射層がAg、Al、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Ptからなる群から選択される1種の金属または当該金属を含む合金からなる前項10に記載の半導体発光素子の製造方法。
[12] 前記接合層が、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Zn、Ge、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Rh、Ir、Ni、TiN、TaNからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種からなるものであり、厚みが10Å以上400Å以下の範囲の薄膜である前項10または11に記載の半導体発光素子の製造方法。
特に、本発明は、ボンディングパッド電極が、透光性電極側から接合層を介して順次積層された金属反射層とボンディング層とを含む積層構造からなり、金属反射層は、Ag、Al、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Ptからなる群から選択される1種の金属または当該金属を含む合金からなる半導体発光素子であって、さらに好ましくは接合層が、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Zn、Ge、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Rh、Ir、Ni、TiN、TaNからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも一種からなる半導体発光素子であるので、ボンディング不良数や高温高湿度試験下での不良率において顕著に優れた効果が得られている。
また、図4は、本実施形態の半導体発光素子の変形例を示す断面模式図であり、図5は図4に示す半導体発光素子の平面模式図である。
また、図6は、本実施形態の半導体発光素子を示す断面模式図の別の例である。
更に、図7は、本実施形態の半導体発光素子を備えたランプの断面模式図である。尚、以下の説明において参照する図面は、半導体発光素子及びランプを説明する図面であり、図示される各部の大きさや厚さや寸法等は、実際の半導体発光素子等の寸法関係とは異なっている。
図1に示すように、本実施形態の半導体発光素子1は、基板101と、基板101上に積層された発光層105を含む積層半導体層20と、積層半導体層20の上面に積層された透光性電極109と、透光性電極109上に積層された接合層110と、接合層110上に積層されたボンディングパッド電極107と、を具備して構成されている。本実施形態の半導体発光素子1は、発光層105からの光を反射する機能を有するボンディングパッド電極107(反射性ボンディングパッド電極)が形成された側から取り出すフェイスアップマウント型の発光素子である。
また、p型半導体層106の上面106aには、透光性電極109、接合層110及びボンディングパッド電極107が積層されている。これら、透光性電極109、接合層110及びボンディングパッド電極107によって、p型電極111が構成されている。
また、発光層105から発した光の一部は、透光性電極109及び接合層110を透過し、接合層110とボンディングパッド電極107との界面においてボンディングパッド電極107によって反射され、再度、積層半導体層20の内部に導入される。そして、積層半導体層20に再導入された光は、更に透過と反射を繰り返した後に、ボンディングパッド電極107の形成領域以外の箇所から半導体発光素子1の外部に取り出される。
例えば、六方晶構造のIn2O3結晶を含むIZOを透光性電極109として使用する場合、エッチング性に優れたアモルファスのIZO膜を用いて特定形状に加工することができ、さらにその後、熱処理等によりアモルファス状態から当該結晶を含む構造に転移させることで、アモルファスのIZO膜よりも透光性の優れた電極に加工することができる。
また、IZO膜の膜厚は、低比抵抗、高光透過率を得ることができる35nm~10000nm(10μm)の範囲であることが好ましい。さらに、生産コストの観点から、IZO膜の膜厚は1000nm(1μm)以下であることが好ましい。
また、アモルファス状態のIZO膜のエッチングは、ドライエッチング装置を用いて行なっても良い。このとき、エッチングガスにはCl2、SiCl4、BCl3等を用いることができる。
IZO膜の熱処理をN2雰囲気、またはN2とH2の混合ガス雰囲気中で行なうと、例えば、IZO膜を六方晶構造のIn2O3結晶を含む膜に結晶化させるとともに、IZO膜のシート抵抗を効果的に減少させることが可能である。
Ti、Cr、Co、又はNiを用いた接合層110の接合強度は特に高い。このような接合力が強力な接合層110は、ベタ膜状ではなく、ドット状に積層されてもよい。ドットの形成領域以外の領域では、金属反射層107aと透光性電極109が直接接触するので、発光層105からの光が接合層110を透過することなく、金属反射層107aによって反射される。結果、接合層110による透過光強度の減少がなく、反射率が高まる。ドットの直径は数十nmから数百nmである。ドットを形成するためには、接合層110の成長温度を高くすることにより、マイグレーションを発生させるとともに、接合層110の材料を凝集させる。これにより、ドットを形成することができる。
また、金属反射層107aは、接合層110に密着していることが、発光層105からの光を効率良く反射するとともに、ボンディングパッド電極107の接合強度を高められる点で好ましい。このため、ボンディングパッド電極107が充分な強度を得るためには、金属反射層107aが接合層110を介して透光性電極109に強固に接合されていることが必要である。最低限、一般的な方法でボンディングパッドに金線を接続する工程で剥離しない程度の強度が好ましい。特に、Rh、Pd、Ir、Ptおよびこれらの金属の少なくも一種を含む合金は、光の反射性などの点から金属反射層107aとして好適に使用される。
また、ボンディングパッド電極107の電極面積としては、できるだけ大きいほうがボンディング作業はしやすいものの、発光の取り出しの妨げになる。例えば、チップ面の面積の半分を超えるような面積を覆っては、発光の取り出しの妨げとなり、出力が著しく低下する。逆に小さすぎるとボンディング作業がしにくくなり、製品の収率を低下させる。具体的には、ボンディングボールの直径よりもわずかに大きい程度が好ましく、直径100μmの円形程度であることが一般的である。
前述の接合層、金属反射層、バリヤ層等の金属元素において、同一の金属元素を組み込んだ場合でもよく、また異なる金属元素の組み合わせによる構成であってもよい。
(基板)
本実施形態の半導体発光素子の基板101としては、III族窒化物半導体結晶が表面にエピタキシャル成長される基板であれば、特に限定されず、各種の基板を選択して用いることができる。例えば、サファイア、SiC、シリコン、酸化亜鉛、酸化マグネシウム、酸化マンガン、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化マンガン亜鉛鉄、酸化マグネシウムアルミニウム、ホウ化ジルコニウム、酸化ガリウム、酸化インジウム、酸化リチウムガリウム、酸化リチウムアルミニウム、酸化ネオジウムガリウム、酸化ランタンストロンチウムアルミニウムタンタル、酸化ストロンチウムチタン、酸化チタン、ハフニウム、タングステン、モリブデン等からなる基板を用いることができる。
また、上記基板の中でも、特に、c面を主面とするサファイア基板を用いることが好ましい。サファイア基板を用いる場合は、サファイアのc面上に中間層102(バッファ層)を形成するとよい。
また、中間層102をスパッタ法により形成した場合、基板101の温度を低く抑えることが可能なので、高温で分解してしまう性質を持つ材料からなる基板101を用いた場合でも、基板101にダメージを与えることなく基板上への各層の成膜が可能である。
本明細書において、積層半導体層とは、基板上に形成される発光層を含む、積層構造の半導体層を指す。具体的には積層半導体層は、例えば、図1及び図3に示すように、III族窒化物半導体である場合、III族窒化物半導体からなる積層半導体であって、基板上のn型半導体層104、発光層105及びp型半導体層106の各層がこの順で積層されてなるものが挙げられる。前記積層半導体層20は、さらに下地層103、中間層102を含めて呼んでもよい。積層半導体層20は、MOCVD法で形成すると結晶性の良いものが得られるが、スパッタリング法によっても条件を最適化することで、MOCVD法よりも優れた結晶性を有する半導体層を形成できる。以下、順次説明する。
バッファ層102は、多結晶のAlxGa1-xN(0≦x≦1)からなるものが好ましく、単結晶のAlxGa1-xN(0≦x≦1)のものがより好ましい。
バッファ層102は、上述のように、例えば、多結晶のAlxGa1-xN(0≦x≦1)からなる厚さ0.01~0.5μmのものとすることができる。バッファ層102の厚みが0.01μm未満であると、バッファ層102により基板101と下地層103との格子定数の違い緩和する効果が十分に得られない場合がある。また、バッファ層102の厚みが0.5μmを超えると、バッファ層102としての機能には変化が無いのにも関わらず、バッファ層102の成膜処理時間が長くなり、生産性が低下する虞がある。
下地層103としては、AlxGayInzN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)が挙げられるが、AlxGa1-xN(0≦x<1)を用いると結晶性の良い下地層103を形成できるため好ましい。
下地層103の膜厚は0.1μm以上が好ましく、より好ましくは0.5μm以上であり、1μm以上が最も好ましい。この膜厚以上にした方が結晶性の良好なAlxGa1-xN層が得られやすい。
n型半導体層104は、通常nコンタクト層104aとnクラッド層104bとから構成されるのが好ましい。nコンタクト層104aはnクラッド層104bを兼ねることも可能である。また、前述の下地層をn型半導体層104に含めてもよい。
n型半導体層104の上に積層される発光層105としては、単一量子井戸構造あるいは多重量子井戸構造などの発光層105がある。図4に示すような、量子井戸構造の井戸層105bとしては、Ga1-yInyN(0<y<0.4)からなるIII族窒化物半導体層が通常用いられる。井戸層105bの膜厚としては、量子効果の得られる程度の膜厚、例えば1~10nmとすることができ、好ましくは2~6nmとすると発光出力の点で好ましい。
また、多重量子井戸構造の発光層105の場合は、上記Ga1-yInyNを井戸層105bとし、井戸層105bよりバンドギャップエネルギーが大きいAlzGa1-zN(0≦z<0.3)を障壁層105aとする。井戸層105bおよび障壁層105aには、設計により不純物をドープしてもしなくてもよい。
p型半導体層106は、通常、pクラッド層106aおよびpコンタクト層106bから構成される。また、pコンタクト層106bがpクラッド層106aを兼ねることも可能である。
また、pクラッド層106aは、複数回積層した超格子構造としてもよい。
n型電極108はボンディングパットを兼ねており、積層半導体層20のn型半導体層104に接するように形成されている。このため、n型電極108を形成する際には、発光層105およびp半導体層106の一部を除去してn型半導体層104のnコンタクト層を露出させ、この露出面104c上にボンディングパッドを兼ねるn型電極108を形成する。
n型電極108としては、各種組成や構造が周知であり、これら周知の組成や構造を何ら制限無く用いることができ、この技術分野でよく知られた慣用の手段で設けることができる。
例えば、六方晶構造のIn2O3結晶を含むIZOを接合層120として使用する場合、エッチング性に優れたアモルファスのIZO膜を用いて特定形状に加工することができ、さらにその後、熱処理等によりアモルファス状態から当該結晶を含む構造に転移させることで、アモルファスのIZO膜よりも導電性に優れた層に加工できる。
また、IZO膜の膜厚は、低比抵抗、高光透過率を得ることができる35nm~10000nm(10μm)の範囲であることが好ましい。さらに、生産コストの観点から、IZO膜の膜厚は1000nm(1μm)以下であることが好ましい。
IZO膜のパターニングは、透光性電極109の場合と同様に行えばよい。
IZO膜の熱処理は、透光性電極109の場合と同様に行えばよい。
本実施形態の半導体発光素子1を製造するには、先ず、サファイア基板等の基板101を用意する。
次に、基板101の上面上にバッファ層102を積層する。
バッファ層102を基板101上に形成する場合、基板101に前処理を施してからバッファ層102を形成することが望ましい。
前処理としては、例えば、スパッタ装置のチャンバ内に基板101を配置し、バッファ層102を形成する前にスパッタするなどの方法が挙げられる。具体的には、チャンバ内において、基板101をArやN2のプラズマ中に曝す事によって上面を洗浄する前処理を行なってもよい。ArガスやN2ガスなどのプラズマを基板101に作用させることで、基板101の上面に付着した有機物や酸化物を除去することができる。
また、スパッタ法によって、柱状結晶(多結晶)有するバッファ層102を形成する場合、チャンバ内の窒素原料と不活性ガスの流量に対する窒素流量の比を、窒素原料が1%~50%、望ましくは25%となるようにすることが望ましい。なお、バッファ層102は、上述したスパッタ法だけでなく、MOCVD法で形成することもできる。
一般に、スパッタ法においては、ターゲット材料の純度が高い程、成膜後の薄膜の結晶性等の膜質が良好となる。下地層103をスパッタ法によって成膜する場合、原料となるターゲット材料としてIII族窒化物半導体を用い、Arガス等の不活性ガスのプラズマによるスパッタを行なうことも可能であるが、リアクティブスパッタ法においてターゲット材料に用いるIII族金属単体並びにその混合物は、III族窒化物半導体と比較して高純度化が可能である。このため、リアクティブスパッタ法では、成膜される下地層103の結晶性をより向上させることが可能となる。
また、p型半導体層106の形成は、スパッタ法、MOCVD法のいずれの方法でもよい。具体的には、pクラッド層106aと、pコンタクト層106bとを順次積層すればよい。
また、透光性電極109の上に接合層110を形成し、次いで、金属反射層107a、バリア層107b及びボンディング層107cを順次積層してボンディングパッド電極107を形成する。接合層110は、例えば、蒸着法やスパッタリング法で形成できる。
接合層110を形成する前処理として、接合層を形成する領域の透光性電極の表面に洗浄を施しても良い。洗浄の方法としてはプラズマなどに曝すドライプロセスによるものと薬液に接触させるウェットプロセスによるものがあるが、工程の簡便さの観点より、ドライプロセスが望ましい。
このようにして、図1~図3に示す半導体発光素子1が製造される。
また、接合層110として、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Zn、Ge、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Rh、Ir、Ni、TiN、TaNからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも一種からなる、厚みが10Å以上400Å以下の範囲の薄膜を用いることで、ボンディングパッド電極107の接合強度を高め、かつ、透光性を確保できる。なかでも、Ti、Cr、Co、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf、Ta、W、Rh、Ir、Ni、TiN、TaNが望ましく、Ti、Cr、Co、Nb、Mo、Ta、W、Rh、Ni、TiN、TaNが最も望ましい。
更に、ボンディングパッド電極107の素子発光波長における光反射率が60%以上なので、発光層105からの光を効率良く反射して、半導体発光素子1における光取り出し効率を高めることができる。
接合層の光透過率と接着強度は膜厚に依存し、透過率は膜厚が薄いほど望ましく、接着強度は膜厚が厚いほど望ましい。膜厚を1nm(10Å)から40nm(400Å)に管理することで、接着強度と透過率を両立することができる。
また、ボンディングパッド電極107は、積層構造からなるものであって、Ag、Al、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Pt等からなる金属反射層107aと、ボンディング層107cとが少なくとも含まれる。なかでも金属反射層107aは、Ag,Al、Rh、Ptが望ましい。金属反射層107aは、透光性電極109側に配される。Ag、Al等の金属は、透光性電極109に対する接合強度がやや低く、特にワイヤボンディング時の引っ張り応力には耐えられない場合がある。このような場合に、Cr等からなる厚みが10~400Åの接合層110を透光性電極109と金属反射層107aとの間に積層することによって、透光性電極109と金属反射層107aの接合強度を高めることができる。特に、接合層110としてCr薄膜やNi薄膜を用いた場合に、効果がより大きくなる。
透光性電極109に使用される、一般にITO、IZOと呼ばれる材料は、Ag、Al等の金属からなる金属反射層107aに対して接合強度がやや低いものの、接合層110を透光性電極109と金属反射層107aとの間に積層することで、透光性電極109と金属反射層107aの接合強度を高めることができる。
また、熱処理によって結晶化したIZO膜からなる透光性電極109は、アモルファス状態のIZO膜に比べて、接合層110やp型半導体層106との密着性が良いため、本発明において大変有効である。
次に、本実施形態のランプは、本実施形態の半導体発光素子1が用いられてなるものである。
本実施形態のランプとしては、例えば、上記の半導体発光素子1と蛍光体とを組み合わせてなるものを挙げることができる。半導体発光素子1と蛍光体とを組み合わせたランプは、当業者周知の手段によって当業者周知の構成とすることができる。また、従来より、半導体発光素子1と蛍光体と組み合わせることによって発光色を変える技術が知られており、本実施形態のランプにおいてもこのような技術を何ら制限されることなく採用することが可能である。
なお、本実施形態のランプは、一般用途の砲弾型、携帯のバックライト用途のサイドビュー型、表示器に用いられるトップビュー型等いかなる用途にも用いることができる。
図1~図3に示す窒化ガリウム系化合物半導体からなる半導体発光素子を製造した。実施例1の半導体発光素子では、サファイアからなる基板101上に、AlNからなるバッファ層102を介して、厚さ8μmのアンドープGaNからなる下地層103、厚さ2μmのSiドープn型GaNコンタクト層104a、厚さ250nmのn型In0.1Ga0.9Nクラッド層104b、厚さ16nmのSiドープGaN障壁層および厚さ2.5nmのIn0.2Ga0.8N井戸層を5回積層し、最後に障壁層を設けた多重量子井戸構造の発光層105、厚さ10nmのMgドープp型Al0.07Ga0.93Nクラッド層106a、厚さ150nmのMgドープp型GaNコンタクト層106bを順に積層した。
そして、接合層110の上に、200nmのAlからなる金属反射層107a、80nmのTiからなるバリア層107b、200nmのAuからなるボンディング層107cからなる3層構造のボンディングパッド構造107を、フォトリソグラフィーの手法を用いて、図2の107に示す領域に形成した。
次に、これもフォトリソグラフィーの手法を用いてエッチングを施し、所望の領域にn型コンタクト層を露出させ、このn型GaNコンタクト層上にTi/Auの二層構造のn型電極108を形成し、光取り出し面を半導体側とした。
また、その後、TO-18缶パッケージに実装してテスターによって発光出力を計測したところ印加電流20mAにおける発光出力は20mWを示した。またその発光面の発光分布は正極下の全面で発光しているのが確認できた。
(高温高湿度試験)
常法に従って、チップの高温高湿度試験を実施した。試験方法としては、チップを高温高湿器(いすゞ製作所、μ-SERIES)内に入れ、温度85℃、相対湿度85RH%の環境下でそれぞれ100個のチップ数の発光試験(チップへの通電量は5mA、2000時間)をしたところ、表2の結果を得た。
透光性電極、接合層及びボンディングパッド電極の構成を下記表1に示した通りに変更し、またn型電極108の構成は、n型半導体層104側から順に、下記表1に記載の接合層とボンディングパッド電極(金属反射層、バリア層、ボンディング層)が順次積層された積層体とした以外は、上記実施例1と同様にして、実施例2~比較例5の発光素子を用意した。
但し、表1中、透光性電極として用いたIZO膜は、スパッタリング法にて形成した。即ち、IZO膜は、10質量%のIZOターゲットを使用してDCマグネトロンスパッタにより約250nmの膜厚で成膜した。ここで形成したIZO膜のシート抵抗は、17Ω/sqであって、成膜直後のIZO膜は、X線回析(XRD)にてアモルファスであることを確認した。そして、周知のフォトリソグラフィー法とウェットエッチング法により、実施例1のITOと同様にp型GaNコンタクト層27上の正極の形成領域にのみにIZO膜を設け、正極とした。
また、実施例22においては、接合層110を、ベタ膜状ではなく、ドット状に積層した。
そして、実施例1の場合と同様にして、実施例2~比較例5の発光素子について、順方向電圧、発光出力、ボンディングパッド電極の反射率及びボンディング不良数を測定した。結果を表2に示す。
Claims (12)
- 基板と、
前記基板上に形成されてなる発光層を含む積層半導体層と、
前記積層半導体層の上面に形成された透光性電極と、
前記透光性電極上に形成された接合層及びボンディングパッド電極とを具備する半導体発光素子であって、
前記ボンディングパッド電極は、透光性電極側から順次積層された金属反射層とボンディング層とを含む積層構造からなり、
前記金属反射層は、Ag、Al、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Ptからなる群から選択される1種の金属または当該金属を含む合金からなる半導体発光素子。 - 前記ボンディングパッド電極の全部が、前記接合層上に積層されている請求項1に記載の半導体発光素子。
- 前記ボンディングパッド電極の一部が前記接合層上に積層され、
前記ボンディングパッド電極の残部が前記透光性電極上に接合されている請求項1に記載の半導体発光素子。 - 前記接合層が、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Zn、Ge、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Rh、Ir、Ni、TiN、TaNからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種からなるものであり、
厚みが10Å以上400Å以下の範囲の薄膜である請求項1に記載の半導体発光素子。 - 前記ボンディングパッド電極の素子発光波長における光反射率が60%以上である請求項1に記載の半導体発光素子。
- 前記透光性電極が、透光性の導電性材料から構成され、
当該透光性の導電性材料が、In、Zn、Al、Ga、Ti、Bi、Mg、W、Ce、Sn、Niからなる群から選択される一種を含む導電性の酸化物、硫化亜鉛または硫化クロムである請求項1に記載の半導体発光素子。 - 前記積層半導体層が、前記基板側から、n型半導体層、前記発光層、p型半導体層の順に積層されてなり、
前記p型半導体層及び前記発光層の一部が除去されて前記n型半導体層の一部が露出され、露出された前記n型半導体層にn型電極が積層されるとともに、
前記p型半導体層の残部の上面に前記透光性電極、前記接合層及び前記ボンディングパッド電極が積層されている請求項1に記載の半導体発光素子。 - 前記積層半導体層が、窒化ガリウム系半導体を主体として構成されている請求項1乃至請求項7の何れか一項に記載の半導体発光素子。
- 基板上に、発光層を含む積層半導体層を形成する工程と、
透光性電極を形成する工程と、
接合層を形成する工程と、
ボンディングパッド電極を形成する工程とを含む半導体発光素子の製造方法であって、
前記透光性電極を形成する工程が透光性電極用材料を結晶化させる工程を含む半導体発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記透光性電極を形成する工程の後に、前記接合層を形成する工程及び前記ボンディングパッド電極を形成する工程が行われる請求項9に記載の半導体発光素子の製造方法。
- 前記ボンディングパッド電極を形成する工程は、金属反射層を形成する工程及びボンディング層を形成する工程を含み、
前記透光性電極を形成する工程の後に、前記接合層を形成する工程、前記金属反射層を形成する工程、及び前記ボンディング層を形成する工程が行なわれ、
前記金属反射層がAg、Al、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Ptからなる群から選択される1種の金属または当該金属を含む合金からなる請求項10に記載の半導体発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記接合層が、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Zn、Ge、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Rh、Ir、Ni、TiN、TaNからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種からなるものであり、
厚みが10Å以上400Å以下の範囲の薄膜である請求項10または11に記載の半導体発光素子の製造方法。
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| TWI322461B (en) * | 2004-08-30 | 2010-03-21 | Prime View Int Co Ltd | Method of fabricating poly-crystal ito thin film and poly-crystal ito electrode |
| US7042018B2 (en) * | 2004-09-22 | 2006-05-09 | Formosa Epitaxy Incorporation | Structure of GaN light-emitting diode |
| TWI257714B (en) * | 2004-10-20 | 2006-07-01 | Arima Optoelectronics Corp | Light-emitting device using multilayer composite metal plated layer as flip-chip electrode |
| JP2006253298A (ja) * | 2005-03-09 | 2006-09-21 | Toshiba Corp | 半導体発光素子及び半導体発光装置 |
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2009
- 2009-03-13 KR KR1020107021764A patent/KR101221281B1/ko active Active
- 2009-03-13 JP JP2010502893A patent/JP5522032B2/ja active Active
- 2009-03-13 WO PCT/JP2009/054873 patent/WO2009113659A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2009-03-13 US US12/922,422 patent/US20110018022A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-03-13 CN CN2009801086948A patent/CN101971368A/zh active Pending
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| JP2004111623A (ja) * | 2002-09-18 | 2004-04-08 | Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd | 発光装置 |
| JP2006066903A (ja) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-03-09 | Showa Denko Kk | 半導体発光素子用正極 |
| JP2006324511A (ja) * | 2005-05-19 | 2006-11-30 | Nichia Chem Ind Ltd | 窒化物半導体素子 |
| JP2007287845A (ja) * | 2006-04-14 | 2007-11-01 | Showa Denko Kk | 半導体発光素子、半導体発光素子の製造方法およびランプ |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2302704B1 (en) * | 2009-09-23 | 2019-11-20 | LG Innotek Co., Ltd. | Light emitting device and light emitting device package |
| JP2011100824A (ja) * | 2009-11-05 | 2011-05-19 | Showa Denko Kk | 半導体発光素子および半導体発光素子の製造方法 |
| US8748903B2 (en) | 2009-11-05 | 2014-06-10 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor light emitting element and method for manufacturing semiconductor light emitting element |
| WO2011071100A1 (ja) * | 2009-12-11 | 2011-06-16 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 半導体発光素子、半導体発光素子を用いた発光装置および電子機器 |
| US8637888B2 (en) | 2009-12-11 | 2014-01-28 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor light emitting element, light emitting device using semiconductor light emitting element, and electronic apparatus |
| TWI569468B (zh) * | 2010-12-08 | 2017-02-01 | 日亞化學工業股份有限公司 | 氮化物系半導體發光元件 |
| WO2012091042A1 (ja) * | 2010-12-27 | 2012-07-05 | ローム株式会社 | 発光素子、発光素子ユニットおよび発光素子パッケージ |
| US9166111B2 (en) | 2010-12-27 | 2015-10-20 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Light-emitting element, light-emitting element unit, and light-emitting element package |
| US9559263B2 (en) | 2010-12-27 | 2017-01-31 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Light-emitting element, light-emitting element unit, and light-emitting element package |
| US10312411B2 (en) | 2010-12-27 | 2019-06-04 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Light-emitting element, light-emitting element unit, and light-emitting element package |
| US10811563B2 (en) | 2010-12-27 | 2020-10-20 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Light-emitting element, light-emitting element unit, and light-emitting element package |
| US9553239B2 (en) | 2013-02-25 | 2017-01-24 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Light emitting device and light emitting device package |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20110018022A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
| KR20100133997A (ko) | 2010-12-22 |
| JPWO2009113659A1 (ja) | 2011-07-21 |
| CN101971368A (zh) | 2011-02-09 |
| KR101221281B1 (ko) | 2013-01-11 |
| JP5522032B2 (ja) | 2014-06-18 |
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