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WO2009003228A1 - Fibres optiques multimodales microstructurées à largeur de bande élevée - Google Patents

Fibres optiques multimodales microstructurées à largeur de bande élevée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009003228A1
WO2009003228A1 PCT/AU2008/000959 AU2008000959W WO2009003228A1 WO 2009003228 A1 WO2009003228 A1 WO 2009003228A1 AU 2008000959 W AU2008000959 W AU 2008000959W WO 2009003228 A1 WO2009003228 A1 WO 2009003228A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
modes
fibre
apertures
preform
fibres
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/AU2008/000959
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English (en)
Inventor
Steven Manos
Leon Poladian
Maryanne Candida Jane Large
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University of Sydney
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University of Sydney
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2007903537A external-priority patent/AU2007903537A0/en
Application filed by University of Sydney filed Critical University of Sydney
Publication of WO2009003228A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009003228A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02357—Property of longitudinal structures or background material varies radially and/or azimuthally in the cladding, e.g. size, spacing, periodicity, shape, refractive index, graded index, quasiperiodic, quasicrystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02361—Longitudinal structures forming multiple layers around the core, e.g. arranged in multiple rings with each ring having longitudinal elements at substantially the same radial distance from the core, having rotational symmetry about the fibre axis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the design and manufacture of multimode microstructured optical fibres.
  • multimode optical fibres are used for short distance, high bandwidth communications where characteristics such as a large fibre diameter and a large mode field diameter are desirable.
  • multi-mode fibres can have much larger core sizes and higher numerical apertures (NA) which enhances connectivity.
  • NA numerical apertures
  • Silica multi-mode fibres have become popular for 1 Gb and 10 Gb ethernet applications.
  • Polymer multi-mode fibres take this one step further by increasing the core size to 100 ⁇ m - 1000 ⁇ m.
  • Polymer fibres also have a much higher index contrast ⁇ (and therefore NA) than silica fibres.
  • the high bandwidth characteristics in multimode optical fibres is typically achieved by equalising the velocities of the modes which make up a pulse of light. By ensuring that all modes arrive at the same time, more pulses can be sent down the fibre thereby resulting in a higher bandwidth.
  • This equalisation is achieved in traditional silica and polymer multimode optical fibres by using graded refractive index profiles which help to equalise the group velocities of the modes.
  • this equalisation is more difficult to achieve, particular in the case where other desired characteristics such as a large mode field diameter and large numerical aperture are to be maintained.
  • a first aspect of the present invention provides a method of forming an optical fibre with multimode high bandwidth transmission characteristics, said method comprising forming a plurality of apertures at predetermined locations in a preform, and subsequently drawing said preform to form a length of optical fibre.
  • said plurality of apertures are located at predetermined locations within the preform so as to adjust the velocities of the modes. More particularly, said plurality of apertures are located at predetermined locations within the preform so as to filter via high attenuation those high order modes that have very different velocities to the lower order modes. More preferably, the modes are adjusted so as to arrive substantially simultaneously.
  • said apertures extend through the preform in the direction in which the preform is to be drawn.
  • said preform is formed from an optically suitable polymer material.
  • a second aspect of the present invention provides an optical fibre with multimode high bandwidth transmission characteristics, said optical fibre comprising a plurality of apertures at predetermined locations.
  • said plurality of apertures are located at predetermined locations within the preform so as to adjust the velocities of the modes. More particularly, said plurality of apertures are located at predetermined locations within the preform so as to filter via high attenuation those high order modes that have very different velocities to the lower order modes. More preferably, the modes are adjusted so as to arrive substantially simultaneously. More particularly, patterns of apertures can be designed such that multiple modes can be supported. Furthermore, the patterns can be adjusted to customise (1) the properties of the relationship between the effective index and group index (or velocities) of modes, (2) the density of states of the supported modes, and (3) the energy exchange properties of modes. An ideal property would be, for example, to have the energy distribution tend towards the fundamental mode, resulting in a smaller range of mode velocities, and therefore a higher bandwidth.
  • microstructured fibres can support high bandwidth, while still maintaining other desirable optical characteristics such as good light acceptance properties (i.e. high NA) and low confinement loss.
  • Figure Ia is a schematic diagram of a graded index fibre whilst Figure Ib is the manufactured fibre with a core diameter of 135 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 3 illustrates plots of the 4 selected modes from Figure 2 are shown. The Sz component of the fields are plotted on a log scale with black indicating the most intense regions of light.
  • Figure 4 is a plot of effective index versus group index of all the bound modes shown in Figure 2.
  • Figure 5a illustrates examples of the types of random designs with different symmetries and complexities which can be generated by the GA.
  • Figure 5b is an example of a manufactured MPOF preform which was optimised with respect to attaining an average graded index profile.
  • FIGS 6a, 6b and 6c illustrate designs of MPOF which exhibit high bandwidth characteristics.
  • Figure 7 is a graph of pulse broadening as a function of length for 500 ⁇ m graded index mPOF in comparison to a 1000 ⁇ m Optimedia GI-POF.
  • Figure 8 illustrates the cycle of optimization in evolutionary algorithms. The process starts with a population of individuals, in this case fibre designs.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic of the embryo geny used to generate fibre designs.
  • Figure 10 is a photograph of a manufactured graded index. Detailed Description of the Invention
  • the automated design of microstructured fibres using optimisation schemes such as GAs has been relatively straight forward in terms of the parameterisation of the structures.
  • This parametisation refers to a set of numerical values that can be used to characterise the structure.
  • a human designer, or an automated design algorithm can then alter these values over time to achieve a desired result in terms of the optical performance of the fibre.
  • the values ⁇ and d i.e.
  • a GA was developed which uses a growth algorithm 3 to generate designs of variable complexity and symmetry. This growth algorithm is also beneficial in that it automatically solves manufacturing constraints such as maintaining a minimum wall thickness between holes, etc. Some randomly generated examples of designs can be seen in Figure 4A. Using the GA, we can evolve MPOF fibres for different applications by
  • Figure 7 is a graph of pulse broadening as a function of length for 500 ⁇ m graded index mPOF in comparison to a 1000 ⁇ m Optimedia GI-POF. Both fibres demonstrate linear pulse broadening over the first 20 m. Further pulse broadening occurs for the GI- POF, while graded index mPOF experiences a reduced rate of pulse broadening between 20 m to 30 m, and almost no additional broadening to 50 m. As pulse broadening is occurring at a slower rate compared to theoretical inter-modal dispersion VL dependence, which suggest a dominant influence of DMA coupled with complete mode mixing helps lower the number of modes requiring equalization and hence less pulse broadening.
  • One aspect of the present invention is an evolutionary approach to more fully exploring diversity of fibre structures, and applying it to two specific problems.
  • the first mimics one of the most important conventional fibres, the graded index multimode fibre for minimising intra-modal dispersion, and the second is an alternative single-mode design.
  • the aim in the latter case is to try to find a design which preserves the single- mode property, but with a design that is either simpler (eg. fewer holes) or has other desirable qualities (such as better lateral access to the core).
  • the approach to exploring the extended parameter space associated with non- periodic structures has two components. The first is to use evolutionary algorithms to find and optimize the designs, and the second is to use an embryogeny-based approach to generate a diversity of complex designs, which nevertheless satisfy all manufacturing constraints.
  • a schematic of the evolutionary approach to design is shown in Figure 8. Each fibre design is treated as an individual within a population. A starting population evolves through a number of cycles of selection and recombination, until a pre-defined goal is achieved.
  • a "genotype” is used to encode the parameters associated with a design. This representation provides a means by which candidate design descriptions can be stored. For example, a hexagonal array could be represented by two parameters, the spacing and radius of the holes. Candidates are selected according to their performance characteristics, rather than the genotype directly.
  • Embryogenies offer many advantages over simple representations. Using a direct representation, the location and size of every hole in a microstructured fibre would have to be described. As more holes are defined, the search becomes less efficient.
  • Embryogenies by contrast describe "growth rules". They can exploit hierarchy to re-use parts of the genotype, such as sets of holes which reappear at different locations in the structure. This results in a more efficient, and lower- dimensional search space. They also allow manufacturing constraints to be incorporated, so that all the designs produced by the algorithm can be fabricated.
  • step 1 [top left] the binary genotype is decoded into symmetry nsymm and Nh triplets of xi,yi, ri values describe the positions and size of the holes.
  • step 2 [top right] the Nh hole positions xi,yi are symmetrized into a new symmetry nsymm. The holes are converted into polar coordinates and scaled by nsymm/4.
  • step 3 (nsymm- 1) copies of the holes are made to complete the fibre.
  • step 4 the holes are grown in a step-wise manner until the manufacturing constraints prohibit further growth.
  • One the most important non-step index conventional fibres is the graded index fibre.
  • Graded index designs minimise intermodal dispersion by allowing the group velocities of the fast and the slow modes to be approximately equalized. This allows relatively large core fibres to have improved bandwidth performance, and is one of the most important applications of polymer fibres. Thus, there is considerable motivation for exploring graded index structures in mPOF.
  • mPOF have an analogous behaviour to those of conventional fibres.
  • conventional graded index fibres reducing the difference in velocity between the extreme modes is done by using a parabolic refractive index profile.
  • ri(r) 1.49 - ar 2 (1)
  • 1.49 is the refractive index of PMMA.
  • surface scattering is the dominant loss process in our fibres.
  • We chose to approximate the loss by considering the overlap of the fundamental mode with the air-polymer interfaces. This overlap is calculated by taking the average intensity around the perimeter of each hole. Reducing this overlap:
  • Figure. 10 shows an example of one of the fabricated structures.
  • Optimedia 4 has a bandwidth of 1.5 Gbit/s over 100 m, equivalent to 0.75 GHz.
  • the loss performance is a factor of two higher. At least some of this loss is due to fabrication issues, which can potentially be improved. Improvements include better surface quality during preform production (the holes are currently drilled) and sleeving or jacketing to reduce micro-bending.
  • optical fibres include situations where high bandwidth data communications are needed. Examples include, computer local area networks, "last mile” fibre to home high speed internet and

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Communication System (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne la conception et la fabrication de fibres optiques multimodales microstructurées. Un aspect de l'invention fournit un procédé de formation d'une fibre optique présentant des caractéristiques multimodales de transmission de largeur de bande élevée, ledit procédé comprenant la formation d'une pluralité d'ouvertures à des emplacements prédéterminés dans une préforme, et le fibrage consécutif de ladite préforme pour former une longueur de fibre optique. Les applications potentielles des fibres optiques produites selon la présente invention comprennent des situations dans lesquelles des communications de données à largeur de bande élevée sont nécessaires, telles que des réseaux informatiques locaux, des connexions internet et multimédia haute vitesse fibre-vers-foyer (FTTH) du dernier kilomètre, des systèmes de communications embarqués et des systèmes de commande et de communication aéronautiques.
PCT/AU2008/000959 2007-06-29 2008-06-30 Fibres optiques multimodales microstructurées à largeur de bande élevée Ceased WO2009003228A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2007903537A AU2007903537A0 (en) 2007-06-29 Multimode high bandwidth microstructured optical fibres
AU2007903537 2007-06-29

Publications (1)

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WO2009003228A1 true WO2009003228A1 (fr) 2009-01-08

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7033526B2 (en) 2001-08-24 2006-04-25 National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation Fire retardant foam and gel compositions
JP2017076097A (ja) * 2015-10-16 2017-04-20 国立大学法人茨城大学 光ファイバ、光ファイバケーブル、及び光ファイバ接続方法
US9853741B2 (en) 2015-11-30 2017-12-26 International Business Machines Corporation Fiber optic encryption
US9887771B2 (en) 2015-10-23 2018-02-06 International Business Machines Corporation Bandwidth throttling
US9998255B2 (en) 2016-05-11 2018-06-12 International Business Machines Corporation Fiber optic light intensity encryption
WO2021259926A1 (fr) * 2020-06-22 2021-12-30 Schott Ag Guide d'ondes et procédé de fabrication d'un guide d'ondes

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6594429B1 (en) * 2000-10-20 2003-07-15 Lucent Technologies Inc. Microstructured multimode fiber
WO2004046777A1 (fr) * 2002-11-21 2004-06-03 Cactus Fiber Pty Ltd Element polymere microstructure de guidage de signaux
WO2004053550A1 (fr) * 2002-12-09 2004-06-24 Crystal Fibre A/S Ameliorations relatives a des fibres a cristaux photoniques
US20050034484A1 (en) * 2001-07-20 2005-02-17 Large Maryanne Candida Jane Preparing preforms for fibre fabrication
US7171091B1 (en) * 2005-08-15 2007-01-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Tuned cladding fiber amplifier and laser

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6594429B1 (en) * 2000-10-20 2003-07-15 Lucent Technologies Inc. Microstructured multimode fiber
US20050034484A1 (en) * 2001-07-20 2005-02-17 Large Maryanne Candida Jane Preparing preforms for fibre fabrication
WO2004046777A1 (fr) * 2002-11-21 2004-06-03 Cactus Fiber Pty Ltd Element polymere microstructure de guidage de signaux
WO2004053550A1 (fr) * 2002-12-09 2004-06-24 Crystal Fibre A/S Ameliorations relatives a des fibres a cristaux photoniques
US7171091B1 (en) * 2005-08-15 2007-01-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Tuned cladding fiber amplifier and laser

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7033526B2 (en) 2001-08-24 2006-04-25 National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation Fire retardant foam and gel compositions
JP2017076097A (ja) * 2015-10-16 2017-04-20 国立大学法人茨城大学 光ファイバ、光ファイバケーブル、及び光ファイバ接続方法
US9887771B2 (en) 2015-10-23 2018-02-06 International Business Machines Corporation Bandwidth throttling
US10135526B2 (en) 2015-10-23 2018-11-20 International Business Machines Corporation Bandwidth throttling
US10230461B2 (en) 2015-10-23 2019-03-12 International Business Machines Corporation Bandwidth throttling
US9853741B2 (en) 2015-11-30 2017-12-26 International Business Machines Corporation Fiber optic encryption
US9998255B2 (en) 2016-05-11 2018-06-12 International Business Machines Corporation Fiber optic light intensity encryption
US10601538B2 (en) 2016-05-11 2020-03-24 International Business Machines Corporation Fiber optic light intensity encryption
US11018797B2 (en) 2016-05-11 2021-05-25 International Business Machines Corporation Fiber optic light intensity encryption
WO2021259926A1 (fr) * 2020-06-22 2021-12-30 Schott Ag Guide d'ondes et procédé de fabrication d'un guide d'ondes

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