WO2009099342A2

WO2009099342A2 - Electromagnetic field energy recycling

Info

Publication number: WO2009099342A2
Application number: PCT/NZ2009/000012
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ashley James Gray; Neville Roy Samuel Illsley
Original assignee: Restech Ltd
Current assignee: Restech Ltd
Priority date: 2008-02-08
Filing date: 2009-02-05
Publication date: 2009-08-13
Anticipated expiration: 2010-08-08
Also published as: WO2009099342A3; CA2751225A1; TW200945756A

Abstract

An electromagnetic field energy recycling circuit recovers energy from a collapsing magnetic field, stores the recovered energy as charge on a capacitance, and subsequently re-uses the stored recovered energy to establish a magnetic field. Capacitance and inductance are sequentially connected in various circuit configurations to recycle the energy by a dis-continuous resonant energy transfer. In a magnetising configuration, a magnetic field is established by transfer of energy stored on a capacitance to an inductance. In a field energy recovery configuration, a capacitance is charged with energy recovered from the inductance on collapse of the magnetic field. In a third configuration, the recovered energy stored by the capacitance is held until required for establishing a magnetic field. During the magnetising configuration, voltage on the capacitance drops by at least 50% and preferably to zero. During the recovery configuration, current flowing in the inductance falls to zero. The circuit can be used to drive electromagnetic devices, eg electric motors, generators, transformers, solenoids, induction heating coils and inductive power transfer windings.

Description

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ENERGY RECYCLING

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to the recycling of electromagnetic field energy. More particularly, the present invention relates to the recycling (i.e. the recovery and re-use) of energy from a magnetic field using an electromagnetic circuit having controlled switches.' Energy from a collapsing magnetic field of an inductive device is recovered and stored in a capacitor for later use when re-establishing a magnetic field at that, or another, inductive device.

BACKGROUND

A common aspect of conventional inductive devices, such as motors, linear actuators, solenoids, transformers and induction coils, is that they rely on the building of a magnetic field to perform a motoring, transforming or inducing action, or a magnetic attraction or repulsion. The energy built up or contained within the magnetic field in these instances is substantial and significant energy remains even after work has been performed.

Standard designs of motors, solenoids, linear actuators, transformers and induction coils do not as a general rule use field energy recovery on the primary or secondary windings. The propensity of the magnetic field to remain once built up in inductive devices is often treated to some degree as a nuisance. Many control strategies are used to deplete or diminish the magnetic field in a way that minimises damage to the inductive device or to other circuit components from excessive inductive voltage spikes and the like. Depletion of the magnetic field, sometimes referred to as 'defluxing', has been achieved by diode clamping, applying reverse voltages and by other field control techniques.

In some cases, rather than merely dissipating the energy and to avoid potentially destructive voltages, the energy has been recovered for later re-use. Typically, energy from a collapsing magnetic field has been returned to a capacitor, such as a supply reservoir or supplementary capacitor, for re-use when demand is next placed on the supply. SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention can be used to recover energy from a collapsing magnetic field and efficiently capture this recovered energy for effective re-use.

In broad terms a first aspect of the invention comprises a magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising one or more capacitances, an inductive device, a switching circuit, and a switching circuit controller; the switching circuit controller being arranged to repetitively configure the switching circuit in a first switching circuit configuration by which the switching circuit electrically couples a first capacitance to a first inductance of the inductive device in a first circuit for a first period to transfer energy stored in the first capacitance to the inductive device by discharge of the first capacitance to thereby assist in establishing a magnetic field at the inductive device, the voltage across the first capacitance at the end of the first period being less than half the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period; subsequent to configuration of the switching circuit in the first switching circuit configuration, the switching circuit adopting a second switching circuit configuration by which the switching circuit electrically couples a second inductance of the inductive device to a second capacitance in a second circuit for a second period to transfer energy stored in the magnetic field to the second capacitance by a current flow in the second inductance to thereby assist in establishing a charge on the second capacitance, the current flow in the second inductance being substantially zero at the end of the second period; subsequent to configuration of the switching circuit in the second switching circuit configuration, the switching circuit adopting a third switching circuit configuration by which the charge established on the second capacitance during the second period is held on the second capacitance; and the switching circuit controller being arranged to configure the switching circuit, subsequent to configuration of the switching circuit in the third switching circuit configuration, in a switching circuit configuration by which energy stored in the second capacitance is transferred to an inductive device. The voltage across the first capacitance at the end of the first period is optionally less than 30%, or less than 20%, or less than 10% of the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period.

Optionally, the voltage across the first capacitance at the end of the first period is substantially zero.

Optionally, the first period is substantially equal to one quarter of a natural resonance period of the first circuit; and the second period is substantially equal to one quarter of a natural resonance period of the second circuit.

Optionally, the first period, in seconds, is substantially equal to half the product of pi and the square root of the product of the first capacitance in farads during the first period and the average value of the first inductance in henries during the first period; and the second period, in seconds, is substantially equal to half the product of pi and the square root of the product of the second capacitance in farads during the second period and the average value of the second inductance in henries during the second period.

Optionally, the first period is substantially equal to k % v ( Ll Cl ) seconds, where Cl is the first capacitance in farads during the first period and Ll is the average value of the first inductance in henries during the first period; the second period is substantially equal to k π v ( L2 C2 ) seconds, where C2 is the second capacitance in farads during the second period and L2 is the average value of the second inductance in henries during the second period; and k is between 0.1 and 2.5.

Optionally, k is between 0.25 and 2.5, or between 0.35 and 2.5, or between 0.5 and 2.5, or _: substantially equal to 0.5.

Optionally, the magnetic field energy recycling circuit is adapted for connection to a supply of electrical energy that is electrically coupled in series with the first capacitance when the switching circuit is configured in the first switching circuit configuration. Optionally, the voltage across the second capacitance at the end of the second period is substantially greater than the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period.

Optionally, the first capacitance is provided by one or more capacitors; and the second capacitance is provided by the same one or mote capacitors.

Optionally, the first capacitance is provided by two or more capacitors electrically connected in parallel when the switching circuit is in the first switching circuit configuration; and the second capacitance is provided by the same two or more capacitors electrically connected in series when the switching circuit is in the second switching circuit configuration.

Optionally, the voltage across the one or more capacitors at the beginning of the first period and the voltage across the one or more capacitors at the end of the second period have the same polarity. Alternatively, the voltage across the one or more capacitors at the beginning of the first period and the voltage across the one or more capacitors at the end of the second period have opposite polarities.

Optionally, the first capacitance is provided by one or more capacitors; and the second capacitance is not provided by the same one or more capacitors providing the first capacitance.

Optionally, one terminal of the first capacitance and one terminal of the second capacitance are connected to a common potential; and the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period and the voltage across the second capacitance at the end of the second period have the same polarity.

Optionally, the first inductance and the second inductance are provided by respective windings of the same inductive device. Alternatively, the first inductance and the second inductance are both provided by a common winding of the same inductive device. Optionally, the switching circuit, when in the first switching circuit configuration, is configured to transfer energy stored in the first capacitance to the winding to establish a magnetic field at the winding; the switching circuit, when in the second switching circuit configuration, is configured to transfer energy stored in the magnetic field at the winding to the second capacitance to establish a charge on the second capacitance; and the switching circuit, when in the third switching circuit configuration, is configured to hold the charge on the second capacitance until the switching circuit controller configures the switching circuit in a further switching circuit configuration for a further period by which further configuration energy stored in the second capacitance is transferred back to the winding.

Optionally, the switching circuit is configured to direct current flow in the winding during the second period and current flow in the winding during the further period in the same direction. Alternatively, the switching circuit is configured to direct current flow in the winding during the second period and current flow in the winding during the further period in opposite directions.

Optionally, after the end of the first period and before the beginning of the second period, the switching circuit is configured in an intermediate switching circuit configuration by which current from the supply is directed through the first inductance to assist in maintaining the magnetic field established at the inductive device.

In one alternative, the first inductance is provided by a first winding; the second inductance is provided by a second winding; and the first and second windings are windings of respective first and second inductive devices.

Optionally, the switching circuit comprises at least one controlled switching device; the switching circuit controller is repetitively operable to make the at least one controlled switching device alternatively conductive and non-conductive; and the switching circuit adopts the first switching circuit configuration when the at least one controlled switching device is conductive.

Optionally, the switching circuit adopts the second switching circuit configuration when the at least one controlled switching device is non-conductive. Optionally, the switching ckcuit controller is operable to make the at least one controlled switching device conductive for the first period, and non-conductive for the second and third periods.

Alternatively, the switching circuit adopts the second switching circuit configuration when the at least one controlled switching device is conductive.

Optionally, the switching circuit comprises at least one semi-conductor diode; and the at least one semi-conductor diode is conductive when the switching circuit adopts the second switching circuit configuration.

Optionally, the at least one semi-conductor diode is non-conductive when the switching ckcuit adopts the third switching ckcuit configuration.

In broad terms a second aspect of the invention comprises a magnetic field energy recycling ckcuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and a switching ckcuit; wherein: the switching ckcuit is configurable in a first configuration to dkect a capacitor discharge current to flow in a first dkection from the capacitor and through the inductive device to thereby establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device; the switching ckcuit is configurable in a second configuration, after the magnetic field has been established, to dkect a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field to flow into the capacitor in a second dkection that is opposite the fkst dkection to thereby charge the capacitor; and the switching ckcuit is configured in the first configuration for a period that is substantially equal to k7CV(LC) seconds, where L is the inductance value in henries of the inductive device, C is the capacitance value in farads of the capacitor, and k is between 0.1 and 2.5.

In broad terms a third aspect of the invention comprises a magnetic field energy recycling ckcuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and fkst, second, thkd and fourth switching devices; wherein: each of the first and second switching devices is a respective controllable switch having a closed state and an open state; each of the thitd and fourth switching devices has a closed state and an open state; the capacitor, the first switching device, the inductive device and the second switching device are series connected in that order in a first series circuit through which, during a first period when the first and second switching devices are each in the closed state, a capacitor discharge current flows in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to thereby establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device; the capacitor, the third switching device, the inductive device and the fourth switching device are series connected in that order in a second series circuit through which, after the magnetic field has been established and during a second period when the first and second switching devices are each in the open state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field flows into the capacitor in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor; and the first period is substantially equal to kπ v(LC) seconds, where L is the inductance value of the inductive device, C is the capacitance value of the capacitor, and k is between 0.1 and 2.5.

In broad terms a fourth aspect of the invention comprises a magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices; wherein: each of the switching devices is a respective controllable switch having a closed state and an open state; the capacitor, the first switching device, the inductive device and the second switching device are series connected in that order in a first series circuit through which, during a first period when the first and second switching devices are each in the closed state and the third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a capacitor discharge current flows in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to thereby establish a first magnetic field in association with the inductive device, the first magnetic field having a first polarity; the capacitor, the third switching device, the inductive device and the fourth switching device are series connected in that order in a second series circuit through which, after the first magnetic field has been established and during a second period when the first, second, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state and the third and fourth switching devices are each in the closed state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the first magnetic field flows to provide a capacitor charge current flowing in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor; the capacitor, the fourth switching device, the inductive device and the fifth switching device are series connected in that order in a third series circuit through which, during a third period when the fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the closed state and the first, second, third and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a capacitor discharge current flows in the first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to thereby establish a second magnetic field in association with the inductive device, the second magnetic field having a second polarity that is opposite the first polarity; the capacitor, the sixth switching device, the inductive device and the first switching device are series connected in that order in a fourth series circuit through which, after the second magnetic field has been established and during a fourth period when the second, , third, fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the open state and the first and sixth switching devices are each in the closed state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the second magnetic field flows into the capacitor in the second direction to thereby charge the capacitor; the switching devices are repeatedly switched between the closed and open states to repeatedly provide in sequence the first, second, third and fourth series circuits for the respective first, second, third and fourth periods; and the first and third periods are each substantially equal to kW(LC) seconds, where L is the inductance value of the inductive device, C is the capacitance value of the capacitor, and k is between 0.1 and 2.5.

Optionally, in the second, third and fourth aspects of the invention, k is between 0.25 and 1.0, or between 0.35 and 0.70, or substantially equal to 0.5.

In broad terms a fifth aspect of the invention comprises a magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and a switching circuit; wherein: the switching circuit is configurable in a first configuration to direct a capacitor discharge current to flow in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device; . ■ the switching circuit is configurable- in a second configuration, after the magnetic field has been established, to direct a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field to flow into the capacitor in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor.

In broad terms a sixth aspect of the invention comprises a magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and a switching circuit; wherein: the switching circuit is configurable in a first configuration to direct a capacitor discharge current to flow in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device; the switching circuit is configurable in a second configuration, after the magnetic field has been established, to direct a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field to flow into the capacitor in a second direction¹ that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor.

In broad terms a seventh aspect of the invention comprises a magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and first, second, third and fourth switching devices; wherein: each of the first and second switching devices is a respective controllable switch having a closed -state and an open state; each of the third and fourth switching devices has a closed state and an open state; the capacitor, the first switching device, the inductive device and the second switching device are series connected in that order in a first series circuit through which, during a first period when the first and second switching devices are each in the closed state, a capacitor discharge current flows in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device; the capacitor, the third switching device, the inductive device and the fourth switching device are series connected in that order in a second series circuit through which, after the magnetic field has been established and during a second period when the first and second switching devices are each in the open state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field flows into the capacitor in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor.

In broad terms an eighth aspect of the invention comprises a magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices; wherein: each of the switching devices is a respective controllable switch having a closed state and an open state; the capacitor, the first switching device, the inductive device and the second switching device are series connected in that order in a first series circuit through which, during a first period when both the first and second switching devices are each in the closed state and the third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a capacitor discharge current flows in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a first magnetic field in association with the inductive device, the first magnetic field having a first polarity; the capacitor, the third switching device, the inductive device and the fourth switching device are series connected in that order in a second series circuit through which, after the first magnetic field has been established and during a second period when the first, second, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state and the third and fourth switching devices are each in the closed state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the first magnetic field flows to provide a capacitor charge current flowing in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor; the capacitor, the fourth switching device, the inductive device and the fifth _r switching device are series connected in that order in a third series circuit through which, during a third period when both the fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the closed state and the first, second, third and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a capacitor discharge current flows in the first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a second magnetic field in association with the inductive device, the second magnetic field having a second polarity that is opposite the first polarity; the capacitor, the sixth switching device, the inductive device and the first switching device are series connected in that order in a fourth series circuit through which, after the second magnetic field has been established and during a fourth period when the second, third, fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the open state and the first and sixth switching devices are each in the closed state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the second magnetic field flows into the capacitor in the second direction to thereby charge the capacitor; and the switching devices are repeatedly switched between the closed and open states to repeatedly provide in sequence the first, second, third and fourth series circuits for the respective first, second, third and fourth periods.

Optionally, in the second to eighth aspects of the invention, the capacitor discharge current discharges the capacitor such that the voltage across the capacitor is substantially zero.

Optionally, in the second and sixth aspects of the invention, the switching circuit is configurable in a third configuration by which charge established on the capacitor when the circuit was configured in the second configuration is held on the capacitor until the switching circuit is next configured in the first configuration.

Optionally, in the third and seventh aspects of the invention, during a third period, when the first, second, third and fourth switching devices are each in the open state, a charge established on the capacitor during the second period is held on the capacitor until the first and second switching devices are both closed to re-establish the first series circuit.

Optionally, in the fourth and eighth aspects of the invention, during a fifth period, when the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a charge established on the capacitor during the second period is held on the capacitor until the third period when the fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the closed state to establish the third series circuit; and during a sixth period, when the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a charge estabEshed on the capacitor during the fourth period is held on the capacitor until the first and second switching devices are next each in the closed state to establish the first series circuit.

Optionally, the second and sixth aspects of the invention comprise a switching circuit controller that is operable to control the switching circuit to repetitively adopt the first configuration.

Optionally, the third and seventh aspects of the invention comprise a switching circuit controller that is operable to control the first and second switching devices to repetitively adopt the closed state and thereby repetitively establish the first series circuit.

Optionally, the fourth and eighth aspects of the invention comprise a switching circuit controller that is operable to control and repetitively switch the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices between the closed and open states to repeatedly provide in sequence the first, second, third and fourth series circuits for the respective first, second, third and fourth periods.

In broad terms a ninth aspect of the invention comprises a circuit for energising a multiple phase inductive device, wherein: the circuit comprises a plurality of magnetic field energy recycling circuits each according to any of the above-mentioned first to eighth aspects, and options and alternatives; the multiple phase inductive device comprises a plurality of phase windings; the inductive device of each magnetic field energy recycling circuit is a respective phase winding of the multiple phase inductive device; the magnetic field energy recycling circuits are connected together in a closed loop with the second capacitance of each magnetic field energy recycling circuit being the first capacitance of the next magnetic field energy recycling circuit in the loop; and the respective switching circuits of the magnetic field energy recycling circuits are selectively controlled to sequentially transfer energy to each phase winding in turn around the loop. In btoad terms a tenth aspect of the invention comprises a switched reluctance motor comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit according to any of the above- mentioned first to eighth aspects, arid options and alternatives; wherein the inductive device is a stator winding of the switched reluctance motor.

In broad terms an eleventh aspect of the invention comprises a synchronous reluctance motor comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit according to any of the above- mentioned first to eighth aspects, and options and alternatives; wherein the inductive device is a stator winding of the synchronous reluctance motor.

In broad terms a twelfth aspect of the invention comprises a solenoid driven actuator . comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit according • to any of the above- mentioned first to eighth aspects, and options and alternatives; wherein the inductive device is a solenoid of the solenoid driven actuator.

In broad terms a thirteenth aspect of the invention comprises a solenoid driven pump comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit according to any of the above- mentioned first to eighth aspects, and options and alternatives; as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein: the inductive device is a solenoid of the solenoid driven pump.

In broad terms a fourteenth aspect of the invention comprises a transformer comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit according to any of the above-mentioned first to eighth aspects, and options. and alternatives; wherein the inductive device is a winding of the transformer.

In broad terms a fifteenth aspect of the invention comprises an electrical generator comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit according to any of the above- mentioned first to eighth aspects, and options and alternatives; wherein the inductive device is a winding of the electrical generator.

In broad terms a sixteenth aspect of the invention comprises an induction heater comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit according to any of the above- mentioned first to eighth aspects, and options and alternatives; wherein the inductive device is a work coil of the induction heater.

In broad terms a seventeenth aspect of the invention comprises an inductive power transfer device comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit according to any of the above-mentioned first to eighth aspects, and options and alternatives; wherein the inductive device is a winding, of the inductive power transfer device.

In broad terms an eighteenth aspect of the invention comprises a method of operating an inductive device comprising the steps of:

(a) connecting a capacitance to an inductance of the inductive device in a first circuit for a first period to transfer energy stored in the capacitance to the inductive device by discharge of the capacitance such that voltage across the capacitance at the end of the first period is less than half the voltage across the capacitance at the beginning of the first period, and to thereby assist in establishing a magnetic field at the inductive device;

(b) connecting the inductance of the inductive device to the capacitance in a second circuit for a second period to transfer energy stored in the magnetic field to the capacitance by a current flow in the inductance such that the current flow in the inductance at the end of the second period is substantially zero, and to thereby assist in establishing a charge on the capacitance;

(c) holding the charge, established on the capacitance during the second period, on the capacitance for a third period; and

(d) repeating steps (a), (b) and (c).

Optionally, in step (a), the voltage across the capacitance at the end of the first period is less than 30%, or 20%, or 10% of the voltage across the capacitance at the beginning of the ^■ first period.

Optionally, in step (a), the voltage across the capacitance at the end of the first period is substantially zero. Optionally, the first period is substantially equal to one quarter of a natural resonance period of the first circuit; and the second period is substantially equal to one quarter of a natural resonance period of the second circuit.

Optionally, the first period, in seconds, is substantially equal to half the product of pi and the square root of the product of the capacitance in farads during the first period and the average value of the inductance in henries during the first period; and the second period, in seconds, is substantially equal to half the product of pi and the square root of the product of the capacitance in farads during the second period and the average value of the inductance in henries during the second period.

Optionally, the first period is substantially equal to 0.5 π "V ( Ll Cl ) seconds where Cl is the capacitance in farads during the first period and Ll is the average value of the inductance in henries during the first period, and the second period is substantially equal to 0.5 π V ( L2 C2 ) seconds, where C2 is the capacitance in farads during the second period and L2 is the average value of the inductance in henries during the second period.

Optionally, in step (a), a supply of electrical energy is electrically connected in series with the capacitance.

Optionally, in step (a), the capacitance is provided by one or more capacitors connected in parallel; and in step (b), the capacitance is provided by the same one or more capacitors connected in series.

Optionally, between steps (a) and (b), current from a supply of electrical energy is directed through the inductance to assist in maintaining the magnetic field established in step (a) at the inductive device.

Optionally, in step (a), the capacitance is connected to the inductance of the inductive device by making at least one controlled switching device conductive.

Optionally, in step (b), the inductance is connected to the capacitance by making the at least one controlled switching device conductive. Alternatively, in step (b), the at least one controlled switching device is non-conductive, and the inductance is connected to the capacitance by making at least one semi-conductor diode conductive.

Optionally, in step (c), the at least one controlled switching device is non-conductive and the at least one semi-conductor diode is non-conductive.

Optionally, the electromagnetic field energy recycling circuit connected to a supply of electrical energy; and between steps (a) and QS), current from the supply is directed through the inductance to assist in maintaining the magnetic field established in step (a) at the inductive device.

Optionally, the inductive device is a stator winding of a switched reluctance motor.

Optionally, the inductive device is a stator winding of a synchronous reluctance motor. •^•

Optionally, the inductive device is a solenoid of a solenoid driven actuator.

Optionally, the inductive device is a solenoid of a solenoid driven pump.

Optionally, the inductive device is winding of a transformer.

Optionally, the inductive device is a winding of an electrical generator.

Optionally, the inductive device is a work coil of an induction heater.

Optionally, the inductive device is a winding of an inductive power transfer device.

This invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, and any or all combinations of any two or more of said parts, elements or features, and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents in the art to which this invention relates, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth. As used herein the term "and/or" means "and" or "or", or both.

As used herein "(s)" following a noun means the plural and/ or singular forms of the noun.

The term 'inductor' as used in this specification means a passive component that is incorporated in a circuit primarily for its property of inductance.

The term 'inductive device' as used in this specification means a device having inductance but which is incorporated in a circuit primarily for establishing a magnetic field to perform, for example, a motoring, transforming or inducing action, or a magnetic attraction or repulsion. Inductive devices include, but are not Emited to, transformers, electromagnetic motors, linear actuator coils, electromagnets, solenoid coils and induction coils.

References herein to a current induced in an inductive device during collapse of a magnetic field can be understood as referring to a current that is driven by a voltage induced in the inductive device by collapse of the magnetic field through the winding inductance of the device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention will be further described by way of example only and without intending to be limiting with reference to the following drawings, wherein:

Figure IA shows a circuit illustrating a first embodiment of the invention;

Figure IB is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure IA, showing one cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 1C is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure IA during a first stage of a cycle of operation; Figure ID is a second magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure IA during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure IE is a first energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure IA during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure IF is a second energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure IA during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure IG shows waveforms of the supply current (upper waveform) and inductive device current (lower waveform), for die circuit of Figure IA over several cycles of operation during initial start-up;

Figure IH shows waveforms of the supply current (upper waveform) and inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure IA over two cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure II shows a waveform of the voltage across a recovery capacitor of the circuit of Figure IA over several cycles of operation during initial start-up;

Figure IJ shows a waveform of the voltage across a recovery capacitor of the circuit of Figure IA over two cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure IK shows a table of circuit parameters and operating performance over range of capacitor values, for a circuit according to the first embodiment of the invention;

Figure IL shows a graph illustrating circuit operating performance over range of capacitor values, for a circuit according to the first embodiment of the invention;

Figure 2A shows a circuit illustrating a second embodiment of the invention; _„

Figure 2B is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 2A, showing one cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 2C is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 2A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 2D is a second magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 2A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 2E is an energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 2A during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 2F shows waveforms of the supply current (upper waveform) and inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure 2A over several cycles of operation during initial start-up;

Figure 2G shows waveforms of the supply current (upper waveform) and inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure 2A over two cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure 2H shows a waveform of the voltage between upper and lower rails of the circuit of Figure 2A over several cycles of operation during initial start-up;

Figure 21 shows a waveform of the voltage between upper and lower rails of the circuit of Figure 2A over two cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure 2J shows a circuit illustrating a specific application of the second embodiment of the invention;

Figure 2K shows a prior art circuit of conventional topology for comparison with the circuit shown in Figure 2J;

Figure 3A shows a circuit illustrating a third embodiment of the invention; Figure 3B is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 3A, showing one cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 3C is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 3A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 3D is a second magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 3A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 3E is an energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 3 A during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 3F shows waveforms of the supply current (upper waveform) and inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure 3A over several cycles of operation during initial start-up;

Figure 3G shows waveforms of the supply current (upper waveform) and inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure 3 A over two cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure 3H shows a waveform of the voltage across a recovery capacitor of the circuit of Figure 3A over several cycles of operation during initial start-up;

Figure 31 shows a waveform of the voltage across a recovery capacitor of the circuit of Figure 3A over two cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure 4A shows a circuit illustrating a fourth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 4B is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 4A, showing one cycle of circuit operation in a run mode; Figure 4C is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 4A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

- Figure 4D is a second magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 4A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 4E is a third magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 4A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 4F is an energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 4A during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 4G shows waveforms of the supply current (upper waveform) and inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure 4A over several cycles of operation during initial start-up;

Figure 4H shows waveforms of the supply current (upper waveform) and inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure 4A over two cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure 41 shows a waveform of the voltage between upper and lower rails of the circuit of Figure 4A over several cycles of operation during initial start-up;

Figure 4J shows a waveform of the voltage between upper and lower rails of the circuit of Figure 4A over two cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure 5A shows a circuit illustrating a fifth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 5B is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 5A, showing one cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 5C is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 5A during a first stage of a cycle of operation; Figure 5D is a second magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 5A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 5E is an energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 5A during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 5F shows a circuit illustrating a specific application of the fifth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 5 G shows a prior art circuit of conventional topology for comparison with the circuit shown in Figure 51;

Figure 5H shows a circuit illustrating a specific application of the second embodiment of the invention for comparison with the circuit shown in Figure 51;

Figure 51 shows a circuit illustrating a specific application of the fifth embodiment of the invention, for comparison with the circuits shown in Figures 5G and 5H;_X

Figure 5J shows waveforms of current and inductance for a motor winding in the circuit of Figure 5F, in a motor driven at low speed;

Figure 5K shows waveforms of current and inductance for a motor winding in the circuit of Figure 5F, in a motor driven at medium speed;

Figure 5L shows waveforms of current and inductance for a motor winding in the circuit of Figure 5F, in a motor driven at high speed;

Figure 6A shows a circuit illustrating a sixth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 6B is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 6A, showing one cycle of circuit operation; Figure 6C is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 6A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 6D- is a second magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 6A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

- Figure 6E is a third magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 6A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 6F is a fourth magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 6A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 6G is a first energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 6A during a second stage of a cycle of operation; . ^■ '

Figure 6H is a second energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 6A during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 7A shows a circuit illustrating a seventh embodiment of the invention;

Figure 7B is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 7A, showing one cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 7C is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 7A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 7D is a second magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 7A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 7E is an energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 7A during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 8A shows a circuit illustrating an eighth embodiment of the invention; Figure 8B is a switch liming diagram for the circuit of Figure 8A, showing one cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 8C is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 8A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 8D is a second magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 8A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 8E is a third magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 8A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 8F is an energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 8A during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 8G shows waveforms for the supply current (upper waveform), recovery capacitor current (middle waveform), and inductive device current (Lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure 8A over several cycles of operation during initial start-up;

Figure 8H shows waveforms for the supply current (upper waveform), recovery capacitor current (middle waveform) and inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure 8A over two cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure 81 shows voltage waveforms of the circuit of Figure 8A over several cycles of operation during initial start-up, the upper waveform showing the voltage of the dual voltage supplies as applied to the anode of diode D3 and the lower waveform showing the voltage across the recovery capacitor Cl;

Figure 9A shows a circuit illustrating a ninth embodiment of the invention; Figure 9B is a magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 9A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 9C an energy. recovery configuration of, the circuit of Figure 9A during a second stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 1OA shows a circuit illustrating a tenth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 1OB is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 1OA, showing one cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 1OC is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 1OA, during a first quarter of a cycle of operation;

Figure 1OD is a second magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 1OA, during the first quarter of a cycle of operation;

Figure 1OE is a first energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 1OA, during a second quarter of a cycle of operation;

Figure 1OF is a third magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 1OA, during a third quarter of a cycle of operation;

Figure 1OG is a fourth magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 1OA, during the third quarter of a cycle of operation;

Figure 1OH is a second energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 1OA, during a fourth quarter of a cycle of operation;

Figure 101 shows waveforms for the current delivered from a reservoir capacitor

(upper waveform) and the inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure 1OA over several cycles of operation during initial start-up; Figure 1OJ shows waveforms for the current delivered from a reservoir capacitor (upper waveform) and the inductive device current (lower waveform), for the circuit of Figure IOA over several cycles of operation for a run mode;

Figure 1OK shows a circuit illustrating a specific application of the tenth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 1 IA shows a circuit illustrating an eleventh embodiment of the invention;

Figure HB is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure HA, showing one cycle of circuit operation;

Figure HC shows a block diagram of an application of the invention for driving a two phase motor;

Figure HD shows a block diagram of an application of the invention for driving a three phase motor;

Figure 12A shows a circuit illustrating a twelfth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 12B is a first switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 12A, showing a minor pulse cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 12C is a second switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 12A, showing a major cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 13A shows a circuit illustrating a thirteenth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 13B is a first switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 13A, showing a minor pulse cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 13C is a second switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 13A, showing a major cycle of circuit operation; Figure 13D shows a circuit illustrating a specific application of the thirteenth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 13E shows waveforms of voltage and current for the circuit of Figure 13D;

Figure 14A shows a circuit illustrating a fourteenth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 14B is a switch timing diagram for the circuit of Figure 14A, showing one cycle of circuit operation;

Figure 14C is a first magnetising configuration of the circuit of Figure 14A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 14D is a second magnetising configuration of the. circuit of Figure 14A during a first stage of a cycle of operation;

Figure 14E is an energy recovery configuration of the circuit of Figure 14A during a second stage of a cycle of operation,

Figure 15A shows a circuit illustrating a fifteenth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 15B shows waveforms of the voltage across a recovery capacitor (upper waveform) and current through an inductive device (lower waveform) of the circuit of Figure 15A;

Figure 16A shows a circuit illustrating a sixteenth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 16B shows waveforms of the voltage across a recovery capacitor (upper waveform) and the current through an inductive device (lower waveform) of the circuit of Figure 16A;

Figure 17A shows a circuit illustrating a seventeenth embodiment of the invention; Figure 17B shows waveforms of the voltage across a recovery capacitor (upper waveform), current through a first inductance (middle waveform), and current^" through a second inductance (lower waveform) of the circuit of Figure 17A;

Figure 18A shows a circuit illustrating an eighteenth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 18B shows waveforms: the upper two waveforms are of the voltages across two recovery capacitors, and the lower waveform is of the current through an inductance, of the circuit of Figure 18A;

Figure 19A shows a circuit illustrating a nineteenth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 19B shows waveforms of the voltages across four recovery capacitors of the ' circuit of Figure 19A;

Figure 19C shows waveforms of the current through four inductances of the circuit of Figure 19A;

Figure 2OA shows a circuit illustrating a twentieth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 20B shows waveforms of the voltages across four recovery capacitors of the circuit of Figure 2OA;

Figure 20C shows waveforms of the current through four inductances of the circuit of Figure 20A;

Figure 21 shows examples of end use applications of the current invention using various inductive devices driven from various supply types;

Figures 22A to 22G show seven examples of power supply circuits suitable for powering the current invention; and Figures 23A and 23B show two examples of gate driver circuits suitable for driving FET switches in the current invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The current invention relates to circuits for driving electromagnetic devices. The invention relates particularly to such circuits incorporating recovery of energy from a. collapsing magnetic field, the storage of that recovered energy as charge on a capacitance, and the subsequent use of the stored recovered energy to establish a magnetic field. The invention makes use of efficient transfer of energy between charge stored on capacitors and magnetic fields associated with inductances of inductive devices, such as in electric motors, generators, transformers, solenoids and induction heating coils, for example.

In the current invention, the transfer of energy, from inductance to capacitance, and from capacitance to inductance, behaves similarly to corresponding energy transfers between the inductance and capacitance of a resonant circuit. However, unlike freely oscillating resonant circuits in which energy is continuously and repetitively transferred back and forth between inductance and capacitance without interruption, circuits according to the current invention operate repetitively but with what may be termed interrupted, or dis-continuous, resonant energy transfer. In applications of the current invention, the repetitive but interrupted transfer of energy between capacitance and inductance is performed under the control of a switching circuit, for example using transistors and semiconductor diodes as switch elements.

The repetitive transfer of energy between capacitance and inductance, even when discontinuous, builds energy in the reactive components (capacitor and inductor) in the same way as in a resonant circuit, such that, after successive cycles, the voltages and circulating currents in the reactive component circuit can be substantially greater than those of the supply feeding the circuit.

In the current invention, the controlled switching circuit effectively connects capacitance and inductance in various circuit configurations to carry out the energy transfers. In a magnetising configuration, the switching circuit effectively connects a capacitance to an inductance to transfer energy stored on the capacitance to the inductance, to establish or assist in establishing a magnetic field. In an energy recovery configuration, the switching circuit effectively connects an inductance to a capacitance to charge the capacitance with energy recovered from the inductance on collapse of the magnetic field. In a third ■ configuration, the switching circuit is configured to hold the recovered energy stored by the capacitance until required for establishing an electromagnetic field.

In embodiments of the invention, as in freely oscillating resonant circuits, transfer of energy from capacitance to inductance reaches a maximum when voltage across the capacitance falls to zero, and transfer of energy from inductance to capacitance reaches a maximum when current flowing in the inductance falls to zero.

In many prior art magnetic field energy recovery circuits using a capacitor to store energy recovered from a collapsing magnetic field, and later re-using the energy stored on the capacitor to establish a magnetic field, the voltage across the capacitor is maintained at a relatively high level, usually above or close to a supply voltage. This results in less than optimum efficiency of energy transfer. In these circuits the capacitance is relatively large and acts as an energy reservoir that is not completely, nor even nearly, depleted during a magnetising period.

In the current invention, the switching circuit is configured in the magnetising and energy recovery configurations for respective magnetising and energy recovery periods. For efficient energy recovery and re-use of recovered energy, these periods are close to, or substantially equal to, one quarter of the natural resonance period of the respective circuit configuration. By correctly controlling these periods to suit the circuit reactances of the respective switching circuit configurations, and/ or by designing the circuit to automatically and passively adopt the correct configurations at the correct times, each resonant-like energy transfer action can be dis-continued when the respective energy transfer is at, or close to, a maximum.

Maximum recovery of energy from the magnetic field occurs when current flowing in the inductance falls to zero. In practical switching circuits according to the invention, the recovery period is made sufficient to allow the inductor current that recharges the recovery capacitance to fall to zero. If the inductor current is not zero at the end of the recovery period, and provision is not made to deal with the non-zero current, large and potentially damaging voltages could be generated by the inductance, for example when reconfiguring the switching circuit from the recovery configuration to the magnetising configuration.

Maximum transfer of energy stored in the charge on the capacitance occurs when voltage on the capacitance falls to zero. However, in practical switching circuits according to the invention, the capacitor voltage does not necessarily need to fall to zero. Unlike the preferred zero inductance current as discussed in the immediately preceding paragraph, there is no necessity for the capacitance voltage to fall to zero during the magnetising period. Voltage remaining on the capacitance can be held, without significant loss, until further charge is added to the capacitance at the next energy recovery period. Substantial energy can be transferred from the capacitance to the inductance even when non-zero voltages remaining on the capacitance at the end of the magnetising period, giving useful performance of circuits according to the current invention. Voltage remaining on the capacitance may result from incomplete discharge of the capacitance or, in some embodiments of the current invention, may result from first discharging the capacitance then recharging the capacitance to an opposite polarity.

For optimum energy transfers, the energy recovery period and the magnetising period are each equal to half the product of pi and the square root of the product of the inductance and capacitance of the respective circuit configuration. In other words, the energy recovery period and the magnetising period each equal 0.5 π "V(LC) seconds, where L is the circuit inductance value in henries, and C is the circuit capacitance value in farads.

It is to be noted that circuits according to the- invention do not necessarily operate simultaneously at maximum overall efficiency of power transfer from supply to load and delivery of maximum output power. Furthermore, neither of these maxima necessarily occurs simultaneously with, maximum energy transfer between the inductance and recovery capacitance of the switching circuit. The value of the inductance may be substantially constant during magnetising and/or recovery configurations, for example as in transformers, generators or induction heating coils. In some applications of the invention, the inductance may alter dynamically during the periods the switching circuit is configured in these configurations. For example, a switched reluctance motor or a solenoid-driven actuator or pump may present a winding inductance that varies, either linearly or non-ϋnearly, over a wide range during operation. In this case, the capacitance and switching circuit periods can be selected so that even with the dynamically changing inductance, the objective of substantially complete energy transfer is , achieved by the end of the respective' magnetising or field energy recovery periods. Whether the inductance value is fixed or dynamically varying, the maximum transfer of energy from the capacitance to the inductance still occurs when voltage on the capacitance falls to zero, and the maximum transfer of energy from the inductance to the capacitance occurs when current flowing in the inductance falls to zero.

In applications, for example switched reluctance motors, where the inductance is not fixed, an average inductance value can be used in mathematical expressions to determine a relationship between the inductance and the recovery capacitance, and a magnetising or recovery period. Although this average inductance value may not be absolutely mathematically correct, an average value has been found to provide a close approximation for calculation of optimum values of periods and recovery capacitor values for practical circuits. The use of an approximate average inductance value can avoid the need for complex modelling and integration of changing inductance values over magnetising and recovery periods.

The values of inductance and capacitance may be substantially the same for the magnetising and recovery configurations. Alternatively, the values of inductance arid/ or capacitance for the magnetising configuration may differ from the values of inductance and/ or capacitance for the recovery configuration. For example, in some specific embodiments of the current invention, a plurality of two or more capacitors are connected in parallel for the magnetising configuration but are connected in series for the recovery configuration. The series connection of the capacitors provides a lower capacitance value than the parallel connection. The lower capacitance of the series-connected capacitors decreases the natural resonance period or circuit time constant and therefore enables a faster recovery of magnetic field energy. This can be advantageous in applications of the current invention for driving high speed motors. The relatively larger capacitance of the parallel-connected capacitors increases the natural resonance period or circuit time constant and lengthens the duration of the magnetising current pulse.

The changes between parallel connection and series connection of the two or more capacitors can be performed passively, for example by passive switching of semi-conductor diodes by the bias voltage on the diodes. Alternatively, the changes between parallel connection and series connection can be performed actively, for example by controlled switching of transistors. Active control of the series/parallel connection may be used to connect the capacitors solely in parallel, in series and parallel, and solely in series through various phases of start-up or operation of inductive devices to advantageously configure . the magnetising and recovery period capacitances to optimise maximum capacitor operating.voltages and therefore energy transfers. '

The recovery capacitance can also be dynamically varied throughout the operating cycle. In addition to the series/parallel switching arrangements cited above, combinations of capacitors from a bank of parallel capacitors can be switched in and out of circuit to provide a' wide range of recovery capacitance values to meet the requirements of specific circuits or applications.

The switching circuit is selectively controlled to commence the magnetising configuration. For example, in applications of circuits according to the current invention to drive a variable reluctance motor, the magnetising configuration may be commenced at a synchronisation time derived from a pick-up or sensor device monitoring the angular position of the rotor of the motor.

The duration or period that the switching circuit maintains the magnetising configuration may be actively controlled by controlled switches, for example transistors, or may be determined by passive citcuit elements, for example diodes, "which respond automatically to polarities of circuit voltages or currents. ,

Similarly, the duration or period that the switching circuit maintains the field energy- recovery configuration may be actively controlled by controlled switches, for example transistors, or may be determined by passive circuit elements, for example diodes, which respond automatically to polarities of circuit voltages or currents.

Semiconductor diodes are used in some embodiments of the current invention to make automatic changes to the switching circuit configurations. For example, semiconductor diodes are used to react to the fall to zero of the inductor current and to then change the switching circuit from the second configuration to the third configuration at the optimum time of maximum energy transfer, without requiring actively controlled switching.

In the third switching circuit configuration, energy recovered from a magnetic field is stored on an energy recovery capacitor and held there until required for establishing, or assisting in establishing, a subsequent magnetic field. The third switching circuit configuration ends and the cycle is repeated when the switching circuit is selectively controlled to commence the next magnetising configuration. The next cycle is initiated by actively switching the switching circuit to adopt a magnetising configuration. For example, the initiation of the next cycle may be synchronised with a predetermined position of a rotor in applications where the circuit is used to drive a motor, or synchronised with a clock signal where the circuit is used to provide a predetermined fixed frequency output.

In some circuits according to the invention, the first and second switching circuit configurations may be identical, in which case the first configuration provided by the switching circuit may be maintained to also provide the second configuration. For example, a capacitor charged to a voltage of one polarity is discharged to drive current into an inductor to establish a magnetic field. When the voltage on the capacitor reaches zero, the current in the inductor has reached a maximum and energy transfer from capacitor to inductor is complete. The inductor current continues to flow in the same direction, but starts to drop in amplitude and the magnetic field begins to collapse. The continuing, but falling, current recharges the capacitor to a voltage of tibe opposite polarity. Energy recovery is complete when the inductor current has dropped to zero. In this circuit there is • no change in circuit configuration from the magnetising configuration to the recovery configuration. .

The transition from the second, i.e. energy recovery, configuration to the third, i.e. holding, configuration can be achieved by semiconductor diodes which conduct to allow the inductor current to flow in. the one direction as described above, but which become non- conductive to block a reverse current from flowing. This blocking prevents discharge of the capacitor when charged to the opposite polarity, at least until actively switched by a switching circuit controller, to commence a new magnetising period, for example.

Some circuits according to the invention may incorporate further switching circuit configurations between the three configurations described above, without departing from the invention.

For example, although in some circuits the second, Le. recovery, configuration follows immediately after the first, i.e. magnetising, configuration, there may be intermediate configurations by which the inductor current, initiated by transfer of recovered energy from the capacitor, is maintained or extended by passing current, drawn from a supply, through the inductor. At the end of the inductor current extension period the supply is disconnected from the inductor, configuring the switching circuit in a recovery configuration and initiating a field energy recovery phase. During the recovery phase, the inductor current falls, the magnetic field collapses and energy is recovered to be stored on the capacitor.

In a further example of other switching circuit configurations, die inductor current initiated by transfer of recovered energy from the capacitor may be regulated by switching, or chopping, the discharge of the capacitor into the inductor.

By recovering and re-using energy from the magnetic field using the dis-continuous resonant-like energy transfer of the current invention, magnetic fields can be established with increased efficiency, using lower supply voltages and/or providing greater field strengths. For example, in some embodiments of the invention, the voltage stored on the recovery capacitor after recovery of energy from the collapsing magnetic field, is placed in series with the supply to compound the voltage available for subsequently re-establishing the magnetic field. After repetitively recycling energy recovered from the magnetic field over a few cycles, circuits according to the invention can operate with a significantly boosted voltage on the capacitor at the beginning of each magnetising configuration period. The boosted voltage can be many times the voltage of the electrical source supplying the circuit. This voltage boosting or compounding action is similar to that of a resonant circuit, and like the resonant circuit, depends on the quality factor, or Q, of the circuit. The voltage compounding action allows motors and other inductive devices to be operated using relatively high working voltages derived from relatively low supply voltages. Some embodiments of the current invention drive inductive devices harder, Le. with higher winding currents, and/ or operated at higher efficiency, than when operated by prior art circuits using the same supply voltage.

The current invention has particular application to motors where higher mechanical output torque does not necessarily correlate with higher motor winding currents. Motor torque can be affected by the shape of the winding current waveform, and particularly by the • steepness of the rise in winding current. A faster rising winding current can give a higher motor torque and is particularly advantageous at high speed operation. The voltage compounding action described above provides a higher voltage that gives a faster rising winding current waveform and a- higher motor output torque, than would be achieved from just the supply voltage alone.

Circuits according to the invention can be configured in a wide range of circuit topologies. For example, circuits according to the invention can be configured to establish a magnetic field of one polarity by discharging a capacitor charged to a first polarity, and then recover energy from that magnetic field to recharge the capacitor to the same or opposite polarity. Successive magnetisings of the inductive device may provide magnetic fields of the same or alternating polarities. There may be only a single inductance and capacitance. Alternatively, a pair or a multiple number of capacitors may be alternately charged and discharged to repetitively recover energy from a magnetic field and deliver energy to reestablish a magnetic field, in a single inductor. A single capacitor may be discharged and charged to establish, and recover energy from, magnetic fields alternately in two or more inductances. The two inductances may be from respective inductive devices, or may be respective windings of a single device, or may be mutual inductances of the same inductive device. In a three-stage closed-loop circuit according to the invention, the energy recovered from a magnetic field in a first inductor, can be transferred to a first capacitor for use in later establishing a magnetic field in a second inductor, and the energy recovered from the magnetic field in the second inductor can be transferred to a second capacitor for use in later establishing a magnetic field in a third inductor, and the energy recovered from the magnetic field in the third inductor can be transferred to a third capacitor for use in later establishing a magnetic field in the first inductor. Such a circuit can be used to efficiently drive a three phase motor having three stator windings. Similar closed-loop multi-stage circuits can be configured for two or four circuit stages, or any odαer suitable number of successively connected circuit stages, for example as might be desired for linear motors, according to the invention.

The invention utilises energy that remains in a magnetic field after the field has been used to perform work, for example the mechanical work performed by the field of an electromagnetic motor. In general terms, the invention allows a magnetic field to be established in association with an inductive device (such as a transformer, motor, solenoid, or induction coil, for example). The field is predominantly established using energy recovered from the collapse of a previously-established magnetic field that may or may not be associated with the same inductive device. This recovery and re-use of the energy from a magnetic field allows inductive devices to be operated with improved performance and particularly with improved efficiency. Energy consumed in the circuits performing the work, through hysteresis, back emf or circuit losses can be replenished on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Significant efficiency gains can be made when these losses are kept low and are a small fraction of the energy needed to establish the magnetic field.

Energy is recovered from the magnetic field associated with an inductive device, such as a winding, while the field is performing, or has performed, useful work. The recovered energy is stored on a capacitor for re-use when later re-establishing a magnetic field at that or another inductive device. Controlled switches alternately interconnect the inductive device(s) and the capacitor(s) in the magnetising and energy recovery configurations. In one aspect the invention relates to the relationship between the timing of the controlled switches, the inductance of the inductive device and the capacitance of the capacitor. The switch-controlled magnetising period is made approximately equal to one quarter of the natural resonant period of the capacitor and inductive device connected in a resonant circuit configuration. Substantially all the energy stored on the capacitor can be transferred to the inductive device over the magnetising period and substantially all the energy then stored in the magnetic field can be transferred back to the capacitor over the following recovery period which can be of a similar duration to the magnetising period.

In another aspect the invention relates to a switching circuit for charging a capacitor by energy recovered from a collapsing magnetic field, and discharging the capacitor to reestablish the magnetic field. The voltage on the charged capacitor is compounded, over only one cycle, or over several successive cycles, of circuit operation. The capacitor is charged by the recovered energy to a voltage that is substantially greater, and is typically several times higher, than the supply voltage.

The use of this relatively high compounded voltage on the capacitor provides a steeply rising and higher value magnetising current for the inductive device. This rapid rise in magnetising current is not provided by prior art recycling circuits which recover magnetic field energy for storage on a large value reservoir or supplementary capacitor. The voltage on the reservoir or supplementary capacitor is not compounded but remains close to that of the supply and can only provide a much lower rate of rise of magnetising current at the next cycle.

In another aspect the invention relates to a switching circuit for charging a capacitor by energy recovered from a collapsing magnetic field, and re-estabEshing the magnetic field using energy obtained from discharging the capacitor.

The capacitor may be completely discharged when re-establishing the magnetic field during each cycle of operation. However, the circuits described below can be used without fully depleting the charge on the capacitor. That is, the circuits will operate effectively with a residual charge left on the capacitor after the magnetic field has been re-established. This condition can occur when the timing of the switching of the circuit provides a magnetising period that is less than optimal, or when the capacitance of the capacitor or the inductance of the inductive device is greater than optimal. A similar condition can occur when the timing of the switching of the circuit provides a magnetising period that is greater than optimal, or "when the capacitance of the capacitor or the inductance of the inductive device is less than optimal. In this case, the current that initially discharges the capacitor continues to flow without changing direction after the capacitor voltage reaches zero, and recharges the capacitor to the opposite polarity.

Dependent on the application and operating frequency, the switch timing can be controlled to optimise the current amplitude or wave shape in the inductive device, or the percentage of field energy recovered. ' Typically, 80-85% of the magnetic field energy can be recovered for recycling.

In application of the invention to the driving of switched reluctance motor windings, the discharge of the recovery capacitor to near zero voltage during re-magnetising of the motor windings helps provide a smooth rollover at the peak of the winding current waveform. The reduction of rapid or sharp transients in the motor winding current waveforms helps to reduce acoustic motor noise.

Many of the inductances described and shown in the circuit diagrams are 'ideal' devices of fixed inductance. However, the inductance of many practical inductive devices can be significantly reduced by back emfs from secondary circuit loads or by inductances which vary rapidly over each cycle. These inductance changes may have complex profiles. For example, inductance changes may be linear, sinusoidal or trapezoidal, over parts of each operating cycle.

Drawing conventions

It should be noted that in the accompanying figures the connection between wires is shown with a dot. Wires that intersect but have no dot at the intersection are not connected. In general, circuit components labelled similarly throughout the following description and in the accompanying figures provide corresponding functions. For example, in each of the circuits described with reference to the following labelled components, controlled switches Sl and S2 perform a corresponding function of controlling the delivery of energy stored in a capacitor Cl to an inductive device Ll₅ and diodes Dl and D2 provide a path for a current induced in the inductive device Ll to flow back to charge the capacitor Cl.

Controlled switches

The controlled switches in the circuits shown in the accompanying figures are controlled by any suitable controller. For example, the controller may be a microprocessor, microcontroller or other suitable digital logic or programmable device that can provide the switching devices with control pulses or signals of the required amplitude and timing. In some applications it is envisaged that the control signals provided to the switching devices by the controller will be responsive to one or more operating conditions associated with the inductive device. For example, where the inductive device is a motot, the timing of the control signals provided to the switches may be responsive to the rotational speed or shaft position of the motor, or of a component driven by the motor.

The switches are shown in some of the accompanying figures as simple switches whereas in figures relating to specific applications of some embodiments the switches are shown as field effect transistor (FET) switches.

In some low frequency applications the controlled switches may be reed switches or mechanical switches or contact points operated by mechanical means such as roller cams, lobes, or the like.

The controlled switches may be any switch suitable for the currents and voltages encountered, and having suitable switch characteristics such as switching speed, low 'on' or closed resistance, and high 'off or open resistance. Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switches (for example, International Rectifier IRF740LC, IRFK4HE50 or IRFK4JE50, or IXYS IXTH20N60) have been found suitable for many applications of the circuits described below. The IRFK4JE50 MOSFET (800 volt, 26 ampere, 0.046 ohm) is particularly useful where a higher voltage capability is required. In many cases the MOSFETS can be replaced by insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) or other solid state switching devices.

In practical circuits according to some embodiments of the invention, and particularly circuits operating at higher switching frequencies, the controlled switches are preferably matched transistors having closely similar switching speeds, i.e. rise and fall times and switching turn-on and turn-off delay times.

The switches are coupled to the controller by any suitable means. In some specific embodiments, FET switches are coupled to the switch controller by optocouplers, for example HCPL-3120 from Hewlett Packard, with gate drives powered by isolated converter supplies, for example from C & D Technologies.

Diodes

Some of the switching devices of the invention are semi-conductor diodes which inherently provide a closed state (i.e. a relatively low resistance path) to currents flowing in one direction but provide an open state (i.e. a relatively high resistance path) to currents flowing in an opposite direction. The diodes may be used alone or in conjunction with controlled switching devices. In the latter case, diodes can be used in parallel or in series with the controlled switch, depending on the switching required.

Diode switching devices are described and shown in the figures as discrete devices. However, in practice a discrete diode component may not be required. For example, where the switches in the circuits shown in Figure 1OA are MOSFETs, diodes D2A and D2B, shown as discrete diodes in parallel with respective controlled switches SlB and SlA, may each be provided by a diode that is inherently provided in the associated MOSFET switch.

Where discrete semiconductor diodes are used, one suitable diode is the Intersil RHRG30120 (1200 volt, 30 ampere, ultra fast). The semiconductor diodes require a small forward bias voltage to make the diodes conductive. This requirement has generally been ignored in the following description to simplify the explanation of circuit operation.

Although semiconductor diodes are preferred in the positions shown in the circuits of the accompanying figures, the diodes can be substituted by controlled switches. For example, diodes Dl and D2 can be substituted by controlled switches that ate opened during the magnetising stage and closed during the magnetic energy recovery stage. In a further example, the diodes D51, D52, and D53 in the embodiments described with reference to Figure 5F can be substituted with FET switches or other controlled switching devices under control of a switch controller or any other suitable control device, to actively control the series /parallel connection of capacitors C51 and C52. This latter example is described further in paragraph 5.16.

Capacitors

The recovery capacitors described in the following embodiments are preferably "low-loss" capacitors, Le. capacitors having low equivalent series resistance and low equivalent series inductance. Suitable recovery capacitors are metallised polypropylene pulse capacitors, or metallised polypropylene foil-film capacitors for applications generating high voltages on the recovery capacitors.

The circuit of each embodiment described below includes one capacitor, or multiple capacitors, that temporarily stores, or store, energy recovered from the collapsing magnetic field of an inductive device. These recovered energy storage capacitors are, for convenience, generally , referred to in this specification by the briefer term "recovery capacitor", to help distinguish the function of these capacitors from the power supply reservoir or filter capacitors that are used in some circuits.

Circuit losses It should also be noted that the inductors and inductive devices represented by the symbols shown in the figures are not perfect or idealised devices. In practice, these inductive components or devices also comprise winding resistance, core losses, and in some instances inter-winding capacitance. Furthermore, the controlled switches and diodes used in the circuits described exhibit resistance when 'on' or closed. When current is flowing, energy is dissipated in the 'on' resistance of the closed controlled switches, in the 'on' resistance of the conductive diodes, and in the winding resistance of the inductive devices. These losses are not recovered by the magnetic field energy recycling techniques described herein. In practice, the operation of the circuits described below can be affected by the resistances and other losses associated with the circuit components. For good energy recycling performance, it is preferred that these losses be kept as low as practicable by ensuring that the 'on' resistances of the controlled switches and diodes, and the winding resistances, are kept low.

Earthing/Grounding

The circuits shown in the figures have a bottom rail that is earthed or grounded. The earthing or grounding of this rail is optional and is not a necessary part of the invention.

FIRST EMBODIMENT

1.1 Circuit layout

Figure IA is a circuit diagram illustrating a first embodiment of the invention. Energy recovered from an inductive device Ll is returned to, and stored in, a recovery capacitor Cl.

The circuit comprises a DC power supply Vl, three diodes Dl, D2 and D3, a capacitor Cl, two controlled switches Sl and S2, an inductive device Ll and a choke inductor L2. Switch Sl and diode Dl are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form one leg of an H-bridge. Diode D2 and switch S2 are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form the other leg of die H-bridge. The inductive device Ll is connected between die centre junctions of the two bridge legs. The capacitor Cl is connected between the upper and lower rails. The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 1C to IF. The opening and closing of the switches Sl and S2 are controlled by a common switch controller SC.

1.2 Switch timing Figure IB is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches Sl and S2 showing one cycle of operation from time t, to time t₃. Switches Sl and S2 are operated synchronously over each cycle by the switch controller SC.

The switches Sl and S2 are both closed to arrange the ciecuit of Figure IA for a magnetising stage from time t_t to time t₂. During this magnetising stage, a current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field. The magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to right in the circuits shown in Figures IA, 1C and ID.

Switches Sl and S2 remain closed from time t_j to time t₂ for a period that is approximately equal to 0.5 '% y (Ll Cl), where Ll is the inductance of the inductive device Ll in henries, Cl is the capacitance of capacitor Cl in farads, and the period is in seconds.

The magnetising stage ends at time t₂ at which time switches Sl and S2 are opened to arrange the circuit of Figure IA for a recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are kept open £tom time I₂ to time t₃.

Both switches Sl and S2 are closed at time t₃ to arrange the circuit of Figure IA for the next magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to

(*3 ~ ti).

1.3 First magnetising circuit Figure 1C shows a first effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when diode D3 is non-conductive, i.e. generally when the voltage on capacitor Cl is greater than that of the supply Vl .

1.4 Second magnetising circuit

Figure ID shows a second effective magnetising circuit when switches Sl and S2 are still closed. This circuit applies when the voltage across the capacitor Cl is generally less than the voltage of the power supply Vl, making diode D3 forward biased and conductive, and effectively placing the supply Vl in parallel across the capacitor Cl.

1.5 Magnetising circuit conversion The conversion of the magnetising circuit of Figure 1C to that of Figure ID occurs automatically during the magnetising stage. The conversion occurs when the voltage across the capacitor Cl falls below, or is less than, the voltage of the supply Vl and there is insufficient charge on the recovery capacitor to supply all the magnetising current for the full magnetising period t_j to I₂.

This conversion occurs soon after switches Sl and S2 first close at time t_j of the first cycle of operation, but can occur progressively later in subsequent cycles. In these subsequent cycles, the recovery capacitor can charge to progressively higher voltages as the circuit builds up to an operating mode. .

1.6 First energy recovery circuit

Figure IE shows a first effective circuit for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t₂ and the voltage on the capacitor Cl is less than the voltage of the supply Vl, making diode D3 forward biased and conductive.

1.7 Second energy recovery circuit

Figure IF shows a second effective circuit for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation. Switches Sl and S2 are still open but capacitor Cl has charged to a voltage which is greater than that of the supply Vl, reverse biasing diode D3 to make diode D3 non-conductive and effectively disconnecting the supply Vl. Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl and D2 and charges capacitor Cl, causing the current to fall.

When this falling inductive device current reaches zero, diodes Dl, D2 and D3 become non-conductive, blocking discharge of the re-charged capacitor Cl. This blocking holds the charge on capacitor Cl until the start of the next cycle at time t₃.

1.8 Energy recovery circuit conversion .

The conversion of the energy recovery circuit of Figure IE to that of Figure IF occurs automatically during the energy recovery stage: when the voltage across the capacitor Cl increases above the voltage of the power supply Vl .

1.9 Start-up mode magnetising - fitst cycle

Initial start-up of the circuit occurs when the switches Sl and S2 close at time t, of the first cycle of operation. For the purposes of the immediately-following explanation it is assumed that, prior to the initial start-up at time t_t, switches Sl and S2 have been open for sufficiently long for capacitor Cl to have charged from the power supply Vl, and for the Vl₃ L2, D3, Cl circuit to have reached a steady state.

At time tj, switches Sl and S2 close to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 1C. Magnetising current then begins to flow from the pre-charged capacitor Cl through closed switch Sl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2, to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device. This flow of current from capacitor Cl depletes the charge on the capacitor, immediately decreasing the voltage across the capacitor, as may be seen in the start-up capacitor voltage waveform shown in Figure II, to a voltage which is below the voltage of the power supply Vl to make diode D3 forward biased. Therefore, on this first start-up cycle, the circuit converts immediately to that shown in Figure ID.

In the effective circuit arrangement shown in Figure ID, magnetising current also flows from the power supply Vl, through inductor L2 and diode D3 to augment the magnetising current flowing from capacitor Cl. The combined currents flow through closed switch Sl, through inductive device Ll (from left to right in Figures 1C and ID), and back through closed switch S2 to establish the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll.

As the voltage on the discharging capacitor Cl falls still further, and as supply current through inductor L2 increases, capacitor Cl ceases to discharge and begins to be charged by the current from supply Vl flowing through inductor L2 and diode D3. This recharging of capacitor Cl occurs simultaneously with continued flow of magnetising current through inductive device Ll from the supply Vl.

1.10 Start-up mode magnetising - subsequent cycles The conversion of the magnetising circuit of Figure 1C to that of Figure ID (which occurred immediately after start time t_j in the first cycle) occurs progressively later in subsequent start-up cycles as the circuit runs up to a run mode. The progressive delay of the conversion occurs because the capacitor Cl ^"is charged to a progressively higher voltage as may be seen from the start-up voltage waveform of capacitor Cl as shown in Figure II. This voltage is above the voltage of the supply Vl, due to the recovery of energy from the inductive device Ll during a previous energy recovery stage, as will be explained further below.

The combination of current from capacitor. Cl, and from the supply Vl through inductor

■ L2 and diode D3, flows through closed switch Sl, through the inductive device Ll (from left to right in Figure ID), and through closed switch S2 back to the earthed or grounded side of the supply Vl and capacitor Cl. This current establishes a magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll. A typical start-up inductive device current is shown in the lower waveform of Figure IG .

1.11 Run mode magnetising

In the run mode, the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of capacitor Cl by the circuit of Figure 1C. During a first substantial part of the run mode magnetising stage, the recovered energy stored on the capacitor Cl is directed by switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field in the inductive device Ll.

Near the end of the run mode magnetising stage, when and if the voltage on capacitor Cl becomes depleted below the voltage of the supply Vl, diode D3 conducts to convert the circuit to that of Figure ID. Magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is then maintained by current flowing directly from the supply Vl, through inductor L2, diode D3 and switch Sl, and back through switch S2. This relatively small replenishment directly from the supply occurs automatically during every cycle upon depletion of the charge on capacitor Cl and draws energy from the supply, through the choke inductor L2 and diode

D3, to make up for losses in the circuit. A typical run-mode supply current is shown in upper waveform of Figure IH. The replenishment voltage provided by the supply Vl, although less than the much higher run-mode voltages achieved on capacitor Cl, is sufficient to maintain the level of current in the inductive device Ll and prolong the magnetising begun by the current flow from the capacitor Cl.

1.12 Energy recovery

Figure IE shows the first effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of^' circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t_j. At time t₂ the current through the inductive device Ll and die associated magnetic field begin to collapse, but the voltage on capacitor Cl is less than that of the supply Vl, keeping diode D3 still conductive.

The current flows from the inductive device Ll and through diode D2 to charge capacitor Cl and flow back through diode Dl to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field (Le. from left to right in Figure IE), but flows into the capacitor Cl in the opposite direction to the. magnetising current flowing from the capacitor during the magnetising stage.

Simultaneously with the initial recharging of capacitor Cl by current from the inductive device Ll, the capacitor Cl is also charged by a replenishment current flowing from the supply Vl, through inductor L2 and the forward biased diode D3.

Figure IF shows the second effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both still open, the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field is still collapsing, but the voltage on capacitor Cl is now greater than that of the supply Vl, making diode D3 non-conductive. Current continues to flow from the inductive device Ll and through diodes D2 and Dl to charge capacitor Cl.

In both the first and second energy recovery stage circuit configurations as shown in Figures IE and IF, the flow of the induced current from the inductive device Ll back to the capacitor Cl, effectively recovers energy from the magnetic field and transfers the energy to the capacitor Cl. This recovered energy is held as a charge on the capacitor Cl until the end of the cycle at time t₃ when it is used to re-establish the magnetic field at the magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation.

1.13 Voltage multiplication

On initial start-up, the capacitor Cl is charged, in the energy recovery stages of the first few successive cycles of ckcuit operation, to progressively higher voltages, as may be appreciated from the voltage waveform shown in Figure II. After only a few cycles of operation the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to several times the supply voltage.

Figure II shows a typical waveform for the voltage on capacitor Cl for a specific first embodiment having circuit values as discussed below. The capacitor voltage rises to just over 100 volts during the first energy recovery stage, and progressively rises to greater voltages to reach about 225 volts after about 300 mS of operation. In the magnetising stages, magnetising current in the inductive device is driven by this capacitor voltage.

Figure IJ shows the waveform of the voltage on recovery capacitor Cl when the circuit of this specific embodiment has completed start-up and is operating in a run mode. At 400 mS, the capacitor has already been progressively charged to a voltage of about 225 volts by successive magnetisation and energy recovery stages. During a magnetising stage, from 400 mS to 405 mS, the capacitor drives magnetising current through the inductive device. The capacitor voltage falls to zero as the capacitor discharges. During the following recovery stage, from 405 mS to 410 mS, energy from the collapsing magnetic field is recovered (and augmented by a small top-up from the supply) to recharge recovery capacitor Cl back up to about 225 volts. Repetition of this cycle begins at 420 mS.

The recovery of energy from the collapsing magnetic field at each cycle and its re-use to reestablish the field in the magnetising stage at the next cycle effectively multiplies the voltage from which the inductive device is driven to provide a significant improvement in efficiency. The voltage multiplication process is similar to the transient charging phase of a resonant inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit. With the capacitor Cl recharged to a voltage significantly higher than the supply voltage, the capacitor discharges during the next magnetising stage over a significantly longer time and with a higher peak current value than those occurring during each of the first few startup cycles.

In practice, the compounding of voltage on the recovery capacitor Cl is limited by circuit losses and by motional or induced back electromotive forces (BEMFs), if any. Motional BEMFs can arise from a changing inductance in the inductive device Ll, such as in a reluctance mo tor,, reducing the amplitude of current in the inductive device. The voltage gain is related to the ratio of the maximum energy stored to the energy dissipated per cycle, or to the loaded Q (the quality factor of the inductance capacitance circuit). Where BEMFs and circuit resistances are kept low, the circuit of the first embodiment drives the inductive device with a voltage that is many times greater than that of the supply.

1.14 Energy transfer

During the capacitor-fed magnetising period that occurs during the earlier part of the magnetising stage of each cycle in the run mode, before supply-fed magnetising takes over, the circuit effectively adopts the configuration as shown in Figure 1C. This is similar to the familiar resonant inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit in which energy can be transferred back and forth between the capacitance and the inductance.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure IA, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitor Cl must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll . Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitor back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitor Cl has decreased from a maximum to zero and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure IA, the switches Sl and S2 are closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is approximately equal to 0.5 π v (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitor Cl to the inductive device. Ll . >

The switches Sl and S2 may be maintained closed for a small additional time period to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension period, the magnetising current is supplied from the supply to compensate for circuit losses.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure IA, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitor Cl. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitor occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure IA, the switches Sl and S2 are open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π "V (Ll Cl), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re-closing of switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle. ^{. . .}

The upper waveform of Figure IH shows the current provided by supply Vl and the lower waveform shows the current in the inductive device Ll. The inductive device current begins to rise at the beginning of a cycle at 400 mS. This current is initially derived solely from energy stored on the recovery capacitor Cl. No current flows from the supply during the early part of the cycle. Supply current only begins to rise at about 404 mS when the charge on the recovery capacitor Cl is depleted. The supply current maintains current flow in the inductive device during the remainder of the magnetising stage, i.e. until 405 mS, . when the switches Sl and S2 are opened to convert the circuit to the recovery mode. Supply current is then is used to augment the initial current recovered from the inductive device, to recharge the recovery capacitor. After cessation of the supply current, at about 406.5 tnS, the recovery capacitor is further charged by current recovered from the inductive device, this charging current falling to zero at about 408.5 mS.

At near optimum operation, the contrast between the relatively small peak value and duration of the run mode supply current pulses shown in the upper waveform of Figure IH and the much larger peak value and duration of the run mode inductive device current pulses shown in the lower waveform of Figure IH is clearly apparent.

1.15 Specific embodiment One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure IA has the following circuit values:

Sl and S2: IRFK4HE50

Dl, D2 and D3: RHRG30120

Vl = 48 volts Cl = 200 μF

Ll = 36 mH (with an effective series resistance of 0.5 ohms)

L2 = 5 mH

Switching period I₁ to t₃ = 20 mS

Switching frequency 50 Hz. Magnetising period t, to t₂ — 5 mS

In this specific embodiment, the switches Sl and S2 remain closed for 5 mS over the 20 mS period of each cycle. The capacitor-fed magnetising current endures for 4.2 mS, being 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) or one quarter of the natural resonance period of the capacitor Cl and inductive device Ll. The supply-fed magnetising current runs for die remaining 0.8 mS of the 5 mS magnetising stage over which the switches Sl and S2 are closed.

In this specific embodiment die capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to a voltage that is more than 4 times the supply voltage after the Erst 15 cycles of operation, i.e. after only 300 mS from starting.

1.16 Waveforms Figures IG, IH, II and IJ show typical simulated waveforms of currents and voltages for the specific first embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure IA. The upper waveforms of Figures IG and IH shows typical supply current waveforms. The lower waveforms of Figures IG and IH show typical current waveforms for the inductive device Ll. Figure II and IJ show typical waveforms of the voltage across the recovery capacitor Cl. Figures IG and II show several cycles during start-up. Figures IH and IJ show run-mode cycles.

It can be seen that at start-up the voltage on capacitor Cl is equal to the supply voltage of 48 volts but then the peak value of the voltage on capacitor Cl increases rapidly over successive start-up cycles to be approximately 225 volts at 300 mS. The waveforms of Figures II and IJ show that the recovery capacitor Cl is substantially discharged, Le. the voltage on the capacitor Cl is zero volts, by the end of the magnetising stage for each cycle of circuit operation.

In the run-mode of the specific first embodiment of Figure IA as described above, the capacitor-fed magnetising current in the inductive device Ll rises from zero to a peak of approximately 16 amperes in approximately 4.2 mS (being 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) or one quarter of the natural resonance period of the capacitor Cl and inductive device Ll) with a waveform that is very close to one quarter cycle of a sinusoid. The lower waveform of Figure IH shows the run-mode magnetising current. The supply-fed replenishment current then sustains the peak of the sinusoid shape for the remainder of the magnetising, stage. At the end of the magnetising stage, when the switches Sl and S2 are opened, current induced in the inductive device Ll, by the collapsing magnetic field, falls to zero in approximately 3.7 mS with a waveform that is very close to the second quarter cycle of a sinusoid. The current in the inductive device Ll then remains at zero until the start of the next cycle.

In summary, the waveform of the current in the inductive device is substantially a half sinusoid for each cycle of operation. When the capacitor voltage decreases to below the supply voltage, the replenishment current from the supply begins rising from zero and peaks at a current of approximately 11 amperes. An induced current, with a peak amplitude of 16 amperes, flows from the inductive device as a recovery current. The 16 ampere peak amplitude recovery current is superimposed on the 11 ampere peak amplitude replenishment current from the supply to give a current of approximately 27 amperes peak amplitude to recharge the capacitor Cl.

The magnetising period when switches Sl and S2 are closed is 5 mS, and the energy recovery period over which the current established in the inductive device drops to zero is approximately 3.7 mS. These periods are approximately equal to 4.2 mS which is 0.5 π "v (Ll ^"Cl) or one quarter of 16.8 mS, the natural resonance period of the recovery- capacitor Cl and the inductance Ll.

1.17 Circuit performance

The performance of another specific version of the first embodiment is discussed with reference to the table shown in Figure IK and the graph shown in Figure IL. This example serves to show how the performance and efficiency of a circuit can be significantly improved by application of the current invention.

The circuit of this specific version is as shown in Figure IA, with the exception that the inductor Ll is replaced with a transformer coupled to a load resistor.

The transformer primary winding, has an inductance of 36 mH, an equivalent series resistance of 0.5 ohm, and is connected in place of the inductor Ll in the circuit of Figure 1 A. The transformer secondary winding has an inductance of 1 μH and is connected to a load resistor of 0.005 ohm. The transformer has a coupling ratio of 0.99.

The circuit switching is operated with switch timings as shown in Figure IB with values of t_l3 1^ and t₃ as given in the table below.

The circuit of this specific version of the first embodiment has the following components and circuit values:

Sl and S2: IRFK3D350 Dl, D2 and D3: RHRG30120

Vl = 24 volts L2 = 2 mH Switching period t_x to t₃ = 10 mS Switching frequency 100 Hz Magnetising period t, to t_j = 5 mS Recovery period t^ to t₃ = 5 mS

In this specific version, the switches Sl and S2 remain closed for 5 mS during the 10 mS period of each cycle.

Figure IK shows a table of operating values and measures of circuit performance for a simulation of the specific version of the first embodiment, operating in a stable operating zone about 1 to 2 seconds after initial start-up, over a range of values of capacitance Cl from 2.5 to 8,000 μF. In the table;

• Va is the voltage on the capacitor Cl at t_α (i.e. the beginning of the magnetising 1 period), expressed in volts;

• Vb is the voltage on the capacitor Cl at t₂ (i.e. the end of the magnetising period), expressed in volts;

• Vb /Va is the ratio of the voltages Vb and Va on the capacitor Cl at the end and start of the magnetising period, expressed as a percentage;

• PS is the power delivered from the supply to the circuit, expressed in watts;

• PL is the power dissipated by the load resistor connected to the transformer secondary winding, expressed in watts; and

• E is the efficiency of overall power transfer from the supply to the load resistor, expressed as a percentage.

Figure IL shows a graph of operating values and measures of circuit performance for the simulation of the specific version of the first embodiment, operating in a stable operating zone about 1 to 2 seconds after initial start-up, over a range of values of capacitance Cl from 2.5 to 800 μF. The graph shows: • -

• the ratio Vb /Va, expressed as a percentage and shown by a dashed line;

• the power transfer efficiency E, expressed as a percentage and shown as a dotted line; and

• the load power PL, expressed in watts and shown as a solid line. The trends of the performance values for capacitance Cl values above 800 μF are evident from the graph and have been omitted to more clearly demonstrate circuit performance for values of capacitance Cl values below 800 μF.

When capacitance Cl in the specific version of the first embodiment is large, it acts a reservoir capacitor across the supply Vl . With such a large value of capacitance, there is insufficient time for the capacitance to discharge during the 5 mS magnetising period and the voltage remaining on the capacitance Cl at the end of the magnetising period is not significantly less than the voltage on the capacitance Cl at the start of the magnetising period. For example, for values of capacitance Cl greater than 4,000 μF, over 92% of the voltage on the capacitance is remaining at the end of the magnetising period; and even with values of capacitance Cl down to 600 μF, over 49% of the' voltage on the capacitance is remaining at the end of the magnetising period. This equates to less than 24% of the energy stored in the capacitance being utilised when re-establishing the magnetic field in the transformer, given that energy stored in a capacitance is proportional to the square of the voltage across the capacitance.

The circuit operates with efficient transfer of energy between the inductive load device and the recovery capacitor with a range of values of the magnetising period t^_Q (in seconds) that are at least approximately equal to 0.5πV(LC), where L is the inductance value (in henries) of the inductive load device, and C is the capacitance value (in farads) of the recovery capacitor. This range can be expressed as ^₀ = kπv(LC) where k is a factor defining the range. By rearranging this expression, the factor k = t_j^_g /( πV(LC) ). In the current example, where t^g = 5 mS and L = 36 mH, the factor k = 0.0084/VC, where C is the recovery capacitance in microfarads.

With large values of capacitance Cl, and therefore relatively high voltages remaining on the capacitance, the recycling of energy from capacitance to the load via the transformer is relatively inefficient and the circuit performance is low. For example, when capacitance Cl is greater than 600 μF, the circuit operates at relatively low efficiencies of about 50% and very low load power output values of less than 4.5 watts. This performance is typical of this type of circuit when operated with the low drive voltage (24 volts) and the circuit components, switching topology and timing as described above. As the value of the capacitance Cl is decreased, the action of the capacitance Cl changes from that of a reservoir capacitor to that of an energy recovery capacitor. As a reservoir capacitor, the capacitance Cl substantially maintains a steady supply voltage. As a recovery capacitor, the capacitor Cl is charged up to relatively high voltages by energy recovered from the collapsing transformer magnetic field and the resonant voltage compounding action. The capacitor is then is discharged to relatively low voltages when the transformer magnetic field is re-established. As the value of the capacitance Cl is decreased, and the capacitance Cl acts more as a recovery capacitor, the output load power and circuit transfer efficiency increase.

When the voltage remaining across the capacitance Cl at the end of the magnetising period is less than approximately 50% of the voltage across the capacitance Cl at the start of the magnetising period, the circuit operates at efficiencies greater than 50% and at load power output values greater than approximately 4.5 watts. This occurs when the value of the capacitance Cl is less than approximately 600 μF. At a capacitance value of 600 μF, the k factor is approximately 0.35.

Furthermore, when the voltage remaining across the capacitance Cl at the end of the magnetising period is less than 30% of the voltage across the capacitance Cl at the start of the magnetising period, the circuit operates at efficiencies greater than approximately 53% and at load power output values greater than approximately 6.7 watts. This occurs when the value of the capacitance Cl is less than approximately 400 μF. At a capacitance value of 400 μF, the k factor is approximately 0.42.

Furthermore, when the voltage remaining across the capacitance Cl at the end of the magnetising period is less than 20% of the voltage across the capacitance Cl at the start of the magnetising period, the circuit operates at efficiencies greater than approximately 55% and at load power output values greater than approximately 8 watts. This occurs when the value of the capacitance Cl is less than approximately 300 μF. At a capacitance value of 300 μF, the k factor is approximately 0.48. Furthermore, when, the voltage remaining across the capacitance Cl at the end of die magnetising period is less than 10% of the voltage across the capacitance Cl at the start of the magnetising period, the circuit operates at efficiencies greater than 58% and at load power output values greater than approximately 14 watts. This occurs when the value of the capacitance Cl is less than about 260 μF. At a capacitance value of 260 μF, the k factor is approximately 0.52.

Further increases in load power output and transfer efficiency can be obtained by decreasing the value of the capacitance still further. Load power output peaks at approximately 48 watts with a transfer efficiency of approximately 84% when the value of the capacitance is approximately 20 μF. At a capacitance value of 20 μF, the k factor is approximately 1.9.

For values of capacitance below 20 μF, output power decreases, although transfer efficiency increases. For example, a load power output of approximately 34 watts at a transfer efficiency of approximately 90% was obtained with a value of capacitance Cl of 2.5 μF. At a capacitance value of 2.5 μF, the k factor is approximately 5.3.

Useful operation of the invention may be obtained for values of the k factor in the ranges between 0.35 and 0.70, between 0.25 and 1.0, between 0.1 and 2.5, or even outside these ranges.

In some applications it may be desirable to operate at less that the maximum possible load power and transfer efficiency: for example, to optimise the load current waveform.

The increase in load output power and transfer efficiency for the lower values of capacitance Cl are due to the capacitance Cl being charged to relatively high voltages. For example, a capacitance of 2.5 μF is charged up to 370 volts. These voltages are relatively high compared to the 24 volts of the supply Vl and provide a very rapid rise in magnetising current into the transformer. Although the relatively small capacitance is quickly discharged, the magnetising current pulse can be extended and maintained for the remainder of the 5 mS magnetising period by the lower supply voltage delivering current through the inductor L2 and diode D3. This is because only a small driving voltage is required to maintain the current through the primary winding inductance of the transformer once the current has reached a peak value.

Figure IL shows an inflexion in the transfer efficiency and output load power curves. This inflexion occurs at a transition between two modes of circuit operation. At values of capacitance Cl above about 160 μF, magnetising current is supplied predominantly by discharge of the capacitance Cl with a small top-up of current from the supply Vl delivered through inductor L2 and diode D3 to make up for losses in the circuit. At values of capacitance Cl below about 120 μF, magnetising current is supplied initially by discharge of the capacitance Cl. But these values of the capacitance Cl are not sufficient to maintain the magnetising current for the full magnetising period: instead, after discharge of capacitance Cl, the magnetising current is supplied predominantly by current from the supply Vl delivered through inductor L2 and diode D3.

1.18 Dual mode operation

A dual-mode motor drive circuit, using the two circuit topologies shown in Figure IA and Figure 2A, is discussed below in Section 2.16.

SECOND EMBODIMENT

2.1 Circuit layout

Figure 2A is a circuit diagram illustrating a second embodiment of the invention. In this second embodiment, a capacitor Cl storing energy recovered from an inductive device Ll is connected in series with a supply Vl to provide magnetising current for the inductive device with a first quadrant of a semi-sinusoidal current through the inductive device.

The circuit of Figure 2A comprises a DC power supply Vl, two diodes Dl and D2, a capacitor Cl, two controlled switches Sl and S2, and an inductive device Ll. Switch Sl, diode Dl and supply Vl are connected in series between upper and lower rails to form a first leg of an H-bridge. Diode D2 and switch S2 are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form the second leg of the H-bridge. The inductive device Ll is connected between the bridge legs. The power supply Vl and the capacitor Cl are connected in series between the upper and lower rails. The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 2C to 2E. The opening and closing of the switches Sl and S2 ate controlled by a common switch controller SC.

2.2 Switch timing

Figure 2B is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches Sl and S2 showing one cycle of operation from time t_x to time t₃. Switches Sl and S2 are operated synchronously over each cycle by the switch controller SC.

The switches Sl and S2 are both closed to arrange the circuit of Figure 2A for a magnetising stage from time t_j to time t₂. During this magnetising stage a current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field. The magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to right in the circuits shown in Figures 2A, 2C and 2D. •

Switches Sl and S2 remain closed from time t_α to time t₂ for a period that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl).

The magnetising stage ends at time t₂ at which time switches Sl and S2 are opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 2A for a recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are kept open from time t, to time t₃.

Both switches Sl and S2 are closed at time t₃ to arrange the circuit of Figure 2A for the next magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to (t₃ " t,).

2.3 First magnetising, circuit

Figure 2C shows a^' first effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when diode^' Dl is non-conductive, i.e. when the voltage on capacitor Cl is sufficient to reverse bias diode Dl. 2.4 Second magnetising citcuit

Figure 2D shows a second effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies when the voltage across the capacitor Cl is insufficient to reverse bias diode Dl, and diode Dl becomes forward biased and conductive to effectively bypass the capacitor Cl. Magnetising current from the power supply Vl then flows through diode Dl to inductive device Ll, and back through closed switch S2 to contribute to the establishment of the magnetic field in association with die inductive device Ll.

2.5 Magnetising circuit conversion

The conversion of the magnetising citcuit of Figure 2C to diat of Figure 2D occurs automatically when there is insufficient charge on the recovery capacitor to supply all the magnetising current for the full magnetising period and particularly when the voltage on capacitor Cl is insufficient to reverse bias diode Dl. '

This conversion occurs immediately on first closing switches Sl and S2 at time t_t of die first cycle of operation, but occurs later in subsequent cycles. In these subsequent cycles, the recovery capacitor can charge to progressively higher voltages as the circuit builds up to ^• an operating mode.

2.6 Energy recovery circuit

Figure 2E shows an effective circuit configuration for die energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t₂. Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl and D2 and charges capacitor Cl, causing the current to fall.

When this falling inductive device current reaches zero, diodes Dl and D2 become non- conductive, blocking discharge of the re-charged capacitor Cl . This blocking holds the charge on capacitor Cl until the start of die next cycle attime t₃.

2.7 Start-up mode magnetising - first cycle Initial start-up, of the circuit occurs when the switches Sl and S2 close at time t_t of the first cycle of operation. For the purposes of the immediately-following explanation it is assumed that, prior to time t_l5 capacitor Cl is uncharged.

At time t_]5 switches Sl and S2 close to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 2D. Magnetising current then flows from the supply Vl through diode Dl, inductive device ¹Ll and closed switch S2 to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll.

2.8 Start-up mode magnetising — subsequent cycles

On subsequent cycles during start-up operation, the capacitor Cl will already, at time t, have some charge from energy recovery from previous cycles. In this case the circuit adopts the configuration shown in Figure 2C and magnetising current flows from the series combination of supply Vl and pre-charged capacitor Cl, through closed switch Sl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2 to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device.

The flow of current out of the capacitor Cl depletes the charge on the capacitor which decreases the voltage across the capacitor. . If the voltage across the capacitor Cl becomes insufficient to reverse bias diode Dl, diode Dl conducts, the circuit automatically converts to that shown in Figure 2D, and magnetising current continues to flow but only from the supply Vl. Diode Dl stops capacitor Cl from reverse charging.

2.9 Run mode magnetising In the run mode, the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of capacitor Cl connected in series with the supply Vl by the circuit of Figure 2C.

During a first substantial part of the run mode magnetising stage, the series combination (of recovery capacitor Cl and the supply Vl) is connected by switches Sl and S2 to the inductive device Ll, as seen in the circuit of Figure 2C, to re-establish the magnetic field in the inductive device. If the falling voltage on capacitor Cl is no longet sufficient to reverse bias diode Dl, diode Dl conducts and magnetising current in the inductive device Ll can Be maintained by- current flowing from the supply Vl through diode Dl to the inductive device Ll, and back through switch S2, as seen in the circuit of Figure 2D. This continues the flow of magnetising current in the inductive device Ll using energy direct from the supply. This extension of the duration of the magnetising current can occur automatically during every cycle if the capacitor Cl becomes depleted, to draw energy from the supply. This extension can make up for losses in the circuit.

2.10 Energy recovery

Figure 2E shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t₂. This circuit configuration continues from time I₂ to time t₃. At titae t^, the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field begin to collapse. '

The collapsing current flows from the inductive device Ll through diode D2 to capacitor Cl and back through diode Dl to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field (i.e. from left to right in Figure 2E), but flows into the capacitor Cl in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the capacitor Cl during the magnetising stage.

The flow of the induced current, from the inductive device Ll back to the capacitor Cl, recharges the capacitor to effectively transfer energy from the magnetic field to the capacitor Cl. This recovered, energy is used to re-establish the magnetic field during the magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation.

2.11 Voltage multiplication

On initial start-up, the capacitor Cl is charged, in the energy recovery stages of the first few successive cycles of circuit operation, to progressively higher voltages, as may be appreciated from the voltage waveform shown in Figure 2H. After only a few cycles of operation the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to several times the supply voltage. In the magnetising stages, magnetising current in the inductive device is driven by this capacitor voltage.

The recovery of energy from die collapsing magnetic field at each cycle and its re-use to re- establish the field in the magnetising stage at the next cycle effectively multiplies the voltage from which the inductive device is driven to provide a significant improvement in efficiency. The voltage multiplication process is similar to the transient charging phase of a resonant inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit.

The capacitor Cl discharges with' progressively higher peak current values, during the magnetising stage of each of the first few start-up cycles. The series combination of supply Vl and capacitor Cl provides a discharge current through closed switch Sl to the inductive device Ll, with a return path to earth or ground through the closed switch S2, as seen in the magnetising circuit shown in Figure 2C. This current is provided over a significant time during the magnetising stage before the voltage on the capacitor Cl is sufficiently depleted to remove the reverse bias on diode Dl.

If the voltage on capacitor Cl is sufficiently depleted and diode Dl is forward biased, the circuit effectively adopts the supply-fed magnetising circuit configuration as shown in Figure 2D₃ whereupon the magnetising current in the inductive device is provided from supply Vl via diode Dl to inductive device Ll, with a return path to earth or ground through closed switch S2. The voltage of the supply Vl, although less than the much higher run-mode voltages achieved on the series combination of supply Vl and capacitor Cl, is sufficient to maintain the level of current in the inductive device Ll and extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device through to the end of the magnetising stage.

In practice, the compounding of voltage on the recovery capacitor Cl is limited by circuit losses and by motional or induced back electromotive forces (BEMFs), if any. Motional BEMFs can arise from a changing inductance in the inductive device Ll, such as in a reluctance motor, reducing the amplitude of current in the inductive device. The voltage gain is related to the ratio of the maximum energy stored to the energy dissipated per cycle, or to the loaded Q (the quality factor of the inductance capacitance circuit). Where BEMFs and circuit resistances are kept low, the circuit of the first embodiment drives the inductive device with a voltage that is many times greater than that of the supply.

2.12 Energy transfer The supply Vl has an effective capacitance that is many times greater than the capacitance of capacitor Cl, giving the series combination of the supply Vl and the capacitor Cl an effective capacitance value substantially equal to the capacitance of capacitor Cl. When the capacitor Cl and supply are together providing magnetising current in the inductive device Ll during the earlier part of the magnetising stage, before magnetising from the supply alone takes over, the circuit is effectively capacitor Cl series connected by switches Sl and S2 to inductive device Ll.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 2A, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitor Cl must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitor back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitor Cl has decreased from a maximum to zero and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 2A, the switches Sl and S2 are closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitor Cl to the inductive device Ll .

The_ switches Sl and S2 can be maintained closed after depletion of the charge on capacitor Cl to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension the magnetising current is supplied from the supply Vl only, via diode Dl. • .

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 2A, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitor Cl. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitor occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 2A₅ the switches Sl and S2 are open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re-dosing of switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle.

At near optimum operation, the contrast between the shorter duration of the run mode supply current pulses shown in the upper waveform of Figure 2G and the longer duration of the run mode inductive device current pulses shown in the lower waveform of Figure 2G is clearly apparent.

2.13 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 2A has the following circuit values:

Sl and S2: IRFK4HE50

Dl and D2: RHRG30120

Vl = 48 volts

Cl = 290 μF Ll — 38 mH (with an effective series resistance of 0.5 ohms)

Switching period t_j to t₃ = 20 mS

Switching frequency = 50 Hz Magnetising period t_x to t₂ = 5 mS

In this embodiment, the switches Sl and S2 remain closed for 5 mS over the 20 mS period of each cycle. One quarter of the natural resonance period of the capacitor Cl and inductive device Ll, i.e. 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), is equal to 5.2 mS, slightly longer than the time period in each cycle that the switches Sl and S2 are closed. In this embodiment, the capacitot Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to more than 480 volts (10 times the supply voltage) after the first 20 cycles of operation, i.e. after 400 mS from starting, and reaches 600 volts 15 seconds after start-up. The magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is provided from the capacitor in series with the supply, giving an effective run-mode supply voltage multiplication of over 13 times. Figure 2H shows the successive increase in voltage between upper and lower circuit rails during start-up. Figure 21 shows a typical waveform of the voltage between the upper and lower circuit rails for two cycles during a run-mode. These waveforms and the circuit performance values given above apply to a simulation of the specific embodiment as described above. In practice, variations in the inductance of the inductive device and back emfs can reduce the voltage multiplication effect. Multiplications of the supply voltage by about 2 to 6 times can be expected in practical circuits.

The provision of magnetising current from the series connection of the supply with the recovery capacitor in this embodiment adds to the voltage on the recovery capacitor and supplies full current to the inductive device, replenishing losses and ensuring the drive voltage is held high. This circuit is particularly suited to applications requiring high start-up force or torque.

.2.14 Waveforms

Figures 2F, 2G, 2H and 21 show typical simulated waveforms of currents and voltages for the specific second embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 2A. The upper waveforms ^• of Figures 2F and 2G shows typical supply current waveforms. The lower waveforms of Figures 2F and 2G show typical current waveforms for the inductive device Ll. Figures 2H and 21 show typical waveforms of the voltage between the upper and lower circuit rails. Figure 2F and 2H show several cycles during start-up. Figures 2G and 21 show run-mode cycles.

In the run-mode of the specific second embodiment of Figure 2A having the circuit values described above, the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll rises from zero to a peak of approximately 52 amperes with a waveform that is very close to one quarter cycle of sinusoid. This may be best appreciated from the lower waveform in Figure 2G, from 800 mS to 805 mS. Over the same tune period, the voltage on the recovery capacitor Cl drops from 580 volts to 12 volts. This may be best appreciated from the lower waveform in Figure 21 which shows the voltage across the series combination of the recovery capacitor and the supply dropping from 628 volts to 60 volts over the same period from 800 mS to 805 mS.

At the end of the magnetising stage, when the switches Sl and S2 are opened, current induced in the inductive device Ll, by the collapsing magnetic field, falls to zero in approximately 5 mS with a waveform that, is very close to the second quarter cycle of a sinusoid. This may be best appreciated from the lower waveform in Figure 2G, from 805 mS to 810 mS. The current in the inductive device Ll then remains at zero until the start of the next cycle at 820 mS. In summary, the waveform of the current in the inductive device is substantially a half sinusoid for each cycle of operation.

As shown in the upper waveform of Figure 2G, the supply current only flows during the first quadrant of the sinusoid, i.e. when switches Sl and S2 are closed. The supply current waveform is a quarter sinusoid, which rises sinusoidally from zero to approximately 52 amperes (for example, between 800 mS and 805 mS) before dropping rapidly to zero when the switches Sl and S2 are opened (for example, at 805 mS).

The magnetising period when switches Sl and S2 ate closed, and the energy recovery period over which the current in the inductive device drops to zero, are each approximately 5 mS. This is approximately equal to 5.2 mS which is 0.5 π "V (Ll Cl) or one quarter of 20.8 mS, the natural resonance period of the recovery capacitor Cl and the inductance Ll.

2.15 Modifications

One application for which the circuit of Figure 2A is suitable is as a driver for a high speed, single phase, switched reluctance motor. The inductance value of a motor winding, the recovery capacitor, and the magnetising period are selected to satisfy the relationship given above so that energy is recovered from the winding as soon as the magnetising current has reached its peak value. The Figure 2A cLtcuit can also be adapted for driving switched reluctance motors in low speed or start-up mode. In this modification the controlled switch S2 of Figure 2A is held closed for a further period after time ^₂, effectively maintaining the circuit configuration of Figure 2D and drawing current directly from the supply through diode Dl. This extends the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device by providing a widened magnetising current pulse having a flattened top. This widened pulse provides the motor with additional drive, torque.

In yet a further adaptation of die Figure 2A circuit, the magnetising current can be chopped by rapidly closing and opening switches Sl and S2 to provide several sequences of closely following magnetising and recovery stages followed by a pause. For example, the switches Sl and S2 are simultaneously closed for 3 mS for a magnetising stage, opened for 1.3 mS for a recovery stage, closed for 1.7 mS for a magnetising stage, opened for 1.3-mS for a recovery stage, closed for 1.7 mS for a magnetising stage, opened for 1.3 mS for a recovery stage, closed for 1.7 mS for a magnetising stage, and then opened, with this sequence being repeated every 30 mS. This effectively extends the magnetising current to provide a very wide current pulse. The Figure 2A circuit operated with this switch timing is also suitable for driving low speed solenoids or linear actuators with high force capability.

2.16 Dual mode operation

A dual-mode drive circuit (not shown), that effectively switches between the circuit topology of the invention shown in Figure 2A and that of Figure IA or Figure 8A, can be used to drive a motor. This dual-mode circuit is operated, during motor start-up, in the Figure 2A mode (discussed above) and, after motor start-up, in the Figure IA mode (discussed above) or the Figure 8A mode (discussed below).

The dual mode drive circuit is initially configured as shown in Figure 2A to provide a startup mode providing high initial torque from the rapidly rising peak voltages building on the recovery capacitor Cl. Then the dual mode drive circuit is switched over to the configuration of either Figure IA or Figure 8A to provide the motor with run mode torque. In the case of the circuit of Figure 8A, high motor torque is provided from the extended width of the magnetising current pulses obtained from the combined supplies Vl and V2, as described below in Section 8 -with reference to Figure 8A.

2.17 Specific application of second embodiment

In one specific example application of the second embodiment, the circuit shown in Figure 2J is used to drive a modified 150 mm diameter, solenoid-driven, fire bell. The standard bell winding was rewound and mounted on a laminated Ε' core. The inductance of the modified winding varies from 13 niH with the moving solenoid armature 'open', to 29 mH with the moving armature 'closed', i.e. pulled-in. The resistance of the re-wound winding was 0.6 ohm.

The bell is driven by the circuit shown in Figure 2J in which the inductance and resistance of the winding of the bell solenoid are represented by L21 and R21, respectively. The recovery capacitor C21 is 150 μF, and is made up of a parallel combination of three 50 μ-F pulse grade metallised polypropylene capacitors.

The circuit of Figure 2J is operated similarly to the second embodiment described above with switch timing as described above with respect to Figure 2B. FET switches S21 and S22 are controlled through respective gate drivers by a common switch controller SC to switch alternately between closed and open states.

The FET switches are driven by 2kV isolated NMEl 215S DC to DC supplies driving through HCPL 3120 opto-isolated gate drivers. The two FET switches S21 and S22 are 20N60C3, 20 A, 600 V₅ TO220 case, and are simultaneously closed for 6 mS and then simultaneously opened for 24 mS, with this 30 mS total period pattern repeated at a repetition frequency of 33.3 Hz to ring the bell. The two diodes D21 and D22 are RUR 30 A, 600 V, TO220 case. The switch controller SC uses CMOS logic circuits. The 24 volts supply is stepped down to 12 volts by a Treco Ten-5 or -6 series DC to DC voltage converter to supply the CMOS logic and FET gate drive circuits.

The waveform of the current in the bell winding is similar to a half-wave rectified 33.3 Hz sinewave. However, because the inductance is higher once die armature has pulled in, the energy recovery period during the first part of the 24 mS when the FET switches are opened, and during which period the winding current drops to zero, is longer at about 10 mS than the 6 mS magnetising period when the FET switches are closed. The inductance drops from the higher value only when the armature releases from its pulled-in position once recovery current flow drops to a low level or ceases. This asymmetry between the shorter magnetising period and the longer recovery period makes the second quadrant of the 33.3 Hz current waveform longer than the first quadrant and is the direct result of the varying inductance of the bell solenoid.

The supply V21 is a 24 volt DC battery. In an. optional arrangement, not shown, the supply V21 is connected to a reservoir capacitor (for example, 22,000 μF) through a series inductor (for example, 5 mH) and the remainder of the circuit, and particularly high pulse currents, are supplied from the reservoir capacitor with the battery then supplying the top- up current to the reservoir capacitor.

Mean current in the winding is 1.76 A rms and total mean power drawn from supply is 42.2 Watts to give a sound level of 114 dB when using this circuit according to the current invention.

Use of the invention in this specific application allows the fire bell to be driven with significantly higher currents using the same supply voltage. In one bell operating example, using a prior art asymmetric converter circuit as shown in Figure 2K, the bell drew a mean supply current of 25 mA from a 24 volt supply (i.e. 0.66 watts) to provide a sound level of 65 dB when energy recovered from the winding inductance was returned to the supply. The same bell arrangement drew a mean supply current of 1.76 A from the same 24 volt supply (i.e. 42.2 watts) to provide a sound level of 114 dB when using the circuit of Figure 2J in which energy recovered from the winding inductance L21 and stored on capacitor C21 was connected in series with the supply V21 to deliver the next magnetising current pulse to the bell winding at a voltage significantly higher than the supply.

The 49 dB increase in the sound level to 114 dB by using the invention equates to greater than a 100 times the sound intensity in watts: (40 dB increase = 100 times increase). This increase in sound intensity is obtained with only 64 times the energy from the supply, so not only is the bell output increased but the efficiency of bell operation is also increased in terms of the sound intensity /watt of input.

THIRD EMBODIMENT

3.1 Circuit layout

Figure 3A is a circuit diagram illustrating a third embodiment of the invention. This circuit is a variant of the second embodiment. In this third embodiment, energy recovered from an inductive device Ll is returned to a recovery capacitor Cl connected in series with the supply Vl during a second quadrant of the semi-sinusoidal current through the inductive device.

The circuit of Figure 3A comprises a DC power supply Vl, two diodes Dl and D2, a capacitor Cl, two controlled switches Sl and S2, and an inductive device Ll. Switch Sl, diode Dl and supply Vl are connected in series to form one leg of an H-bridge connected between upper and lower rails. Diode D2 and switch S2 are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form the second leg of the H-bridge. The inductive device Ll is connected between the bridge legs. The capacitor Cl is connected between the upper and lower rails. The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 3 C to 3E. The opening and closing of the switches Sl and S2 are controlled by a common switch controller SC.

3.2 Switch timing Figure 3B is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches Sl and S2 showing one cycle of operation from time tj to time t₃. Switches Sl and S2 are Operated synchronously over each cycle by the switch controller SC.

The switches Sl and S2 are both closed to arrange the circuit of Figure 3A for a magnetising stage from time t, to time t₂. During this magnetising stage a current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field. The magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to right in the circuits shown in Figures 3A, 3C and 3D. Switches Sl and S2 remain closed from time t, to time t₂ for a magnetising period that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl). The magnetising stage ends at time f^ at which time switches Sl and S2 are opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 3A for a recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are kept open from time I^ to time t₃.

Both switches Sl and S2 are closed at time t₃ to arrange the circuit of Figure 3A for the next magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to Ow₁).

3.3 First magnetising stage circuit

, Figure 3C shows a first effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when diode Dl is non-conductive, Le. when the voltage on capacitor Cl is greater than the voltage of the supply Vl, reverse biasing diode Dl.

3.4 Second magnetising circuit

Figure 3D shows a second effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are' closed. This circuit applies when the voltage across the capacitor Cl is less than the voltage of the supply Vl, making diode Dl forward biased and conductive. Magnetising current from the power supply Vl then flows through diode Dl and inductive device Ll, and back through closed switch S2 to contribute to the establishment of the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll.

3.5 Magnetising circuit conversion

The conversion of the magnetising circuit of Figure 3C to that of Figure 3D occurs automatically during the magnetising stage. This occurs when the voltage on capacitor Cl falls below, or is less than, that of the supply Vl and there is insufficient charge on the recovery capacitor to supply all the magnetising current for the full magnetising period t^ to t₂- This conversion occurs immediately on first closing switches Sl and S2 at time t_t of the first cycle of operation, when there is no charge on the capacitor, but occur later in subsequent cycles. In these subsequent cycles, the recovery capacitor can charge to progressively higher voltages as the circuit builds up to an operating mode.

3.6 Enetgy recovery circuit

Figure 3E shows an effective circuit for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t,. Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl and D2 and charges capacitor Cl, causing the current to fall.

When this falling inductive device current reaches zero, diodes Dl and D2 become non- conductive, blocking discharge of the re-charged capacitor Cl. This blocking holds the charge on capacitor Cl until the start of the next cycle at time t₃. •

3.7 Start-up mode magnetising - first cycle

Initial start-up of the circuit occurs when the switches Sl and S2 close at time t, of the first cycle of operation. For the purposes of the immediately-following explanation it is assumed that, prior to time t_t, capacitor Cl is uncharged.

At time t_j, switches Sl and S2 close, effectively arranging the circuit as shown in Figure 3D.

Magnetising current then flows from the supply Vl through diode Dl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2 to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device

Ll.

3.8 Start-up mode magnetising — subsequent cycles

On subsequent cycles during start-up operation, the capacitor Cl will already, at time t₁₍ have been charged during a previous recovery stage to a voltage higher than that of the supply Vl. The circuit then adopts the configuration shown in Figure 3C. In this . configuration, magnetising current flows from the pre-charged capacitor Cl through closed switch Sl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2 to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll. This flow of current out of the capacitor Cl depletes the charge on the capacitor which decreases the voltage across the capacitor. If the voltage across the capacitor Cl decreases below that of the supply Vl, diode Dl becomes forward biased and conductive. This switching of the conductive states of diode Dl automatically converts the effective circuit from that shown in Figure 3C to that shown in Figure 3D, and magnetising current continues to flow, now from the supply Vl.

3.9 Run mode magnetising

In the run mode, the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of capacitor Cl by the circuit of Figure 3C.

During a first substantial part of the run mode magnetising stage, the capacitor Cl is connected by closed switches Sl and S2 to the inductive device Ll as seen in the circuit of Figure 3C, to re-establish the magnetic field in the inductive device Ll.

If the falling voltage on the discharging capacitor Cl falls below the voltage of the supply Vl, diode Dl becomes forward biased and conducts to maintain magnetising current in the inductive device Ll by current flowing from the supply Vl, through diode Dl to inductive device Ll and back through switch S2. This effective circuit is shown in Figure 3D. This continues the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll using energy direct from the supply Vl . This automatic replenishment of the circuit can occur during every cycle upon depletion of the capacitor Cl to draw energy from the supply to make up for losses in the circuit or to complete the magnetising current pulse when there is insufficient recovered energy to do so.

3.10 Enetgy recovery

Figure 3E shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time I₂. This circuit configuration continues from time t₂ to time t₃. At time t₂, the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field begin to collapse.

The collapsing current flows from inductive device Ll through diode D2 to capacitor Cl and back through the supply Vl and diode Dl to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field (Le. from left to right in Figure 3E), but flows into the capacitor Cl in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the capacitor Cl during the magnetising stage.

The flow of the induced current, from the inductive device Ll back to the capacitor Cl₅ recharges the capacitor to effectively transfer energy from the magnetic field to the capacitor Cl. This recovered energy is used to re-establish the magnetic field during the ' magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation.

3.11 Voltage multiplication

On initial start-up, the capacitor Cl is charged, in the energy recovery stages of the first few successive cycles of circuit operation, to progressively higher voltages, as may be appreciated from the voltage waveform shown in Figure 3H. After only a few cycles of operation the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to several times the supply voltage. In the magnetising stages, the magnetising current in the inductive device is driven from this capacitor voltage.

The recovery of energy from the collapsing magnetic field at each cycle and its re-use to re- establish the field in the magnetising stage at the next cycle effectively multiplies the voltage from which the inductive device is driven to provide a significant improvement in efficiency. The voltage multipEcation process is similar to the transient charging phase of a resonant inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit.

The capacitor Cl discharges with progressively higher peak current values, during respective magnetising stages of each of the first few start-up cycles.

3.12 Energy transfer

When discharge of the capacitor Cl provides the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll during the earlier part of the magnetising stages, before magnetising from the supply alone takes over, the circuit is effectively capacitor Cl series connected by switches Sl and S2 to inductive device Ll. For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 3A, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitor Cl must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitor back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitor Cl has decreased from a maximum to substantially equal to the voltage of supply Vl, and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π v (Ll Cl).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 3A, the switches Sl and S2 are closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitor Cl to the inductive device Ll.

The switches Sl and S2 may be maintained closed for a small additional time period to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension period, the magnetising current can be supplied from the supply through diode Dl and switch S2 to compensate for circuit losses.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 3A, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitor Cl. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitor occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 3A, the switches Sl and S2 are open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re-closing of switches. Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle. At near optimum operation, the contrast between the shorter duration of the run mode supply current pulses shown in the upper waveform of Figure 3G and the longer duration of the run tnode inductive device current pulses shown in the lower waveform of Figure 3 G is clearly apparent.

3.13 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 3A has the following circuit values: Sl and S2: IRFK4HE50

Dl and D2: RHRG30120

Vl = 48 volts

Cl = 300 μF

Ll = 36 mH (with an effective series resistance of 0.5 ohms) Switching period t, to t₃ = 20 mS

Switching frequency — 50 Hz

Duration of magnetising stage t_j to t₂ = 5 mS

In this embodiment, the switches Sl and S2 remain closed for 5 mS over the 20 mS period of each cycle. One quarter of the natural resonance period of the capacitor Cl and inductive device Ll, i.e. 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), is equal to 5.2 mS, slightly longer than the time period in each cycle that the switches Sl and S2 are closed.

In this embodiment, the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to a voltage of over 600 volts, which is more than 12 times the supply voltage, after the first 40 cycles of operation, Le. after only 800 mS from starting. The magnetising current in the inductive device is driven from this capacitor voltage, giving an effective multiplication of the supply voltage.

Figure 3H shows the successive increase in voltage on the recovery capacitor Cl during start-up. Figure 31 shows a typical waveform of the voltage on the recovery capacitor Cl for two cycles during a run-mode. 3.14 Waveforms

Figures 3F, 3G, 3H and 31 show typical simulated waveforms of currents and voltages for the specific third embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 3A. The upper waveforms of Figures 3F and 3G shows typical supply current waveforms. The lower waveforms of Figures 3F and 3 G show typical current waveforms for the inductive device Ll. Figures 3H and 31 show typical waveforms of the voltage across the recovery capacitor Cl, i.e. between the upper and lower circuit rails. Figure 3F and 3H show several cycles during start-up. ^' Figures 3G and 31 show run-mode cycles.

In the run-mode of the specific third embodiment of the Figure 3A circuit as described above, the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll rises from zero to a peak of approximately 54 amperes over 5 mS with a waveform that is very close to one quarter cycle of a sinusoid. This may be best appreciated from the lower waveform in Figure 3G, from 800 mS to 805 mS. At the end of the magnetising stage, when the switches Sl and S2 are opened, current induced in the inductive device Ll, by the collapsing magnetic field, falls to zero over approximately 5.2 mS with a waveform that is very close to the second quarter cycle of a sinusoid. This may be best appreciated from the lower waveform in Figure 3G, from 805 mS to 810 mS. The current in the inductive device Ll then remains at zero until the start of the next cycle at 820 mS. In summary, the waveform of the current in the inductive device is substantially a half sinusoid for each cycle of operation.

Over the magnetising time period from 800 mS to 805 mS, the voltage on the recovery capacitor Cl drops from approximately 608 volts to 55 volts as may be best appreciated from the waveform of the voltage across the recovery capacitor shown in Figure 31.

As shown in the upper waveform of Figure 3G, the supply current only flows during the recovery stage, Le. during the second quarter, or quadrant, of the sinusoid. The supply current waveform is a quarter sinusoid, rising rapidly from zero to approximately 54 amperes (for example, at 805 mS) when the switches Sl and S2 are opened,, then falling with a quarter sinusoid shape to zero (for example, between 805 mS and 810 mS).

In the run mode, the supply is connected in series with the capacitor Cl to provide a replenishment to make up for circuit losses. The magnetising period when switches Sl and S2 ate closed, and the energy recovery period over which the current in the inductive device drops to zero, axe each approximately 5 mS. This is approximately equal to 5.15 mS which is 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) or one quarter of 20.6 mS, the natural resonance period of the recovery capacitor Cl and the inductance Ll.

FOURTH EMBODIMENT

4.1 Circuit layout Figure 4A is a circuit diagram illustrating a fourth embodiment of the invention. This circuit is a variant of the second embodiment. In the fourth embodiment, a capacitor Cl stores energy recovered from an inductive device Ll for providing a re-magnetising current for the inductive device during a first quadrant of a semi-sinusoidal current through the inductive device. The injection of energy into the circuit from a supply Vl is controlled by an additional switch S3 which connects the supply in series with the capacitor just before the end of the first quadrant. Efficiency gains can be made over the second embodiment by limiting the duration of energy injection from the supply.

The circuit of Figure 4 comprises a DC power supply Vl, three diodes Dl, D2 and D5, a capacitor Cl, three controlled switches Sl₅ S2 and S3, and an inductive device Ll. Switch

Sl, diode Dl, switch S3 and supply Vl are connected in series between upper and lower rails to form a first leg of an H-bridge. Diode D2 and switch S2 are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form the second leg of the H-bridge. The inductive device Ll is connected between the bridge legs. The power supply Vl and the capacitor Cl are connected in series between the upper and lower rails when switch S3 is closed.

The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl, S2 and S3 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in

Figures 4C to 4F. The opening and closing of the switches Sl, S2 and S3 are controlled by a common switch controller SC.

4.2 Switch timing

The switches Sl, S2 and S3 are controlled over an initial circuit start-up time in a start-up mode and then revert to a run mode. Figure 4B is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches Sl₅ S2 and S3 in the run mode. Switches Sl and S2 are closed and opened synchronously under control of switch controller SC 'over each cycle of operation from time t_t to time t₃ according to the timing shown in Figure 4B to provide respective magnetising and recovery stages in the run mode. Switch S3 is closed during the latter part of the magnetising stage at injection time t; and remains closed until the end of that magnetising stage at time t₂.

In the start-up mode, switches Sl and S2 are closed and opened synchronously over each cycle of operation from time t_} to time t₃ according to the timing shown in Figure 4B to provide respective magnetising and recovery stages. Switch S3 is closed for the duration of the start-up mode.

The switches Sl and S2 are both closed to arrange the circuit of Figure 4A for a magnetising stage of the operating cycle from time t, to time t₂- During this magnetising stage a current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field. The magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to right in the circuits shown in Figures 4A, 4C, 4D and 4E.

Switches Sl and S2 remain closed from time t, to time t₂ for a period that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl). The magnetising stage ends at time t^ at which time switches Sl and S2 are opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 4A for a recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges capacitor Cl. The switches Sl, S2 and S3 are kept open from time t^ to time t₃.

Both switches Sl and S2 are closed at time t₃ to arrange the circuit of Figure 4A for the nest magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to (V t₁).

In the run mode, switch S3 is closed at inject time t; to inject current from the supply Vl into the circuit during the latter part of the magnetising stage. In the start-up mode, switch S3 remains closed to provide injection of current from the supply Vl over the full duration of the magnetising stage. 4.3 First magnetising circuit

Figure 4C shows a first effective circuit for the first part of the magnetising stage of circuit operation during the run mode, when switches Sl and S2 are closed and switch S3 is open, i.e. from time t_x to time t_;.

4.4 Second magnetising circuit

Figure 4D shows a second effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation, when switch S3 is closed (either during the start-up mode, or after supply injection time t_; during the run mode) and when the voltage across the capacitor Cl is sufficient to reverse bias diode Dl.

Magnetising current is injected from the power supply Vl to flow through closed switch S3, capacitor Cl, closed switch Sl and inductive device Ll, and back through closed switch S2. This injection of supply current into the circuit contributes to the establishment of the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll .

4.5 Third magnetising circuit

Figure 4E shows a third effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switch S3 is closed (either during the start-up mode, or during the run mode after supply injection time t-), and when the voltage across the capacitor Cl is insufficient to reverse bias diode Dl. Diode Dl then becomes forward biased and conductive, effectively bypassing the capacitor Cl and closed switch Sl, to provide the circuit shown in Figure 4E.

Magnetising current injected from the power supply Vl then flows through closed switch S3, diode Dl and inductive device Ll, and back through closed switch S2 to inject supply current into the circuit and maintain establishment of the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll. It is to be noted that this effective circuit is only utilised if the voltage on capacitor Cl drops sufficiently to make diode Dl conductive. This may not occur if the duration of the magnetising stage period from time t, to time t₂ is kept shorter than approximately 0.5 π V (Ll Cl).

4.6 Magnetising circuit conversion The timing of the conversion of the magnetising circuit of Figure 4C to that of Figure 4D occurs when switch S3 is closed at supply injection time t; under control of switch S3. This control of this circuit conversion is in contrast to the automatic conversion provided by the circuits of the first, second and third embodiments described above.

4.7 Energy recovery circuit

Figure 4F shows an effective circuit for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when controlled switches Sl, S2 and S3 are opened at time 1^. Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl and D2 and charges capacitor Cl, causing the current to fall.

When this falling inductive device current reaches zero, diodes Dl and D2 become non- conductive, blocking discharge of the re-charged capacitor Cl. This blocking holds the charge on capacitor Cl until the start of the next cycle at time t₃.

4.8 Start-up mode magnetising — first cycle

Initial start-up of the circuit occurs when the switches Sl, S2 and S3 close at time t_j of the first cycle of operation to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 4E. ^■ For the purposes of the following explanation it. is assumed that, prior to this time t_u capacitor Cl is uncharged. Magnetising current flows from the supply Vl through closed switch S3, diode Dl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2. The current flowing through the inductive device Ll establishes a magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll.

4.9 Start-up mode magnetising — subsequent cycles On subsequent cycles during start-up operation, there will at least initially, be some charge on capacitor Cl. In this case the circuit adopts the configuration shown in Figure 4D and magnetising current flows from the series connection of supply Vl, closed switch S3 and pre-charged capacitor Cl, through closed switch Sl, inductive device Ll and back through closed switch S2 to establish a magnetic field in association with inductive device Ll. This current flow depletes the charge on capacitor Cl, decreasing the voltage across the capacitor. When, in these subsequent cycles during start-up operation, the voltage across the capacitor Cl becomes insufficient to maintain a reverse bias on diode Dl, diode Dl becomes conductive and the circuit automatically reverts to that shown in Figure 4E. The capacitor Cl discharges over a progressively longer time during the magnetising stage of each of these subsequent start-up cycles. After depletion of voltage on capacitor Cl, magnetising current in the inductive device is provided from supply Vl via closed switch S3 and diode Dl, with a return path to earth ot ground through closed switch S2. Diode Dl prevents capacitor Cl from becoming substantially reverse charged.

4.10 Run mode magnetising

In the run mode, the magnetising current from the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of capacitor Cl by the circuit of Figure 4C. During a first substantial part of the run mode magnetising, stage of each run mode cycle, the capacitor Cl is connected by switches Sl and S2, and diode D5, to the inductive device Ll, as seen in the circuit of Figure 4C. Current flows from charged capacitor Cl, through closed switch Sl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2, and back through diode D5, to re-establish the magnetic field in association with the inductive device.

At supply injection time t;, switch S3 is closed to effectively convert the circuit to that shown in Figure 4D. Magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is then maintained by current flowing from the supply Vl, through switch S3, capacitor Cl and switch Sl, to inductor L2, and back through switch S2, as seen in the circuit of Figure 4D. This continues the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll using energy direct from the supply. This replenishment draws energy from the supply during every cycle to make up for losses in the circuit.

The replenishment voltage provided by the supply Vl is less than the voltage provided by the charged capacitor Cl. However, the lower voltage from the supply is sufficient to maintain the level of current in the inductive device Ll and prolong the magnetising current begun by the current flow from the capacitor Cl.

4.11 Energy recovery Figure 4F shows the effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when controlled switches Sl, S2 and S3 are opened at time tj. This circuit configuration continues from time t₂ to time t₃.

At time t^, the current flowing through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field begin to collapse. The collapsing current flows from inductive device Ll through diode D 2 to capacitor Cl and back through diode Dl to inductive device Ll. The current induced by the collapsing magnetic field flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field, (i.e. from left to right in Figure 4F) but flows into the capacitor Cl in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the capacitor Cl during the magnetising stage. The capacitor Cl is recharged by the induced current.

The flow of the induced current from the inductive device Ll back to the capacitor Cl effectively recovers energy from the magnetic field and transfers the energy to the capacitor Cl. This recovered energy is used to re-establish the magnetic field at the magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation.

4.12 Voltage multiplication On initial start-up, the capacitor Cl is charged, in the energy recovery stages of the first few successive cycles of circuit operation, to progressively higher voltages, as may be appreciated from the voltage waveform shown in Figure 41. After only a few cycles of operation the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to several times the supply voltage. In the magnetising stages, magnetising current in the inductive device is driven by this capacitor voltage.

The recovery of energy from the collapsing magnetic field at each cycle and its re-use to reestablish the field in the magnetising stage at the next cycle effectively multiplies the voltage from which the inductive device is driven to provide a significant improvement in efficiency. The voltage multiplication process is similar to the transient charging phase of a resonant inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit.

4.13 Energy transfer The supply Vl has an effective capacitance that is many times greater than the capacitance of capacitor Cl, giving the series combination of the supply Vl and the capacitor Cl- an effective capacitance value substantially equal to the capacitance of capacitor Cl. When the capacitor Cl and supply are together providing the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll during the earlier part of the magnetising stage, before magnetising from the supply alone takes over, the circuit is effectively a capacitance equal to that of capacitor Cl series connected by switches Sl, S2 and S3 to inductive device Ll.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 4A, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitor Cl must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitor back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitor Cl has decreased from a maximum to zero and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 4A, the switches Sl and S2 are closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is approximately equal to 0.5 π v (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitor Cl to the inductive device Ll.

If the switches Sl and S2 are kept closed for a small additional time period, the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll can be extended. During this extension period, the magnetising current can be supplied from the supply to compensate for circuit losses.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 4A₃ the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitor Cl. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitor occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero. For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 4A, the switches Sl and S2 are open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re-closing of switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle.

At near optimum operation, the contrast between the shorter duration of the run mode supply current pulses shown in the upper waveform of Figure 4H and the longer duration of the run mode inductive device current pulses shown in the lower waveform of Figure 4H is clearly apparent.

4.14 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 4A has the following circuit values:

Sl, S2 and S3: IRFK20450

Dl, D2 and D5: RHRG30120 Vl = 48 volts

Cl = 280 μF

Ll = 36 mH (with an effective series resistance of 0.5 ohms)

Switching period t_x to t₃ = 20 mS

Switching frequency = 50 Hz Duration of magnetising stage t, to t₂ = 5 mS

Supply injection delay time t_j to t_j = 3.5 mS

Duration of supply injection tj to I₂ = 1.5 mS

Duration of start-up mode 100 mS

In this embodiment, the switches Sl and S2 remain closed for 5 mS over the 20 mS period of each cycle to provide the magnetising stage. In the run mode, S3 is closed for 1.5 mS beginning at 3.5 mS after the beginning of each cycle to provide the supply injection. Switch S3 is also closed for the full duration of the start-up period of 100 mS. One quarter of the natural resonance period of the capacitor Cl and inductive device Ll, i.e. 0.5 π "V (Ll Cl), is equal to 4.99 mS which is approximately equal to the time period in each cycle that the switches Sl and S2 are closed.

In this embodiment, the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage in the run mode to approximately 245 volts, a voltage that is more than 5 times the supply voltage, to give an effective supply voltage multiplication.

Figure 41 shows -the successive increase in voltage between upper and lower circuit rails during start-up. Figure 4J shows a typical waveform of the voltage between the upper and lower circuit rails for two cycles during a run-mode. Figure 4J shows the voltage between the upper and lower rails falling as the recovery capacitor Cl discharges into the inductive device Ll, from 180 mS to 183.5 mS. When the switch S3 is closed at 183.5 mS, the voltage between the upper and lower rails initially steps up by 48 volts but then falls steadily-, as the recovery capacitor continues to discharge into the inductive device Ll, until 185 mS. Switch S3 is opened at 185 mS causing the voltage between the upper and lower rails to drop suddenly by 48 volts. In this specific fourth embodiment, a small residual charge remains on the capacitor Cl.

Switches Sl and S2 are also opened at 185 mS to convert the circuit to the recovery mode. During the recovery mode, the capacitor Cl is recharged back up to about 245 volts ready for the next cycle which begins at 200 mS.

4.15 Waveforms Figures 4G, 4H, 41 and 4J show typical simulated waveforms of currents and voltages for the specific fourdi embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 4A. The upper waveforms of Figures 4G and 4H show typical supply current waveforms. The lower waveforms of Figures 4G and 4H shows typical current waveforms for the inductive device Ll. Figures 41 and 4J show typical waveforms of the voltage between the upper and lower circuit rails. Figure 4G and 41 show several cycles during start-up. Figures 4H and 4J show run-mode cycles. ^• In the run-mode of the specific fourth embodiment of the Figure 4A circuit having the circuit values described above, the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll rises from zero to a peak of approximately 22.5 amperes with a waveform that is close to one quarter cycle of sinusoid. This may be best appreciated from the lower waveform in Figure 4H, from 180 mS to 185 mS. At the end of the magnetising stage, when the switches Sl, S2 and S3 are opened, current induced in the inductive device Ll, by the collapsing magnetic field, faEs to zero with a waveform that is close to the second quarter cycle of a sinusoid. This may be best appreciated from the lower waveform in Figure 4H, from 185 mS to 190 mS. The current in the inductive device Ll then remains at zero until the start of the next cycle at 200 mS. In summary, the waveform of the current in the inductive device is substantially similar to a half sinusoid for each cycle of operation.

As shown in the upper waveform of Figure 4H, current only flows from the supply when switch S3 is closed, for example from 183.5 mS to 185 mS.

As already described above, switch S3 is closed during an initial start-up period. In the specific fourth embodiment switch S3 is closed for an initial start-up period of 100 mS. As may be seen from the upper waveform of Figure 4G, the continuous closure of switch S3 during the initial 100 mS allows current to flow from the supply during the full 5 mS of each magnetising stage,- i.e. from 0 to 5 mS, from 20 to 25 mS, from 40 to 45 mS, from 60 to 65 mS, and from 80 to 85 mS. After that initial 100 mS start-up period, switch S3 is only closed over the latter 1.5 mS of each 5mS magnetising period, i.e. from 103.5 to 105 mS, from 123.5 to 125 mS, from 143.5 to 145 mS, etc. Figure 41, which shows the waveform of the voltage between the upper and lower rails, shows that this voltage steps up very rapidly over the first 5 cycles of operation, i.e. during the 100 mS start-up period when switch S3 is continuously closed.

The magnetising period when switches Sl and S2 are closed, and the energy recovery period over which the current in the inductive device drops to zero, are each approximately 5 mS. This is approximately equal to 4.99 mS which is 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) or one quarter of

19.95 mS, the natural resonance period of the recovery capacitor Cl and the inductance Ll.

FIFTH EMBODIMENT 5.1 Circuit layout

Figure 5A is a circuit diagram illustrating a fifth embodiment of the invention. This circuit is a variant of the second embodiment shown in Figure 2A. In the fifth embodiment, the recovery capacitor (corresponding to capacitor Cl in Figure 2A) is provided by two discrete recovery capacitors Cl and C3 which are interconnected by three diodes D7, D8 and D9 to charge in series but discharge in parallel. The two capacitors discharge in parallel during the first quadrant of the current waveform through the inductive device but charge in series during the second quadrant. This fifth embodiment circuit still provides full energy recovery with compounding voltages. The lower capacitance value of the series connection of the capacitors during the recovery period gives the collapsing current flowing through the inductive device a steeper falling edge, allowing faster recovery of energy. This circuit is particularly suitable for switched reluctance motor drives where the steeper falling edges give earlier termination of the drive current pulses, before the rotor and stator poles become fully aligned. This earlier termination can prevent, or at least reduce, the development of opposing torques.

The circuit of Figure 5 A comprises a DC power supply Vl, five diodes Dl, D2, D7, D8 and D9, two capacitors Cl and C3, two controlled switches Sl and S2, and an inductive device Ll. Switch Sl, diode Dl and supply Vl are connected in series between upper and lower rails to form a first leg of an H-bridge. Diode D2 and switch S2 are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form the second leg of the H-bridge. The inductive device Ll is connected between the bridge legs. The two capacitors Cl and C3 are connected by diodes D7, D8 and D9 to charge in series but discharge in parallel. The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 5C to 5E. The opening and closing of the switches Sl and S2 are controlled by a common switch controller SC.

5.2 Switch timing

Figure 5B is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches Sl and S2 showing one cycle of operation from time t_j to time t₃. Switches Sl and S2 are operated synchronously over each cycle by the switch controller SC. The switches Sl and S2 ate both closed to arrange the circuit of Figure 5A for a magnetising stage from time t_j to time t₂. During this magnetising stage a current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field. The magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to tight in the circuits shown in Figures 5A₃ 5C and 5D.

Switches Sl and S2 remain closed from time t_λ to time t, for a period that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll (Cl + C3)).

The magnetising stage ends at time t₂ at which time switches Sl and S2 are opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 5A for a recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges the capacitors Cl and C3, in series. The switches Sl and S2 are kept open from time t-, to time t₃.

Both switches Sl and S2 are closed at time t₃ to arrange the circuit of Figure 5A for the next magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to (t₃ - t,).

5.3 First magnetising circuit

Figure 5C shows a first effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when diode Dl is non-conductive, i.e. when the voltage across parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 is sufficient to reverse bias diode Dl.

5.4 Second magnetising circuit

When the voltage across the parallel connection of capacitors Cl and C3 is insufficient to reverse bias diode Dl, diode Dl becomes forward biased and conductive, effectively bypassing the capacitors Cl and C3, to provide the circuit shown in Figure 5D. Magnetising current from the power supply Vl then flows through diode Dl, and inductive device Ll, and back through closed switch S2 to contribute to the establishment of the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll . • 5.5 Magnetising circuit conversion

The conversion of the magnetising circuit of Figure 5C to that of Figure 5D occurs automatically when there is insufficient charge on the recovery capacitors to supply all the magnetising current^" for the full magnetising period and particular when the voltage on the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 is not sufficient to reverse bias diode Dl. This occurs immediately on first closing switches Sl and S2 at time tj of the first cycle of operation, but occurs later in subsequent cycles. In these subsequent cycles, the recovery- capacitor can charge to progressively higher voltages as the circuit builds up to an operating mode. ' . ^'

5.6 Energy recovery circuit

Figure 5E shows an effective circuit for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t^ Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl, D2 and D7 and charges capacitors Cl and C3, causing the current to fall.

When this falling inductive device current reaches zero, diodes Dl, D2 and D7 become non-conductive, blocking discharge of the re-charged capacitors Cl and C3. This blocking holds the charge on capacitors Cl and C3 until the start of the next cycle at time t₃.

5.7 Start-up mode magnetising — first cycle

Initial start-up of the circuit occurs when the switches Sl and S2 close at time t, of the first cycle of operation. For the purposes of the following explanation it is assumed that, prior to time t_l3 capacitors Cl and C3 are uncharged.

At time t_l5 switches Sl and S2 close to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 5D. Magnetising current then flows from the supply Vl through diode Dl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2 to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll. . .

5.8 Start-up mode magnetising - subsequent cycles

On subsequent cycles during start-up operation, the capacitors Cl and C3 will already, at time t_j, have some charge from energy recovery from previous cycles. In this case the circuit adopts the configuration shown in Figure 5C and magnetising current flows from the series connection of the supply Vl and the parallel-connected pre-charged capacitors Cl and C3, through closed switch Sl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2, to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll .

This flow of current out of the capacitors Cl and C3 depletes the charge on these capacitors which decreases the voltage across the capacitors. If the voltage across the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 becomes insufficient to reverse bias diode Dl, diode Dl conducts, the circuit automatically converts to that shown in Figure 5D, and magnetising current continues to flow but only from the supply Vl. Diode Dl prevents capacitors Cl and C3 from becoming substantially reverse charged.

5.9 Run mode magnetising

In the run mode, the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3, in series with the supply Vl, by the circuit of Figure 5C.

During a first part of the run mode magnetising stage, the series connection (of the supply Vl with the parallel combination of capacitors Cl and C3) is connected by switches Sl and S2 to the inductive device Ll, as seen in the circuit of Figure 5C, to re-establish the magnetic field in the inductive device.

If the voltage on the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 is no longer sufficient to reverse bias diode Dl, diode Dl conducts and magnetising current in the inductive device Ll can be maintained by current flowing from the supply Vl, through diode Dl to inductive device Ll, and back through switch S2, as seen in the circuit of Figure 5D. This continues the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll with energy direct from the supply. This occurs automatically during every cycle upon depletion of the capacitors Cl and C3 and draws energy from the supply to make up for losses in the circuit.

5.10 Energy recovery

Figure 5E shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t₂. This circuit configuration continues from time I₂ to time t₃. At time t_j, the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field begin to collapse.

The collapsing field induces a current to flow from the inductive device through diode D2 to the capacitors Cl and C3, and back through diode Dl to inductive device Ll. The capacitors Cl and C3 are connected in series by diode D7. The current induced by the collapsing magnetic field flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field (i.e. from left to right in Figure 5E), but flows

^• into the series-connected capacitors Cl and C3 iα the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 during the magnetising stage.

The switching of the connection of the capacitors Cl and C3 by the diodes D7, D 8 and D9 in Figure 5A, between a series connection when the capacitors are being charged during recovery of magnetic field energy and a parallel connection when discharging during magnetising, significantly reduces the time required for recovery of the magnetic field energy.

The flow of the induced current from the inductive device back Ll to the capacitors Cl and C3, recharges the capacitors to effectively transfer energy from the magnetic field to the capacitors Cl and C3. This recovered energy is used to re-establish the magnetic field at the magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation.

5.11 Voltage multiplication On initial start-up, the capacitors Cl and C3 are charged in the energy recovery stages of the first few successive cycles of circuit operation, to progressively higher voltages. The circuit settles to a running mode in which the capacitors Cl and C3 are recharged at each recovery stage to many times the supply voltage, giving an effective multiplication of the voltage which drives the magnetising current for the inductive device.

The capacitors Cl and C3 discharge with progressively higher peak current values, during the magnetising stage of each of the first few start-up cycles. The voltage of the supply Vl, although less than the much higher run-mode voltages achieved on the series combination of supply Vl and parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3, is sufficient to maintain the level of current in the inductive device Ll and prolong the magnetising current in the inductive device through to the end of the magnetising stage.

5.12 Energy transfer

The supply Vl has an effective capacitance that is many times greater than the capacitance of the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3, giving the series combination of the supply Vl and the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 an effective capacitance value substantially equal to the capacitance of the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3. When the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3, and the supply Vl are together providing the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll during the earlier part of the magnetising stage, before magnetising from the supply alone takes over, the circuit is effectively the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 series connected by switches Sl and S2 to the inductive device Ll .

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 5A, the recovered energy stored as a charge on the capacitors Cl and C3 must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitors back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the parallel- connected capacitors Cl and C3 has decreased from a maximum to zero and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance- capacitance circuit, which is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll CX), where CX is the effective capacitance of the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3, and is approximately equal to (Cl + C3). For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 5A, the switches Sl and S2 are closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll (Cl + C3)) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the parallel- connected capacitors Cl and C3 to the inductive device Ll.

The switches Sl and S2 can be maintained closed after depletion of the charge on capacitor Cl to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension period, the magnetising current is supplied from the supply Vl only, via diode Dl.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 5A, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitors Cl and C3- Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitors occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 5A, the switches Sl and S2- are open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl C3)(C1 + C3), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the series-connected capacitors Cl and C3. The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re-closing of switches Sl and S2 to. re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle.

5.13 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 5A has the following circuit values:

Sl. and S2: IRFK4HE50 Dl, D2, D7, D8 and D9: RHRG30120

Vl = 48 volts Cl = 125 μF C3 = 125 μF Ll = 36 mH (with an effective series resistance of 0.5 ohms)

Switching period t_r to t₃ = 2O mS

Switching frequency = 50 Hz

Duration of magnetising stage t_t to t₂ = 5 mS

In this embodiment, the switches Sl and S2 remain closed for 5 mS over the 20 mS period of each cycle. One quarter of the natural resonance period of the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3, and inductive device Ll, i.e. 0.5 % v (Ll (Cl + C3)), is equal to 4.7 mS, which is slightly less than the time period in each cycle that die switches Sl and S2 are closed.

In this embodiment, the capacitors Cl and C3 are each recharged at each recovery stage to a voltage that is more than 8 times the supply voltage after the first 5 cycles of operation, i.e. after 100 mS from starting. The magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is provided, in part, from the parallel combination of these capacitors, with the parallel capacitor combination connected in series with the supply, giving an effective supply voltage multiplication of over 9 times.

5.14 Wavefotms In the run-mode of the specific fifth embodiment of the Figure 5A circuit having the circuit values described in the immediately preceding paragraphs, the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll rises from zero to a peak of approximately 22 amperes over 5 mS with a waveform that approximates one quarter cycle of sinusoid. At the end of the magnetising stage, when the switches Sl and S2 are opened, current induced in the inductive device Ll, by the collapsing magnetic field, falls to zero in about 2.5 mS with a waveform that falls with a near constant slope to zero. This compares to 2.36 mS, i.e. one quarter of the natural resonance period of the two series-connected recovery capacitors Cl and C3 when connected in series with inductance Ll. The current in the inductive device Ll then remains at zero until the start of the next cycle.

5.15 Fitst specific application of fifth embodiment

In a first specific example application of the fifth embodiment, the circuit shown in Figure 51 is used to drive a switched reluctance motor. This motor utilises a transverse flux format in which the flux paths are arranged in an axial direction between stator and rotor. The motor rotor is made of acetal plastic and has an axial length of 85 mm and a diameter of 300 mm. Eight rotor poles, each made from transformer core 'F laminations with a stack width of 30 mm, are embedded in and fixed to the rotor. A single stator pole is made from 55 x 85 mm transformer cote Ε' laminations, with a 30 mm stack width and wound with enamelled copper wire.

The inductance of the stator winding is 12.8 mH when the rotor and stator poles are unaligned, and 25.0 mH when the rotor and stator poles are aligned.

The static Q factor of the stator winding, measured at 120 Hz₃ is 13.1 when the rotor and stator poles are unaligned, and 21.3 when the rotor and stator poles are aligned.

The stator winding resistance is 0.54 ohms.

The motor is driven by the circuit of Figure 51, which is also shown in Figure 5F in which the inductance and resistance of the winding is represented by L51 and R51, respectively. The recovery capacitance is provided by two metallised polypropylene recovery capacitors C51 and C52, each capacitor having a capacitance of 75 μF.

The circuit as shown in Figure 5F is supplied from a 36 volt DC supply or battery V51. In an optional arrangement, not shown, the supply V51 is connected to a reservoir capacitor (for example, 22,000 μF) through a series inductor (for example, 5 mH) and the remainder of the circuit, and particularly high pulse currents, are supplied from the reservoir capacitor with the battery then supplying the top-up current to the reservoir capacitor.

During the magnetising period, when the recovery capacitors C51 and C52 are discharging into the stator winding L51, diodes D51 and D53 are conductive and diode D52 is non- conductive, effectively connecting the two capacitors in parallel to provide a capacitance value of 150 μF. This capacitance discharges into the stator winding when the rotor and stator poles are unaligned. The inductance of the stator winding increases from 12.8 mH as the rotor and stator poles move toward alignment. During the recovery period, when the recovery capacitors C51 and C52 are being recharged by energy recovered from the collapsing magnetic field from stator winding L51, diodes D51 and D53 are non-conductive and diode D52 is conductive, effectively connecting the two capacitors in series to provide a capacitance value of 37.5 μF.

The relatively lower capacitance value during the field energy recovery reduces the natural resonance period with the winding inductance, allowing faster energy recovery which, in turn, allows the motor to be driven at higher speeds. If the energy recovery is too slow and current is still flowing in the stator winding after alignment of the stator, and rotor poles, the torque on the rotor reverses in direction and retards the rotor.

The circuits of Figures 5F and 51 are operated similarly to the fifth embodiment described above with switch timing as described above with respect to Figure 5B. FET switches S51 and S52 are controlled through respective gate drivers by a common switch controller SC to switch alternately between closed and open states.

The FET switches are driven by 2kV isolated NMEl 215S DC to DC supplies driving through HCPL 3120 opto-isolated gate drivers. The two FET switches S51 and S52 are IR G4PM50UD, 24 A, 1200 V, TO247 case. The five diodes D51 to D55 are RHRG755120, 75 A, 120 V, TO247 case. The switch controller SC uses CMOS logic circuits. The 36 volts supply is stepped down to 12 volts by a Treco Ten-5 or -6 series DC to DC voltage converter to supply the CMOS logic and FET gate drive circuits.

The switch controller is synchronised by two magnetic Hall Effect sensors (not shown in Figures 5F and 51) which are activated by die position of a series of small sense magnets on the rotor. One of the two Hall Effect sensors synchronises the switch controller to commence a magnetising period by closing FET switches S51 and S52. The second of the two Hall Effect sensors synchronises the switch controller to end the magnetising period by opening FET switches S51 and S52. This commences the recovery period which continues until current flowing in the stator winding falls to zero, or the next magnetising period is commenced, whichever occurs first. For example, at a motor speed of 1165 rpm, the magnetising period is 2.0 mS and the recovery period is 1.2 mS. At this motor speed, the magnetising periods is less than optimum and the voltage on the recovery capacitor does not fall to near zero but to approximately 14 volts during the magnetising period. However, this shorter than optimum magnetising period still allows the motor to operate successfully. In an alternative, not shown, a motor control circuit could advance the timing point at which the magnetising period commences to allow full discharge of the recovery capacitor and maximum power delivery through a full range of motor speeds.

The Hall Effect sensors are positioned relative to the sense magnets on the rotor so that each set of magnetising and recovery periods is completed substantially by the time the corresponding rotor and stator poles are aligned. In an alternative arrangement, an optical shaft position encoder is used instead of the two Hall Effect sensors and the sense magnets.

Comparison tests using the three circuits of Figures 5G, 5H and 5I.were conducted on the switched reluctance motor described above with reference to Figure 5F.

Figures 5 G shows a prior art asymmetric switching converter by which energy recovered from the reluctance motor on collapse of the magnetic field is returned to the source, i.e. the power supply. The motor runs at an unloaded speed of 535 rpm using this circuit with a 36 volt supply, a magnetising period of 4.5 mS and a recovery-to-source period of 3.0 mS.

Figures 5H shows a circuit according the second embodiment of the current invention, by which energy recovered from the reluctance motor on collapse of the magnetic field is returned to a recovery capacitor in series with the supply, for subsequent re-use when reestablishing the magnetic field. The recovery capacitor is of fixed value, i.e. the recovery capacitor is not provided by multiple capacitors switched between series and parallel connections. The motor runs at an unloaded speed of 1135 rpm using this circuit with a 36 volt supply, a magnetising period of 2.0 mS, a recovery-to-source period of 2.75 mS, and a single, i.e. unswitched, recovery capacitor of 150 μF. The voltage across the recovery capacitor drops from 94 to 14 volts during the magnetising period.

In the circuit of Figure 51, the tecovery capacitor is switched between series, and parallel connections as discussed above, but otherwise the Figure 51 circuit is similar to the Figure 5H circuit. The motor runs at an unloaded speed of 1165 rpm using this circuit with a supply voltage of 36 volts, a magnetising period of 2.0 mS, a recovery-to-source period of 1.75 mS, and using two recovery capacitors of 150 μF connected in parallel during the magnetising period and in series during die recovery period. The voltage across the parallel-connected recovery capacitors drops from 64 to 2 volts during the magnetising period.

In loaded motor comparison tests using a mechanical shaft Prony brake, and using the same 36 volt supply voltage, the same switch timings and running the same motor at the same speed, the Figure 51 circuit took 8.6 times more power from the supply to produce 13.3 times more torque, than the standard prior art asymmetric converter shown in Figure 5G.

The standard prior art asymmetric "return-tb-source" converter of Figure 5G generated a torque of 62.9 gm-cm/watt of total input power at a motor speed of 480 rpm. The circuit of Figure 5H, using a fixed recovery capacitor of 150 μF, generated a torque of 92.0 gm- cm/ watt at a motor speed of 480 rpm. The circuit of Figure 51, using a pair of recovery capacitors switched between series and parallel connection, generated a torque of 97.5 gm- cm/watt at a motor speed of 480 rpm.

The simple energy recovery circuit of Figure 5H produced 46% more mechanical power in the motor per watt input from the power supply, and the more favoured energy recovery circuit of Figure 51 produced 55% more mechanical power in the motor per watt input from the power supply, compared with the standard prior art asymmetric "return-to- source" converter of Figure 5G.

Extrapolating from these results, a switched reluctance motor, e.g. in an electric or hybrid vehicle, driven from an electromagnetic field energy recovery circuit according to the current invention, could produce 13.3 times more torque out of the drive motot on existing batteries, using only 8 times more energy, than the prior art circuit. This result is achievable without requiring higher battery voltages because the current invention drives the motor at higher voltages by placing the recovery capacitor in series with the battery voltage. , Alternatively, it should be possible to produce the same mechanical energy output from the motor using a battery pack supplying half the energy at half the voltage of prior art arrangements.

5.16 Second specific application of fifth embodiment

In a second specific application, the circuit shown in Figure 5F is used to drive a woodlathe motor obtained from Teknatool International. The Teknatool Nova motor is a 3 phase digital switched reluctance motor. The motor has a quoted speed range of 100-3000 rpm, at a maximum output of 1.5 kW with a converter operating at a voltage of 320-380 volts DC and a current of 2 A rms per phase.

The rotor has eight poles formed by solid steel laminations pressed onto a spindle. The three phase stator has twelve poles wound with stator coils. Four stator coils are connected in series for each phase winding to provide the magnetic forces to turn the spindle. Each stator coil is wound with 200 turns of 0.85 mm enamelled copper wke. The total winding resistance of each phase winding is 10 ohm.

The static inductance of each phase winding varies from 103 mH when the rotor and stator poles are unaligned to 616 mH when the stator and rotor poles are aligned. The static Q factor of each phase winding, measured at 120 Hz, varies from 7.4 when the rotor and stator poles are unaligned to 18.7 when the stator poles are aligned. The static inductances and Q factors are .given as a guide to the figure of merit of the winding but it is to be appreciated that the dynamic inductance and Q factor is affected by motor operation. The dynamic inductance and Q factor are affected by the changing winding current. For example, if the stator winding current increases sufficiently to saturate the core, the winding inductance decreases causing a reduction in dynamic Q factor. However even with these moderations to the winding inductance, the loaded or operating Q of the motor is such that a significant voltage gain in the operating or working voltage of the recovery capacitors can be achieved, thereby improving the efficiency of motor operation. When retro-fitting an application of the invention to an existing motor, the static Q can be used as a guide to expected performance. Each of the three phase windings of the Teknatool motor is driven by a respective circuit as shown in Figure 5F in which the inductance and resistance of the respective winding is represented by L51 and R51, respectively. The recovery capacitance for each winding drive circuit is provided by a respective pair of recovery capacitors C51 and C52. Each capacitor has a capacitance value of 10 μF.

The FET switches S51 and S52 are SPP20N60C3. The series/parallel switching diodes ^"' D51, D52 and D53 are HER 307G. Diodes D54 and D55 are MUR 1560G.

The supply V51 is a common 150 volt DC supply supplying each of the three drive circuits. This is half of the original converter operating voltage and is sufficient with use of the current invention to achieve the same winding current and performance as the original combination of converter and motor. The switching controller SC is a common switch controller synchronising the switching of the FET switches of all three drive circuits with the rotor position relative to the stator. The FET switches S51 and S52 are closed, i.e. made conductive, and opened, i.e. made non-conductive, under control of the switch controller SC through respective gate drivers.

In each respective drive circuit, the FET switches S51 and S52 are closed each time a respective rotor pole approaches a stator pole to discharge capacitors C51 and C52 into the winding comprising inductance L51 and resistance R51. Before alignment of the rotor and stator poles, the FET switches are made non-conductive to end the magnetising period and commence an energy recovery period. During this recovery period, the magnetic field in the winding collapses, and current flow from the winding inductance is directed by diodes D55 and D54 into the capacitors C51 and C52. The winding current continues to flow until it falls to zero over this energy recovery period. The timing of the FET switching action is determined by shaft position Hall Effect sensors as described below.

During the magnetising periods of each winding, when the respective recovery capacitors • C51 and C52 are discharging into the respective stator winding L51, respective diodes D51 and D53 are conductive and respective diode D52 is non-conductive, effectively connecting the two respective lOμF capacitors C51 and C52 in parallel to provide a combined capacitance value of 20 μF. During the recovery periods, when the respective recovery capacitors C51 and C52 are being recharged by energy recovered from the collapsing magnetic field from the respective stator winding L51, respective diodes D51 and D53 are non-conductive and respective diode D52 is conductive, effectively connecting the two respective lOμF capacitors C51 and C52 in series to provide a combined capacitance value of 5 μF. During recovery, just before pole alignment, the stator winding inductance is approaching its maximum value. The decreased recovery capacitance, achieved by the series connection, keeps the recovery period short, even with the stator winding inductance near its maximum value.

The switch controller is synchronised by four magnetic Hall Effect sensors (not shown in Figure 5F). Two of the four Hall effect sensors sense the position of a slotted encoder disc mounted on the rotor. One of these two Hall effect sensors synchronises the switch controller to commence the respective magnetising periods by closing respective FET switches S51 and S52. The second of the two Hall effect sensors synchronises the switch controller to end the respective magnetising periods by opening respective FET switches S51 and S52. This commences the respective recovery periods which continue until respective current flowing in the respective stator winding falls to zero.

The other two of the four Hall Effect sensors are used to determine the initial rotor position on start up so that the winding current is initiated in the correct phase.

Figures 5J, 5K and 5L show simulated waveforms of current and inductance over one or more winding energising cycles, for a motor winding in the circuit of Figure 5F, in the Teknatool motor driven respectively at low, medium and high speeds.

Figures 5J, 5K and 5L show the inductance of the stator winding changing linearly between a maximum aligned value of 616 mH when a rotor is aligned with the stator pole, and a minimum unaligned value of 103 mH when the stator pole is not aligned with a rotor pole.

At a slow speed of approximately 240 rpm, as shown in Figure 5J, the stator winding current rises rapidly from zero when FET switches S51 and S52 are made conductive, soon after the winding inductance begins to increase as a rotor pole begins to approach the pole of the stator. This increase in winding current is initially driven by a voltage of approximately 325 volts obtained from a voltage of 175 volts across the parallel combination of capacitors C51 and C52, connected in series with the 150 volts of supply V51. While the capacitors discharge into the stator winding, the voltage across the capacitors drops from 175 volts to zero volts. That is, the capacitors are fully depleted. After depletion of the capacitors, the 150 volt supply voltage alone continues to drive current into the stator winding through bypass diode D54, extending the magnetising period beyond that provided initially by the charged recovery capacitors working in series with the supply voltage.

Winding current is regulated by a soft current chopping technique with hysteresis to maintain the winding current between predetermined upper and lower limits. Winding current is sensed by a LEM Hall effect current transducer LTS 15NP connected to a LM339 comparator (not shown in Figure 5F). When the winding current reaches a predetermined upper limit of 2.5 A, the FET switch S52 is turned off, i.e. made non- conductive. At a motor speed of 240 rpm this occurs after approximately 2.1 mS of magnetising time. With FET switch S52 now non-conductive, stator winding current flows through diode D55 and the still-conductive FET switch S51 in what is termed a "diode clamping" mode. The winding current falls until it reaches a predetermined lower limit of approximately 1.8 A, whereupon FET switch S52 is again turned on, i.e. made conductive to connect the 150 volt supply V51 across the winding, through diode D54. Stator winding current increases until it again reaches the predetermined upper limit whereupon the hysteresis current chopping process continues, maintaining the stator winding magnetising current between the upper and lower Limits. At a motor speed of 240 rpm, the stator winding current goes through three cycles of current chopping extending over a current chopping period of approximately 6 mS. If the recovery capacitors are not fully discharged in the initial magnetising period, they will serve to supply further current, in series with the supply during the soft chopping period.

The switch controller SC makes both FET switches S51 and S52 non-conductive when the rotor position sensor senses that the rotor is positioned just before the rotor pole reaches alignment with the stator pole. This begins an energy recovery peiiod during which the stator magnetic field collapses to zero and current flowing in the winding is directed, via diodes D52, D54 and D55, through the effectively series-connected energy recovery- capacitors C51 and C52. At a motor speed of 240 rpm, the recovery period is approximately 1.28 mS.

The recovery period is commenced sufficiently early so that stator winding current flow has ceased before the rotor pole reaches full alignment with the stator pole, avoiding deceleration of the rotor that would occur if the stator winding remains energised after pole alignment. It is observed in switched reluctance motors that most rotor torque is developed well before pole alignment, when the winding inductance is relatively low, so there is little advantage in delaying the magnetising of the stator until the poles are in close alignment.

During the energy recovery period, when the winding current drops to zero, energy from the stator magnetic field is recovered and stored on the recovery capacitors C51 and C52. During this recovery, the series connection of the two capacitors is charged to 350 volts so that each capacitor is charged to 175 volts. The capacitors are then ready to be connected together in parallel by diodes D51 and D53, with the parallel capacitor combination connected in series with the supply V51 to deliver 325 volts at the beginning of the next magnetising period of the respective stator winding to repeat the stator winding energisation cycle. The other two of the three stator windings are energised identically at appropriately synchronised times with 120 degree phase shift typical of three phase motors.

At a medium speed of approximately 1500 rpm, as shown in Figure 5K, the stator winding current rises rapidly from zero when FET switches S51 and S52 are made conductive, soon after the winding inductance begins to increase as a rotor pole approaches the pole of the stator. This increase in winding current is initially driven by a voltage of approximately

450 volts obtained from a voltage of 300 volts across the parallel combination of capacitors C51 and C52 connected in series with the 150 volts of supply V51. While the capacitors discharge into the stator winding, the voltage across the capacitors drops from 300 volts to 270 volts. But the winding current continues to increase, albeit more slowly, being driven by the 150 volt supply voltage alone, acting through bypass diode D54 when the capacitors C51 and C52 are depleted. At this medium motor speed; this initial magnetising period is approximately 0.7 mS. As in tke low motor speed example described above, winding current is regulated by a current chopping technique with hysteresis that maintains the winding current between predetermined upper and lower limits. At this medium motor speed, the current reaches the upper limit and then begins to drop as the FET switch S52 is turned off, i.e. made non- conductive. But at this medium motor speed there is not sufficient time to complete the first current chopping cycle before the magnetising period is ended and the recovery period begins. At a medium motor speed of 1500 rpm, the recovery period begins approximately 0.55 mS after the FET switch S52 is turned off.

The remainder of the stator magnetising cycle is similar to that of the low motor speed example described above, but at 1500 rpm the recovery period is approximately 0.49 mS.

During the energy recovery period, when the winding current drops to zero, energy from the stator magnetic field is recovered and stored on the recovery capacitors C51 and C52.

During this recovery, the series connection of the two capacitors is charged to 600 volts so that each capacitor is charged to 300 volts. The capacitors are then ready to be connected together in parallel by diodes D51 and D53, with the parallel capacitor combination connected in series with the supply V51 to deliver 450 volts at the beginning of the next magnetising period of the respective stator winding to repeat the stator winding magnetising cycle.

At a high motor speed of approximately 3000 rpm, as shown in Figure 5L, the stator winding current rises rapidly from zero when FET switches S51 and S52 are made conductive, soon after the winding inductance begins to increase as a rotor pole approaches the pole of the stator. This increase in winding current is initially driven by a voltage of approximately 475 volts obtained from a voltage of 325 volts across the parallel combination of capacitors C51 and C52 connected in series with the 150 volts of supply V51. While the capacitors discharge into the stator winding, the voltage across the capacitors drops from 325 volts to 290 volts. But the winding current continues to increase, albeit more slowly, being driven by the 150 volt supply voltage alone, acting through bypass diode D54 when the capacitors C51 and C52 are depleted. At this high motor speed, this initial magnetising period is approximately 0.63 mS. At this high speed, there is insufficient time for the stator winding current to reach the upper limit of the current chopping regulator. Instead, magnetising current continues to rise until the recovery period begins. At 3000 rpm the peak stator winding current is 1.95 A and the recovery period is approximately 0.44 mS.

During the energy recovery period, when the winding current drops to zero, energy from the stator magnetic field is recovered and stored on the recovery capacitors C51 and C52. During this recovery, the series connection of the two capacitors is charged to 650 volts so that each capacitor is charged to 325 volts. The capacitors are then ready to be connected together in parallel by diodes D51 and D53, with the parallel capacitor combination connected in series with the supply V51 to deEver 475 volts at the beginning of the next magnetising period of the respective stator winding to repeat the stator winding magnetising cycle. '

The capacitance value of the recovery capacitors C51 and C52 is chosen so that at maximum motor operating speed the magnetising current rises close to, but not above, the upper current chopping limit before the recovery period is initiated so that the magnetising and recovery periods are consecutive, without the magnetising pulse extension from the supply V51 (as described above for low and medium speed operation) after depletion of the recovery capacitor.

As described above, the two energy recovery capacitors C51 and C52 are connected in parallel when discharging to transfer energy to the stator winding, and connected in series when being charged by energy transferred from the stator winding. This switching is performed passively by switching diodes D51, D52 and D53 without intervention by the switch controller or any other active control device.

However, in an optional arrangement, and to more advantageously match the magnetising and recovery periods to motor speed, changeovers between parallel and series connection of these capacitors can be done actively by substituting the diodes D51, D52 and D53 with FETs or other, controlled switching devices under control of the switch controller SC or any other suitable control device. For example, active control may be used to provide the following three different capacitor connection strategies for different stages of motor operation:

• Motor start-up and low speed operation: the capacitors are maintained in a parallel connection to deliver energy from the capacitors to magnetise the stator winding, and to recover energy from the magnetic field of the winding for storage in the capacitors;

• Medium speed operation: the connection of the capacitors is switched between a parallel connection to deliver energy from the capacitors to magnetise the stator winding, and a series connection to recover magnetic field energy from the winding for storage in the capacitors;

• High speed operation: the capacitors are maintained in a series connection to delivery energy from the capacitors to magnetise the stator winding, and to recover magnetic field energy from the winding for storage in the capacitors.

Other means to dynamically change the value of the recovery capacitance during motor operation, such as parallel switched banks, can also be employed.

5.17 Third specific application of fifth embodiment

In a third specific application, the circuit shown in Figure 5F is used to drive an eight pole, three phase Welling SRX-375-8 motor rated at 375 watt, 350 volts DC and a maximum speed of 900 rpm. This motor is used in the Westinghouse-Electrolux LT 959S direct- drive washing machine.

The three phase stator has twelve poles on which stator coils are wound. Four stator coils are connected in series for each phase winding. The stator coils are wound from 600 turns of 0.5 mm enamelled copper wire, giving a total of 2400 turns per phase. The total resistance of each phase winding is 49.5 ohm.

The static inductance of each phase winding varies from 553 mH when the rotor and stator poles are unaHgned to 2880 mH when the stator poles are aligned. The static Q factor of each phase winding, measured at 120 Hz, varies from 8.1 "when the rotor and stator poles are unaϋgned to 21.6 when the stator poles are aligned. The static inductances and Q factors are given as a guide but it is to be appreciated that the dynamic inductance and Q factor are affected by motor operation. The dynamic Q factor is affected by frequency, ■which at high motor speeds can be up to 600 Hz. The dynamic inductance and Q factor are affected by the changes in winding current. For example, if the stator winding current increases sufficiently to saturate the core, the winding inductance decreases causing a reduction in dynamic Q factor.

Each of the three phase windings of the Welling motor is driven by a respective circuit as shown in Figure 5F in which the inductance and resistance of the respective winding is represented by L51 and R51, respectively. The recovery capacitance for each winding drive circuit is provided by a respective pair of recovery capacitors C51 and C52. Each capacitor has a capacitance value of 5 μF.

The FET switches S51 and S52 are SPP20N60C3. The series /parallel switching diodes D51, D52 and D53 are HER 307G. Diodes D54 and D55 are MUR 1560G. The FET switches S51 and S52 are controlled through respective gate drivers by a switch controller SC.

The supply V51 is a common 150 volt DC supply supplying each of the three drive circuits.

The switching controller SC is a common switch controller synchronising the. switching of the FET switches of all three drive circuits with the rotor position relative to the stator.

Rotor position relative to the stator is determined by two Hall effect sensors activated by a ^' series of small sense magnets on the motor rotor. One sensor determines the time at which the switch controller SC makes the FET switches conductive to begin a magnetising period. The second sensor determines the time at which the switch controller SC makes the FET switches non-conductive to end the magnetising period and begin a recovery period. Alternatively, a shaft encoder with optical sensors or Hall effect sensors could be used to monitor the rotor position.

The Welling motor is operated in a similar manner to the Teknatool motor as described above, and uses current chopping to regulate the peak current in each stator winding at approximately 1 A. Similar improvement in performance to the Teknatool Nova motor is achievable where the converter supply voltage is reduced by 50% at same line currents while still producing the same name plate performance from the motor. SIXTH EMBODIMENT

6.1 Circuit layout Figure 6A is a circuit diagram illustrating a sixth embodiment of the invention. This circuit is a variant of the first embodiment. The sixth embodiment has an additional 'reservoir' capacitor C2 in parallel with the supply and in series with the recovery capacitor Cl. During the recovery stage, the recovery capacitor Cl and the reservoir capacitor C2 are connected in series, so that both capacitors are charged by the same recovery current. This reduces the magnitude of supply current pulses drawn during start-up, but slightly steepens the recovery current waveform through the inductive device. This circuit is more economical on supply energy because the recovery current flows through the supply reservoir capacitor, charging it in the process. In other respects, this sixth embodiment operates similarly to the first embodiment. For example, the voltage driving the inductive device compounds on the recovery capacitor as it does in the first embodiment.

The circuit of Figure 6A comprises a DC power supply Vl, four diodes Dl, D2, D3 and D4, two capacitors Cl and C2, two controlled switches Sl and S2, an inductive device Ll and an inductor L2. Switch Sl and diode Dl are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form one leg of an H-bridge. Diode D2 and switch S2 are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form the other leg of the H-bridge. The inductive device Ll is connected between the centre junctions of the two bridge legs. The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 6C to 6H. The opening and closing of the switches Sl and S2 are controlled by a common switch controller SC.

6.2 Switch timing

Figure 6B is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches Sl and S2 showing one cycle of operation from time t_t to time t₃. Switches Sl and S2 are operated synchronously over each cycle by the switch controller SC.

Ill The switches Sl and S2 ate both closed to arrange the circuit of Figure 6A for a magnetising stage from time t_j to time t_j. During this magnetising stage a current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field. The magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to right in the circuits shown in Figures 6A and 6C to 6F.

Switches Sl and S2 remain closed from time t₅ to time t^ for a period that is approximately equal to 0.5 π v (Ll Cl), where Ll is the inductance of the inductive device Ll in henries, Cl is the capacitance of capacitor Cl in farads, and the period is in seconds. The reduction of the natural resonance period of the inductance-capacitance circuit caused by the reservoir capacitor C2 being in series with the recovery capacitor Cl, has been ignored in this relationship because the capacitance value of capacitor C2 is significantly larger than that of the recovery capacitor C2.

The magnetising stage ends at time t₂ at which time switches Sl and S2 are opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 6 A for a recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges recovery capacitor Cl and reservoir capacitor C2. The switches Sl and S2 are kept open from time t₂ to time t₃.

Both switches Sl and S2 are closed at time t₃ to arrange the circuit of Figure 6A for the next magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to

6.3 First magnetising circuit Figure 6C shows a first effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when diodes D3 and D4 are both non-conductive. This occurs when the recovery capacitor Cl is charged and the voltage on the supply reservoir capacitor C2 is greater than that of the supply Vl.

6.4 Second magnetising circuit

Figure 6D shows a second effective magnetising circuit when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies when diode D3 is conductive and diode D4 is non-conductive. This occurs when the recovery capacitor Cl is charged (making diode D4 non-conductive), and the voltage across the supply reservoir capacitor C2 is generally less than the voltage of the power supply Vl, making diode D3 forward biased and conductive, and effectively placing the supply Vl in parallel across the reservoir capacitor C2.

6.5 Third magnetising circuit

Figure 6E shows a third effective magnetising circuit when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies when diodes D3 and D4 are both conductive. This circuit applies when the recovery capacitor Cl is discharged (making diode D4 forward biased and conductive to effectively bypass the recovery capacitor Cl), and the voltage across the supply reservoir capacitor C2 is generally less than the voltage of the power supply Vl, making diode D3 forward biased and conductive, and effectively placing the supply Vl in parallel across the reservoir capacitor C2.

6.6 Fourth magnetising circuit

Figure 6F shows a fourth effective magnetising circuit when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies when diode D3 is non-conductive and diode D4 is conductive. This occurs when the recovery capacitor Cl is discharged (making diode D4 forward biased and conductive, effectively bypassing the recovery capacitor Cl), and the voltage on the supply reservoir capacitor C2 is greater than that of the supply Vl (making D3 reverse biased and non-conductive to effectively disconnect the supply circuit of supply Vl, inductor L2 and diode D3).

6.7 Magnetising circuit conversion The conversion of the magnetising circuit between the arrangements shown in Figures 6C to 6F occurs automatically.

During the magnetising stage of the first cycle of the start-up mode, when there is no voltage on capacitor Cl, the circuit adopts the arrangement shown in Figure 6E.

During the magnetising stage in one or more subsequent start-up cycles, there will be voltage on the capacitor Cl, and C2 will have charged to higher than the voltage of the supply Vl. In this case, the circuit will initially adopt the arrangement shown in Figure 6C and will then automatically switch firstly to that of Figure 6F (when diode D4 becomes conductive) and then that of Figure 6E (when diode D3 also becomes conductive). This automatic switching occurs progressively later in subsequent cycles as the circuit builds up to an operating mode.

During the magnetising stage in the run mode, there will be voltage on the capacitor Cl, and C2 will have charged to higher than the voltage of the supply Vl . In this case, the circuit will initially adopt the arrangement shown in Figure 6C and will then automatically switch firstly to that of Figure 6D (when diode D3 becomes conductive) and then that of Figure 6E (when diode D4 also becomes conductive).

6.8 First energy recovery circuit

Figure 6G shows a first effective circuit for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t_j, and the voltage across the supply reservoir capacitor C2 is less than that of the supply, making diode D3 forward biased and conductive.

6.9 Second energy recovery circuit

Figure 6H shows a second effective circuit for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation. Switches Sl and S2 are still open but reservoir capacitor C2 has charged to a voltage which is greater than that of the supply Vl, reverse biasing diode D3 to make diode D3 non-conductive and effectively disconnecting the supply Vl .

During energy recovery, current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl and D2 and charges capacitors Cl and C2, causing the current to fall.

When this falling inductive device current reaches zero, diodes Dl and D2 become non- conductive, blocking discharge of the re-charged capacitors Cl and C2. This blocking holds the charge on capacitors Cl and C2 until the start of the next cycle at time t₃.

6.10 Energy recovery circuit conversion The conversion of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 6G to that of Figure 6H occurs automatically during the energy recovery stage, when the voltage across the reservok capacitor C2 increases above the voltage of the power supply Vl.

6.11 Start-up mode magnetising — first cycle

Initial start-up of the circuit occurs when the switches Sl and S2 close at time tj of the first cycle of operation. For the purposes of the immediately-following explanation it is assumed that, prior to the initial start-up at time t_l5 switches Sl and S2 have been open for sufficiently long for capacitor C2 to have charged from the power supply Vl, and for the Vl, L2, D3, C2 circuit to have reached a steady state. Cl is not charged.

■ At time t_l3 switches Sl and S2 close to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 6E. Magnetising current begins to flow from the pre-charged reservoir capacitor C2 through diode D4, closed switch Sl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2, to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device. This flow of current from reservoir capacitor C2 depletes the charge on the capacitor, immediately decreasing the voltage across the capacitor below the voltage of the power supply Vl to make diode D3 forward biased.

Magnetising current also flows from the power supply Vl, through inductor L2 and diode D3 to augment the magnetising current flowing from reservoir capacitor C2. The combined currents flow through diode D4, closed switch Sl₅ inductive device Ll (from left to fight in Figure 6E), and back through closed switch S2 to establish the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll .

As the voltage on the discharging capacitor C2 falls still further, and as supply current

• through inductor L2 increases, the discharge of capacitor^' C2 slows and the capacitor C2 begins to be charged by the current from supply Vl flowing through inductor L2 and diode

D3. This recharging of capacitor Cl occurs simultaneously with continued flow of magnetising current from the supply Vl and through the inductive device Ll.

6.12 Start-up mode magnetising — subsequent cycles At time t_l5 in subsequent start-up cycles, switches Sl and S2 close to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 6C. Magnetising current then begins to flow from the series combination of the now pre-charged capacitor Cl and charged capacitor C2, through closed switch Sl₃ inductive device Ll and dosed switch S2, to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device. This current flow depletes the charge on both the recovery capacitor Cl and the reservoir capacitor C2.

In one or more subsequent start-up cycles, recovery capacitor Cl may discharge sufficiently to make diode D4 conductive before the reservoir capacitor C2 is depleted sufficiently to make diode D3 conductive. In this case, the circuit automatically converts to the arrangement shown in Figure 6F.

Otherwise, the reservoir capacitor C2 will generally be depleted sufficiently to make diode D3 conductive before the recovery capacitor Cl is sufficiently discharged to make diode D4 conductive. In this case, the circuit automatically converts to the arrangement shown in Figure 6D.

In either case, the circuit then converts to the arrangement shown in Figure 6E when both the reservoir capacitor C2 is depleted sufficiently to make diode D3 conductive, and the recovery capacitor Cl is sufficiently discharged to make diode D4 conductive.

In the effective circuit arrangement shown in Figure 6E, magnetising current flows from the power supply Vl, through inductor L2 and diode D3, to augment the magnetising current that is still flowing from capacitor C2. The combined currents flow through diode ^' D4 and closed switch Sl to inductive device Ll, and back through closed switch S2 to continue establishment of the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll.

The conversion of the magnetising circuit of Figure 6C through that of Figures 6D and 6E, and on to that of Figure 6E occurs progressively later in subsequent start-up cycles as the circuit runs up to a run mode. The progressive delay of the conversion occurs because the capacitors Cl and C2 are charged to progressively higher voltages above the voltage of the supply Vl, due to the recovery of energy from the inductive device Ll during previous energy recovery stages, as will be explained further below. 6.13 Run mode magnetising

In the run mode, the magnetising current for inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of the series combination of recovery capacitor Cl and reservoir capacitor C2 by the circuit of Figure 6C. During a first substantial part of the run mode magnetising stage, the recovered energy stored on these capacitors Cl and C2 is directed by switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field in the inductive device Ll.

Near the end of the run mode magnetising stage, when and if the voltage on the reservoir capacitor C2 falls below that of the supply Vl, diode D3 conducts to convert the circuit to that of Figure 6D. Magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is then maintained by current flowing directly from the supply Vl, through inductor L2 and diode D3, through recovery capacitor Cl and switch Sl, and back through switch S2. This continues the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll, but with energy direct from the supply to augment the continuing discharge current from recovery capacitor Cl.

Later in the run mode magnetising stage, when the recovery capacitor Cl becomes discharged, diode D4 conducts to convert the circuit to that of Figure 6E. Magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is then maintained solely by current flowing from the supply Vl, through inductor L2 and diode D3, through diode D4 and switch Sl, and back through switch S2. This continues the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll, but only with energy direct from the supply.

The replenishment of the circuit with current direct from the supply occurs automatically during every cycle upon discharge of the recovery capacitor Cl and depletion of the reservoir capacitor C2, and draws energy from the supply to make up for losses in the circuit.

The replenishment voltage provided by the supply Vl, although less than the much higher run-mode voltages achieved across the series combination of recovery capacitor Cl and reservoir capacitor C2, is sufficient to maintain the level of current in the inductive device Ll and prolong the magnetising begun by the current flow from the series combination of the two capacitors. 6.14 Energy recovery

Figure 6G shows the first effective circuit for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t^. At tune t₂ the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field begin to collapse, but the voltage on reservoir capacitor C2 is less than that of the supply Vl, keeping diode D3 still conductive.

The current flows from the inductive device. Ll and through diode D2 to simultaneously charge capacitor Cl and reservoir capacitor C2, and flow back through diode Dl to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field (Le. from left to right in Figure 6G), but flows into the capacitors Cl and C3 in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from these capacitors during the magnetising stage.

Concurrently with the initial recharging of the capacitors Cl and C2 by current from the inductive device Ll, the reservoir capacitor Cl is also charged by a replenishment current flowing from the supply Vl, through inductor L2 and the forward biased diode D3.

Figure 6H shows the second effective circuit for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both still open, the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field is still collapsing, but the voltage on reservoir capacitor C2 is now greater than that of the supply Vl, making diode D3 non-conductive. Current continues to flow from the inductive device Ll and through diodes D2 and Dl to charge both recovery capacitor Cl and reservoir capacitor C2.

In both the first and second energy recovery stage circuits as shown in Figures 6G and 6H, the flow of the induced current from the inductive device Ll back to the capacitors Cl and C2, effectively recovers energy from the magnetic field and transfers the energy to the capacitors Cl and C2. This recovered energy is held as a charge on the capacitors Cl and C2 until the end of the cycle at time t₃ when it is used to re-establish the magnetic field at the magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation.

6.15 Voltage multiplication On initial start-up, the capacitors Cl and C2 are both charged during the energy recovery stages of the first few successive cycles of circuit operation to progressively higher voltages. The recovery capacitor Cl, having a capacitance that is typically ten or more times smaller than that of the reservoir capacitor C2, charges to a voltage that is several times higher than that of the supply voltage Vl .

The recovery of energy from the collapsing magnetic field at each cycle and its re-use to re- establish the field at the next cycle compounds the voltage on the recovery capacitor from which the inductive device is driven to provide a significant improvement in efficiency. The voltage multiplication process is similar to the transient charging phase of a resonant inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit.

With the capacitor Cl recharged to a voltage significantly higher than the supply voltage, the capacitor discharges during the next magnetising stage over a significantly longer time and with a higher peak current value, than those occurring during each of the first few start-up cycles

6.16 Energy transfer

During the capacitor- fed magnetising period that occurs during the earlier part of the. magnetising stage of each cycle in the run mode, before supply-fed magnetising takes over, the circuit effectively adopts the configuration as shown in Figure 6C. This is similar to the familiar resonant inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit in -which energy can be transferred back and forth between the capacitance and the inductance.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 6A, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitors Cl and C2 must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitors back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitor Cl has decreased from a maximum to zero and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is approximately equal to 0.5 π "V (Ll Cl), where Cl is the capacitance of capacitor Cl. As noted above in paragraph 6.2, the effect that reservoir capacitor C2 has on the natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance circuit has been ignored in this relationship because the capacitance value of capacitor C2 is typically significantly larger than that of the recovery capacitor C2.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 6A, the switches Sl and S2 are closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is approximately equal to 0.5 π v (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitor Cl to the inductive device Ll.

The switches Sl and S2 may be maintained closed for a small additional time period to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension period, the magnetising current can be supplied from the supply to compensate for circuit losses.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 6A, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the capacitors Cl and C2. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitors occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 6A, the switches Sl and S2 are open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the capacitor Cl. For the reasons noted above in paragraph 6.2, the effect that reservoir capacitor C2 has on the natural resonance of the inductance- capacitance circuit has been ignored in this relationship because the capacitance value of capacitor C2 is typically significantly larger than that of the recovery capacitor C2.

The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re-closing of switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle. 6.17 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure IA has the following circuit values:

Sl and S2: IRFK4HE50 Dl, D2, D3 and D4: RHRG30120

Vl = 48 volts. '^' Cl = 300 μF C2 = 2500 μF

Ll = 36 mH (with an effective series resistance of 0.5 ohms) L2 = 1 mH

Switching period) ^ to t_j = 20 mS Switching frequency = 50 Hz Magnetising period t_t to t_j — 5 mS

In this embodiment, the switches Sl and S2 remain closed for 5 mS over the 20 mS period of each cycle. The capacitor-fed magnetising current endures for 4.9 mS, being 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) or one quarter of the natural resonance period of the capacitor Cl and inductive device Ll. The supply-fed magnetising current runs for the remaining 0.1 mS of the 5 mS magnetising stage over which the switches Sl and S2 are closed.

In this embodiment the series, combination of recovery capacitor Cl and reservoir capacitor C2 is recharged at each recovery stage to a voltage that is more than 3.5 times the supply voltage after the first 20 cycles of operation, i.e. after 400 mS from starting.

6.18 Waveforms

In the run-mode of the specific sixth embodiment of the Figure 6A circuit described in the immediately preceding paragraphs, the capacitor-fed magnetising current in the inductive device Ll rises from zero to a peak of approximately 15 amperes with a waveform that is similar to one quarter cycle of a sinusoid. At the end of the magnetising stage, when the switches Sl and S2 are opened, current induced in the inductive device Ll, by the collapsing magnetic field, falls to zero with a waveform that is similar to the second quarter cycle of the sinusoid. The current in the inductive device Ll then remains at zero until the start of the next cycle. In summary, the waveform of the current in the inductive device is similar to half a sinusoid for each cycle of operation. A replenishment current from the supply rises softly from zero toward the end of the run mode magnetising cycle and peaks at a current of approximately 6.5 amperes during the recovery stage before falling to zero.

SEVENTH EMBODIMENT

7.1 Circuit layout Figure 7 A is a circuit diagram illustrating a seventh embodiment of the invention. This circuit is a variant of the first embodiment. The replenishment of energy lost to circuit losses is automatically met, without using actively controlled switches, by connection of the supply Vl through a diode D3 directly to the inductive device Ll, and effectively in parallel with the recovery capacitor Cl (in series with diode D6 and controlled switch Sl). The Figure 7A circuit provides full field energy recovery and voltage compounding, and efficiencies similar to those achieved by other embodiments providing sinusoidal magnetising current waveforms.

The circuit of Figure 7A comprises a DC power supply Vl, four diodes Dl, D2, D3 and D6, a capacitor Cl, two controlled switches Sl and S2, and an inductive device Ll. Switch

Sl and diodes Dl and D6 are connected in series between upper and lower rails to form a first leg of an H-bridge. Diode D2 and switch S2 are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form the second leg of the H-bridge. The inductive device Ll is connected between the bridge legs. The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 7C to 7E. The opening and closing of the switches

Sl and S2 are controlled by a common switch controller SC.

7.2 Switch timing Figure 7B is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches Sl and S2 showing one cycle of operation from time t, to time t₃. Switches Sl and S2 are operated synchronously over each cycle by the switch controller SC. The switches Sl and S2 are both closed to arrange the circuit of Figure 7A for a magnetising stage from time t_t to time t^. During this magnetising stage a current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field. The magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to right in the circuits shown in Figures 7A, 7C and 7D.

Switches Sl and S2 remain closed from time t_r to time t- for a period that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl). The magnetising stage ends at time X₂ at which time switches Sl and S2 are opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 7A for a recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges a recovery capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are kept open from time t₂ to time t₃.

Both switches Sl and S2 are closed at time t₃ to arrange die circuit of Figure 7A for the next magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to (t₃ - _tl).

7.3 First magnetising circuit

Figure 7C shows a first effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are. closed. Current flows from the supply Vl, through diode D3, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2, to establish a magnetic field. in association with the inductive device. This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when diode D3 is conductive and diode D6 is non-conductive, i.e. when the voltage on capacitor Cl is less than that of the supply Vl .

7.4 Second magnetising circuit

When the voltage across the capacitor Cl, during the magnetising stage, is greater than that of the supply, diode D3 is reverse biased and non-conductive, diode D 6 is forward biased and conductive, providing the effective circuit shown in Figure 7D. Magnetising current from the capacitor Cl then flows through closed switch Sl to inductive device Ll, and back through closed switch S2 and diode D6 to contribute to the establishment of the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll .

7.5 Magnetising circuit conversion The magnetising circuit of Figure 7D converts to that of Figure 7C automatically when there is insufficient charge on the recovery capacitor to supply all the magnetising current for the full magnetising period and particularly when the voltage on capacitor Cl falls below, or is less than, that of the supply Vl. This occurs immediately on first closing switches Sl and S2 at time tγ of the first cycle of operation because capacitor Cl is uncharged, but can occur progressively later in subsequent cycles. In these subsequent cycles, the recovery capacitor can charge to progressively higher voltages as the circuit builds up to an operating mode.

7.6 Energy recovery circuit

Figure 7E shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t^. This circuit configuration continues from time t₂ to time t₃. Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl and D2 and charges capacitor Cl, causing the current to fall.

7.7 Start-up mode magnetising - first cycle

Initial start-up of the circuit occurs when the switches Sl and S2 close at time t_t of the first cycle of operation. For the purposes of the immediately-following explanation it is assumed that, prior to time t_u capacitor Cl is uncharged.

At time t_l3 switches Sl and S2 close to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 7C.

Magnetising current then flows from the supply Vl through diode D3, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2 to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device

Ll. . . .

7.8 Start-up mode magnetising — subsequent cycles

On subsequent cycles during start-up operation, the capacitor Cl will already, at time t, have some charge from energy recovery from previous cycles. In this case the circuit adopts the configuration shown in Figure 7D and magnetising current flows from the pre- charged capacitor Cl, through closed switch Sl, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D6.

This current flow out of the capacitor Cl depletes the charge on the capacitor which decreases the voltage across the capacitor. If the voltage across the capacitor Cl becomes insufficient to maintain the reverse bias on diode Dl and, the forward bias on diode D6, diode Dl conducts and diode D 6 becomes non-conducting to automatically convert the circuit to that shown in Figure 7C so that magnetising current continues to flow but only from the supply Vl .

7,9 Run mode magnetising

In the run mode, the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of capacitor Cl by the circuit of Figure 7D. The circuit converts to that of Figure 7C when the voltage across the capacitor Cl falls below that required to maintain the reverse bias on diode Dl and the forward bias on diode D6. Magnetising current then continues to flow but only from the supply Vl which is effectively then replenishing circuit losses.

7.10 Energy recovery

Figure 7E shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time I₂. This configuration continues from time X^ to time t₃. At time t₂, the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field begin to collapse.

The collapsing current flows from the inductive device Ll through diode D2 to capacitor Cl and back through diode Dl to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field (Le. from left to right in Figure 7E), but flows into the capacitor Cl in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the capacitor Cl during the magnetising stage. The flow of the induced current, from the inductive device back to the capacitor, recharges the capacitor to effectively transfer energy from the magnetic field to the capacitor Cl. This recovered energy is held as a charge on the capacitor Cl until the end of the cycle at time t₃ when it is used to re-establish the magnetic field during the magnetising stage of the 5 next cycle of operation.

7.11 Voltage multiplication

On initial start-up, the capacitor Cl is charged, in the energy recovery stages of the first few successive cycles of circuit operation, to progressively higher voltages that are significantly 10 higher than that of the supply voltage Vl. After only a few cycles of operation the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to several times the supply voltage. In the magnetising stages, the magnetising current in the inductive device is driven from this capacitor voltage.

15 The recovery of energy from the collapsing magnetic field at each cycle and its re-use to reestablish the field in the magnetising stage at the next cycle effectively multiplies the voltage from which the inductive, device is driven to provide a significant improvement in efficiency. The voltage multiplication process is similar to the transient charging phase of a resonant inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit.

20

The capacitor Cl discharges over progressively longer times, and with progressively higher peak current values, during the magnetising stage of each of the first few start-up cycles. Once the voltage on capacitor Cl is sufficiently depleted and diode Dl is reverse biased and diode D3 is forward biased, the circuit effectively adopts the supply-fed magnetising

25 circuit configuration as shown in Figure 7C, whereupon the magnetising current in the inductive device is provided from supply Vl via diode D3 to inductive device Ll, with a return path to earth on ground through closed switch S2. The voltage of the supply Vl, although less than the much higher run-mode voltages achieved on the capacitor Cl, is sufficient to maintain the level of current in the inductive device Ll and prolong the

30. magnetising current in the inductive device through to the end of the magnetising stage.

7.12 Energy transfer When the capacitor Cl provides the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll during the earlier part of the magnetising stage, before magnetising from the supply Vl alone takes over, the circuit is effectively capacitor Cl series connected by switches Sl and S2 to inductive device Ll .

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 7A, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitor Cl must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitor back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitor Cl has decreased from a maximum to zero and the current in the inductive device Ll has risen simultaneously from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 % V (Ll Cl).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 7A, the switches Sl and S2 are closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitor Cl to the inductive device Ll . r The switches Sl and S2 can be maintained closed after depletion of the charge on capacitor Cl to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension period, the magnetising current is supplied from supply Vl only, via diode Dl.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 7A, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitor Cl. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitor occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 7A, the switches Sl and S2 are open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re-closing of switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle.

7.13 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 7A has the following circuit values: Sl and S2: IRFK20450

Dl, D2, D3 and D6: RHRG30120

Vl = -80 volts

Cl = 250 μF

Switching frequency = 50 Hz

Magnetising period t₃ to t^ = 5 mS

In this embodiment, the switches Sl and S2 remain closed for 5 mS over the 20 mS period of each cycle. Switches Sl and S2 are closed for 5 mS which is slightly longer than one quarter of the natural resonance period of the capacitor Cl and inductive device Ll, i.e. 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), which is equal to 4.7 mS.

In this embodiment, the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to a voltage that is more than 3.5 times the supply voltage after the first 15 cycles of operation, Le. after 300 mS from starting.

7.14 Waveforms

In the run-mode of the specific seventh embodiment of the Figure 7A circuit having the circuit values described in the immediately preceding paragraphs, the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is similar to a semi-triangular waveform with a peak of approximately 28 amperes. The current rises over the magnetising stage then falls to zero over the beginning of the recovery stage to remain at zero until the start of the next cycle. EIGHTH EMBODIMENT

8.1 Circuit layout Figure 8A is a circuit diagram illustrating an eighth embodiment of the invention. This is a variant of the seventh embodiment, and has a dual voltage supply controlled by an additional switch S3 which is closed to switch the dual supply from a lower to a higher voltage. The higher voltage is provided by connecting a power supply Vl and a power supply V2 in series by closing switch S3. When switch S3 is open, a diode D5 bypasses supply Vl, leaving only the supply V2 to power the circuit.

Current from the dual voltage supply is injected into the circuit at the higher voltage, on depletion of energy from the recovery capacitor, to replenish energy lost to circuit losses. Supply current is also injected into the circuit at the lower voltage to extend the duration of the peak of the magnetising current through the inductive device. This is useful in motor drive circuits where the increased width of the magnetising current pulse provides more magnetic force for providing mechanical energy.

The eighth embodiment circuit provides full field energy recovery and voltage compounding, and efficiencies similar to those achieved by embodiments providing sinusoidal magnetising current waveforms. This embodiment is one of the most efficient for near-sinusoidal waveforms.

The circuit of Figure 8A comprises two DC power supplies Vl and V2, six diodes Dl, D2, D3, D5, D6 and DlO, a capacitor Cl, three controlled switches Sl, S2 and S3, and an inductive device Ll. The power supply V2 is connected in series with the power supply Vl by controlled switch S3. The voltage ratio Vl /V2 of the two supplies typically ranges from about 3/1 to 20/1.

A bypass diode D5 is connected across the series combination of switch S3 and supply Vl to provide a current path for supply V2 when the switch S3 is open. Switch Sl and diodes DlO, Dl and D6 are connected in series between upper and lower rails to form a first leg of an H-bridge. Diode D2 and switch S2 are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form the second leg of the H-bridge. The inductive device Ll is connected between the bridge legs. The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl, S2 and. S3 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 8C to 8G. The opening and closing of the switches Sl, S2 and S3 are controlled by a common switch controller SC.

8.2 Switch timing

Figure 8B is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches Sl^ S2 and S3 showing one cycle of operation from time t_j to time t₃. The switches Sl, S2 and S3 are closed simultaneously at time t_j at the beginning of each cycle to arrange the circuit of Figure 8A in a first magnetising configuration from time t_x to time I₅₃. Switch S3 is opened at supply switching time t_S3 to arrange the circuit into a second magnetising configuration from time t_S3 to time ^₁. Switch Sl is opened at time t_si to arrange the circuit into a third magnetising configuration from time 1^₁ to time t_S2. The magnetising stage ends at time t_S2 when switch S2 is opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 8A in a recovery configuration from time t_j2 to time t₃. This is a magnetic-field-energy recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges a recovery capacitor Cl. Recovery of magnetic field energy may be completed before time t₃ but the switches Sl and S2 are kept open until time t₃.

During the magnetising stage, current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field. This magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to right in the circuits shown in Figures 8A, 8C, 8D and 8E.

Magnetising current is drawn from the recovery capacitor Cl during the magnetising stage for one or more periods that in total approximately equal 0.5 π Λf (Ll Cl).

After the recovery stage, all three switches Sl, S2 and S3 are closed at time t₃ to arrange the circuit of Figure 8A for the next magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to (t₃ - t,).

8.3 Fitst magnetising circuit Figure 8C shows a first effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl, S2 and S3 are closed. Current flows from charged capacitor Cl, through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and back to the capacitor Cl through diode D6, to establish a magnetic field in- association with the inductive device.

The circuit of Figure 8C applies during the magnetising stage when diodes D6 and DlO are conductive and diode D3 is non-conductive, i.e. when the voltage on capacitor Cl is greater than that of the series connection of the two supplies Vl and V2. Diode D5 is non-conductive because of the reverse bias provided by supply Vl through closed controlled switch S3.

The circuit of Figure 8C also applies after switch S3 opens at time ^₃ and before the earlier of the capacitor Cl discharging to a voltage less than that of supply V2, or the switch Sl opening at time t_si.

8.4 Second magnetising circuit

Figure 8D shows a second effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl, S2 and S3 are closed. Current flows from the series connection of supplies Vl and V2 (connected in series by closed switch S3), through diode D3, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2, to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device. This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when diode D3 is conductive and diodes D6 and DlO are non-conductive, i.e. when the voltage on capacitor Cl is less than that of the series connection of supplies Vl and V2.

8.5 Third magnetising circuit Figure 8E shows another effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation. This circuit applies after switch S3 has opened at time t_S3 and capacitor Cl has discharged to a voltage less than that of supply V2 or switch Sl opens at time t_S]. Diode D5 is then forward biased and conductive, bypassing the supply V2 and open switch S3. Diode D3 is forward biased and conductive. The voltage on capacitor Cl is less than that of supply V2, making diodes D6 and DlO reverse biased and non-conductive. Magnetising current from supply V2 flows through diode D3 to inductive device Ll, and back through closed switch S2 and diode D5 to contribute to the establishment of the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll. This circuit applies through to time (^₂ when switch S2 opens.

8.6 Magnetising circuit convetsion

The first magnetising circuit of Figure 8C converts to the second magnetising circuit of Figure 8D automatically when the^' voltage on capacitor Cl falls below, or is less than, the voltage provided by the series connection of the two supplies Vl and V2. This occurs immediately on first closing switches Sl, S2 and S3 at time t_t of the first cycle of operation because capacitor Cl is uncharged, but occurs progressively later in successive subsequent cycles. In the first several subsequent cycles, the recovery capacitor charges to progressively higher voltages as the circuit builds up to an operating or run mode. In the operating mode, capacitor Cl is left charged, after the conversion . to the^' second magnetising circuit of Figure 8D, -with a voltage approximately equal to the summation of the voltages of supplies Vl and V2.

The second magnetising circuit of Figure 8D then converts back to the first magnetising circuit of Figure 8C when switch S3 is opened at time t_S3. At this time, the voltage of the supply is switched from voltage Vl plus voltage V2, to voltage V2 only. The capacitor Cl now discharges further, with the capacitor voltage falling from approximately equal to the summation of the voltages of supplies Vl and V2, to the voltage of supply V2.

When the capacitor voltage falls to, or below, that of the supply V2, the circuit configuration converts from the first magnetising circuit of Figure 8C to the third magnetising circuit of Figure 8E. The lower voltage supply V2 continues to provide magnetising current through to the end of the magnetising period at time t^₂ when switch S2 is opened.

8.7 Energy recovery circuit Figure 8F shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switch S2 is opened at time ^₂, (Sl and S3 having earlier been opened at respective times t_si and ^₃). This circuit configuration continues from time t_S2 to time t₃. Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl and D2 and charges capacitor Cl₅ causing the current to fall.

8.8 Start-up mode magnetising - first cycle

Initial start-up of the circuit occurs when the switςhes Sl, S2 and S3 close at time t_j of the first cycle of operation. For the purposes of the immediately-following explanation it is assumed that, prior to this initial time t_l3 capacitor Cl is uncharged.

At time I₁, switches Sl, S2 and S3 close to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 8D. The supply Vl, connected by closed switch S3, makes diode D5 reversed biased and non-conductive.. With capacitor Cl uncharged, diode D3 is forward biased and conductive, and diodes Dl, D6 and DlO are reverse biased and non-conductive. Magnetising current then flows from the series connection of the supplies Vl and V2, through diode D3, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2 to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll .

At supply switching time ^₃ switch S3 opens to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 8E. Magnetising current then flows, from supply V2 only, through diode D3, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D5, to maintain the magnetic field established in association with the inductive device Ll. This magnetising current continues until switch S2 is opened at time ^₂.

8.9 Start-up mode magnetising — subsequent cycles

On subsequent cycles during start-up operation, the capacitor Cl will already, at time I₁ have some charge from energy recovery from one or more previous cycles. If the recovery capacitor is already charged to a voltage higher than the combined voltages of the two supplies Vl and V2, the circuit will adopt the configuration shown in Figure 8C from me beginning of the cycle at time t_j. The pre-charged capacitor Cl discharges to provide magnetising current which flows through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D6.

When the voltage across the discharging capacitor Cl falls below the combined voltage of the two supplies Vl and V2, and therefore becomes insufficient to maintain the reverse bias on diode D3 and the forward bias on diodes D6 and DlO, diode D3 conducts and diodes D 6 and DlO become non-conductive, automatically converting the circuit to that shown in Figure 8D. This conversion interrupts the discharge of the recovery capacitor and the voltage on the capacitor then remains at approximately equal to the combined voltage of the two supplies Vl and V2. Magnetising current then continues to flow, but from the series connection of the two supplies Vl and V2. This maintains the rising magnetising current begun by discharge of the recovery capacitor Cl.

The automatic conversion from the circuit configuration of Figure 8C to that of Figure 8D occurs progressively later in successive start-up cycles as the recovery capacitor Cl is charged to successively higher voltages and the circuit builds up to a fully operational run mode.

At supply switching time t_S3 switch S3 is opened to disconnect supply Vl and lower the voltage supplied to the circuit to that of the supply V2 only. The circuit reverts back to that as shown in Figure 8C because the voltage then remaining on the capacitor Cl is greater than the voltage of supply V2, making the diodes D6 and DlO forward biased and conductive, and diodes Dl, D3 and D5 reverse biased and non-conductive. Capacitor Cl again discharges, to provide magnetising current that flows through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll₅ closed switch S2 and diode D6.

When the voltage across the discharging capacitor Cl falls below the voltage of the supply V2, and therefore becomes insufficient to maintain the reverse bias on diodes D3 and D5, and the forward bias on diodes D6 and DlO, diodes D3 and D5 conduct and diodes D6 and DlO become non-conductive, automatically converting the circuit to that shown in Figure 8E. Magnetising current continues to flow, but from the supply V2 only, through diode D3, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D5. This maintains the magnetising current, at about the level akeady established by discharge of the recovery capacitor Cl, until switch S2 is opened at time I₅₂.

8.10 Run mode magnetising In the^' run mode, the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of capacitor Cl by the circuit of Figure 8C.

At the start of the run mode cycle, at time t_l3 the circuit adopts the configuration shown in Figure 8C. The recovery capacitor is already charged to a voltage higher than the combined voltages of the two supplies Vl. and V2. Magnetising current flows from the pre-charged capacitor Cl, through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D6.

When the voltage across the capacitor Cl falls below the combined voltage of the two supplies Vl and V2, and therefore becomes insufficient to maintain the reverse bias on diode D3 and the forward bias on diodes D6 and DlO, diode D3 conducts and diodes D6 and DlO becomes non-conducting to automatically convert the circuit to that shown in Figure 8D. This conversion interrupts the discharge of the recovery capacitor and the voltage on the capacitor then remains at approximately equal to the combined voltage of the two supplies Vl and V2. Magnetising current continues to flow, but from the two supplies Vl and V2 connected in series by closed switch S3, through diode D3, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2. The magnetising current, . begun by discharge of the recovery capacitor Cl, but now supplied from the series-connected supplies Vl and V2, continues until time t_S3.

At time ts₃ switch S3 opens, removing the series connection between the two supplies Vl and V2, to effectively drop the supply voltage to that of supply V2 only. Diode D3 becomes reverse biased and non-conductive, diodes D6 and DlO become forward biased and conductive, and the circuit converts to that shown in Figure 8C. Magnetising current continues to flow from the capacitor Cl, through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D6. Capacitor Cl discharges and the capacitor voltage falls from a voltage approximately equal to the combined voltage of supplies Vl and V2, down to a voltage approximately equal to supply V2. When the capacitor Cl voltage falls below that of the supply V2, the circuit configuration converts from the first magnetising circuit of Figure 8C to the third magnetising circuit of Figure 8E. This maintains the magnetising current at about the level already established by discharge of the recovery capacitor Cl. The slope of the magnetising current waveform over this period can be made positive, zero- or negative by appropriate selection of the voltage of the supply V2. The supply V2 continues to provide magnetising current through to the end of the magnetising period at time t_S2 when switch S2 opens.

8.11 Energy recovery

Figure 8F shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switch S2 is opened at time t_S2. At time ^₂, the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field begin to collapse. This configuration continues from time t_S2 to time t₃.

The collapsing current flows from the inductive device Ll through diode D2 to capacitor Cl and back through diode Dl to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field (i.e. from left to right in Figure 8F), but flows into the capacitor Cl in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the capacitor Cl during the magnetising stage. This reversal of current direction may be best appreciated from the change in polarity of the capacitor current shown in the middle waveforms of Figures 8G and 8H.

The flow of the induced current, from the inductive device back to the capacitor, recharges the capacitor to effectively transfer energy from the magnetic field to the capacitor Cl. This recovered energy is held as a charge on the capacitor Cl until the end of the cycle at time t₃ when it is used to re-establish tihe magnetic field during the magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation.

8.12 Voltage multiplication

On initial start-up, the capacitor Cl is charged, in the energy recovery stages of the first few successive cycles of circuit operation, to progressively higher voltages that are significantly higher than that of the supply voltage Vl. This may be appreciated from the voltage waveform shown in Figure 81. Aftet only a few cycles of operation the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to several times the supply voltage. In the magnetising stages, the magnetising current in the inductive device is driven by this capacitor voltage.

Figure 81 shows, in the lower waveform, a typical waveform for the voltage on capacitor Cl for a specific eighth embodiment having circuit values as discussed below. The capacitor voltage rises to just over 120 volts during the first energy recovery stage, from 7 mS to about 12 mS, and progressively rises to greater voltages in successive subsequent recovery stages to reach about 200 volts after about 200 mS of operation. During the magnetising stages, the magnetising current in the inductive device is driven, in part, by this capacitor voltage.

During the initial part of the magnetising stage of each successive cycle of the first few start-up cycles, when the circuit adopts the configuration shown in Figure 8C, the capacitor ^• Cl discharges with progressively higher peak current values. This may be seen in the middle waveform of Figure 8G which shows the capacitor first discharging in the second cycle, from 20 mS to about 22.5 mS, with a peak current of about 4.8 A. In the initial part of later cycles the capacitor Cl discharges with a peak current of about 14 A. This may be seen in the middle waveform of Figure 8H which shows the capacitor discharging from 200 mS to about 22.5 mS with a peak current of about 4.8 A.

When the voltage on capacitor Cl is below that of the combined voltage of the dual voltage supplies Vl and V2, and diodes D6 and DlO are reverse biased and diode D3 is forward biased, the circuit effectively adopts the supply-fed magnetising circuit configuration as shown in Figure 8D, whereupon the magnetising current in the inductive device is provided from the series connection of the supplies Vl and V2 via diode D3 to inductive device Ll, with a return path to earth or ground through closed switch S2 and diode D6. This may be seen in Figures 8G and 8H in which the upper waveform shows the supply current. In the first cycle, the supply current begins rising from 0 mS, as seen in Figure 8G. In subsequent cycles, the supply current rises when the capacitor discharge current begins to fall, for example at about 21.8 mS, 42.7 mS, 62.8 mS, and 82.5 mS, as seen in Figure 8G.

As described above, the supply voltage is switched to a lower value at supply switching time t_s3 by the opening of switch S3. The supply voltage, as applied to the anode of diode D3, is shown in the upper waveform of Figure 81 which clearly shows the switching of the supply voltage between higher and lower voltages. The voltage of the series connection of the two supplies Vl and V2, and the voltage of the supply V2 only, although less than the much higher run-mode voltages achieved on the capacitor Cl, are sufficient to maintain the level of current in the inductive device Ll and extend the magnetising period of the . inductive device through to the end of the magnetising stage.

8.13 Energy transfer

When the capacitor Cl provides the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll the circuit is effectively capacitor Cl series connected to inductive device Ll₅ by switches Sl and S2 and diode D6.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 8A, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitor Cl must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitor back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitor Cl has decreased from a maximum to zero and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 8A, the switch Sl is closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is not less than 0.5 π "v (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitor Cl to the inductive device Ll. The switch Sl is maintained closed after depletion of the charge on capacitor Cl to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension period, the magnetising current can be supplied from supply V2 alone, or from the

^■ combined supplies Vl and V2, to compensate for circuit losses. This extension period may be best seen in Figure 8H in which the supply current, shown in the upper waveform, flows from about 205.3 mS to about 207 mS, and from about 225.2 mS to 227 mS, to extend the magnetising current as seen by the flat top to the inductive device current shown in the lower waveform.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 8A, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitor Cl. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitor occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 8A, the switches Sl and S2 are simultaneously open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re- closing of switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle.

At near optimum operation, the contrast between the relatively shorter total duration of the run mode supply current pulses shown in the upper waveform of Figure 8H and the much longer duration of the run mode inductive device current pulses shown in the lower waveform of Figure 8H is clearly apparent.

8.14 Specific embodiment

A first specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 8A has the following circuit values:

Sl, S2 and S3: IRFK20450 Dl, D2, D3, D5, D6 and DlO: RHRG30120 Vl = 95 volts V2 = 5 volts Cl = 250 μF Ll = 36 mH (with an effective series resistance of 0.5 ohms) .

Switching period t_j to t₃ = 20 mS Switching frequency = 50 Hz Switch Sl closed period tj to tg, = 5.5 mS Switch S2 closed period tj to I₅₂ — 7.0 mS Switch S3 closed period t_t to ^₃ = 4.0 mS

In this embodiment, for the 20 mS period of each cycle, the switch S3 is closed only over the first 4.0 mS, the switch Sl is closed only over the first 5.5 mS, and the switch S2 is closed only over die first 7.0 mS. Switch Sl is closed for 5.5 mS which is longer than one quarter of the natural resonance period of the capacitor Cl and inductive device Ll, Le. 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), which is equal to 4.7 mS. This allows time (0.8 mS) for the extension of the magnetising current from the combined suppEes Vl and V2 to occur. Switch S2 is closed for 7.0 mS to allow time for further extension of the magnetising current from the supply V2 alone to occur, after depletion of the charge on the recovery capacitor Cl.

In this embodiment, in the run mode after the first 10 cycles of operation, i.e. after 200 mS from starting, the capacitor Cl is substantially discharged at each cycle to provide re- magnetising current to the inductive device and is recharged at each recovery stage to a voltage that is more than twice the combined supply voltage of supplies Vl and V2. The voltage on the capacitor Cl is shown in the lower waveform of Figure 81.

As best shown by Figure 8H, the waveform of the current in the inductive device (shown in the lower waveform) has a relatively smooth semi-sinusoidal shape. This current is provided by two discrete periods of discharge current from the recovery capacitor (as seen in the positive portion of the middle waveform), interleaved with two distinct periods of current from the supply (as seen in the upper waveform). The semi-sinusoidal waveform is completed by the current flowing back into the recovery capacitor on collapse of the magnetic field, (as seen in the negative portion of the middle waveform). • The current in the inductive device Ll of this first embodiment o£ the Figure 8A circuit, in the cycle shown in Figure 8H beginning at 200 mS, is made up of the following five components. 1. A first discharge current from die capacitor Cl (charged in the previous cycle to about 200 volts) begins to rise at the beginning of the cycle at 200 mS when switches Sl, S2 and S3 are closed. This first discharge current continues to rise to a peak at about 203 mS, and then falls to zero between 203 mS to 204 mS as the voltage on the discharging capacitor falls below 100 volts, the combined supply voltage.

2. A first supply current (from the series combination of the two supplies Vl and V2) begins to rise at 203 mS, and continues to rise to a peak until suddenly falling at 204 mS when the supply Vl is disconnected by the opening of the switch S3.

3. A second discharge current from the capacitor Cl rises suddenly at 204 mS when the voltage provided by the supply suddenly drops upon opening of the switch S3!

This second discharge current continues until depletion of the capacitor when the voltage on the discharging capacitor falls to 5 volts, the voltage of the supply V2 working alone, at about 205.5 mS.

4. A second supply current (from supply V2 working alone) rises at about 205.5 mS upon the depletion of the capacitor Cl, and continues to flow until the switch S2 is opened at 207 mS.

5. A recovery current, flowing from the inductive device and recharging the capacitor Cl, begins to flow at 207 mS when switch S2 is opened and continues to flow until the current in the inductive device has fallen to zero at about 211.8 mS.

In a second specific version of the eighth embodiment, the recovery capacitor is not as fully discharged as in the example described above. In this case, the switch Sl closed period (t, to t^) equals 3.5 mS and the switch S2 closed period (t_t to t_S2) equals 5.0 mS with all other circuit and component values remaining as in the first specific version of the eighth embodiment. With these two timing changes, the recovery capacitor Cl is charged to over 280 volts in the run-mode recovery stages, but only discharges to a voltage of about 120 volts, well above the voltage of the combined supplies Vl and V2, during the run_r mode magnetisation stages. This circuit provides useful recovery of magnetic field energy,

14i even with the significant residual voltage remaining on the capacitor after discharge to provide the re-magnetising current for the inductive device. In this case, run-mode current in the inductive device is made up of only three components: current from the discharging recovery capacitor, current from the supply, and current induced in the inductive device by the collapsing field and used to recharge the capacitor. These three components roughly correspond to the components 1, 4 and 5 as described above in relation to the first specific embodiment of the Figure 8A circuit.

8.15 Waveforms Figures 8G, 8H and 81 show typical simulated waveforms of currents and voltages for the specific eighth embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 8A. The upper waveforms of Figures 8G and 8H show typical supply current waveforms. The middle waveforms of Figures 8G and 8H show typical current waveforms for the recovery capacitor Cl. The lower waveforms of Figures 8G and 8H show typical current waveforms for the inductive device Ll. The upper waveform of Figure 81 shows a typical waveform of the voltage provided by the dual voltage supply as applied to the anode of the diode D3. The lower waveform of Figure 81 shows a typical waveform of the voltage on the recovery capacitor Cl. Figures 8G and 81 show several cycles during start-up. Figure 8H shows run-mode cycles.

It can be seen from the lower waveform of Figure 81 that at start-up the voltage on capacitor Cl is initially zero but then the peak value of the voltage on capacitor Cl increases rapidly over successive start-up cycles to be approximately 200 volts at 200 mS. The lower waveform of Figure 81 shows that the recovery capacitor Cl is nearly completely discharged, i.e. the voltage on the capacitor Cl is close to zero volts, by the end of the magnetising stage for each cycle of circuit operation in the run mode.

In the run-mode of the specific eighth embodiment of the Figure 8A circuit having the circuit values described above, the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is similar to a flattened half sinusoid with a flat peak value of approximately 18 amperes, as is seen in the lower waveforms of Figures 8G and 8H. The magnetising current in the inductive device rises over the first part of the magnetising stage, is held almost constant for a short period of about 2 mS, then falls to zero over the beginning of the recovery stage to remain at zero until the start of the next cycle. The slope of the flat peak of the current in the inductive device Ll may be made to rise or fall by appropriate selection of the voltage of the supply V2.

8.16 Dual mode operation

A dual-mode motor drive circuit, using the two circuit topologies shown in Figure 2A and Figure 8A, is discussed above in Section 2.16.

NINTH EMBODIMENT

9.1 Circuit layout

Figure 9A is a circuit diagram illustrating a ninth embodiment of the invention. This is a variant of the eighth embodiment. In general, the ninth embodiment operates similarly to that of the eighth embodiment as described above, but with the differences described in the following paragraphs 9.2 to 9.11, in which reference is made to Figures 8C, 8D, 8E and 8F of the eighth embodiment.

In the ninth embodiment, the recovery capacitor (corresponding to capacitor Cl in Figure 8A) is provided by two discrete recovery capacitors Cl and C3 which are interconnected by three diodes D7, D8 and D9 to charge in series but discharge in parallel. The two capacitors discharge in parallel during the first quadrant of the current 'waveform through the inductive device but re-charge in series during the second quadrant. This ninth embodiment circuit still provides full energy recovery with compounding voltages. The lower capacitance of the series connection of the capacitors gives the recovery current through the inductive device a steeper falling edge, allowing faster recovery of energy and making this circuit particularly suitable for switched reluctance motor drives where rapid ^cde-fiuxing' is desirable.

9.2 Switch timing

With the exception of the substitution of capacitor Cl with the series-parallel connection of recovery capacitors Cl and C3, .the ninth embodiment operates with the switch timing as described above in section 8.2 and as shown in Figure 8B. The opening and closing of the switches Sl, S2 and S3 are controlled by a common switch controller SC.

9.3 First magnetising circuit Figure 9B corresponds to the circuit of Figure 8C of the eighth embodiment. Figure 9B shows a first effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation of the ninth embodiment when switches Sl, S2 and S3 are closed. Capacitors Cl and C3 are connected in parallel by forward biased diodes D8 and D9. Diode D7 is reverse biased and non- conductive. Current flows from the parallel-connected and charged capacitors Cl and C3, through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D6, to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device.

This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when diodes D 6 and DlO are conductive and diode D3 is non-conductive, i.e. when the voltage on the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 is greater than that of the series connection of the two supplies Vl and V2. Diode D5 is non-conductive because of the reverse bias provided by supply Vl through closed controlled switch S3.

The circuit of Figure 9B also applies after switch S3 opens at time tg₃ and before the earlier of the capacitors Cl and C3 discharging to a voltage less than that of supply V2, or the switch Sl opening at time t^_t.

9.4 Magnetising citcuit conversion

The magnetising circuit of Figure 9B converts automatically to the circuit shown in Figure 8D when the voltage on the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 falls below, or is less than, that of the series connection of the two supplies Vl and V2. This occurs immediately on first closing switches Sl, S2 and S3 at time I₁ of the. first cycle of operation because the capacitors Cl and C3 are uncharged, but occurs progressively later in subsequent cycles. In these subsequent cycles, the recovery capacitor charges to progressively higher voltages as the circuit builds up to an operating, or run, mode.

9.5 Energy recovery circuit Figure 9C shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switch S2 is opened at time ^₂, (Sl and S3 having earlier been opened at respective times ^₁ and t_S3). The capacitors Cl and C3 are connected in series by the forward biased diode D7. Diodes D8 and D9 are reverse biased and non-conductive. This circuit configuration continues from time ^₂ to time t₃. Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl, D2 and D7 and charges capacitors Cl and C3, causing the current to fall.

9.6 Start-up mode magnetising — subsequent cycles

On subsequent cycles during start-up operation, the capacitors Cl and C3 will already, at time tj have some charge from energy recovery from one or more previous cycles. If both recovery capacitors Cl and C3 have already charged to a voltage higher than the combined voltages of the two supplies Vl and V2, the circuit adopts the configuration shown in

Figure 9B from the beginning of the cycle at time t_v The capacitors Cl and C3 discharge to provide magnetising current which flows through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll , closed switch S2 and diode D6.

This current flow out of the capacitors Cl and C3 depletes the charge on the capacitors which decreases the voltage across the capacitors. When the voltage across the parallel connected capacitors Cl and C3 becomes insufficient to maintain the reverse bias on diode D3 and the forward bias on diodes D6 and DlO, diode D3 conducts and diodes D6 and DlO become non-conducting to automatically convert the circuit to that shown in Figure 8D so that magnetising current continues to flow but only from the series connection of the supplies Vl and V2. This maintains the rising magnetising current begun by discharge of the recovery capacitor Cl.

The automatic conversion from the circuit configuration of Figure 9B to that of Figure 8D occurs progressively later in successive start-up cycles as the recovery capacitors Cl and C3 are charged to successively higher voltages and the circuit builds up to a fully operational run mode.

At supply switching time t^₃ switch S3 is opened to disconnect supply Vl and lower the voltage supplied to the ckcuit to that of the supply V2 only. The circuit reverts back to that as shown in Figure 9B because the voltage then remaining on the paraEel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 is greater than the voltage of supply V2, making the diodes D6 and DiO forward biased and conductive, and diodes Dl, D3 and D5 reverse biased and non- conductive. Capacitors Cl and C3 again discharge, to provide magnetising current that flows through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D6.

When the voltage across the discharging capacitors Cl and C3 falls below the voltage of the supply V2, and therefore becomes insufficient to maintain the reverse bias on diodes D3 and D5, and the forward bias on diodes D6 and DlO, diodes D3 and D5 conduct and diodes D6 and DlO become non-conductive, automatically converting the circuit to that shown in Figure 8E. Magnetising current continues to flow, but from the supply V2 only, through diode D3, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D5. This maintains the magnetising current, at about the level already established by discharge of the recovery capacitors Cl and C3, until switch S2 is opened at time ^₂.

9.7 Run mode magnetising

In the run mode, the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of the recovery capacitors Cl and C3 by the circuit of Figure 9B.

At the start of the run mode cycle, at time t_v the circuit adopts the configuration shown in Figure 9B. The recovery capacitors Cl and C3 are already charged to a voltage higher than the combined voltages of the two supplies Vl and V2. Magnetising current flows from the pre-charged and parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3, through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D6. When the voltage across the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 falls below the combined voltage of the two supplies Vl and V2, and therefore becomes insufficient to maintain the reverse bias on diode D3 and the forward bias on diodes D6 and DlO, diode D3 conducts and diodes Do and DlO becomes non-conducting to automatically convert the circuit to that shown in Figure 8D. This conversion interrupts discharge of the recovery capacitors and the voltage on the capacitors then remains at approximately equal to the combined voltage of the two supplies Vl and V2. Magnetising current continues to flow, but from the two supplies Vl and V2 connected in series by closed switch S3, through diode D3, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2. The magnetising current, begun by discharge of the recovery capacitors Cl and C3, but now supplied from the series-connected suppEes Vl and V2, continues to rise until time tg₃.

At time ts₃ switch S3 opens, removing the series connection between the two supplies Vl and V2, to effectively drop the supply voltage to that of supply V2 only. Diode D3 becomes reverse biased and non-conductive, diodes D6 and DlO become forward biased and conductive, and the circuit converts to that shown in Figure 9B. Magnetising current continues to flow from the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3, through closed switch Sl, diode DlO, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2 and diode D6. Capacitors Cl and C3 discharge and the voltage on the parallel-connected capacitors falls from a voltage approximately equal to the combined voltage of supplies Vl and V2, down to a voltage approximately equal to supply V2.

When the voltage on the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 falls below that of the supply V2, the circuit configuration converts from the first magnetising circuit of Figure 9B to the third magnetising circuit of Figure 8E. This maintains the magnetising current at about the level already established by discharge of the recovery capacitors Cl and C3. The slope of the magnetising current waveform over this period can be made positive, zero or negative by appropriate selection of the voltage of the supply V2. The supply V2 continues to provide magnetising current through to the end of the magnetising period at time t_S2 when switch S2 opens.

9.8 Energy recovery Figure 9C shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switch S2 is opened at time 1^₂. This corresponds to the energy recovery circuit of the eighth embodiment as shown in Figure 8F. At time ^₂, the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field begin to collapse. This configuration continues from time t_S2 to time t₃.

The collapsing current flows from the inductive device Ll through diode D2 to series- connected capacitors Cl and C3, and back through diode Dl to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field (Le. from left to right in Figure 9C), but flows into the capacitors Cl and C3 in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the capacitors during the magnetising stage.

The flow of the induced current, from the inductive device back to the series-connected energy recovery capacitors Cl and C3, recharges the recovery capacitors to effectively transfer energy from the magnetic field to the recovery capacitors. This recovered energy is held as a charge on the capacitor Cl until the end of the cycle at time t₃ when it is used to re-establish the magnetic field during the magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation.

9.9 Energy transfer

When the capacitors Cl and C3 provide the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll during the earlier part of the magnetising stage, before magnetising from the series connection of the supplies Vl and V2 takes over, the circuit is effectively the parallel- connected capacitors Cl and C3, series connected to inductive device Ll, by switches Sl and S2 and diodes D6 and D 10.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 9A, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitors Cl and C3 must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitors back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitors Cl and C3 has decreased from a maximum to zero, or near zero, and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance- capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll CX), where CX is the effective capacitance of the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3, and is approximately equal to (Cl + C3).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 9 A, the switch Sl is closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is not less than 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitors Cl and C3 to the inductive device Ll.

The switch Sl is maintained closed after depletion of the charge on the capacitors Cl and C3 to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension period, the magnetising current can be supplied from supply V2 alone, or from the combined supplies Vl and V2, to compensate for circuit losses.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 9A, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitors Cl and C3. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitors occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 9A, the switches Sl and S2 are simultaneously open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is approximately equal to 0.5 π \ (Ll Cl C3)(C1 + C3), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the series-connected capacitors Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re-closing of switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle.

9.10 Specific embodiment One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 9A has the following circuit values:

Sl, S2 and S3: IRFK20450

Dl, D2, D3, D5, D6 and DlO: RHRG30120 Vl = 40 volts V2 = 8 volts Cl = 120 μF C3 = 120 μF Ll = 36 mH (with an effective series resistance of 0.5 ohms)

Switching period t_x to t₃ = 20 mS . .

Switching frequency = 50 Hz Switch Sl closed period t, to ^₁ = 5.5 mS . Switch S2 closed period t, to t_S2 = 7.0 mS Switch S3 closed period t, to t_S3 = 4.0 mS

In this embodiment, for the 20 mS period of each cycle, the switch S3 is closed only, over the first 4.0 mS, the switch Sl is closed only pver the first 5.5 mS, and the switch S2 is closed only over the first 7.0 mS. Switch S2 is closed for 7 mS which is longer than one quarter of the natural resonance period of the parallel-connected capacitors Cl and C3 and inductive device Ll, i.e. 0.5 π V (Ll CX), which is equal to 4.6 mS. This allows time for the extension of the magnetising current from the lower voltage supply V2 to occur.

In this embodiment, each of the recovery capacitors Cl and C3 is recharged, at each recovery stage to approximately 113 volts, i.e. more than twice the combined voltage of supplies Vl and V2, after die first 10 cycles of operation, i.e. after 200 mS from starting.

9.11 Waveforms

In the run-mode of the specific ninth embodiment of the Figure 9A circuit having the circuit values described in the immediately preceding paragraphs, the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll rises to approximately 9.4 amperes over the first 5 mS of the magnetising stage, is then maintained approximately constant for the remaining 2 mS of the magnetising stage, and then falls to zero over the first 2.3 mS of the recovery stage to then remain at zero until the start of the next cycle. Currents of this waveform are suitable for running switched reluctance motors.

The recovery period, i.e. the period required for the current flowing in the inductive device to fall to zero .in the recovery stage, is 2.3 mS in this ninth embodiment. This is significantly shorter than the 4.8 mS recovery period of the first specific version of the eighth embodiment as described above. This reduction is achieved by the effective series- connection of the two recovery capacitors Cl and C3 during the recovery stage.

TENTH EMBODIMENT

10.1 Circuit layout

Figure 1OA is a circuit diagram illustrating a tenth embodiment of the invention. This is a variant of the second embodiment shown in Figures 2A to 2E. The circuit of Figure 1OA is a full wave AC configuration suitable for driving devices that require a sinusoidal waveform: for example AC synchronous reluctance motors, transformers and AC solenoids.

The Figure 1OA circuit comprises two H-bridge circuits each operating similarly to the H- bridge described above in the second embodiment. A first H-bridge circuit comprises controlled switches SlA and S4A and diode DlA in a first leg, and diode D2A, controlled switch S2A and diode DIlA in a second leg. A second H-bridge circuit comprises controlled switches SlB and S4B and diode DlB in a first leg, and diode D2B, controlled switch S2B and diode DIlB in a second leg. The two H-bridge circuits are connected to a common recovery capacitor Cl, and a common supply section comprising DC supply Vl, controlled switch S3, diodes D3 and D5, inductor L2 and reservoir capacitor C2. A common inductive device Ll is connected between the legs of each H-bridge.

The two H-bridge circuits are connected as shown in Figure IOA to draw current from the common. DC supply Vl and alternately drive magnetising currents in opposite directions through the inductive device Ll, to energise it with an alternating sinusoidal current. Magnetic field energy is recovered at each half cycle and stored on the common recovery capacitor Cl for use in establishing the magnetic field of opposite polarity on the next half cycle.

One H-bridge circuit comprises a first leg comprising controlled switches SlA and S4A, and diode DlA connected in series between an upper rail and a positive supply rail, and a second leg comprising diode D2A, controlled switch S2A and diode DIlA connected in _*>

series between the upper rail and a negative supply rail. The second H-bridge circuit comprises a first leg comprising controlled switches SlB and S4B, and diode DlB connected in series between the upper rail and the positive supply rail, and a second leg comprising diode D2B, controlled switch S2B and diode DIlB connected in series between the upper rail and the negative supply rail.

The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches SlA, S2A, S4A, SlB, S2B, S4B and S3 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 1OC to 1OH. The opening and closing of the switches SlA, SlB, S2A, S2B, S3, S4A and S4B are controlled by a common switch controller SC. Switches SlA, S2A and S4A control one H-bridge circuit. Switches SlB, S2B and S4B control the other H-bridge circuit. Switch S3 is operated to control the timing of the input of energy from supply Vl to the remainder of the circuit.

In general, the two H-bridge circuits of the tenth embodiment each operate similarly to that of the second embodiment as described above.

10.2 Switch timing

Figure 1OB is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches SlA, S2A, S4A, SlB, S2B, S4B and S4 showing one cycle of operation from time t_t to time t₈. Switches SlA and S2A are operated synchronously over each cycle. Switches SlB and S2B are operated synchronously over each cycle. Switches SlA, S2A and S4A are closed only when S2A, S2B and S4B are open, and vice versa. S3 is closed when S4A is closed and SlA and S2A are open. S3 is also closed when S4B is closed and SlB and S2B are open.

The switches SlA, S2A and S4A are closed at time t, to arrange the circuit of Figure 1OA for a first magnetising stage from time tj to time tj,. During this first magnetising stage, current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field of a first polarity. This magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to right. in the circuits shown in Figures 1OA, 1OC and 10D.

Switches SlA and S2A remain closed from time t_t to time t₂ for a period that is .. approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl). The first magnetising stage ends at time t₂ at which time switch S4A remains closed but switches SlA and S2A are opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 1OA for a first energy recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges capacitor Cl. The switches SlA and S2A are kept open from time t₂ to time t,. Switch S3 is closed at time t₃ and remains closed until time t₄ when switch S3 is opened.

The switches SlB, S2B and S4B are closed at time t_s to arrange the circuit of Figure 1OA for a second magnetising stage from time t₅ to time t₆. During this second magnetising stage, current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field of a second polarity opposite to the first field polarity. This magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from right to left in the circuits shown in Figures 1OA, 1OF and

1OG. . ^{" ■}

Switches SlB and S2B remain closed from time t₅ to time t₆ for a period that is approximately equal to 0.5 % \ (Ll Cl).

The second magnetising stage ends at time t₆ at which time switch S4B remains closed but switches SlB and S2B are opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 1OA for a second energy recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges capacitor Cl. The switches SlB and S2B are kept open after time t₆. Switch S3 is closed at time t₇ and remains closed until time t₈.

Switches SlA, S2A and S4A are closed at time t₉ to arrange the circuit of Figure 1OA for the next magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to fe - I₁).

10.3 First magnetising circuit Figure 1OC shows a first effective circuit for the first magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches SlA, S2A and S4A are closed and switches SlB, S2B, S3 and S4B are open. This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when diode DlA is non-conductive, i.e. when the voltage on capacitor Cl is sufficient to reverse bias diode DlA. 10.4 Second magnetising circuit

Figure 1OD shows a second effective ckcuit for the first magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches SlA, S2A and S4A are closed and switches SlB, S2B, S3 and S4B are open. This circuit applies when the voltage across the recovery capacitor Cl is insufficient to reverse bias diode DlA, and diode DlA becomes forward biased and conductive to effectively bypass the capacitor Cl. Magnetising current from the power supply reservoir capacitor C2 then flows through diode DlA, closed switch S4A, inductive device Ll (from left to right in Figure 10D), and through closed switch S2A and diode DIlA to contribute to the establishment of the magnetic field of first polarity in association with the inductive device Ll .

10.5 Third magnetising circuit

Figure 1OF shows a third effective circuit for a second magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches SlB, S2B and S4B are closed and switches SlA, S2A, S3 and S4A are open. Current flows from the series combination of supply reservoir capacitor C2 and recovery capacitor Cl, through closed switch SlB, inductive device Ll (from right to left in

Figure 10F), closed switch S2B and diode DIlB, to establish a magnetic field of a second

(and opposite) polarity in association with the inductive device. This circuit applies during the second magnetising stage when diode DlB is non-conductive, i.e. when the voltage on recovery capacitor Cl is sufficient to reverse bias diode DlB.

10.6 Fourth magnetising circuit

Figure 1OG shows a fourth effective circuit for the second magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches SlB,- S2B and S4B are closed and switches SlA, S2A, S3 and S4A are open. This circuit applies when the voltage across the recovery capacitor Cl isinsufficient to reverse bias diode DlB, and diode DlB becomes forward biased and conductive to effectively bypass the recovery capacitor Cl. Magnetising current from the power supply reservoir capacitor C2 then flows through diode DlB, closed switch S4B, inductive device Ll (from right to left in Figure 1 OG), and through closed switch S2B and diode DIlB to contribute to the establishment of the magnetic field of second polarity in association with the inductive device Ll . 10.5 Magnetising circuit conversion

The conversion of the magnetising circuit of Figure 1OC to that of Figure 1OD occurs automatically when there is insufficient charge on the recovery capacitor to supply all the magnetising current for the full magnetising period and particularly when the voltage on recovery capacitor Cl is insufficient to reverse bias diode DlA. This occurs immediately on first closing switches SlA and S2A at time t^ of the first cycle of operation, because recovery capacitor Cl is initially not charged, but occurs later in subsequent cycles. In these subsequent cycles, the recovery capacitor can charge to progressively higher voltages as the circuit builds up to an operating mode.

The conversion of the magnetising circuit of Figure 1OF to that of Figure 1OG occurs automatically when the voltage on recovery capacitor Cl is insufficient to reverse bias diode DlB. This occurs soon after the first closing of switches SlB and S2B at t₅ of the first cycle of operation, because recovery capacitor Cl is partially charged during the first recovery stage of the first cycle (from time t^ to time t₄), and occurs later in subsequent cycles as the circuit runs up to a run mode.

By the circuit configurations of Figures 1OD and 1OG, energy from the supply Vl stored on reservoir capacitor C2 is connected directly ^■ to provide magnetising current to the inductive device Ll during a substantial part of the magnetising stages during start-up.

10.6 First energy recovery circuit

Figure 1OE shows an effective circuit configuration for the first energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches SlA and S2A are both opened at time ^₁. This configuration continues from time \ to time t₄. During this first recovery stage, energy from the magnetic field of first polarity is recovered and used to charge the recovery capacitor Cl. Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of dαe magnetic field of first polarity forward biases diodes DlA and D2A and charges capacitor Cl, causing the current to fall.

When this falling inductive device current reaches zero, diodes DlA and D2A become non-conductive, blocking discharge of the re-charged capacitor Cl. This blocking holds the charge on capacitor Cl until required for establishment of the magnetic field of second polarity at time t₅.

10.7 Second energy recovery circuit Figure 1OH shows an effective circuit configuration for the second energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches SlB and S2B are both opened at time t₆. This configuration continues from time t₆ to time t₈. During second recovery stage, energy from the magnetic field of second polarity is recovered and used to charge the recovery

^■ capacitor Cl . Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field of second polarity forward biases diodes DlB and D2B and charges capacitor Cl, causing the current to fall.

When this falling inductive device current reaches zero, diodes DlB and D2B become non- conductive, blocking discharge of the re-charged capacitor Cl. This blocking holds the charge on capacitor Cl until required for next establishing the magnetic field of first polarity at time t₅ in the next cycle.

Although energy is being recovered from magnetic fields of opposite polarity in the first and second energy recovery stages, in each case the charging current flows into the recovery capacitor Cl in the same direction.

10.8 Start-up mode magnetising

In start-up mode, the two H-bridges of the tenth embodiment operate alternately to provide the inductive device with an alternating magnetising current to establish a magnetic field of alternating polarity. Each H-bridge operates similarly to that of the second embodiment as described above.

10.9 Run mode magnetising

In the run mode, the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of capacitor Cl in series with capacitor C2 by the circuit of Figure 1OC. In the run mode, during a first substantial part of the first magnetising stage from time t, to time t_>, the series combination of recovery capacitor Cl and the reservoir capacitor C2 is connected to discharge through closed switch SlA to provide a current flow though inductive device Ll (from left to right in Figure 10C), and through closed switch S2A and diode DIlA, to re-establish the magnetic field of first polarity in association with the inductive device Ll.

If the falling voltage on capacitor Cl is no longer sufficient to reverse bias diode DlA, diode DlA conducts and magnetising current in the inductive device Ll can be maintained by current flowing from the reservoir capacitor C2 through diode DlA, closed switch S4A, inductive device Ll, closed switch S2A and diode DIlA, as seen in the circuit of Figure 1OD. This continues the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll with energy stored on supply reservoir capacitor C2. This replenishment occurs automatically upon depletion of the capacitor Cl and makes up for losses in die circuit.

During a first substantial part of the second magnetising stage from time t₅ to time t₆, the series combination of recovery capacitor Cl and the reservoir capacitor C2 is connected to discharge through closed switch SlB to provide a current flow though inductive device Ll (from right to left in Figure 10F), and through closed switch S2B and diode DIlB, to re- establish the magnetic field of second polarity in the inductive device Ll .

If the voltage on capacitor Cl is no longer sufficient to reverse bias diode DlB, diode DlB conducts and magnetising current in the inductive device Ll can be maintained by current flowing from the reservoir capacitor C2 through diode DlB, closed switch S4B, inductive device Ll (from right to left in Figure 1OG), closed switch S2B and diode DIlB. This continues the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll using energy stored on supply reservoir capacitor C2. This replenishment occurs automatically upon depletion of the capacitor Cl and makes up for losses in the circuit.

10.10 Energy recovery

Figure IOE shows an effective circuit configuration for the first energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches SlA and S2A are both opened at time t₂. This circuit configuration continues from time t₂ to time t₄. Just before time t₂, current has been flowing through the inductive device Ll (from left to right in Figures 1OC and 10D). At time t₂ this current and the associated magnetic field of first polarity begin to collapse.

The collapsing current flows from the inductive device Ll through diode D2A to capacitor Cl and back through diode DlA and closed switch S4A to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction (left to right) as the current used to establish the magnetic field of first polarity that is collapsing, but flows into^' the capacitor Cl in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the capacitor Cl during the first magnetising stage.

The flow of the induced current, from the inductive device Ll back to the capacitor Cl, recharges the " capacitor to effectively transfer energy from the magnetic field of first polarity to the capacitor Cl. This recovered energy is used to re-establish the magnetic field of second polarity during the second magnetising stage of the same cycle of operation.

Figure 1OH shows an effective circuit configuration for the second energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches SlB and S2B are both opened at time t₆. This circuit configuration continues from time t₆ to time t₈. Just before time t₆, current has been flowing through the inductive. device Ll (from right to left in Figures 1OF and 10G). At time t₆ this current and the associated magnetic field of second polarity begin to collapse.

The collapsing current flows from the inductive device Ll through diode D2B to capacitor Cl and back through diode DlB and closed switch S4B to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction (right to left) as the current used to establish the magnetic field of second polarity that is collapsing, but flows into the capacitor Cl in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the capacitor Cl during the second magnetising stage.

The flow of the induced current, from the inductive device Ll back to the capacitor Cl, recharges the capacitor to effectively transfer energy from the magnetic field of second polarity to the capacitor Cl. This recovered energy is used to re-establish the magnetic field of first polarity during the first magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation. Substantially simultaneously with each energy recovery stage of each cycle, controlled switch S3 is closed to connect supply Vl through closed switch S3, diode D3 and inductor L2, to reservoir capacitor C2. This injects energy from the supply Vl into capacitor C2. Switch S3 is closed io each cycle from time t₃ to time t₄ and from time t₇ to time t₈, to be closed substantially simultaneously with both the first and second energy recovery stages.

10.11 Voltage multiplication

As with the previously-described embodiments, the capacitor Cl is charged on initial startup, in the first and second energy recovery stages of each of the first few successive cycles of circuit operation, to progressively higher voltages. After only a few cycles of operation the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to several times the supply voltage. The magnetising current in the inductive device, which is driven from this capacitor voltage in series with the voltage on reservoir capacitor C2, peaks at progressively higher amplitudes over the first few cycles of circuit operation at start-up, as may be appreciated from the current waveform shown in Figure 101..

The recovery of energy from the collapsing magnetic field at each half cycle and its re-use to re-establish the field in next half cycle effectively multiplies the voltage from which the inductive device is driven to provide a significant improvement in efficiency. The voltage multiplication process is similar to the transient charging phase of a resonant inductance- capacitance (L-C) circuit.

10.12 Energy transfer

The reservoir capacitor C2 has a capacitance that is many times greater than that of capacitor Cl, giving the series combination of capacitors Cl and C2 an effective capacitance value substantially equal to that of capacitor Cl. When the capacitors Cl and

C2 are together providing the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll during the earlier part of each magnetising stage (as in the circuits of Figures 1OC and 10F), before magnetising from the reservoir capacitor C2 alone takes over (as in the circuits of Figures 1OD and 10G), the circuit is effectively capacitor Cl series connected to inductor Ll by switches SlA and S2A and diode DIlA, or switches SlB and S2B and diode DIlB. For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 1OA, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitor Cl must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitor back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitor Cl has decreased from a maximum to zero and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 1OA, the three switches SlA, S2A and S4A and the three switches SlB, S2B and S4B, are respectively closed for the magnetising stages in each cycle of operation for a time that is approximately equal to 0.5 π v (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitor Cl to the inductive device Ll .

The switches can be maintained closed after depletion of the charge on capacitor Cl to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension period, tibe magnetising current is supplied from the reservoir capacitor C2 (charged from supply Vl).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 1OA, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitor Cl. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitor occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 1OA, the switch S4A is closed and switches SlA and S2A are open, and then the switch S4B is closed and switches SlB and S2B are open, for the respective recovery stages of each cycle of operation^ for times that are each no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the capacitor Cl. The switches SlA, S2A, SlB and S2B, are kept opened after cessation of the current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the closing of switches SlB and S2B at time t₅ to establish the magnetic field of second polarity, and while waiting on the closing of switches SlA and S2A to re-establish the magnetic field of first polarity at the commencement of the next cycle.

At near optimum operation, the contrast between the shorter duration of the run mode supply current pulses shown in the upper waveform of Figure 10JG and the longer duration of the run mode inductive device current pulses shown in the lower waveform of Figure 10} is clearly apparent.

10.13 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 1OA has the following circuit values:

SlA, SlB, S2A, S2B, S3, S4A, S4B: IRFK4HE50 DlA, DlB, D2A, D2B, D3, D5, DIlA and DIlB: RHRG30120

Vl = 48 volts

Cl = 250 μF

C2 = 20 mF

Ll = 36 mH (with an effective series resistance of 1.0 ohm) L2 = 1 mH

Switching period t_j to tp = 20 mS

Switching frequency = 50 Hz

Magnetising periods t_t to t₂ and t₅ to t₆ = 4.9 mS

Recovery periods t₂ to t₄ and t₆ to t_θ = 5.0 mS Supply injection periods t₃ to t₄ and t₇ to t₈ = 4.9 mS

On first powering the circuit, there is preferably a delay, e.g. a 60 S delay, while the supply input, under control of switch S3, charges the supply reservoir capacitor C2-. Any odier suitable supply inrush control technique can be used.

A small dead time (typically 0.1 mS in the specific embodiment) is provided in the circuit timing for the crossover between the positive and negative cycles. This ensures that all winding currents have fallen to zero before the next switching takes place. 10.14 Wavefotms

Figures 101 and lOJ show typical simulated waveforms of currents for the specific tenth, embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 1OA. The upper waveforms show typical waveforms for supply current delivered from the reservoir capacitor C2 to the remainder of the circuit (i.e. to the right of capacitor C2 as seen in Figure 10A). The lower waveforms show, typical waveforms for current flowing in the inductive device Ll. Figure 101 shows waveforms over several cycles during start-up. Figure 1OJ shows waveforms over several run-mode cycles.

In the run-mode of the specific tenth embodiment of the Figure 1OA circuit having the circuit values described above, the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is close to a sinusoidal 50 Hz AC waveform, as can be seen in the lower waveforms of Figures 101 and 10J. The first and third quarters of each cycle of the near-sinusoidal current in the inductive device Ll flows from the reservoir capacitor C2, as can be seen from the upper waveform. This current also flows through the recovery capacitor Cl. This magnetising current is thus supplied by the effective series connection of the reservoir and recovery capacitors. In the run-mode, the reservoir capacitor C2 is charged to a voltage of about 48 volts, i.e. the supply voltage, and the recovery capacitor Cl is charged during the recovery stage of each half cycle to about 330 volts and is substantially discharged completely, i.e. to zero volts, during the magnetising stage of each half cycle.

10.15 Specific application of tenth embodiment

In one specific application, the circuit shown in Figure 1OK is used to drive a low frequency induction heater demonstrator. The induction heater work coil is wound on a laminated 55 x 85 mm Ε' core with a stack width of 38 mm. The induction heater was tested with an 85 x 38 x 6.5 mm copper block placed on the open Ε' core stack to provide the induction heating load.

The inductance of the work coil is 17 mH and its resistance is 0.8 ohm.

The induction heater is driven by the circuit shown in Figure 1OK in which the inductance and resistance of the winding is represented by Ll 12 and RlIl, respectively. The recovery capacitor Cl 12 is a 150 μF metallised polypropylene, pulse grade capacitor. The natural resonance period of the winding inductance Ll 12 and the recovery capacitor Cl 12 is 10 mS. The magnetising and recovery periods, described below, are each 2.4 mS which is approximately equal to one quarter of this natural resonance period.

The circuit of Figure 1OK is operated similarly to the tenth embodiment described above with switch timing as described above in section 10.2 'Switch timing', with reference to Figure 1OB. FET switches Sill, S112, S113, S114, S115, S116 and S117 are controlled through respective gate drivers by a common switch controller SC to switch alternately between closed and open states in a manner corresponding to the switching pattern shown in Figure 1OB and described above for respective switches S3, SlA, S4A, S2B, S2A, SlB and S4B. The switching pattern is repeated at a repetition frequency of 100 Hz to provide the work coil with a sinusoidal 100 Hz AC current with a waveform shape substantially as shown in the lower waveform of Figure 1 OJ. The FET switches are operated to provide,- in turn:

• a first magnetising period of 2.4 mS, during which the recovery capacitor is discharged in a first direction into the heater coil;,

• a first recovery period of 2.4 mS, during which energy from the collapsing first magnetic field is returned to the capacitor; • a pause of 0.2 mS at the changeover between positive-going and negative-going half cycles of the alternating polarity coil current;

• a second magnetising period of 2.4 mS, during which the recovery capacitor is discharged in a second opposite direction into the heater coil;

• a second recovery period of 2.4 mS, during which energy from the collapsing second magnetic field is returned to the capacitor; and

• a pause of 0.2 mS at the changeover between negative-going and positive-going half cycles of ^"the alternating polarity coil current.

The SC switch controller uses CMOS logic circuits. The FET switches are driven by 2kV isolated NME1215S DC to DC supplies driving through HCPL 3120 opto-isolated gate drivers. The seven FET switches Sill to Sl 17 are 20N60C3, 20 A, 600 V, TO220 case.

The eight diodes Dill to Dl 18 are RHR 30 A, 600 V, TO220 case. The switch controller

SC uses CMOS logic circuits. The 29 volts supply is stepped down to 12 volts by a Treco Ten-5 or -6 series DC to DC voltage converter to supply the CMOS logic and FET gate drive circuits.

The circuit is supplied from a 29 volt DC supply or battery VlIl. In an optional arrangement, not shown, the supply VlIl is connected to a reservoir capacitor (for example, 22 mF) through a series inductor (for example, 5 mH) and the remainder of the circuit, and particularly high pulse currents, are supplied from the reservoir capacitor.

When the circuit was supplied with 51 Watts from a 29 volt DC supply VlIl at a mean current of 1.76 A, the copper block was heated from 22.4 ⁰C to 50.7 ⁰C in 2.5 minutes with a current of 4.0 A rms flowing in the work coil. The waveform of the current in the heater coil was very close to a full wave sinusoid.

Use of the invention in this specific application allows the induction heater to be driven with significantly higher currents using the same supply voltage. In one arrangement, the induction heater drew a mean supply current of 0.51 A and provided a temperature increase in a copper test block from 22.5 ⁰C to 29.6 ⁰C in 5 minutes when energy- recovered from the work coil was returned to the supply in a conventional circuit topology. This results in a rate of temperature change of 0.024 °C/second. This same arrangement drew a mean supply current of 1.76 A and provided a temperature increase in the same copper test block from 22.4 ⁰C to 50.7 ⁰C in 2.5 minutes when using the circuit of Figure 1OK in which energy recovered from the winding inductance Ll 12 and stored on capacitor Cl 12 was connected in series with the supply reservoir capacitor ClIl to deliver the next magnetising current cycle to the induction coil at a voltage higher than that of the supply VlIl. This results in a rate of temperature change of 0.188 °C/second.

In comparing the operation of the two circuits, the use of the circuit embodiment in Figure 1OK results in a 7.8 times increase in rate of change of temperature for only a 3.4 times increase in power to the circuit. Using the standard measure of induction heating performance based on the square of the work coil current, the heating ability of the circuit increases by at least 7.8 times for only a 3.4 rimes increase in input power.

ELEVENTH EMBODIMENT 11.1 Circuit layout

Figure 11 A is a circuit diagram illustrating an eleventh embodiment of the invention. This is a variant of the second embodiment shown in Figures 2A to 2E. The Figure 1 IA circuit comprises two pairs of H-bridge circuits. Each pair of H-bridge circuits drives a respective inductive device LlL or LlR. Each of the four H-bridge circuits operates similarly to the

H-bridge described above in the second embodiment. The circuit of Figure HA is a two phase, full wave, AC configuration suitable for driving two phase devices that require sinusoidal waveforms: for example two phase AC synchronous reluctance motors, transformers and AC solenoids.

The left side of Figure HA shows a left pair of H-bridge circuits connected to a common inductive device LlL. A first H-bridge circuit of the left pair comprises controlled switches SlAL and S4AL and diode DIAL in a first leg, and diode D2AL, controlled switch S2AL and diode DUAL in a second leg. A second H-bridge circuit of the left pair comprises controlled switches SlBL and S4BL and diode DlBL in a first leg, and diode D2BL, controlled switch S2BL and diode DIlBL in a second leg. The two H-bridge circuits of the left pair are connected to a common recovery capacitor ClL. A common inductive device LlL is connected between the legs of each of the left pair of H-bridges.

The right side of Figure HA shows a right pair of H-bridge circuits connected to a common inductive device LlR. A first H-bridge circuit of the right pair comprises controlled switches SlAR and S4AR and diode DlAR in a first leg, and diode D2AR, controlled switch S2AR and diode DIlAR in a second leg. A second H-bridge circuit of the right pair comprises controlled switches SlBR and S4BR and diode DlBR in a first leg, and diode D2BR, controlled switch S2BR and diode DIlBR in a second leg. The two H- bridge circuits of the right pair are connected to a common recovery capacitor ClR. A common inductive device LlR is connected between the legs of each of the right pair of H-bridges.

The left and right pairs of H-bridge circuits are supplied from a common DC supply Vl. The two paks of H-btidge ckcuits are connected as shown in Figure 1OA to draw current from the common DC supply Vl and drive alternating sinusoidal magnetising currents through each of the inductive devices LlL and LlR. In each of the left and right pairs of H-bridge circuits, energy is recovered at each half cycle from the magnetic field and stored on the respective common recovery capacitor ClL and ClR for use in establishing die magnetic field of opposite polarity in die respective inductive device LlL and LlR on the next half cycle.

11.2 Switch timing An application for this circuit is a two phase AC drive, for example for driving a two phase motor. The switches of the two pairs of H-bridge circuits are operated at the same switching frequency, for example 50 Hz, but with the switching signals of one pair of H- bridge circuits delayed by one quarter cycle. For example, where the switching frequency is 50 Hz, the switching cycle period is 20 mS and the switching signals of one pair of H- bridge circuits are delayed by 5 mS. The opening and closing of the switches SlAL, S2AL, S4AL, SlBL, S2BL, S4BL, SlAR, S2AR, S4AR, SlBR, S2BR and S4BR are controlled by a common switch controller SC through respective gate drivers.

Figure HB is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches SlAL, S2AL, S4AL, SlBL, S2BL, S4BL, SlAR, S2AR, S4AR, SlBR, S2BR and S4BR, showing one cycle of operation from time t_α to time t,.

11.3 Waveforms

The four quarters of the sinusoidal alternating current in the first inductive device LlL are provided by controlling the switches as described below.

1. Switches SlAL, S2AL and S4AL are closed from time t_x to time t₂ to provide inductive device LlL with a magnetising current of a first polarity provided by discharging capacitor ClL. This is the first quarter of die sinusoidal current in the inductive device LlL.

2. Switches SlAL and S2AL are opened while S4AL remains closed from time t₂ to time t₄ to allow current induced by the collapsing..maghetic field to flow back into the capacitor ClL. The current collapses back to zero to provide tlie second quarter of the sinusoidal current in the inductive device LlL.

3. Switches SlBL, S2BL and S4BL are closed from time t₅ to time t₆ to provide inductive device LlL with a magnetising current of opposite polarity provided by discharging capacitor ClR. This is the third quarter of the sinusoidal current in the inductive device LlL.

4. Switches SlBL and S2BL are opened while S4BL remains closed from time t₆ to time tg to allow current induced by the collapsing magnetic field to flow back into the capacitor ClL. The current collapses back to zero to provide the fourth quarter of the sinusoidal current in the inductive device LlL.

The four quarters of the sinusoidal alternating current in the second inductive device LlR are provided by controlling the switches as described below.

1. Switches SlAR, S2AR and S4AR are closed from time t₃ to time t₄ to provide inductive device LlR with a magnetising current of a first polarity provided by discharging capacitor ClR. This is the first quarter of the sinusoidal current in inductive device LlR and occurs simultaneously with the second quarter of the sinusoidal current in inductive device LlL. 2. Switches SlAR and S2AR are opened while S4AR remains closed from time t₄ to time t₆ to allow current induced by the collapsing magnetic field to flow back into the capacitor ClR. The current collapses back to zero to provide, the second quarter of the sinusoidal current in inductive device LlR. This second quarter occurs simultaneously with the third quarter of the sinusoidal current in inductive' device LlL.

3. Switches SlBR, S2BR and S4BR are closed from time t₇ to time t₈ to provide inductive device LlR with a magnetising current of opposite polarity provided by discharging capacitor ClR. This is the third quarter of the sinusoidal current in inductive device LlR and occurs simultaneously with the fourth quarter of the. sinusoidal current in inductive device LlL.

Switches SlBR and S2BR are opened while S4BR remains closed from time t₈ to timet, of the next cycle to allow current induced by the collapsing magnetic field to flow back into the capacitor ClR. The current collapses back to zero to provide the fourth quarter of the sinusoidal current in inductive device LlR. This fourth quarter occurs simultaneously with the first quarter of the sinusoidal current in inductive device LlL.

11.4 Specific application of eleventh embodiment Figure HC shows a block diagram of an application of the eleventh embodiment of the invention for driving a two phase motor. The block labelled 'Motor drive switching' in

Figure' HC is the switching circuit of Figure HA. This circuit drives a two phase motor

(the windings of which are represented in Figure HA by inductors LlL and LlR) via phase winding current sensors. The motor drive switching block also includes FET switches, FET gate drives, and field energy recovery capacitors.

The FET switches are shown in Figure HA as switches SlAL, SlBL, S2A1, S2BL, S4AL, S4BL, SlAR, SlBR, S2AR, S2BR, S4AR and S4BR.

Suitable FET gate drives (not shown in Figure 1 IA) are described below in Section 23 and shown in Figures 23A and 23B.

The field energy recovery capacitors are shown in Figure HA as capacitors ClL and ClR.

The switching controller (outlined in Figure 11C by a broken line) is shown in Figure =11 A as switching controller SC.

A speed control input signal is fed to the switching controller. A motor speed frequency ramp is generated and converted to a two phase sequence of switching signals. Signal transitions are delayed to control the rise and fall times of the motor drive switching control signals. Logic blocks generate half cycle and quarter cycle control signals for connection, via FET gate drives, to the FET switches in the motor drive switching block.

Sensed phase winding currents are compared with predetermined values and the FET switches controlled to maintain winding currents within predetermined ranges.

11.5 Specific application of adaptation of eleventh embodiment Figure HD shows a block diagram of an application of an adaptation of the eleventh embodiment of the invention for driving a three phase switched reluctance motor.

In Figure 1 ID, the block labelled 'Motor drive switching' is a three phase adaptation of the two phase switching circuit of Figure HA. This circuit drives a three phase motor via phase winding current sensors. The motor drive switching block also includes FET switches, FET gate drives, and field energy recovery capacitors corresponding to those described above with reference to Figure 11C.

The switching controller is outlined in Figure HD by a broken line. In addition to the sensing of phase winding currents and other features already discussed with reference to Figure HC, the application of the current invention for driving a three phase switched reluctance motor, as shown in Figure HD, also incorporates a shaft position encoder to synchronise the motor winding switching signals with the position and direction of rotation of the motor shaft.

TWELFTH EMBODIMENT

12.1 Circuit layout Figure 12A is a circuit diagram illustrating a twelfth embodiment of the invention. The circuit layout is identical to that of the first embodiment shown in Figure IA. The Figure 12A circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states under control of a common switch controEer SC. However, the circuit of Figure 12A circuit is operated in a manner differing from that of the first embodiment described above. In the twelfth embodiment, the switches are repetitively switched between a pulsed state and a continuously open state. In the pulsed state, the switches are rapidly switched between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 1C to IF and operating as described above for the first embodiment.

This technique allows low frequency solenoids to be driven at a higher frequency. The spaced apart groups of pulses create an effective lower frequency drive while using practical inductor winding volumes. These circuits are also effective at accommodating the change in inductance that occurs with closing solenoids.

12.2 Switch timing Figures 12B and 12C are switch timing diagrams for the controlled switches Sl and S2. The time scales in Figures 12B and 12C are different. Figure 12B shows one minor pulse cycle from time t, to time t₃. Switches Sl and S2 are operated synchronously over each minor pulse cycle by the switch controller SC, being closed for a magnetising stage from time t_j to time t^, and open for a recovery stage over the remainder of each minor pulse cycle from time t₂ to time t₃. The minor pulse cycle begins repeating at time t₃ when the switches close again.

Figure 12C shows one major cycle for the controlled switches Sl and S2. The switches are repetitively pulsed between closed and. open states (as shown in the timing diagram of Figure 12B) from time t, to time t₄ of each major cycle. The switches are continuously open for the remainder of the major cycle from time t₄ to time t₅. The major cycle begins repeating at time t_s when the switches are again repetitively pulsed between closed and open states.

In one specific twelfth embodiment, switches Sl and S2 are closed for 3.5 mS over a minor pulse period of 6.25 mS. The switches Sl and S2 are pulsed thus 16 times over 100 mS then held continuously open for 400 mS, over each major cycle period of 500 mS.

In the pulse mode, the switches Sl and S2 arrange the circuit of Figure 12A in the configurations shown in Figures 1C to IF to operate the circuit as already described above with reference to the first embodiment.

As shown in Figure 12C, the end of the pulsed operation at time t₄ is timed to occur at a time t₃, being at the end of a minor pulse cycle, so that the recovery capacitor Cl is recharged with energy recovered from the collapsing magnetic field of the inductive device Ll. This energy is stored in capacitor Cl, from time t₄ to time t₅, for use in next reestablishing the magnetic field at time t, of the next minor pulse cycle. THIRTEENTH EMBODIMENT

13.1 Circuit layout

Figure 13A is a circuit diagram illustrating a thirteenth embodiment of the invention. The circuit layout is identical to that of the second embodiment shown in Figure 2A. The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states. The switches are repetitively switched between a pulsed state and a continuously open state. The periodic switching and pulsing of the switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states is controlled by a common switch controller SC. In the pulsed state, the switches are rapidly switched between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 2C to 2D, as described above for the second embodiment.

This technique allows low frequency solenoids to be driven at a higher frequency. The spaced apart groups of pulses create an effective lower frequency drive while using practical inductor winding volumes.

13.2 Switch timing

Figures 13B and 13C are switch timing diagrams for the controlled switches Sl and S2. The time scales of Figures 12B and 12C are different. Figure 13B shows one minor pulse cycle from time t, to time t₃. Switches Sl and S2 are operated synchronously over each minor pulse cycle, being closed for a magnetising stage from time t₃ to time ^₂, and open for a recovery stage over the remainder of each minor pulse cycle from time t₂ to time t₃. The minor pulse cycle begins repeating at time t₃ when the switches close again.

Figure 13C shows one major cycle for the controlled switches Sl and S2. The switches are repetitively pulsed between closed and open states (as shown in the timing diagram of Figure 13B) from time t, to time t₄ of each major cycle. The switches are continuously open for the remainder of the major cycle from time t₄ to time t₅. The major cycle begins repeating at time t₅ when the switches are again repetitively pulsed between closed and open states. In one specific thirteenth embodiment, switches Sl and S2 ate closed for 3.5 mS over a minor pulse period of 6.25 mS. The switches Sl and S2 are pulsed thus 16 times over 100 mS then held continuously open for 400 mS, over each major cycle period of 500 mS.

In the pulse mode, the switches Sl and S2 arrange the circuit of Figure 13A in the configurations shown in Figures 2C to 2E to operate the circuit as already described above with, reference to the second embodiment.

As shown in Figure 13C, the end of the pulsed operation at time t₄ is timed to occur at a time t₃, being at the end of a minor pulse cycle, so that the recovery capacitor Cl is recharged with energy recovered from the collapsing magnetic field of the inductive device Ll. This energy is stored in capacitor Cl, from time t₄ to time t₅, for use in next re- . establishing the magnetic field at time t_t of the next minor pulse cycle, as may be seen in the recovery capacitor voltage waveform shown as the upper waveform in Figure 13 E.

13.3 Specific application of thirteenth embodiment

In one specific application, the circuit shown in Figure 13A is used to drive a modified Flojet Model ET508-224A solenoid driven piston pump. The standard pump is rated at 0.48 A, 230 volts AC, 50 Hz and is designed to work on a half wave 50 Hz pulse to deliver a maximum flow rate of 1000 ml/minute.

The winding of the standard pump was rewound with 1.45 mm diameter enamelled copper wire giving a winding inductance of 16.8 mH and a winding resistance of 1.9 ohm.

The pump is driven by the circuit shown in Figure 13D in which the voltage of source Vl 31 is 28 volts, the inductance and resistance of the solenoid winding are represented by L131 and R131, respectively. The recovery capacitor C131 is 150 μF, and is made up of a parallel combination of three 50 μF pulse grade metallised polypropylene capacitors.

The natural resonance period of the solenoid winding inductance Ll 31 and the recovery capacitor Cl 31 is approximately 10 mS. The magnetising and recovery periods, described below, are each 2.5 mS which is approximately equal to one quarter of this natural resonance period. The circuit of Figure 13D is operated similarly to the thirteenth embodiment described above with respect to Figures 13B and 13C. In the circuit of Figure 13D, the FET switches S131 and S132 are controlled through respective gate drivers by a common switch controller SC to pulse alternately between the closed and open states.

The FET switches are driven by 2kV isolated NME1215S DC to DC supplies driving through HCPL 3120 opto-isolated gate drivers. The two FET switches S131 and S132 are 20N60C3, 20 A, 600 V, TO220 case. The two diodes D131 and D132 are RUR 30 A₃ 600 V, TO220 case. The switch controller SC uses CMOS logic circuits. The 28 volts supply is stepped down to 12 volts by a Treco Ten-5 or -6 series DC to DC voltage converter to supply the CMOS logic and FET gate drive circuits.

The two FET switches S 131 and S 132 are simultaneously closed for a magnetising period of 2.5 mS and then, following the magnetising period, are simultaneously opened for a recovery period of 2.5 mS, with this 5 mS (200 Hz) pattern repeated to give ten pulse cycles over 50 mS. The two FET switches are then kept open for 50 mS. This 100 mS switching pattern is repeated at a repetition frequency of 10 Hz to operate the pump. The waveform of the 200 Hz multiple pulse current in the pump winding is very close to a full-wave t rectified 100 Hz sinewave.

Figure 13E shows simulated voltage and current waveforms for the circuit of Figure 13D. The upper waveform shows the voltage across the series combination of recovery capacitor C131 and supply V131 at a scale of 25 volts per division. The lower waveform shows the current through the solenoid winding represented by inductance Ll 31 and resistance Rl 31 at a scale of .2.5 amperes per division.

Figure 13E shows the voltage and current waveforms for the first 250 mS from start-up, with recovery capacitor C131 initially uncharged. When FET switches Sl 31 and Sl 32 are first closed for 2.5 mS on start-up, the 28 volt supply voltage is applied across the solenoid winding causing the' solenoid current to rise to approximately 3.5 amperes before the two FET switches are opened for 2.5 mS, whereupon the solenoid current falls back to zero. The falling solenoid current is directed by diodes D132 and D131 back to the recovery capacitor charging it to approximately 30 volts and lifting the voltage across capacitor C131 and supply V131 to approximately 58 volts. The FET switches S131 and S132 are then closed for 2.5 mS to re-magnetise the solenoid with the higher voltage, this time causing the solenoid current to rise to approximately 5.2 amperes.

•The 5 mS cycle is repeated over the first 50 mS period, incrementally lifting the voltage across the recovery capacitor from 0 volts initially to approximately 82 volts at the end of the period. With FET switches S131 and S132 then held open for the next 50 mS, the capacitor holds this voltage ready for assisting in successively re-magnetising the solenoid ten times over the following 50 mS, to repeat the 100 mS cycle. After start-up, the solenoid is re-magnetised during successive 100 mS cycles by a peak voltage of approximately 110 volts across the recovery capacitor and¹ the supply, obtained by recovering energy from the previous collapse of the solenoid magnetic field. This provides a peak solenoid current of approximately 9.2 amperes.

The pump draws 22.4 watts from voltage source V131 which is a 28 volt DC supply or battery. In an optional arrangement, not shown, a battery supply V131 is connected to a reservoir capacitor (for example, 22 mF) through a series inductor (for example, 5 mH) and the remainder of the circuit, and particularly high pulse currents, are supplied from the reservoir capacitor, with the battery just supplying the circuit top-up current.

Use of the invention in this specific application allows the pump to- be driven with significantly higher currents using the same supply voltage.

In one pump arrangement driven by a circuit not using the invention, the .pump drew 6.46 Watts at a mean supply current of 0.23 A and delivered 30 ml/minute to a fixed height when energy recovered from the ^'winding inductance was returned to the supply by a conventional asymmetric converter circuit topology. The same pump arrangement drew 22.4 Watts at a mean supply current of 0.8 A and delivered 420 mL/minute to the same fixed height when using the circuit of Figure 13D in which energy recovered from the winding inductance Ll 32 and stored on capacitor Cl 31 was connected in series with the supply Vl 31 to deliver the next magnetising current pulse to the winding at a voltage substantially higher than the supply. In comparing the operation of the two circuits, the use of the circuit of Figure 13D results in a performance of 53watts /litre of water pumped compared to the standard circuit of 210watts/litre pumped, using exactly the same supply voltage and switch timings.

The solenoid pump driver could also be adapted to drive the solenoid pump using the soft current chopping technique described above in Section 5.16 with reference to the Teknatool Nova motor.

FOURTEENTH EMBODIMENT

14.1 Circuit layout

Figure 14A is a circuit diagram illustrating a fourteenth embodiment of the invention. In this fourteenth embodiment, a capacitor Cl storing energy recovered from an inductive device Ll is connected in series with a supply Vl to provide the inductive device with a first quadrant of a semi-sinusoidal re-magnetising current.

The circuit of Figure 14A comprises a DC power supply Vl, two diodes Dl and D2, a capacitor Cl, two controlled switches Sl and S2, and an inductive device Ll. The supply Vl, switch Sl and diode Dl are connected in series between upper and lower rails to form a first leg of an H-bridge. Diode D2 and switch S2 are connected in series between the upper and lower rails to form the second leg of the H-bridge. The inductive device Ll is connected between the bridge legs. The capacitor is connected between the two rails. The circuit is operated by periodically switching the controlled switches Sl and S2 between open and closed states to achieve the effective circuit configurations shown in Figures 14C to 14E. The opening and closing of the switches Sl and S2 are controlled by a common switch controller SC.

14.2 Switch timing Figure 14B is a switch timing diagram for the controlled switches Sl and S2 showing one cycle of operation from time t_t to time t₃. Switches Sl and S2 are operated synchronously over each cycle by the switch controller SC. The switches Sl and S2 ate both closed to arrange the circuit of Figure 14A for a magnetising stage from time t_r to time t,. During this magnetising stage a current is driven through the inductive device Ll to establish a magnetic field. The magnetising current flows through the inductive device Ll from left to right in the circuits shown in Figures 14A, 14C and l4D.

Switches Sl and S2 remain closed from time t_r to time t, for a period that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl).

The magnetising stage ends at time t₂ at which time switches Sl and S2 are' opened to arrange the circuit of Figure 14A for a recovery stage during which a current induced in the inductive device Ll during collapse of the magnetic field charges capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are kept open from time X₂ to time t₃.

Both switches Sl and S2 are closed at time t₃ to arrange the circuit of Figure 14A for the next magnetising stage. The operating cycle is repeated with a repetition period equal to

(t₃ - tj.

14.3 Fitst magnetising circuit Figure 14C shows a first effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies during the magnetising stage when _ diode Dl is non-conductive, i.e. when the voltage on capacitor Cl reverse biases diode D2.

14.4 Second magnetising circuit Figure 14D shows a second effective circuit for the magnetising stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are closed. This circuit applies when the voltage across the capacitor Cl is insufficient to reverse bias diode D2, and diode D2 becomes forward biased and conductive to effectively bypass the capacitor Cl. Magnetising current from the power supply Vl then flows through closed switch Sl to inductive device Ll and back through diode D2, to contribute to the establishment of the magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll.

14.5 Magnetising ciicuit conversion The conversion of the magnetising circuit of Figure 14C to that of Figure 14D occurs automatically when there is insufficient charge on the recovery capacitor to supply all the magnetising current for the full magnetising period and particularly when the voltage on capacitor Cl is insufficient to reverse bias diode D2. This occurs immediately on first closing switches Sl and S2 at time t, of the first cycle of operation, but can occur progressively later in subsequent cycles. In these subsequent cycles, the recovery capacitor can charge to progressively higher voltages as the circuit builds up to an operating mode.

14.6 Energy recovery circuit Figure 14E shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t,. This circuit configuration continues from time t₂ to time t₃.

Current flowing from the inductive device Ll on collapse of the magnetic field forward biases diodes Dl and D2 and charges capacitor Cl, causing the current to fall.

When this falling inductive device current reaches zero, diodes Dl and D2 become non- conductive, blocking discharge of the re-charged capacitor Cl. This blocking holds the charge on capacitor Cl until the next cycle starts at time t₃.

14.7 Start-up mode magnetising - first cycle

Initial start-up of the circuit occurs when the switches Sl and S2 close at time t, of the first cycle of operation. For the purposes of the immediately-following explanation it is assumed that, prior to time t_l5 capacitor Cl is uncharged.

At time t_l5 switches Sl and S2 close to effectively arrange the circuit as shown in Figure 14D. Magnetising current then flows from the supply Vl through closed switch S2, inductive device Ll and diode D2 to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device Ll .

14.8 Start-up mode magnetising — subsequent cycles

On subsequent cycles during start-up operation, the capacitor Cl will already, at time t, have some charge from energy recovery from previous cycles. In this case the circuit adopts the configuration shown in Figure 14C and magnetising current flows from the series combination of pre-charged capacitor Cl and supply Vl, through closed switch Sl, inductive device Ll and closed switch S2 to establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device.

The flow of current out of the capacitor Cl depletes the charge on the capacitor which decreases the voltage across the capacitor. If the voltage across the capacitor Cl becomes insufficient to reverse bias diode D2, diode D2 conducts, the circuit automatically converts to that shown in Figure 14D, and magnetising current continues to flow but only from the supply Vl. Diode D2 stops capacitor Cl from reverse charging.

14.9 Run mode magnetising

In the run mode, the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll is predominantly derived from the discharge of capacitor Cl in series with the supply Vl by the circuit of Figure 14C.

During a first substantial part of the run mode magnetising stage, the series combination of capacitor Cl and the supply Vl is connected by switches Sl and S2 to the inductive device Ll as seen in the circuit of Figure 14C, to re-establish the magnetic field in the inductive device.

When the voltage on capacitor Cl is no longer sufficient to reverse bias diode D2, diode D2 conducts and a magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is maintained by current flowing from the supply Vl through closed switch Sl to the inductive device Ll, and back through diode D2, as seen in the circuit of Figure 14D. This continues the magnetising of the inductive device Ll ^■with energy direct from the supply. This replenishment occurs automatically during every cycle upon depletion of the capacitor Cl and draws energy from the supply to make up for losses in the circuit.

14.10 Energy recovery

Figure 14E shows an effective circuit configuration for the energy recovery stage of circuit operation when switches Sl and S2 are both opened at time t₂. This circuit configuration from, time t_j to ώne t₃. At time t^ the current through the inductive device Ll and the associated magnetic field begin to collapse.

The collapsing current flows from the inductive device Ll through diode D2 to capacitor Cl and back through diode Dl to inductive device Ll. This current flows through the inductive device Ll in the same direction as the current used to establish the magnetic field (Le. from left to right in Figure 14E), but flows into the capacitor Cl in the opposite direction to the magnetising current flowing from the capacitor Cl during the magnetising stage.

The flow of the induced current, from the inductive device Ll back to the capacitor Cl, recharges the capacitor to effectively transfer energy from the magnetic field to the capacitor Cl. This recovered energy is held as a charge on the capacitor Cl until the end of the cycle at time t₃ when it is used to re-establish the magnetic field during the magnetising stage of the next cycle of operation.

14.11 Voltage multiplication

On initial start-up, the capacitor Cl is charged, in the energy recovery stages of the first few successive cycles of circuit operation, to progressively higher voltages. After only a few cycles of operation the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to several times the supply voltage. In the magnetising stages, a magnetising current in the inductive device is driven from this capacitor voltage.

The recovery of energy from the collapsing magnetic field at each cycle and its re-use to re- establish the field in the magnetising stage at the next cycle effectively multiplies the voltage from which the inductive device is driven to provide a significant improvement in efficiency. The voltage multiplication process is similar to the transient charging phase of a resonant inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit.

The capacitor Cl discharges over progressively longer times, and with progressively higher peak current values, during the magnetising stage of each of the first few start-up cycles. The series combination of capacitor Cl and supply Vl provides a discharge current through closed switch Sl to the inductive device Ll, with a return path to earth or ground through the closed switch S2, as seen in the magnetising circuit shown in Figure 14C. This current is provided over a significant time during the magnetising stage before the voltage on the capacitor Cl is sufficiently depleted to remove the reverse bias on diode D2.

Once the voltage on capacitor Cl is sufficiently depleted and diode D2 is forward biased, the circuit effectively adopts the supply-fed magnetising circuit configuration as shown in Figure 14D, whereupon the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is provided from supply Vl via closed switch Sl to inductive device Ll, with a return path to the upper rail through diode D2. The voltage of the supply Vl, although less than the much higher run-mode voltages achieved on the series combination of capacitor Cl and supply Vl, is sufficient to maintain the level of current in the inductive device Ll and prolong the magnetising current flowing in the inductive device through to the end of the magnetising stage.

14.12 Energy ttansfer The supply Vl has an effective capacitance that is many times greater than the capacitance of capacitor Cl, giving the series combination of the capacitor Cl and the supply Vl an effective capacitance value substantially equal to the capacitance of capacitor Cl. When the capacitor Cl and the supply Vl are in series together providing the magnetising current for the inductive device Ll during the earlier part of the magnetising stage, before magnetising from the supply alone takes over, the circuit is effectively capacitor Cl series connected by switches Sl and S2 to inductive device Ll, but with an effective voltage on capacitor Cl that is higher, by the voltage of the supply Vl, than the actual voltage on capacitor Cl For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in Figure 14A, the recovered energy stored as a charge on capacitor Cl must be efficiently transferred back to the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll. Maximum transfer of energy from the capacitor back to the inductive device occurs when the voltage on the capacitor Cl has decreased from a maximum to zero and the current in the inductive device Ll has simultaneously risen from zero to a maximum. The time for this to occur is equal to a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl).

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 14A, the switches Sl and S2 are closed for each cycle of operation for a time that is approximately equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl) to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the capacitor Cl to the inductive device Ll .

The switches Sl and S2 can be maintained closed after depletion of die charge on capacitor Cl to extend the duration of the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll. During this extension period, the magnetising current is supplied from the supply Vl only, via diode D2.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit shown in- Figure 14A, the energy from the magnetic field associated with the inductive device Ll must be efficiently transferred back to the recovery capacitor Cl. Maximum transfer of energy from the magnetic field back to the capacitor occurs when the current flowing in the inductive device Ll has decreased to zero.

For optimum operation of the energy recovery circuit of Figure 14A, the switches Sl and S2 are open for each cycle of operation for a time that is no shorter than a quarter of the period of natural resonance of the inductance-capacitance (L-C) circuit, which in this case is equal to 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), to allow for optimum transfer of energy from the inductive device Ll to the capacitor Cl. The switches Sl and S2 are maintained opened after cessation of the^' current in the inductive device Ll, while waiting on the re-closing of switches Sl and S2 to re-establish the magnetic field at the commencement of the next cycle. 14.13 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the ckcuit shown in Figure 14A has the following circuit values: Sl and S2: IRFK4HE50

Dl and D2: RHRG30120 Vl = 48 volts Cl =.250 μF

Ll = 36 mH (with an effective series resistance of 1 ohm) Switching period t_j to t₃ = 20 mS

Switching frequency = 50 Hz Magnetising period t_j to ty= 5 mS

In this embodiment, the switches Sl and S2 remain closed for 5 mS over the 20 mS period of each cycle. One quarter of the natural resonance period of the capacitor Cl and inductive device Ll, i.e. 0.5 π V (Ll Cl), is equal to 4.7 mS, slightly shorter than the time period in each cycle that the switches Sl and S2 are closed.

In this embodiment, the capacitor Cl is recharged at each recovery stage to a voltage that is more than 7 times the supply voltage after the first 25 cycles of operation, i.e. after 500 mS from starting. A magnetising current in the inductive device Ll is driven by the capacitor in series with the supply, giving an effective supply voltage multiplication of over 8 times

14.14 Waveforms In the run-mode of the specific second embodiment of Figure 14A having the circuit values described in the immediately preceding paragraphs, the magnetising current in the inductive device Ll rises from zero to a peak of approximately 31 amperes with a waveform that is very close to one quarter cycle of sinusoid. At the end of the magnetising stage, when the switches Sl and S2 are opened, current induced in the inductive device Ll, by the collapsing magnetic field, falls to zero with a waveform that is very close to the second quarter cycle of a sinusoid. The current in the inductive device Ll then remains at zero until the start of the next cycle. In summary, the waveform of the current in the inductive device is substantially a half sinusoid for each cycle of operation. The supply current only flows when switches Sl and S2 are closed, Le. during the first quadrant of the sinusoid. The supply current waveform is a quarter sinusoid, rising sinusoidally from zero to approximately 31 amperes before dropping rapidly to zero when the switches Sl and S2 are opened.

FIFTEENTH EMBODIMENT

15.1 Circuit layout Figure 15A is a circuit diagram illustrating a fifteenth embodiment of the invention. In this fifteenth embodiment, a capacitance ClOl stores energy recovered from an inductive device, represented by inductance L102 and series resistance RlOl, for use in later magnetising the inductive device.

The circuit of Figure 15A comprises a pair of opposite polarity DC power supplies VlOl and Vl 02 having a common terminal connected to ground or earth through inductance LlOl. The supplies are respectively connected through diodes DlOl and D102, and controlled switches SlOl and S102, to the capacitance ClOl.

FET switches SlOl, S102, S103, S104, S105 and S106 are opened and closed under control of a common switch controller SC through respective gate drivers.

FET switches S103, S104, S105 and S106, and respective associated diodes D103, D104, Dl 05 and Dl 06 are arranged in an H-bridge arrangement. By alternately switching diagonally opposite limbs of the full wave H-bridge arrangement 'on', i.e. closing or making conductive, and 'off, i.e. opening or making non-conductive, the inductive device is driven with magnetising current pulses of one polarity from an alternating voltage on the capacitor ClOl. After each magnetising period, energy is recovered from the collapsing magnetic field by directing current from the inductive device back to the capacitor ClOl.

One difference of the embodiment of Figure 15A over the above-described first to fourteenth embodiments is that the FET switches that are switched on to initiate a magnetising period are not switched off at the end of the respective magnetising period. Instead, the FET switch configuration remains unchanged over the magnetising period and over the irαjtnediately-following energy recovery period.

Instead of an actively controlled changeover of switch configuration between magnetising and energy recovery periods, changeover from magnetising to energy recovery occurs automatically when the voltage on the capacitor ClOl decreases through zero and the current flowing in the inductive device begins to decrease, instead of increasing as it does during the magnetising period. This reverses the polarity of the voltage on the recovery capacitor ClOl for every alternate magnetising cycle of the inductive device, while allowing the inductive device to be driven with magnetising current pulses of one polarity.

Similarly, no actively controlled switching action is required at the end of the recovery period. Changeover from energy recovery to a pause period occurs automatically when the current flowing in the inductive device falls to zero. This occurs because blocking diodes D103, D104, D105 and D106, which are connected in series with the respective FET switches S103, S104, S105 and S106, only remain conductive for positive diode current flow.

The above-described automatic changeover between magnetising and recovery periods, and between recovery and pause periods, allows the circuit to freely resonate through one cycle when initiated by switching on the appropriate diagonal pair of FET switches. These automatic changeovers ensure that the recovery capacitor ClOl fully discharges to transfer recovered energy back to the inductive device, and that the inductive device current falls to zero to transfer recovered energy from the magnetic field back to the recovery capacitor. This ensures optimum efficiency of electromagnetic field energy recycling without requiring precise control of switch timing.

The recovery capacitor ClOl is topped up on alternate half cycles by alternately making FET switches SlOl and Sl 02 momentarily conductive in respective alternate pause periods when current is not flowing in the inductive device. These top-ups of energy compensate for circuit losses and may be seen in the upper voltage waveform of Figure 15B, where the voltage of capacitor ClOl is boosted prior to initiation of the next magnetising period. 15.2 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 15A has the following circuit values:

SlOl to S106: IRFK4JE50; Vl 01 and V102 = 100 volts;

ClOl = 100 μF; LlOl = 1 mH; L102 = 45 mH; RlOl = 5 ohm; and FET switching frequency 50 Hz.

In each 20 mS switching cycle:

FET switch SlOl is closed for only 1 mS, from 18 - 19 mS; FET switch S102 is closed for only 1 mS, from 8 - 9 mS; FET switches S103 and S106 are both closed for only 7 mS, from 0 - 7 mS; and

FET switches S 104 and S 105 are both closed for only 7 mS, from 10 - 17 mS.

15.3 Waveforms

Figure 15B shows simulated waveforms of the alternating polarity voltage across a recovery capacitor (upper waveform), and uni-polar current through the inductive device (lower waveform) of the specific embodiment of the circuit of Figure 15A when using the above- listed circuit values.

SIXTEENTH EMBODIMENT

16.1 Circuit layout

Figure 16A is a circuit diagram illustrating a sixteenth embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, a recovery capacitor C201 stores energy recovered from an inductive device, ^• represented by inductance L201 and series resistance R201, for use in later re-magnetising the inductive device.

The circuit of Figure 16A comprises a pair of opposite polarity DC power supplies V201 and V202 having a common terminal connected to ground or earth through inductance L201. The supplies are respectively connected through diodes D201 and Dl 02, and controlled switches S201 and S202, to the capacitor C201.

FET switches S201, S202, S203, S204, S205 and S206 are opened and closed under control of a common switch controller SC through respective gate drivers.

FET switch S203 and associated diode D204, and FET switch S204 and associated diode D203, provide alternate paths for currents flowing in respective opposite directions between recovery capacitor C201 and the inductive device. By alternately switching the two FET switches S203 and S204 'on' and Off, the inductive device is driven with magnetising current pulses of alternating polarity from an alternating voltage on the capacitor C201. After each magnetising period, energy is recovered from the collapsing magnetic field by directing current from the inductive device back to the capacitor C201.

The diodes D203 and D204 may be discrete components or may each be provided by the diode that is an inherent part of the respective parallel FET switch S203 and S204.

This sixteenth embodiment makes use of the same automatic switching from a magnetising period to a recovery period, and from the recovery period to a pause period, as described above for the fifteentii embodiment.

16.2 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 16A has the following circuit values: S201 to S206: IRFK4JE50;

V201 and V202 = 100 volts; C201 = 100 μF; L201 = 1 mH; L202 = 45 mH; R201 = 5 ohm; and

FET switching frequency 50 F£z.

In each 20 mS switching cycle: FET switch S201 is closed for only 1 mS, from 18 - 19 mS;

FET switch S202 is closed for only 1 mS, from 8 - 9 mS;

FET switch S203 is closed for only 7 mS, from 0 - 7 mS; and

FET switch S204 is closed for only 7 mS, from 10 - 17 mS.

16.3 Waveforms

Figure 16B shows simulated waveforms of the alternating polarity voltage across a recovery capacitor (upper waveform), and the alternating polarity current through the inductive device (lower waveform) of the specific embodiment of the circuit of Figure 16A when using the above-listed circuit values. This circuit uses fewer FET switches and diodes than that of Figure 15A and provides similar performance, with the exception that in the circuit of Figure 16A the inductive device current pulses alternate in polarity. This may not be a disadvantage when the circuit is used to drive a reluctance motor or other reluctance type device, where polarity of magnetisation is immaterial.

SEVENTEENTH EMBODIMENT

17.1 Circuit layout

Figure 17A is a circuit diagram illustrating a seventeenth embodiment of the invention. In this seventeenth embodiment, a capacitance C401 stores energy recovered alternately from two inductive devices, represented respectively by inductance L402 and series resistance R401, and by inductance L403 and series resistance R402, for use in later magnetising the inductive device.

The circuit of Figure 17A comprises a pair of opposite polarity DC power supplies V401 and V402 having a common terminal connected to ground or earth through inductance L401; The supplies are respectively connected through diodes D401 and D402, and controlled switches S401 and S402, to the capacitor C401. .

FET switches S401, S402, S403 and S404 are opened and closed under control of a common switch controller SC through respective, gate drivers. FET switch S403 and associated diode D403 provide a path for current flowing down through recovery capacitor C401 and up through the inductive device represented by inductance L402 and resistance R401. FET switch S404 and associated diode D404 provide a path for a half cycle of a resonant current flowing up through recovery capacitor C401 and down through the inductive device represented by inductance L403 and resistance R402. By alternately switching the two FET switches S403 and S404, the inductive devices are driven alternately with magnetising current pulses of one polarity from an alternating voltage on the capacitor C401. After each magnetising period, energy is recovered from the collapsing magnetic field by directing current from the respective inductive device back to the capacitor C401.

This seventeenth embodiment makes use of the same automatic switching as described above in the fifteenth embodiment.

One difference of the embodiment of Figure 17A over the above-described first to sixteenth embodiments is that the circuit drives two inductive devices using only a single recovery capacitor. In a variation of the seventeenth embodiment, the two inductive devices represented in Figure 17A may be respective windings on the same device, for example respective stator pole windings of a two phase motor, or two windings on a common core.

17.2 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 17A has the following circuit values: S401 to S404: IRFK4JE50;

V401 and V402 = 100 volts; C401 = 100 μF; L401 = 1 mH; L402 and L403 = 45 mH; R401 and R402 = 5 ohm; and

FET switching frequency 50 Hz.

In each 20 mS switching cycle: FET switch S401 is closed for only 1 mS, from 18 - 19 mS; FET switch S402 is closed for only 1 mS, from 8 - 9 mS; FET switches S403 is closed for only 7 mS, from 10 -17 mS; and FET switches S404 is closed for only 7 mS, from 0 - 7 mS.

17.3 Waveforms

Figure 17B shows simulated waveforms of the alternating polarity voltage across recovery capacitor C401 (upper waveform), uni-polar current through the inductive device represented by inductance L403 and resistance R402 (middle waveform), and uni-polar current through the inductive device represented by inductance L402 and resistance R401 (lower waveform), of the specific embodiment of the circuit of Figure 17A when using the above-listed circuit values.

EIGHTEENTH EMBODIMENT

18.1 Circuit layout

Figure 18A is a circuit diagram illustrating an eighteenth embodiment of the invention. In this eighteenth embodiment, two energy recovery capacitors C701 and C702 alternately store energy recovered from an inductive device, represented respectively by inductance L702 and series resistance R701 , for use in later magnetising the inductive device.

The circuit of Figure 18A comprises a DC power supply V701 and a series power supply current control inductance L701. The opening and closing of FET switches S701, S702, S703, S704, S705 and S706 are controlled by a common switch controller SC through respective gate drivers to alternately connect the supply, through FET switches S701 and S702 and respective series diodes D701 and D702, to the capacitors C701 and C702. The capacitors C701 and C702 are alternately discharged into, and recharged from, the inductive device by repetitively switching respective diagonal pairs of controlled FET switches S703 and S706, and S704 and S705,.

During each repetitive switch cycle, FET switches S703 and S706 are simultaneously closed, i.e. made conductive, to discharge a pre-charged first capacitor C701 through the inductive device to establish a magnetic field. While the voltage across the discharging first capacitor C701 falls, the current in the inductive device increases. The FET switches S703 and S706 remain conductive for a period approximately equal to one quarter of the natural resonant period of the first capacitor C701 and inductance L702 of the inductive device. At the end of this period, the voltage on the capacitor C701. has dropped to, or close to, zero and the FET switches S703 and S706 are opened, i.e. made non-conductive. Current in the inductance stops increasing and, with FET switches S703 and S706 non-conductive, flows instead through diodes D704 and D705 to charge a second capacitor C702 using energy recovered from the collapsing magnetic field.

The current flowing in the inductive device decreases, and ceases when it reaches zero. During this pause in inductive current flow, FET switch S701 is closed, i.e. made conductive, for a short period to pre-charge first capacitor C701 from the supply V701 through current control inductor L701 and reverse blocking diode D701.

The pause in inductive current flow ends when controlled FET switches S704 and S705 are simultaneously closed, i.e. made conductive, to discharge the now-charged second capacitor C702 back through the inductive device. While the voltage across the discharging capacitor C702 falls, the current in the inductive device increases. This current flows in the opposite direction to the above-described current flowing through the inductive device when FET transistors S703 and S706 were conductive. The FET switches S704 and S705 remain conductive for a period approximately equal to one quarter of the natural resonant period of the second capacitor C702 and inductance L702 of the inductive device. At the end of this period, the voltage on the capacitor C702 has dropped to, or close to, zero and the FET switches S704 and S705 are opened, i.e. made non-conductive. Current in the inductance stops increasing and, with FET switches S704 and S705 non-conductive, flows instead through diodes D703 and D706 to further charge the first capacitor C701 using energy recovered from the magnetic field.

The current flowing in the inductive device decreases, and again ceases when it reaches zero. During this pause in inductive current flow, FET switch S702 is closed, i.e. made conductive, for a short period to pre-charge second capacitor C702 from the supply V701 through current control inductor L701 and reverse blocking diode D702. In this way, voltages actoss each of the two energy recovery capacitors C701 and C702 remain positive, while an AC current flows in the inductive device.

This eighteenth embodiment makes use of automatic switching similar to that described above for the fifteenth embodiment. In particular, firstly, if the diagonal pairs of FET switches are kept conductive for longer than the respective quarter resonant periods, diodes D704 and D706 will become forward biased and conductive to prevent respective capacitor C701 and C702 from charging in a reverse direction to negative voltages. And secondly, respective diagonal pairs of diodes D704 and D705, and D703 and D706 become non-conductive to initiate respective pauses when inductive device currents in respective directions reach zero. These actions occur automatically without specific intervention from the switch controller.

The diodes D703, D704, D705 and D706 may be discrete components or may each be provided by the diode that is an inherent part of the respective parallel FET switch S703, S704, S705 and S706.

One difference of the embodiment of Figure 18A over the above-described first to seventeenth embodiments is that the circuit uses two energy recovery capacitors to alternately drive current in opposite directions through an inductive device.

18.2 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 18A has the following circuit values: S701 to S706: IRFK4JE50;

V701 = 100 volts;

C701 = 200 μF;

C702 = 200 μF;

L701 = 1 mH; L702 = 45 mH.;

R701 = 5 ohm; and

FET switching frequency 50 Hz. In each 20 mS switching cycle:

FET switch S701 is closed for only 1.5 mS, from 13 - 14.5 mS; FET switch S702 is closed for only 1.5 mS, from 3 - 4.5 mS; FET switches S703 and S706 are closed for only 5 mS, from 5 — lO.mS; and FET switches S704 and S705 are closed for only 5 mS, from 15 — 20 mS.

18.3 Waveforms

Figure 18B shows simulated waveforms of voltages VC701 and VC702.across respective recovery capacitors C701 and C702, (upper two waveforms); and of current IL702 flowing (with positive polarity indicative of current flow from left to right) in the inductance L702 of the inductive device (bottom waveform); of the specific embodiment of the circuit of Figure 18A when using the above-listed circuit values.

It can be seen that the inductive device is magnetised alternately by opposite polarity current pulses having a peak amplitude of 12 amperes. The current increases by discharge of one of the two capacitors to establish a magnetic field, and decreases to charge the other of the two capacitors using energy recovered from the collapsing field. The recovered energy stored by the capacitors is then later recycled back to the inductive device to reestablish the magnetic field.

NINETEENTH EMBODIMENT

19.1 Circuit layout

Figure 19A is a circuit diagram illustrating a nineteenth embodiment of the invention. This nineteenth embodiment is' a four stage ring circuit. Energy, initially derived from DC power supply V501, is used to magnetise, and then recover energy from, four inductive devices, successively: In each case, recovered energy is stored on a respective capacitor from which it is used to assist in energising the next succeeding inductive device. In this way, energy from the supply is used and reused successively around, the ring, and only augmented from the supply once for each circulation of recycled energy around the four stage ring. This embodiment operates with a four phase cycle. For each cycle, only one of the four windings is energised and the remaining three stages are pausing. FET switches S501, S502, S503 and S504 ate opened, i.e. made non-conductive, and closed, i.e. made conductive, under control of a common switch controller SC through respective gate drivers.

In each stage, a respective recovery capacitor C501, C502, C503, C504, stores energy recovered from a preceding stage. Respective FET switch S501, S502, S503, S504 is made conductive to discharge the capacitor through respective blocking diode D501, D502, D503, D504, and a respective winding represented by respective resistance R501, R502, R503, R504, and inductance L501, L502, L503, L504, to establish a magnetic field in the winding.

The FET switches are each made conductive for a period slightly greater than half the natural resonant period of each stage to initiate discharge of the stage capacitor through the winding to magnetise the winding inductance and then allow collapse of the magnetic field. After a small pause, the following stage is activated, and the process repeated. While the FET switch of a stage is conductive, the stage operates with automatic changeover from magnetising to energy recovery, and from energy recovery to pause, similarly to the automatic switching described above for the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth embodiments.

One difference of the embodiment of Figure 19A over the above-described first to sixteenth embodiments is that the circuit drives more than two inductive devices. These may be respective windings on the same device, for example four windings of a four phase motor. Although Figure 19A shows four stages, the number of stages can be selected to suit the application. For example, three windings of a three phase motor may be driven by a three stage variant of the Figure 19A circuit. Or the circuit could be used in a linear reluctance motor or track with multiple independently-powered stages for example.

19.2 Specific embodiment One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 19A has the following circuit values:

S501 to S504: IRFK4J350; V501 = 20 volts; C501 to C504 = 1000 μF; L501 to L504 = 100 mH; R501 to R504 = 1 ohm; and FET switching frequency 10 Hz.

In each 100 mS switching cycle:

FET switch S501 is closed for only 24.5 tnS, from 0 - 24.5 mS; FET switch S502 is closed for only 24.5 mS, from 25 - 49.5 mS; FET switch S503 is closed for only 24.5 mS, from 50 - 74.5 mS; and FET switch S504 is closed for only 24.5 mS, from 75 - 99.5 mS.

19.3 Waveforms

Figure 19B shows simulated waveforms of voltages VC501, VC502, VC503, and VC504 across respective capacitors C501, C502, C503 and C504; and Figure 19C shows simulated waveforms of currents IL501, IL502, IL503, and IL504 flowing in respective winding inductances L501, L502, L503 and L504; of the specific embodiment of the circuit of Figure 19A when using the above-listed circuit values.

It can be seen that the windings are magnetised sequentially by half-sinusoidal current pulses of substantially equal amplitudes. Each pulse is derived by a half cycle of resonant current flow from the respective stage capacitor, through the respective winding, to the capacitor of the next following stage. This resonant current flow discharges the positively charged stage capacitor to zero and recharges it to the opposite polarity, at the same time causing a similar but opposite change in the voltage of the capacitor of the next following stage. When the voltages of these two capacitors are equal (at the cross-over of the corresponding waveforms), the voltage applied across the winding is zero and the half- sinusoidal current pulse in the respective winding current is at its maximum value. With zero applied voltage, the winding current falls as the magnetic field in the winding collapses, thereby recharging each of the two capacitors to opposite potentials. . ._.

For example, at time 2.0 seconds seen in the waveforms Figures 19B and 19C, capacitor C501 is positively charged and capacitors C502, C503 and C504 are negatively charged. The first stage is operated by making FET switch S501 conductive for 24.5 mS, discharging the series combination of capacitors C501 and C502 into the winding represented in Figure 19A by inductance L501 and resistance R501. This causes a rise in the winding current IL501.

At approximately 2.012 seconds seen in the waveforms Figures 19B and 19C, the voltages VC501 and VC502 across respective capacitors C501 and C502 are equal and the winding current IL501 is at its maximum value. As the winding current falls to zero, capacitor C501 is charged negatively taking voltage VC501 negative, and capacitor C502 is charged positively talcing voltage VC502 positive. This process has magnetised the winding using energy from recovery capacitor C501 and then recovered the energy from the magnetic field and transferred it to recovery capacitor C502.

This process is repeated to successively magnetise the four windings represented in Figure 19A by respective inductances L501, L502, L503 and L504 and respective resistances R501, R502, R503 and R504.

Supply V501 is connected in series with FET switch S504. When FET switch S504 is closed to establish a magnetic field in the fourth winding represented by inductance L504 and resistance R504, and transfer energy recovered from collapse of that field to recovery capacitor C501, energy from the supply V501 is introduced into the circuit. A significant part of this energy is transferred to, and recovered from, each successive winding to circulate around the ring.

TWENTIETH EMBODIMENT

20.1 Circuit layout

Figure 20A is a circuit diagram illustrating a twentieth embodiment of the invention. This twentieth embodiment is a four stage ring circuit, similar to that of the nineteenth embodiment shown in Figure 19A. Energy, initially derived from DC power supply V601, is used to magnetise, and then recover energy from, four inductive devices. In each case, recovered energy is stored on a respective capacitor from which it is used to energise the next succeeding inductive device. In this way, energy from the supply is used and reused successively around the ring, and only augmented from the supply once for each circulation of recycled energy around the four stage ring. The difference of this twentieth embodiment over that of the nineteenth embodiment is that the twentieth embodiment operates with a two phase cycle. For each cycle, two non-adjacent stages simultaneously magnetise respective windings while the other two stages are pausing.

FET switches S601, S602, S603 and S604 are opened, i.e. made non-conductive, and closed, i.e. made conductive, under control of a common switch controller SC through respective gate drivers.

In each stage, a respective recovery capacitor C601, C602, C603, C604, stores energy recovered from a preceding stage. Respective FET switch S601, S602, S603, S604 is made conductive to discharge the capacitor through respective blocking diode D601, D602, D603, D604, and a respective winding represented by respective resistance R601, R602, R603, R604, and inductance L601, L602, L603, L604, to establish a magnetic field in the winding.

The FET switches are each made conductive for a period slightly greater than half the natural resonant period of each stage to initiate discharge of the stage capacitor through the winding to magnetise the winding and then allow collapse of the magnetic field. After a small pause, the following stage is activated, and the process repeated.

While the FET switch of a stage is conductive, the stage operates with automatic changeover from magnetising to energy recovery, and from energy recovery to pause, similarly to the automatic switching described above for the fifteenth, sixteenth. seventeenth and eighteenth embodiments.

One difference of the embodiment of Figure 2OA over the above-described first to sixteenth embodiments is that the circuit drives more than two inductive devices. These may be respective windings on the same device, for example four windings of a four phase motor. Although Figure 20A shows four stages, the number of stages can be selected to suit the application. For example, the circuit could be used in a linear reluctance motor or track with multiple independently-powered stages. 20.2 Specific embodiment

One specific embodiment of the circuit shown in Figure 2OA has the following circuit values:

S601 to S604: IRFK4J350; V601 = 20 volts;

C601 to C604 = 1000 μF; L601 to L604 = 100 mH; R601 to R604 = 1 ohm; and. FET switching frequency 20 Hz.

In each 50 mS switching cycle:

FET switches S601 and S603 are both closed for only 24.5 mS, from 0 - 24.5 mS; and

FET switches S602 and S604 are both closed for only 24.5 mS, from 25 - 49.5 mS.

20.3 Waveforms

Figure 2OB shows simulated waveforms of voltages VC601, VC602, VC603, and VC604 across respective capacitors C601, C602, C603 and C604; and Figure 2OC shows simulated waveforms of currents IL601, IL602, IL603, and IL604 flowing in respective winding inductances L601, L602, L603 and L604; of the specific embodiment of the circuit of Figure 2OA when using the above-listed circuit values.

It can be seen that pairs of non-adjacent windings are magnetised sequentially by half- sinusoidal current pulses of substantially equal amplitudes. Each pulse is derived by a half cycle of resonant current flow from the respective stage capacitor, through the respective winding, to the capacitor of the next following stage. This resonant current flow discharges the positively charged stage capacitor to zero and recharges it to the opposite polarity, at the same time causing a similar but opposite change in the voltage of the capacitor of the next following stage. When the voltages of these two capacitors are equal (at the cross-over of the corresponding waveforms), the voltage applied across the winding is zero and the half-sinusoidal current pulse in the respective winding current is at its maximum value. With zero applied voltage, the winding current falls as the magnetic field in the winding collapses, thereby recharging each of the two capacitors to opposite potentials.

For example, at time 2.0 seconds seen in the waveforms Figures 2OB and 2OC, capacitors C601 and C603 are positively charged and capacitors C602 and C604 are negatively- charged. The first and third stages are operated simultaneously by making FET switches S601 and S603 conductive for 24.5 mS, discharging the series combination of capacitors C601 and C602 into the winding represented in Figure 20A by inductance L601 and resistance R601, and discharging the series combination of capacitors C603 and C604 into the winding represented in Figure 2OA by inductance L603 and resistance R603. This causes a rise in the two winding currents IL601 and IL603.

At approximately 2.012 S, the voltages VC601 and VC602 across respective capacitors C601 and C602 are equal, and the voltages VC603 and VC604 across respective capacitors C603 and C604 are equal, and the winding currents IL601 and IL603 are each at their maximum values. As the winding currents fall to zero, capacitors C601 and C603 are charged negatively taking voltages VC601 and VC603 negative, and capacitors C602 and C604 are charged positively taking voltages VC602 and VC604 positive.

This process has simultaneously magnetised two respective stage windings using energy from respective recovery capacitors C601 and C603 and then recovered and transferred the energy from the respective magnetic fields to respective recovery capacitors C602 and C604.

A similar process simultaneously magnetises the other two windings represented in Figure 2OA by respective inductances L602 and L604 and respective resistances R602 and R604.

Supply V601 is connected in series with FET switch S604. When FET switch S604 is closed to establish a magnetic field in the fourth winding represented by inductance L604 and resistance R604, and to transfer energy recovered from collapse of that field to recovery capacitor C601, energy from the supply V601 is introduced into the circuit. A significant part of this energy is transferred to, and recovered from, each successive winding to circulate around the ring. By simultaneously operating pairs of non-adjacent windings, the frequency of winding current pulses is doubled and the capacitor voltage waveforms show only small flats at both the positive and negative peaks. Otherwise, the capacitor voltage waveforms are substantially sinusoidal. The flats correspond to the pause at the end of each stage cycle while the respective resonant cycle is interrupted, when the respective winding current reaches zero on completion of energy recovery, and before initiation of a resonant cycle in the next following stage.

APPLICATIONS

21.1 Applications of the current invention

Figure 21 shows examples of end uses of applications of the current invention using various inductive devices driven by drive converters according to the current invention supplied via a buffer capacitor bank from various supply types.

Figure 21 shows examples of supply topologies, including direct and transformer-coupled off-line supplies, switchmode off-line supplies, and battery supplies. Further details of these supply types are shown in Figures 22A to 22G and discussed below.

Figure 21 shows examples of application of the current invention to inductive devices that can be driven by the current invention. Typical inductive devices include switched reluctance motors, inductions coils, linear actuators, solenoids, transformers, generators and synchronous reluctance motors. The current invention has application to single and multi-phase inductive devices, including but not limited to two phase and three phase devices. The current invention can be applied to power generation alternators; to field and/or output windings.

Figure 21 shows examples of a wide range of end uses to which the current invention can be applied.

Examples of end uses for switched reluctance motors include traction drives, air compressors, liquid pumps, wheel loaders, bulk handlers, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, machine tools, mining equipment, ait conditioning and aerospace applications. Examples of end uses for synchronous reluctance motors include air conditioning, electric and hybrid drive vehicles, electrically powered machines and appliances, industrial drives and aerospace applications. Further details of applications of. the current invention to motors are given below in Section 21.4

Examples of end uses for induction coils include induction heating work coils, inductive power transfer systems for materials handling and non-contact power transfer. One application of the latter is in safe electrically-isolated power transfer of energy for recharging batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles.

Examples of end uses for linear actuators and solenoids include distributing pumps, linear actuators, linear generators, solenoid valves, solenoid actuators and bells. Further details of applications of the current invention to solenoids and linear actuators are given below in Section 21.3.

Example applications of end uses for transformers and generators include power distribution and electrical power supplies. Further details of applications of the current invention to transformers are given below in Section 21.2.

21.2 Transformers

Standard transformer designs do not usually use field energy recovery on the primary winding. In switch mode power supplies, it is common to control the magnetic field in the primary winding but energy is not purposely recovered, stored for feeding back to the power source, or used to effectively multiply the voltage used to drive the winding.

Magnetic field energy recycling circuits according to the current invention as described above can be used to drive transformers with improved efficiencies over prior art transformer power supplies. Circuits described above can be used advantageously for

^• driving transformers using magnetic core material with low remanence, so that the residual magnetisation in the transformer laminations can fall close to zero when the magnetising field drops to zero at each successive AC cycle. A modification of the tenth embodiment, with switch S3, diodes D3 and D5, inductor L2 and capacitor C2 omitted and the supply Vl connected directly, can be used to drive a transformer in the position of the inductive device Ll with a full near-sinusoidal AC waveform. It is necessary to control secondary winding load current so that currents in the secondary load circuit, and consequent induced back EMFs, do not deplete the current during the field energy recovery stage. The secondary load circuit is switched on during the magnetising stages, and is switched off (i.e. open circuited) during recovery stages when the magnetic field in the transformer collapses and the field energy is being recovered to recharge the recovery capacitor Cl. This switching allows greater field build and recovery and much better efficiencies than if the secondary winding is loaded through both the rising and falling quadrants of each half cycle.

The primary and secondary windings can be configured in a 1:1 ratio for a close magnetic coupled circuit, and the primary winding magnetising inductance, the capacitor Cl and the magnetising time period selected to optimise the energy recovery as described above.

For loosely coupled transformer circuits, the primary to secondary winding ratio can be 1:2 and the load is then switched in during the field energy recovery period.

Reduction of back EMFs is an important requirement in maximising energy recycling in transformers. Reduction of back EMFs requires the following.

• Limitation of secondary load 'induced' back EMFs by controlling the period during ' which the load is applied.

• A controlled load circuit allowing for controlled switching of the output to load. • Use of specialised lamination steels with very low magnetic retentitivity.

• Magnetic coupling between primary and secondary windings optionally controlled by an air gap in the magnetic circuit (in some cases).

These same considerations can be applied to energy recycling circuits used for switch mode or resonant mode converters employing pulse transformers with isolated primary and secondary windings. Multiphase transformer circuits can be driven by compiling a number of bridge circuits. 21.3 Solenoids and linear actuators

Conventional solenoid coils and linear electromagnetic actuators build a magnetic field to perform work by magnetic attraction or repulsion. The energy built up or contained within the magnetic field can be substantial. The dissipation of diis energy, usually after the work has been performed, has been seen as a nuisance. Many control strategies have been employed to deplete the field while minimising damage to circuit components from voltage spikes. Eddy current shorting rings, diode clamps, application of reverse voltages and other field control techniques have been employed to safely dissipate the field energy.

The second and third embodiments provide effective supply voltage multiplication and wave shaping permitting a lower supply voltage to be used to power a solenoid or actuator with greater efficiency. The multi-pulsing described in the twelfth and thirteenth embodiments and the extension of the magnetising pulse width of the eighth embodiment allow field energy recycling techniques to be used when the frequency of operation is much lower than the optimum repetition frequency of the magnetising and recovery cycle for a particular winding inductance.

The multi-pulsed operation described in the twelfth and thirteenth embodiments is particularly suitable for driving linear actuators and solenoids. The multi-pulsing technique allows pulses at a relatively high repetition frequency, for example 160 Hz, to provide effective energy recycling according to the invention while being interrupted at a relatively low frequency, for example 2 Hz. This allows effective energy recycling with the inductance values typical of these devices.

21.4 Motors

In conventional AC motor drives, a sinusoidal waveform is synthesized by an inverter using a complex switching sequence. While this allows for easy frequency variation, it does not provide for the efficiency improvements provided by recycling (i.e. the recovery and reuse) of the magnetic field energy.

The voltage multiplying and wave shaping functions of the second, third and fifth embodiments, when used in full bridge circuits providing alternating magnetising currents, such as the tenth and eleventh embodiments, make these circuits particularly suitable for switched reluctance motors, AC synchronous reluctance motors and AC induction motors, and particularly those motors with low or no motional back EMFs, such as those used in hybrid and electric vehicle drives and similar traction applications where the use of lower supply bus voltages can be used to advantage by application of the present invention. As well as driving the motor windings with full sinusoidal drive currents, these circuits also provide good start-up and low speed characteristics that are advantageous in providing substantially more torque during motor start-up. The drive circuits can be timed from a motor shaft sensor or run at a frequency varying from start-up up to a set frequency.

The connection of the recovery capacitor to magnetise the winding provides the near sinusoidal current waveform provided that there is little or no motional back EMF present during the field recovery stages, i.e. during the second half of each half cycle of the sinusoidal current. With some motional or induced back EMF, such as in AC squirrel cage induction motors, the sinusoidal waveform may be distorted but the motor will still function well and energy savings and efficiency improvements can- still be obtained.

Reluctance motors of the switched or synchronous reluctance types are particularly suited to magnetic field energy recovery because, unlike squirrel cage induction motors, they do not create 'motional' back' EMFs in the stator winding arising from rotation of the rotor. Although there is a motional change of inductance in the motor winding of some reluctance motors, this does not destroy the field energy recovery and in some cases can aid it. For example, if the inductance increases as the winding current is falling, then this will delay the fall and increase the width of the current pulse in some designs.

POWER SUPPLIES

22.1 Off-line power supplies

Figures 22A-22C show three off-line power supplies suitable for powering the electromagnetic field energy recycling drive circuits according to the current invention. The topologies of these supply circuits are standard prior art arrangements and are typically driven from 50 Hz or 60 Hz mains power. Capacitors and inductors provide filtering. Each supply has a large reservoir capacitor placed across the DC output of the supply near ^■ the drive circuit for supply pulse currents. Figure 22A shows a transforrner-coupled off-line supply. The transformer may have a step-up, step-down, or 1:1 winding ratio. A full wave bridge rectifier provides DC from the off-line AC.

Figure 22B shows a direct-coupled off-line supply. A full wave bridge rectifier provides DC from the off-line AC.

Figure 22C shows a switchmode off-line supply. A switchmode supply converts the off- line AC to DC.

22.2 Battery power supplies

Figures 22D-22G show four battery power supplies suitable for powering the electromagnetic field energy recycling drive circuits according to the current invention. The topologies of these supply circuits are standard prior art arrangements and are typically supplied from a battery or a bank of batteries. Capacitors and inductors provide filtering. Each supply has a large reservoir capacitor placed across the DC output of the supply near the drive circuit for supply pulse currents.

Figure 22D shows a simple battery supply with a series filter inductor between the battery and the reservoir capacitor.

Figure 22E shows a simple battery supply with a series filter inductor and semiconductor diode between the battery and the reservoir capacitor.

Figure 22F shows a battery supply with a DC to DC converter for stepping up or stepping down the battery voltage to obtain the voltage for the drive circuit. The output of the DC to DC converter is connected to the reservoir capacitor and the drive circuit through a series filter inductor.

Figure 22G shows a battery supply with a DC to DC converter for stepping up or stepping down the battery voltage to obtain the voltage for the drive circuit. The output of the DC to DC converter is connected to the reservoir capacitor and the drive circuit through a series filter inductor and semiconductor diode.

GATE DRIVERS

23.1 FET switch gate drivers

Figures 22A and 23B show FET switch gate drivers suitable for driving the FET switches shown in. the embodiments of the current invention. A FET switch is controlled by a switching control signal derived from a switching controller (not shown in Figures 23A and 23B, but shown as switching controller SC in other figures). The switching control signal is connected to the FET switch gate through an optically isolated opto-coupler, for example HCPL-3120 from Hewlett Packard. The opto-coupler is powered from, a 15 volt supply derived from an electrically isolated DC to DC converter. One suitable converter is NMEl 215S from C&D Technologies which provides 2kV isolation and supplies 1 watt at 15 volts output for a 12 volt input.

The 12 volt supply for the electrically isolated converter is derived from an AC or DC supply.

Figure 23A shows a gate driver supplied off-line by an AC to DC converter. The converter converts the line frequency, for example 50 Hz or 60 Hz, to DC. TRECO supplies one suitable converter that converts 50 Hz 240 volts AC to the 12 volts DC for supply the electrically isolated converter.

Figure 23B shows a gate driver supplied from a battery or battery bank by a DC to DC converter. The converter converts the battery voltage to 12 volts DC. TRECO supplies suitable converters that convert 9 to 36 volts DC, or 18 to 72 volts DC, to the 12 volts DC for supply the electrically isolated converter.

OPTIMISATION

24.1 Circuit resistances and decrements For maximum efficiency of the energy recycling circuits described above, it is important that circuit losses, and particularly the loaded circuit decrement of the inductance- capacitance recycling circuit, be kept as low as practicable. The decrement is the lost energy σvet each cycle that needs to be topped up from the supply. The decrement of an LCR circuit is the energy dissipated per cycle and is denoted by: E_D = RI²/2f

where I = maximum peak value of current

R = circuit resistance f = frequency.

The decrement is a similar parameter to the quality factor (Q) which is the ratio of die maximum energy stored to the energy dissipated per cycle.

The circuit resistance includes the resistances of the winding, the controlled switches and the diodes, and the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the recovery capacitor. For optimum or good energy recovery, it is necessary to keep die total circuit resistances as low as possible.

One useful rule of diumb is that the resistance of any winding group or inductive device should be no more than one ohm, particularly for lower frequency applications running at 50 to 100 Hz. It is desirable that the series circuit comprising the inductive device and the recovery capacitor has a total resistance of less than one ohm.

24.2 Number of winding turns

Field energy recovery is aided by keeping the ratio of the number of winding turns (N) to the inductance L high, and by keeping as much of the magnetic flux as possible encompassed within the winding cross-sectional area so that on collapse of the flux, the induced currents and voltages are as high as possible.

It is advantageous if the number of turns is not less than 280, in applications operating at 50 Hz. Inductance is directly proportional to the number of winding turns squared (NT²) and the cross-sectional area (A) of the winding. Therefore, it is important to keep the cross- sectional area as small as possible. For practical purposes compact coils or windings with small mean radii will perform best. In electrical machines, the rotor length to diameter ratio (L/D), controlled by the lamination stack length, is best kept around 1.0 to 1.2. However, values outside this optimum can still result in successful application of the present invention and in many cases the invention can be advantageously applied to conventional electrical equipment without modification of the winding or windings.

24.3 Magnetising period

The magnetising period has been described in some embodiments as being substantially equal to kτW(LC) where L is the inductance value of the inductive device Ll, C is the capacitance value of the recovery capacitor Cl, and k is substantially between 0.1 and 2.5, preferably between 0.25 and 1.0, more preferably between 0.35 and 0.70, and most preferably approximately equal to 0.5.

In general, the circuits can be operated with efficient transfer of energy between the inductive device and the recovery capacitor when the magnetising period t^g is close to or substantially equal to 0.5πV(LC). However, circuits with combinations of magnetising period, and inductance and capacitance values not satisfying that relationship are useful and still provide energy recycling and voltage compounding or multiplication. For example, the specific version of the first embodiment, described above in Section 1.17 with reference to the table shown in Figure IK and the graph shown in Figure IL, operates at high load power output levels and high power transfer efficiencies at a magnetising period of 5 mS, an inductance of 36 mH, and values of recovery capacitance less than the 281 μF value satisfying the relationship ^₀ = 0.5τW(LC). In other examples, such as the second, third, fourth and fifth embodiments, the recovery capacitor can be oversized, i.e. made larger than specified by the above relationship, to give good peak magnetising currents but with some 'peaking' in the shape of the sinusoidal wave form. The use of an oversized capacitor has been found to be suitable for variable or synchronous reluctance motors which operate with changing inductance. • Optimisation of circuit performance depends on the application and on the desired attributes. For example, copper volume of the winding of the inductive device, purity of sinusoidal waveform of the magnetising current, overall energy efficiency, start-up and/ or running torque, must be balanced against each other in a practical application.

24.4 Winding Q

While practical values of winding resistances are usually greater than 1 ohm in fractional horse power machines, any winding can be assessed for electromagnetic field energy recycling conversion by measurement of the static inductance, or the range of change of inductance, and the winding resistance. Calculation or measurement of the Q at 50 Hz or 100 Hz is then sufficient to provide a figure of merit for that particular winding.

Providing the loaded Q of the operating circuit can be kept greater than 1, the efficiency of circuits with windings of 10 to 20 ohms or more is still acceptable because the ratio of inductance to resistance remains high. Keeping the resistance as low as possible and the inductance high always .provides the best loaded Q and circuit efficiency but requires greater than standard winding volumes and is therefore only possible in custom made designs.

Alternatively, the loaded Q of the recycling circuits described above is advantageously designed to be kept at 2 or above.

SIMULATION

25.1 Circuit simulation

Operation of the embodiments and applications of the current invention described above can be simulated on SPICE-based CircuitMaker 2000 or other suitable simulation programs. Although such simulations may use algorithms that in some cases do not always accurately correspond to practical circuit operation, useful predictions of optimum component values and circuit performances can be obtained. A voltage variable SPICE inductor model allows modelling of the circuits of the invention -with varying inductance such as seen in the operation .of reluctance motors, solenoids and linear actuators. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation programmes can also be used to model the invention. In cases where practical circuits according to some embodiments of the invention have been constructed, bench tests have confirmed results obtained by simulation.

Claims

1. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising one or more capacitances, an inductive device, a switching circuit, and a switching circuit controller; the switching circuit controller being arranged to repetitively configure the switching circuit in a first switching circuit configuration by which the switching circuit electrically couples a first capacitance to a first inductance of the inductive device in a first circuit for a first period to transfer energy stored in the first capacitance to the inductive device by discharge of the first capacitance to thereby assist in estabEshing a magnetic field at the inductive device, the voltage across the first capacitance at the end of the first period being less than half the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period; subsequent to configuration of the switching circuit in the first switching circuit configuration, the switching circuit adopting a second switching circuit configuration by which the switching circuit electrically couples a second inductance of the inductive device to a second capacitance in a second circuit for a second period to transfer energy stored in the magnetic field to the second capacitance by a current flow in the second inductance to thereby assist in establishing a charge on the second capacitance, the current flow in the second inductance being substantially zero at the end of the second period; subsequent to configuration of the switching circuit in the second switching circuit configuration, the switching circuit adopting a third switching circuit configuration by which the charge established on the second capacitance during the second period is held on the second capacitance; and the switching circuit controller being arranged to configure the switching circuit, subsequent to configuration of the switching circuit in the third switching circuit configuration, in a switching circuit configuration by which energy stored in the second capacitance is_. transferred to an inductive device.

2. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the voltage across the first capacitance at the end of the first period is less than

30% of the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period.

3. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the voltage across the first capacitance at the end of the first period is less than 20% of the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period.

4. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the voltage across the first capacitance at the end of the first period is less than

10% of the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period.

5. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the voltage across the first capacitance at the end of the first period is substantially zero.

6. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first period is substantially equal to one quarter of a natural resonance period of the first circuit; and the second period is substantially equal to one quarter of a natural resonance period of the second circuit.

7. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first period, in seconds, is substantially equal to half the product of pi and the square root of the product of the first capacitance in farads during the first period and the average value of the first inductance in henries during the first period; and the second period, in seconds, is substantially equal to half the product of pi and the square root of the product of the second capacitance in farads during the second period and the average value of the second inductance in henries during the second period.

8. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first period is substantially equal to k π V ( Ll Cl ) seconds, where Cl is the first capacitance in farads during the first period and Ll is the average value of the first inductance in henries during the first period, the second period is substantially equal to k π v ( L2 C2 ) seconds, where C2 is the second capacitance in farads during the second period and L2 is the average value of the second inductance in henries during the second period, and k is between 0.1 and 2.5.

9. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first period is substantially equal to k % \ ( Ll Cl ) seconds, where Cl is the first capacitance in farads during the first period and Ll is the average value of the first inductance in henries during the first period, the second period is substantially equal to k π v ( L2 C2 ) seconds, where C2 is the second capacitance in farads during the second period and L2 is the average value of the second inductance in henries during the second period, and k is between 0.25 and 2.5.

10. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first period is substantially equal to k % v ( Ll Cl ) seconds, where Cl is the first capacitance, in farads during the first period and Ll is the average value of the first inductance in henries during the first period, the second period is substantially equal to k π V ( L2 C2 ) seconds, where C2 is the second capacitance in farads during the second period and L2 is the average value of the second inductance in henries during the second period, and k is between 0.35 and 2.5.

11. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first period is substantially equal to k π "V ( Ll Cl ) seconds, where Cl is the first capacitance in farads during the first period and Ll is the average value of the first inductance in henries during the first period, the second period is substantially equal to k % "V ( L2 C2 ) seconds, where C2 is the second capacitance in farads during the second period and L2 is the average value of the second inductance in henries during the second period, and k is between 0.5 and 2.5.

12. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first period is substantially equal to k % v ( Ll Cl ) seconds, where Cl is the first capacitance in farads during the first period and Ll is the average value of the first inductance in henries during the first period, the second period is substantially equal to k π V ( L2 C2 ) seconds, where C2 is the second capacitance in farads during the second period and L2 is the average value of the second inductance in henries during the second period, and k.is substantially equal to 0.5.

13. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein: the magnetic field energy recycling circuit is adapted for connection to a supply of electrical energy that is electrically coupled in series with the first capacitance when the switching circuit is configured in the first switching circuit configuration.

14. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein: the voltage across the second capacitance at the end of the second period is substantially greater than the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period.

15. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein: the first capacitance is provided by one or more capacitors; and the second capacitance is provided by the same one or more capacitors.

16. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 15, wherein: . the first capacitance is provided by two or more capacitors electrically connected in parallel when the switching circuit is in the first switching circuit configuration; and the second capacitance is provided by the same two or more capacitors electrically connected in series when the switching circuit is in the second switching circuit configuration.

17. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 15 or 16, wherein: the voltage across the one or more capacitors at the beginning of the first period and the voltage across the one or more capacitors at the end of the second period have the same polarity.

18. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 15 or 16, wherein: the voltage across the one or more capacitors at the beginning of the first period and the voltage across the one or more capacitors at the end of the second period have opposite polarities.

19. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit 'as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein: the first capacitance is provided by one or more capacitors; and the second capacitance is not provided by the same one or more capacitors providing the first capacitance.

20. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 19, wherein: one terminal of the first capacitance and one terminal of the second capacitance are connected to a common potential; and the voltage across the first capacitance at the beginning of the first period and the voltage across the second capacitance at the end of the second period have the same polarity. .

21. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein: the first inductance and the second inductance are provided by respective windings of the same inductive device.

22. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein: the first inductance and the second inductance are both provided by a common winding of the same inductive device.

23. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 22, wherein: the switching circuit, when in the first switching circuit configuration, is configured to transfer energy stored in the first capacitance to the winding to establish a magnetic field at the winding; the switching circuit, when in the second switching circuit configuration, is configured to transfer energy stored in the magnetic field at the winding to the second capacitance to establish a charge on the second capacitance; and the switching circuit, when in the third switching circuit configuration, is configured to hold the charge on the second capacitance until the switching circuit controller configures the switching circuit in a further switching circuit configuration for a fαrdier period by which further configuration energy stored in the second capacitance is transferred back to the winding.

24. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 23, wherein: the switching circuit is configured to direct current flow in the winding during the second period and current flow in the winding during the further period in the same direction.

25. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 23, wherein: the switching circuit is configured to direct current flow in the winding during the second period and current flow in the winding during the further period in opposite directions.

26. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of the preceding claims and adapted for connection to a supply of electrical energy; wherein: after the end of the first period and before the beginning of the second period, the switching circuit is configured in an intermediate switching circuit configuration by which current from the supply is directed through the first inductance to assist in maintaining the magnetic field established at the inductive device.

27. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein: the first inductance is provided by a first winding; the second inductance is provided by a second winding; and the first and second windings are windings of respective ficst and second inductive devices.

28. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein: the switching circuit comprises at least one controlled switching device; the switching circuit controller is repetitively operable to make- the at least one controlled switching device alternatively conductive and non-conductive; and the switching circuit adopts the first switching circuit configuration when the at least one controlled switching device is conductive.

29. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 28, wherein: the switching circuit adopts the second switching circuit configuration when the at least one controlled switching device is non-conductive.

30. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 29, wherein: the switching circuit controller is operable to make the at least one controlled switching device conductive for the first period, and non-conductive for the second and third periods.

31. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 28, wherein: the switching circuit adopts the second switching circuit configuration when the at least one controlled switching device is conductive.

32. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 30 or 31, wherein: the switching circuit comprises at least one semi-conductor diode; and the at least one semi-conductor diode is conductive when the switching circuit ■ adopts the second switching circuit configuration.

33. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 32, wherein: the at least one semi-conductor diode is non-conductive when the switching circuit adopts the third switching circuit configuration.

34. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and a switching circuit; wherein: the switching circuit is configurable in a first configuration to direct a capacitor discharge current to flow in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to thereby establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device; the switching circuit is -configurable in a second configuration, after the magnetic 5 field has been established, to direct a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field to flow into the capacitor in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor; and the switching circuit is configured in the first configuration for a period that is substantially equal to kπ v (LC) seconds, where L is the inductance value in henries of the 10 inductive device, C is the capacitance value in farads of the capacitor, and k is between 0.1 and 2.5.

35. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and first, second, third and fourth switching devices; wherein:

15 each of the first and second switching devices is a respective controllable switch having a closed state and an open state; each of the third and fourth switching devices has a closed state and an open state; the capacitor, the first switching device, the inductive device and the second

^• switching device are series connected in that order in a first series circuit through which,

20 during a first period when the first and second switching devices are each in the closed state, a capacitor discharge current flows in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to thereby establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device; the capacitor, the third switching device, the inductive device and the fourth

25 switching device are series connected in that order in a second series circuit through which, after the magnetic field has been established and during a second period when the first and second switching devices are each in the open state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field flows into the capacitor in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor; and

30 the first period is substantially equal to kπ"V(LC) seconds, where L is the inductance value of the inductive device, C is the capacitance value of the capacitor, and k is between 0.1 and 2.5.

36. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices; wherein: each of the switching devices is a respective controllable switch having a closed state and an open state; the capacitor, the first switching device, the inductive device and the second switching device are series connected in that order in a first series circuit through which, during a first period when the first and second switching devices are each in the closed state and the third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a capacitor discharge current flows in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to thereby establish a first magnetic field in association with the inductive device, the first magnetic field having a first polarity; the capacitor, the third switching device, the inductive device and the fourth switching device are series connected in that order in a second series circuit through which, after the first magnetic field has been established and during a second period when the first, second, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state and the third and fourth switching devices are each in the closed state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the first magnetic field flows to provide a capacitor charge current flowing in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor; the capacitor, the fourth switching device, the inductive device and the fifth switching device are series connected in that order in a third series circuit through which, during a third period when the fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the closed state and the first, second, third and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a capacitor discharge current flows in the first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to thereby establish a second magnetic field in association with the inductive device, the second magnetic field having a second polarity that is opposite the first polarity; the capacitor, the sixth switching device, the inductive device and the first switching device are series connected in that order in a fourth series circuit through which, after the second magnetic field has been established and during a fourth period when the second, third, fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the open^' state and the first and sixth switching devices are each in the closed state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the second magnetic field flows into the capacitor in the second direction to thereby charge the capacitor; the switching devices are repeatedly switched between the closed and open states to repeatedly provide in sequence the first, second, third and fourth series circuits for the respective first, second, third and fourth periods; and the first and third periods are each substantially equal to kπV(LC) seconds, where L is the inductance value of the inductive device, C is the capacitance value of the capacitor, and k is between 0.1 and 2.5.

37. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 34, 35 or 36, wherein: k is between 0.25 and 1.0.

38. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 34, 35 or 36, wherein: k is between 0.35 and 0.70. • ^■

39. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 34, 35 or 36, wherein: k is substantially equal to 0.5.

40. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and a switching circuit; wherein: the switching circuit is configurable in a first configuration to direct a capacitor discharge current to flow in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device; the switching circuit is configurable in a second configuration, after the magnetic field has been established, to direct a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field to flow into the capacitor in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor.

41. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and a switching circuit; wherein: the switching circuit is configurable in a first configuration to direct a capacitor discharge current to flow in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a magnetic field in association, with the inductive device; the switching circuit is configurable in a second configuration, after the magnetic field has been established, to direct a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field to flow into the capacitor in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor.

42. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and first, second, third and fourth switching devices; wherein: each of the first and second switching devices is a respective controllable switch having a closed state and an open state; each of the third and fourth switching devices has a closed state and an open state; the capacitor, the first switching device, the inductive device and the second switching device are series connected in that order in a first series circuit through which, during a^' first period when the first and second switching devices are each in the closed state, a capacitor discharge current flows in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a magnetic field in association with the inductive device; the capacitor, the third switching device, the inductive device and the fourth switching device are series connected in that order in a second series circuit through which, after the magnetic field has been established and during a second period when the fitst and second switching devices are each in the open state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the magnetic field flows into the capacitor in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor.

43. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit comprising a capacitor, an inductive device and first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices; wherein: each of the switching devices is a respective controllable switch having a closed state and an open state; the capacitor, the first switching device, the inductive device and the second switching device are series connected in that order in a first series circuit through which, during a first period when both the first and second switching devices are each in the closed state and the third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a capacitor discharge current flows in a first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a first magnetic field in association with the inductive device, the first magnetic field having a first polarity; the capacitor, the third switching device, the inductive device and the fourth switching device are series connected in that order in a second series circuit through which, after the first magnetic field has been established and during a second period when the first, second, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state and the third and fourth switching devices are each in the closed state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the first magnetic field flows to provide a capacitor charge current flowing in a second direction that is opposite the first direction to thereby charge the capacitor; the capacitor, the fourth switching device, the inductive device and the fifth switching device are series connected in that order in a third series circuit through which, during a third period when both the fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the closed state and the first, second, third and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a capacitor discharge current flows in the first direction from the capacitor and through the inductive device to substantially discharge the capacitor and thereby establish a second magnetic field in association with the inductive device, the second magnetic field having a second polarity that is opposite the first polarity; the capacitor, the sixth switching device, the inductive device and the first switching device are series connected in that order in a fourth series circuit through which, after the second magnetic field has been established and during a fourth period when the second, third, fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the open state and the first and sixth switching devices are each in the closed state, a current induced in the inductive device during collapse of the second magnetic field flows into the capacitor in the second direction to thereby charge the capacitor; and the switching devices are repeatedly switched between the closed and open states to repeatedly provide in sequence the first, second, third and fourth series circuits for the respective first, second, third and fourth periods.

44. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 34 to 43, wherein: the capacitor discharge current discharges the capacitor such that the voltage across the capacitor is substantially zero.

45. _ A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 34 or 41, wherein: the switching circuit is configurable in a third configuration by which charge established on the capacitor when the circuit was configured in the second configuration is held on the capacitor until the switching circuit is next configured in the first configuration.

46. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 35 or 42, wherein: during a third period, when the first, second, third and fourth switching devices are each in the open state, a charge established on the capacitor during the second period is held on the capacitor until the first and second switching devices are both closed to reestablish the first series circuit.

47. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 36 or 43, wherein: during a fifth period, when the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices are each jn the open state, a charge established on the capacitor during the second period is held on the capacitor until the third period when the fourth and fifth switching devices are each in the closed state to establish the third series circuit; and during a sixth period, when the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices are each in the open state, a charge established on the capacitor during the fourth period is held on the capacitor until the first and second switching devices are next each in the closed state to establish the first series circuit.

48. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 34 or 41, comprising a switching circuit controller that is operable to control the switching circuit to repetitively adopt the first configuration.

49. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 35 or 42, comprising a switching circuit controller that is operable to control the first and second switching devices to repetitively adopt the- closed state and thereby repetitively establish, the first series circuit.

50. A magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in claim 36 or 43, comprising a switching circuit controller that is operable to control and repetitively switch the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching devices between the closed and open states to repeatedly provide in sequence the first, second, third and fourth series circuits for the respective first, second, third and fourth periods.

51. A circuit for energising a multiple phase inductive device, wherein: the circuit comprises a plurality of magnetic field energy recycling circuits each as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50; the multiple phase inductive device comprises a plurality of phase windings; the inductive device of each magnetic field energy recycling circuit is a respective phase winding of the multiple phase inductive device; the magnetic field energy recycling circuits are connected together in a closed loop with the second capacitance of each magnetic field energy recycling circuit being the first capacitance of the next magnetic field energy recycling circuit in the loop; and the respective switching circuits of the magnetic field energy recycling circuits are selectively controlled to sequentially transfer energy to each phase winding in turn around the loop.

52. A switched reluctance motor comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein: the inductive device is a stator winding of the switched reluctance motor.

53. A synchronous reluctance motor comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein: the inductive device is a stator winding of the synchronous reluctance motor.

54. A solenoid driven actuator comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein: the inductive device is a solenoid of the solenoid driven actuator.

55. A solenoid driven pump comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein: the inductive device is a solenoid of the solenoid driven pump.

56. A transformer comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein: the inductive device is a -winding of the transformer.

57. An electrical generator comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein: . the inductive device is a winding of the electrical generator.

58. An induction heater comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein: the inductive device is a work coil of the induction heater.

59. An inductive power transfer device comprising a magnetic field energy recycling circuit as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein: the inductive device is a winding of the inductive power transfer device.

60. A method of operating an inductive device comprising the steps of: (a) connecting a capacitance to an inductance of the inductive device in a first circuit for a first period to transfer energy stored in the capacitance to the inductive device by discharge of the capacitance such that voltage across the capacitance at the end of the first period is less than half the voltage across the capacitance at the beginning of the first period, and to thereby assist in establishing a magnetic field at the inductive device; (b) connecting the inductance of the inductive device to the capacitance in a second circuit for a second period to transfer energy stored in the magnetic field to the capacitance by a current flow in the inductance such that the current flow in the inductance at the end of the second period is substantially zero, and to thereby assist in establishing a charge on the capacitance; (c) holding the charge, established on the capacitance during the second period, on the capacitance for a third period; and

(d) repeating steps (a), (b) and (c).

61. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim.60, wherein: in step (a), the voltage across the capacitance at the end of the first period is less tihan 30% of the voltage across the capacitance at the beginning of the first period.

62. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim 60, wherein: in step (a), the voltage across the capacitance at the end of die first period is less than 20% of the voltage across the capacitance at the beginning of the first period.

63. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim 60, wherein: in step (a), the voltage across the capacitance at the end of the fkst period is less than 10% of the voltage across the capacitance at the beginning of the first period.

64. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim 60, wherein: in step (a), the voltage across the capacitance at the end of the first period is substantially zero.

65. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim 60, wherein: titie first period is substantially equal to one quarter of a natural resonance period of the first circuit; and the second period is substantially equal to one quarter of a natural resonance period of the second circuit.

66. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim 60, wherein: the first period, in seconds, is substantially equal to half the product of pi and the square root of the product of die capacitance in farads during the first period and the average value of the inductance in henries during the first period; and the second period, in seconds, is substantially equal to half the product of pi and the square root of the product of the capacitance in farads during the second period and the average value of the inductance in henries during the second period.

67. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim 60, wherein: the first period is substantially equal to 0.5 π V ( Ll Cl ) seconds where Cl is the capacitance in farads during the first period and Ll is the average value of the inductance in henries during the first period, and the second period is substantially equal to 0.5 π v ( L2 C2 ) seconds, where C2 is the capacitance in farads during the second period and L2 is the average value of the inductance in henries during the second period.

68. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to

67, wherein: in step (a), a supply of electrical energy is electrically connected in series with the capacitance.

69. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to

68, wherein: in step (a), the capacitance is provided by one or more capacitors connected in parallel; and in step (b), the capacitance is provided by the same one or more capacitors connected in series.

70. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to

69, wherein: between steps (a) and (b), current from a supply of electrical energy is directed through the inductance to assist in maintaining the magnetic field established in step (a) at the inductive device.

71. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to

70, wherein: in step (a), the capacitance is connected to the inductance of the inductive device by making at least one controlled switching device conductive.

72. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim 71, wherein: in step (b), the inductance is connected to the capacitance by making the at least one controlled switching device conductive.

73. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim 71, wherein: in step (b), the at least one controlled switching device is non-conductive, and the inductance is connected to the capacitance by making at least one semi-conductor diode conductive.

74. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in claim 73, wherein: in step (c), the at least one controlled switching device is non-conductive and the at least one semi-conductor diode is non-conductive.

75. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to

74, wherein: the electromagnetic field energy recycling circuit connected to a supply of electrical energy; and between steps (a) and (b), current from the supply is directed through the inductance to assist in maintaining the magnetic field established in step (a) at the inductive device.

76. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to 75, wherein: the inductive device is a stator winding of a switched reluctance motor.

77. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to

75, wherein: the inductive device is a stator winding of a synchronous reluctance motor.

78. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to 75, wherein: the inductive device is a solenoid of a solenoid driven actuator.

79. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to 75, wherein: ^' the inductive device is a solenoid of a solenoid driven pump.

80. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to 75, wherein: the inductive device is winding of a transformer.

81. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to 75, wherein: the inductive device is a winding of an electrical generator.

82. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to 75, wherein: the inductive device is a work coil of an induction heater.

83. A method of operating an inductive device as claimed in any one of claims 60 to 75, wherein: the inductive device is a winding of an inductive power transfer device.