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WO2008002622A2 - Enregistreur de forme d'onde optique à fluctuation ultrarapide par hétérodynage référencé et microscope temporel - Google Patents

Enregistreur de forme d'onde optique à fluctuation ultrarapide par hétérodynage référencé et microscope temporel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008002622A2
WO2008002622A2 PCT/US2007/014944 US2007014944W WO2008002622A2 WO 2008002622 A2 WO2008002622 A2 WO 2008002622A2 US 2007014944 W US2007014944 W US 2007014944W WO 2008002622 A2 WO2008002622 A2 WO 2008002622A2
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Prior art keywords
time
lens
microscope
desired signals
signal
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WO2008002622A3 (fr
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Corey Vincent Bennett
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University of California Berkeley
University of California San Diego UCSD
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University of California Berkeley
University of California San Diego UCSD
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J11/00—Measuring the characteristics of individual optical pulses or of optical pulse trains
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J9/00—Measuring optical phase difference; Determining degree of coherence; Measuring optical wavelength
    • G01J9/04—Measuring optical phase difference; Determining degree of coherence; Measuring optical wavelength by beating two waves of a same source but of different frequency and measuring the phase shift of the lower frequency obtained

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a measurement method and system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a measurement method and system for capturing both the amplitude and phase temporal profile of a transient waveform or a selected number of consecutive waveforms having bandwidths of up to about 10 THz in a single shot or in a high repetition rate mode.
  • a typical commercially available state-of-the-art real-time oscilloscope has a resolution on the order of about a 18 ps step response (20 GHz analog bandwidth) and a 20 ps sampling period (50 Gsample/s), making such oscilloscopes undesirable for measuring certain optical wavef orms, such as single-shot transient signals, when the desired resolution (step or impulse response duration refered back to the input) requires, for example, a temporal resolution from about lps down to below 100 fs.
  • One such related technique does not have an input dispersion before the signal is mixed, typically electro-optically with a Mach-Zehnder modulator, with the chirped time lens signal. It has demonstrated large time magnification and fast sampling of electrical waves, but it is limited in the minimum impulse response duration by its GHz bandwidth opto-electronic time lens process and an inherent dispersion penalty which blurs the signal and produces fades in the frequency response. Likewise earlier true temporal imaging systems using electro-optic lenses to impart a frequency chirp are also limited in bandwidth, and thus temporal resolution. In contrast, the novel all optical system presented herein can have many THz of bandwidth and does not have an inherent dispersion penalty.
  • Such a system can record in a single-shot window in time with ultrafast resolution and can be performed at a high repetition rate.
  • Such a technology combined -with one of many demultiplexing techniques, can be used to develop a continuous, greater than THz bandwidth, real time oscilloscope.
  • the present invention is directed to such a need.
  • the present invention is directed to a self- referenced time Iensing method that includes: providing one or more desired signals; providing one or more chirped time lens pump pulses to optically mix with the one or more desired signals; temporally magnifying the optically mixed one or more desired signals; and measuring a time- scaled replica of intensity and/ or frequency information of the one or more desired signals with a temporal resolution of down to about 44 fs with waveform fidelity, precision, and dexterity better than about 5%.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a self -referenced time microscope configured to provide a time-scaled replica of the intensity and/ or frequency information contained in one or more received desired signals.
  • Still another aspect of the present invention is directed to a heterodyning self -referenced time microscope recording system configured to provide as well as record a time-scaled replica of the intensity and/ or frequency information contained in one or more received desired signals.
  • the present invention provides optical and THz arrangements and methods for capturing both the amplitude and phase of an optical waveform by adding heterodyning, which may as one arrangement, be self -referenced, to convert frequency chirp into a time varying intensity modulation to enable the measurement of one or more heterodyne beat frequencies of up to about 10 THz that change on about a 1 ps time scale.
  • heterodyning which may as one arrangement, be self -referenced
  • convert frequency chirp into a time varying intensity modulation to enable the measurement of one or more heterodyne beat frequencies of up to about 10 THz that change on about a 1 ps time scale.
  • demultiplexing techniques such a process is also scalable to recoding continuous signals.
  • the methods and apparatus of the present invention are further adapted to simultaneously convert the carrier frequency of a signal from one region of the electromagnetic spectrum to another.
  • Applications include, but are not limited to: recording of signals that requires below about 1 ps impulse response temporal resolution; high-energy physics and high-energy density physics experiments; the study of ultraf ast molecular dynamics; sub-diffraction-limit imaging (e.g. synthetic aperture imaging and inverse synthetic aperture imaging); and in ultra-wideband optical communications.
  • Fig.1 shows an example time domain plot of a pulse intensity and frequency chirp for the present invention.
  • Fig. 2a illustrates beam spreading due to paraxial diffraction.
  • Fig. 2b illustrates pulse spreading due to narrow-band dispersion.
  • Fig. 3a illustrates a lens in space for comparison with the lens in time of Fig. 3b. Both impart a quadratic phase in their real space coordinate.
  • Fig. 3b illustrates a lens in time for comparison with the lens in space of Fig. 3a. Both impart a quadratic phase in their real space coordinate.
  • Fig.4 shows an example self-heterodyne and temporal imaging diagram of an ultra-fast chirp pulse recording system of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 show results for a chirped 1.8 ran FWHM input pulse at 1534.0 ran (229 GHz FWHM bandwidth) as produced by configurations of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 show results for intensity of the pulse recorded single shot (3 separate measurements, 240 GHz bandwidth) in comparison to a time averaged measurement done with a sampling oscilloscope (40 GHz detector limited).
  • Fig. 7 shows an example diagram of a beneficial system of the present invention simultaneously recording both the time magnified heterodyne beat signal in Fig. 4 and a time magnified version of the intensity profile.
  • the present invention is directed to a time-domain approach in which the entire spectrum is processed and captured collectively.
  • the present invention provides a time-domain measurement system and method which can capture both the intensity profile and the frequency chirp of a transient optical or THz waveform or waveforms having a high repetition rate in a single shot format.
  • the methods and apparatus of the present invention are adapted to simultaneously convert the carrier frequency of a signal from one region of the electromagnetic spectrum to another. This may be from one optical band to another, or between THz and optical bands, or between any other bands between which sum-frequency-generation (SFG), difference-frequency- generation (DFG), or coherent higher order mixing process is possible.
  • SFG sum-frequency-generation
  • DFG difference-frequency- generation
  • coherent higher order mixing process is possible.
  • Such a method and system, as disclosed herein, are fundamentally different than frequency domain approaches that capture a wideband signal only after it has been sliced into many narrow channels. Instead of trying to record the ultrafast waveform(s) directly, embodiments of the present invention utilize photonic processing to transform a desired signal into a format compatible with conventional high-speed electronic recording systems.
  • Such a method and system, as disclosed herein, are also fundamentally different than other time stretching systems which do not have an input dispersion and do not balance the input, output, and focal dispersions according to an imaging condition.
  • the temporal imaging in this system does not suffer from fades in the frequency response / nor introduce phase shifts between frequency components, which blur the impulse response.
  • the temporal imaging system(s) and method(s) of the present invention are capable of fs impulse response, referred back to the input, and when combined with heterodyning can record heterodyne beat periods on this time scale.
  • the desired signal is mixed with a narrow band reference signal, for example a single longitudinal mode, which is directed from a separate or the same optical source from which the signal was generated, thus producing a heterodyne beat signal or a self-referenced heterodyne beat signal at the instantaneous frequency difference between the desired signal being recorded and the reference frequency.
  • a narrow band reference signal for example a single longitudinal mode, which is directed from a separate or the same optical source from which the signal was generated, thus producing a heterodyne beat signal or a self-referenced heterodyne beat signal at the instantaneous frequency difference between the desired signal being recorded and the reference frequency.
  • a non self -referenced, heterodyne reference laser can also be used, but in such a case the phase of the beat signal drifts at a rate inversely proportional to the linewidth of the reference laser.
  • a heterodyne beat is dramatically different from conventional heterodyning not only in terms of the higher frequencies being measured (up to about 10 THz instead of below about 20 GHz), but also in terms in the speed at which this beat is changing (on a ps time scale instead of slower than about 1 ns). It is also to be appreciated that such a beat signal is beyond the speed of real-time digitizers for recordation purposes.
  • an input signal as illustrated in Fig.1. can be recorded.
  • the signal can be chirped to spread the spectrum and evenly fill a desired time frame, such as the 100 ps time frame illustrated in Fig.1.
  • a temporal image of an input optical intensity waveform 2 (as indicated by the left vertical axis) can be recorded.
  • a temporal image of a chirped beat which changes at the same rate as the chirp 4, i.e., the instantaneous frequency vs time information, as indicated by the right vertical axis) can be produced and recorded.
  • Applicable bandwidths that can be resolved by the present application often include up to about 300 GHz, more often up to about 10 THz with down to about 44 fs resolution and with waveform fidelity (amplitude and phase uncertainty), precision (shot-to-shot waveform reproducibility), and dexterity (A-B-A-B reproducibility) better than about 5%.
  • a ⁇ n (r) is the amplitude profile
  • ⁇ 0 is the center carrier frequency
  • b is the chirp parameter.
  • chirp include, but are not limited to, direct calculation of beat periods from maxima and minima, least mean squared error fitting, Fourier Transform processing, Wigner Transforming, Wavelet transforms, and Sonogram approaches.
  • the temporal magnification technique of the present invention is based on a space-time duality between how a beam of light spreads due to diffraction as it propagates in space and how pulses of light disperse (spread) as they propagate through dispersive media.
  • dispersive elements such as, for example, prism systems, optical fiber, a non-linear crystal, a free space grating, a waveguide, an arrayed waveguide grating with feedback, a volume of dispersive material (e.g., gas, solid, or liquid), an array of ring resonators, a Gires-Toumois interferometer (GTI), a fiber Bragg grating, and/ or a planar waveguide Bragg grating can all be used to generate dispersive delay lines and can thus be incorporated into the configurations and methods disclosed herein. Since the equations describing narrow-band dispersion have the same mathematical form as those for paraxial diffraction, dispersion can perform the role of diffraction in the temporal equivalent to an imaging system.
  • GTI Gires-Toumois interferometer
  • GDD group delay dispersion
  • a time lens is implemented herein, as shown in Fig.3b, through mixing of an input signal 6 with a broadband-chirped optical pump 8 to impart a quantity of quadratic phase curvature (equivalent to a linear frequency chirp).
  • This mixing is generated through sum-frequency generation, difference- frequency generation, or higher order mixing process such as, but not limited to, four wave mixing of the input and pump signals in a nonlinear material 9 (e.g., GaSe, ZnGeP, GaP, LiNbO3, LiTaC ⁇ , PPLN, PPSLN, PPLT, PPSLT, KNbO3, LBO, BIBO, CLBO, KTP, GaAs, GaSe, ZnGeP, GaP, Si, Silica fibers/ waveguides, doped fibers/ waveguides and/ or many other nonlinear materials).
  • a nonlinear material 9 e.g., GaSe, ZnGeP, GaP, LiNbO3, LiTaC ⁇ , PPLN, PPSLN, PPLT, PPSLT, KNbO3, LBO, BIBO, CLBO, KTP, GaAs, GaSe, ZnGeP, GaP, Si, Silica fibers/
  • Fig. 3b is considered to be the propagation length required in a material (or system) with GVD, ⁇ " after the time lens, for continuous wave input that removes the imparted phase curvature and thus compresses the light to short pulses.
  • the GVD is constant, such as those using only one type of optical fiber, it is convenient to work with focal length parameter ⁇ f , but in others it is simpler to just consider the total focal GDD ⁇ f " , as shown in Fig. 3b.
  • this FWM time lens mixing configuration has the benefit of keeping the output signal in these bands if the input and pump are also in this band. In these bands large dispersion-to-loss ratios are available with specialty fibers. This alleviates the need for a chirped fiber Bragg grating at the output and removes distortions due to fabrication tolerance induced ripple in the grating delay and reflectivity.
  • the ultimate limit to the input resolution of a system as disclosed herein having a large magnification is the duration of the pump pulse if it is transform limited instead of chirped; e.g., if the pump pulse (e.g., having a configured flat top or super-Gaussian time lens pump pulse intensity profile) has a bandwidth of a 25 fs pulse and everything else is ideal, then the temporal imaging system equates to an input resolution limit of 25 fs. The derivation of this assumes a Gaussian time lens aperture and defines two elements as being resolved when they are separated in time by the duration of the systems impulse response.
  • the field of view (temporal record length) is approximately the duration of the chirped pump pulse.
  • the number of resolvable points is therefore given by the time lens pump pulses stretch factor, the chirped pump's duration over its transform limited duration.
  • the present invention also includes filtering effects due to the transmission of various optical components and group velocity mismatch in the nonlinear crystal. These filtering effects can both reduce the aperture time and blur the image, depending on their location in the system.
  • Efficient conversion requires phase matching of all frequency components in the input 6, pump 8, and output 11 signals. In the presence of group velocity mismatch and group velocity dispersion, this can be difficult to do over a broad bandwidth.
  • the crystal 9 is typically required to be shorter than in narrower band applications, also reducing the efficiency.
  • Both the input waveform 6 and pump pulse 8 are dispersed (e.g., via, for example, Fiber Bragg Gratings, or wound optical fibers) to obtain the desired time lens phase profile and to focus the imaging system, thus their peak intensities are reduced. These conditions are all contrary to those desired for good conversion efficiency.
  • the present invention provides solutions using higher energy pump lasers and optical amplification.
  • Another example arrangement is to reduce the input time aperture per pump pulse and run the system at a higher repetition rate.
  • Yet another solution is to utilize quasi-phase matched nonlinear materials such as, but not limited to, periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) and aperiodically poled lithium niobate (A-PPLN).
  • PPLN periodically poled lithium niobate
  • A-PPLN aperiodically poled lithium niobate
  • the poling period can also be chirped to obtain higher conversion efficiency in different parts of the device for different wavelength ranges, thus improving the overall efficiency across the entire bandwidth.
  • Waveguides can also be written into such PPLN devices. This maintains a tighter mode confinement over a longer interaction length, also increasing the conversion efficiency.
  • the system designated generally by the reference numeral 50, and capable of being designed as a portable compact apparatus, generally includes a signal generation or acquisition unit 12, an optical source 14, a fiber coupler 18, a pulse picker 22, as well as a first 26 and a second 30 optical dispersion element (such as, for example, a chirped fiber Bragg grating (used in reflection with an optical circulator or fiber coupler), or a prism or grating pair system.
  • optical dispersive elements are beneficial, the present invention can also utilize any dispersive material that can induce the proper amount and kind of dispersion required for the present application, such as, for example, a configured pair of wound optical fibers to induce a predetermined dispersion effect.
  • System 50 also includes a pair of optical amplification means 34, such as, but not limited to, Erbium doped Fiber amplifiers, a nonlinear interaction optical device 38, such as, but not limited to, a periodically poled Lithium Niobate waveguide or an aperiodically poled lithium niobate (A-PPLN) as discussed above, an output dispersion means 42 (e.g., wound optical fiber, prism or grating pair systems, dispersive material, but often a chirped fiber Bragg gratings used in reflection with an optical circulators or fiber coupler, etc.), a detector 46, such as, for example, a photodiode, an amplified photoreceiver, a photomultiplier, a charge coupled device (CCD), etc., and/ or any imaging device constructed to the design output parameters for system 50, and an analyzing means 52, such as a real-time oscilloscope, for analyzing the time magnified waveforms as received by detector 46
  • the signal generation or acquisition unit 12 is configured to either receive a single-pulse transient signal or a number of such pulses or is configured to generate said waveform from the optical source 14. It may be configured to induce the received modulation onto a reference signal directed from optical source 14 (as shown by the dashed path denoted by the letter S) or directed from a separate independent source) via for example, an integrated-waveguide interferometric modulator (e.g., a LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator), or modulating sensor unit. It may also be designed to generate ultraf ast arbitrary waveforms from said source 14, which require real-time measurement and verification as to their precision, accuracy, and stability.
  • an integrated-waveguide interferometric modulator e.g., a LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator
  • the optical source 14 itself is often designed to be a laser, often a mode-locked laser, arranged to output about 100 mW of average optical power and capable of outputting a wavelength range between about 800 nm and up to about 2 micron, more often between about 1310 nm and up to about 1650 ran so as to also include the S, C, and L bands commonly utilized in the telecom industry. Many other wavelength bands may also be used.
  • a beneficial source includes a mode-locked Pritel model UOC laser system lasing at 1534 nm at 620 MHz with output pulse-widths of down to about 1 ps.
  • Another beneficial arrangement for the optical source 14 includes integration of an octave spanning carrier-envelope locked system currently under development at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In such an arrangement, signal and pump pulses can be chosen from slightly shifted sections of the broadband laser.
  • source 14 shows one common source for improved stability, it is also possible for separate and varied types of sources to be used.
  • Narrow band sources can be used as the heterodyne reference or be modulated by an ultrafast event as part of signal generation or acquisition unit 12.
  • the time lens pump pulse is required to have a broad bandwidth in order to obtain good temporal resolution.
  • a broadband modelocked laser source can be used directly or narrow band sources as mentioned earlier can be modulated with high speed amplitude and phase modulators to spectrally broaden the signals.
  • example arrangements with such sources as disclosed herein also include utilizing soliton compression in dispersion-decreasing fiber to simultaneously broaden the bandwidth and shift the wavelength (e.g., to shift from 1534 nm to 1558 nm) of a chosen pump signal to preclude deleterious effects, such as degenerate collinear sum-frequency mixing in the non-linear crystal embodiments of the present invention.
  • Other nonlinear processes such as self phase modulation may also be used to broaden the spectrum of the pump signal.
  • a desired waveform to be recorded (not shown) is generated by the signal generation or acquisition unit 12. It may be by way of an induced modulation of an electromagnetic radiation beam directed from optical source 14 (as denoted by the dashed path line S), or by an ultrafast modulation of an independent source.
  • the induced modulated signal as produced from signal generation or acquisition unit 12 is directed along path A (shown with a directional arrow).
  • a narrowband reference signal (preferably generated from optical source 14 in conjunction with a filtering means 16 (e.g., one or more narrow band filters, edge filters, long pass and short filters, etc.)) is directed along path B (shown with a directional arrow) for use in heterodyning (via optical coupler 18) with the induced signal directed along path A.
  • the resultant signal is further directed to the Signal & Heterodyne reference path 19 (as shown by the dashed box), which includes being directed through optical dispersive element 26 to induce a predetermined amount of dispersion into the signals received from optical coupler 18.
  • the heterodyned signal is amplified via amplifier 34 to make up for losses resulting from upstream elements.
  • a third signal directed along path C includes a broadband pulse also generated from optical source 14 and is directed to the time-lens pump pulse path 23 (also shown with a dashed box).
  • a pulse picker 22 such as a Mach Zehnder modulator or any electro-optic modulator or acousto-optic modulator having a suitable electronic driver, is configured in the pump pulse path of the example embodiment for system 50 to reduce the rate of the time lens pump thereby causing, for example, only 1 out of 4 (rate adjustable) of desired input signals to be up-converted and recorded at the output.
  • the three dispersive delay lines in the system are adjusted according to temporal imaging conditions as per equation 4, as discussed above, to focus the system and produce a time-scaled replica at the output of the waveform at the input with, for example a suitable temporal magnification of up to about +/-100X.
  • the nonlinear interaction optical device 38 is configured to impart the chirp of the time lens pump thereby generating a time lens.
  • the FBG/ Circulator (or directional coupler) configuration imparts the image dispersion and the time magnified signal is received by detector 46 and captured by an available scope capable of resolving such magnified images of the present invention.
  • Fig.5 shows results for a recorded chirped 1.8 ran FWHM input pulse 70 (shown as a dashed line) at 1534.0 ran (229 GHz FWHM bandwidth) as produced by configurations of the present invention.
  • a CW signal at 1534.7 ran is added at the input to convert the frequency chirp into the chirped heterodyne beat 70.
  • Also shown in Fig. 5 are the calculated oscillation frequencies 74 (shown as a series of black circles) for the adjacent minima in 70 and a linear fit 78 (shown as solid line) to match the positions of the maxima and minima so that the chirp can be determined.
  • the pulse 70 recorded at the output had been temporally magnified by a factor of -30.09X and recorded on a high speed photo-receiver and an 8 GHz real time scope.
  • the -3.45 GHz/ns chirped beat signal 70 recorded on the oscilloscope indicates an initial input with an optical frequency chirp of 312.9 GHz /100 ps. This is a 240 GHz bandwidth single shot measurement system that currently repeats at 990KHz.
  • Fig. 6 show results for intensity of the pulse recorded single shot (3 separate measurements, 240 GHz bandwidth) in comparison to a time averaged measurement done with a sampling oscilloscope (40 GHz detector limited). In particular, this is a measurement of just the intensity profile (only the reference is off) when the heterodyne reference is turned off using the configuration, as shown in Fig 4.
  • Each trace i.e., #1, #2, and #3, as denoted by reference numerals 80, 84, and 88 respectively
  • are obtained single-shot measurements as made approximately 30 seconds apart using an example temporal imaging magnification of -30.09X, a 12 GHz receiver, and a Tektronix TDS6804B 8 GHz scope having an effective Bandwidth of 240 GHz.
  • the resultant data 80, 84, and 88 show fast temporal details and changes in the signal from pulse to pulse which can not be recorded with a sampling scope, as referenced by the right vertical scale.
  • the heavy line trace 92 is a signal recorded on a repetitive, time averaged basis with a 40 GHz photodiode and 50 GHz sampling oscilloscope.
  • the overall profile matches well.
  • the sampling scope measurement was made later in the day and the circled region 96 level change is consistent with changes in the laser system (e.g., drift) that were observed.
  • the temporal imaging system measurements 80, 84, and 88 as referenced by the left vertical scale, show faster details and are each single shot measurements of one pulse, whereas the data 92 referenced by the right vertical scale is a repetitively averaged measurement of many pulses which blurs some of the faster details.
  • Fig. 7 shows another beneficial example system having input signal sensitivities from about 5 pj down to about 5 fj per 100 ps input frame (temporal field of view), or about 5OmW to 50 ⁇ W peak optical power.
  • Such a system designated generally by the reference numeral 700, is adapted to simultaneously record both the time magnified heterodyne beat signal, as discussed above and as shown in Fig. 4, and a time magnified version of the intensity profile.
  • common reference numbers denoted in Fig.4 are utilized where similarly appropriate in Fig. 7.
  • system 700 generally includes a signal generation or acquisition unit 12, an optical source 14, a pulse picker 22, as well as a first 26 and a second 30 optical dispersion element (such as, for example, a chirped fiber Bragg grating (used in reflection with an optical circulator or fiber coupler), or a prism or grating pair system.
  • optical dispersive elements such as, for example, a chirped fiber Bragg grating (used in reflection with an optical circulator or fiber coupler), or a prism or grating pair system.
  • the present invention can also utilize any dispersive material that can induce the proper amount and kind of dispersion required for the present application, such as, for example, a configured pair of wound optical fibers to induce a predetermined dispersion effect.
  • System 700 also includes a pair of optical amplification means 34, such as, but not limited to, Erbium doped Fiber amplifiers, a nonlinear interaction optical device 38, such as, but not limited to, a periodically poled Lithium Niobate waveguide or an aperiodically poled lithium niobate (A-PPLN), an output dispersion means 42 (e.g., wound optical fiber, prism or grating pair systems, dispersive material, but often a chirped fiber Bragg gratings used in reflection with an optical circulator or fiber coupler, etc.), a detector 46, such as, for example, a photodiode, an amplified photoreceiver, a photomultiplier, a charge coupled device (CCD), etc., and/ or any imaging device constructed to the design output parameters for system 700, and an analyzing means 52, such as a real-time oscilloscope, for analyzing the time magnified waveforms as received by detector 46.
  • Other components can
  • the signal generation or acquisition unit 12 is configured to either receive a single- pulse transient signal or a number of such pulses or is configured to generate said waveform from the optical source 14. It may be configured to induce the received modulation onto a reference signal directed from optical source 14 (or directed from [0050] a separate independent source) via for example, an integrated- waveguide interferometric modulator (e.g., a LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator), or modulating sensor unit. It may also be designed to generate ultrafast arbitrary waveforms from said source 14, which require real-time measurement and verification as to their precision, accuracy, and stability.
  • an integrated- waveguide interferometric modulator e.g., a LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator
  • modulating sensor unit e.g., a LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator
  • the optical source 14 itself is often designed to be a laser, often a mode-locked laser, arranged to output about 100 mW of average optical power and capable of outputting a wavelength range between about 1310 nm and up to about 1650 ran so as to also include the S, C, and L bands commonly utilized in the telecom industry. Many other wavelength bands may also be used. While a number of optical sources can be incorporated into the configuration of Fig.7, a beneficial source includes a harmonically mode locked sigma laser lasing at 1534 nm at 620 MHz with output pulsewidths of down to about 1 ps. Another beneficial arrangement for the optical source 14 includes integration of an octave spanning carrier-envelope locked system currently under development at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In such an arrangement, signal and pump pulses can be chosen from slightly shifted sections of the broadband laser.
  • MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • source 14 in Fig. 7 shows one common source for improved stability but it is also possible for separate and varied types of sources to be used.
  • a narrow line- width e.g., 1 MHz
  • Distributed Feedback laser (DFB) laser or tunable single- longitudinal optical sources, such as, but not limited to, Distributed Bragg Reflectors, Sampled Grating DBRs, Grating-assisted Co-directional Couplers with Sampled Reflectors, and Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers capable of operating within the designed parameters of the present invention.
  • DFB Distributed Feedback laser
  • a desired waveform to be recorded (not shown) is generated by the signal generation or acquisition unit 12. It may be by way of the induced modulation of an electromagnetic radiation beam directed from optical source 14 or by an ultraf ast modulation of an independent source.
  • the induced modulated signal as produced from signal generation or acquisition unit 12 is directed along path A (i.e., shown with a directional arrow) and is further directed along the top leg denoted within a dashed box as Signal Path 19").
  • Signal path 19 can be referred to as the input dispersion path, which includes being directed through optical dispersive element 26 to induce a predetermined amount of dispersion into the directed signals received and thereafter, the signal having an induced input dispersion is amplified via amplifier 34 to make up for losses resulting from upstream elements.
  • the signal received form amplifier 34 is split into two paths (denoted as K and K 7 ) by a splitter 21, often a 50/50% splitter.
  • One such split signal (K') is directed into a first time lens crystal 38', e.g., a periodically poled Lithium Niobate waveguide or an aperiodically poled lithium niobate (A-PPLN) waveguide.
  • the second portion of the split signal (K) is received and further directed by a first coupler 18' into a second time lens crystal 38, e.g., a periodically poled Lithium Niobate waveguide or an aperiodically poled lithium niobate (A-PPLN) waveguide.
  • a middle path i.e., Heterodyne Reference Path 19', as shown within a dashed portion
  • a narrowband reference signal (often generated from optical source 14 in conjunction with a filtering means 16 (e.g., one or more narrow band filters, edge filters, long pass and short filters, etc.)) with a split portion (K) from one of the dispersed inputs as directed from the Signal Path 19" (i.e., after the input dispersion instead of before the input dispersion, as in Fig.4) via an optical coupler 18', which can then be received by crystal 38 for producing a time lens output using the heterodyne reference path 19' signal.
  • a filtering means 16 e.g., one or more narrow band filters, edge filters, long pass and short filters, etc.
  • the very bottom leg is the path of the chirped time lens pump pulse 23, as discussed above and as shown in Fig 4, except that it is split along two paths (denoted as L and I/ by splitter 21', often a 50/50 splitter) to drive the two mixing time lens crystals 38' and 38 respectively.
  • the top crystal path i.e., through crystal 38'
  • the bottom crystal i.e., crystal 38
  • the signals are time delayed relative to each other, (e.g., via optical delay 39) so that they do not overlap and then go through a final coupler 41 and then a common output dispersion 42.
  • Such an arrangement allows for the same input dispersion, output dispersion, and time lens pump to be used on both the temporal image of the signal and of the heterodyned signal.
  • the magnifications are the. same and any distortions are common to both.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
  • Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)

Abstract

Nouvelle technique d'acquisition à la fois d'amplitude et de phase de forme d'onde optique, permettant d'acquérir des signaux avec plusieurs THz de largeurs de bande en une seule fois (par exemple. résolution temporelle d'environ 44 fs), ou permettant une exploitation répétitive selon un taux élevé. Ainsi, chaque fenêtre temporelle (ou chaque cadre temporel) fait l'objet d'une acquisition en une seule fois, en temps réel, mais l'opération peut avoir lieu de façon répétée ou en une seule fois. On étend donc les résultats de travaux antérieurs sur l'imagerie temporelle par adjonction d'hétérodynage, qui peut être auto-référencé pour une amélioration de la précision et de la stabilité, permettant de convertir la fluctuation de fréquence (seconde dérivée de phase par rapport au temps) en modulation d'intensité à variation temporelle. Le fait d'ajouter aussi une gamme d'éventuelles techniques de démultiplexage rend le processus étalonnable pour le recodage de signaux continus.
PCT/US2007/014944 2006-06-27 2007-06-27 Enregistreur de forme d'onde optique à fluctuation ultrarapide par hétérodynage référencé et microscope temporel Ceased WO2008002622A2 (fr)

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US11/823,420 US7738111B2 (en) 2006-06-27 2007-06-26 Ultrafast chirped optical waveform recording using referenced heterodyning and a time microscope
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US8064065B2 (en) 2011-11-22

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