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WO2008000846A1 - Method for sterilizing cocoa materials using supercritical co2 - Google Patents

Method for sterilizing cocoa materials using supercritical co2 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008000846A1
WO2008000846A1 PCT/ES2006/000360 ES2006000360W WO2008000846A1 WO 2008000846 A1 WO2008000846 A1 WO 2008000846A1 ES 2006000360 W ES2006000360 W ES 2006000360W WO 2008000846 A1 WO2008000846 A1 WO 2008000846A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cocoa
sterilizing
cocoa material
contact
sterilized
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/ES2006/000360
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Elena Cienfuegos-Jovellanos Fernandez
Begoña MUGUERZA MARQUINEZ
Yolanda Castilla Escobar
Lourdes Calvo Garrido
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Laboratorio Reig Jofre SA
Original Assignee
Natraceutical SA
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Priority to PCT/ES2006/000360 priority Critical patent/WO2008000846A1/en
Publication of WO2008000846A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008000846A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23GCOCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G1/00Cocoa; Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
    • A23G1/02Preliminary treatment, e.g. fermentation of cocoa
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23BPRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
    • A23B2/00Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
    • A23B2/70Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals
    • A23B2/704Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23BPRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
    • A23B2/00Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
    • A23B2/70Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals
    • A23B2/704Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor
    • A23B2/708Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor in a controlled atmosphere, e.g. partial vacuum, comprising only CO2, N2, O2 or H2O

Definitions

  • the present invention describes a method for the sterilization of cocoa-derived products that can be carried out using a supercritical fluid, particularly supercritical CO 2 .
  • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION According to the dictionary of the Royal Academy, the process of sterilizing is that which is carried out on an object to eliminate or destroy the possible pathogenic germs that it could have.
  • Sterilization is a treatment whose result is to preserve and keep the treated products unchanged for more or less long periods of time depending on the case.
  • the concept of sterility can be defined as the absence of all viable life forms, that is, the total absence of living microorganisms. A microorganism is alive from the microbiological point of view when it is capable of multiplying, therefore, a microorganism dies when it irreversibly loses the ability to reproduce.
  • the death of a microorganism is achieved when it is not possible to detect it in culture medium in which it has been shown to be able to proliferate. So the term sterility is expressed as the mathematical probability that a product remains contaminated with surviving microorganisms after being exposed to a sterilization process.
  • the European Pharmacopoeia sets a theoretical level of survival of no more than one microorganism in 10 6 sterilized units of final product.
  • the main thermal methods of food preservation are scalding, pasteurization and sterilization. Sterilization is a unit operation in which food is heated to a sufficiently high temperature (between 110 0 C and 14 0 0 C) and a sufficiently long time, to destroy the microbial activity to the maximum
  • Food Safety 9, 253 (1989) where they investigated the treatment in the elimination of natural microflora in some products such as flour, the components of pizza (cheese, salsa de tomato, fresh onions, bread,) or in ingredients such as rosemary, garlic powder and green pepper. They also investigated the method in whole fruits such as strawberries, melons and cucumber in order to delay the appearance of mold. The result was considered satisfactory although they observed partial destruction of fatty tissue.
  • GRAS GRAS solvent
  • thermo-labile nature due to the increasing demand that exists for functional foods, which in many cases incorporate one or more active principles of a thermo-labile nature, it is often necessary to use extraction and conservation techniques that operate at mild temperatures and avoid use of chemical agents that can leave residues unfit for human consumption. Moreover, if both processes can be carried out at the same stage, the process is greatly simplified and cheaper and meets the requirements of an environmentally sustainable process.
  • Supercritical CO 2 as a very suitable solvent to carry out extraction operations in cocoa products and surprisingly we have found that it is also the ideal solvent to carry out the sterilization of cocoa materials although in this case it requires the previous humidification of said materials of cocoa.
  • thermo-resistant microorganisms • It allows to eliminate spores of thermo-resistant microorganisms at much lower temperatures than those used in conventional sterilization methods (65 0 C vs 12O 0 C) and at much more moderate pressures than those used in traditional pasteurization methods (300 bar vs 3000 bar)
  • the sterilized cocoa product according to Ia contains 99.99% of the total sum of flavanols: monomers of catechin and epicatechin as well as dimers of procyanidins B1 and B2.
  • thermolabile active ingredients originally present or added (for example, vitamin C).
  • CO 2 has the following advantages over any of the other organic solvents: a) it does not need further disposal; b) leaves no residue in the product; c) it can isolate the compounds extracted selectively by changing the pressure, thus eliminating many separation and purification operations.
  • This invention describes a sterilization method by using CO 2 in a supercritical state for application to cocoa and its derivatives. More specifically, it refers to a method for sterilizing a cocoa material characterized in that it essentially comprises humidifying said cocoa material previously and then treating it with CO 2 in a supercritical state or in conditions close to the critical point, so that they are under pressure conditions and suitable temperature, and in contact for a sufficient period of time so that when CO 2 is separated, in said cocoa material, practically defatted in its entirety, a level of thermophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spores of less than 10 cfu / g is achieved, a mesophilic aerobic heat-resistant spore level less than 10 cfu / g and a mold and yeast level less than 10 cfu / g.
  • microorganisms present in the product that can be eliminated by the present invention are bacteria and their spores, fungi and their spores, yeasts, etc.
  • different enzymes could be deactivated, such as pectinase, amylase, proteinase, lipase, carboxypeptidase, etc.
  • sterilization is applied when a level of thermophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spores of less than 10 cfu / g is achieved, a level of mesophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spores less than 10 cfu / g and a level of molds and yeasts less than 10 cfu / g.
  • the viability of the cells is determined using techniques known in the art.
  • the starting product that forms the "cocoa material" of the present invention is Clone CCN-51 of the region of Quevedo (Ecuador), selected for its high polyphenol content.
  • Another important aspect with reference to the raw material for the elaboration of the cocoa material is that unfermented and unroasted seeds are used.
  • a process whereby a cocoa concentrate with a high polyphenol concentrate which comprises the steps of : a) subject the unfermented cocoa beans to a blanching in water at a temperature of 85-100 0 C for a time of 3 to 15 minutes; b) dry the seeds at a temperature not exceeding 85 0 C obtaining seeds with a humidity of no more than 15%; c) grind the seeds obtained in the previous stage until at least 99% of the product has a particle size of 300 ⁇ m; d) subject the ground seeds to extraction; and e) concentrate said cocoa extract with polyphenols; whose process can optionally include a degreasing stage that is performed before stage (d).
  • the extraction of cocoa can be carried out by means of supercritical CO 2 from cocoa with the original fat content or partially defatted by pressing, but in both cases to obtain the sterilization effect, the seed must be moistened previously with water.
  • the water content that the cake or cocoa powder must contain when being treated with supercritical CO 2 must be between 1 and 50% humidity, preferably between 5% and 40% humidity, so that the humidity of the cocoa product to be treated and further humidify it to the desired percentage of water for treatment with supercritical CO 2 .
  • the method to sterilize a cocoa material it can be made in various products, all obtained from variations in the different stages of the process of obtaining, but the preferred material is the powder obtained from the cake or wafer formed, once ground until a particle size of less than 500 microns, not having observed that the difference in size exerts influence on the sterilization of the product.
  • the process of sterilization of the cocoa material consists of putting it in contact with CO 2 under conditions of 50 to 500 bar pressure and a temperature of 20 0 C to 100 0 C. It has been determined that the flow of CO 2 must be between 5 / 2Og CO 2 / h / g of cocoa and 12Og CO 2 / h / g of cocoa, for a certain time that depends on the mentioned variables but can be approximately between 15 minutes and 6 hours.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is to start from a cake or cocoa powder that has been obtained from previously fermented seeds, peeled, pulped, blanched, dried and defatted by pressing, to sterilize it by contacting it with CO 2 a above 300 bar and a temperature of 65 0 C pressures, said cocoa material premoistened with 10% being water.
  • Another preferred embodiment is to contact said previously moistened cocoa material with 5% water and CO 2 at pressures greater than 300 bar and a temperature of 8O 0 C.
  • the sterilized cocoa obtained by the method of the invention has a thermophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spore level lower than 10 cfu / g, a mesophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spore level lower than 10 cfu / g and a mold and yeast level lower than 10 cfu / g.
  • cocoa powder sterilized by traditional means it has been inoculated with spores of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ochraceus, which have been removed by treating the cocoa powder with supercritical CO 2 according to the invention.
  • the cocoa obtained by the method of the invention once sterilized, can have a fat content equal to or less than 1%; the possible thermolabile compounds that were present at the beginning of the process, either naturally and / or added, they are not lost as a result of the process.
  • the content of total polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteu measured) remaining in the sterilized powder is 99% with respect to the initial content, and in addition, the total sum of flavanols; Catechin and epicatechin monomers as well as procyanidin dimers B1 and B2 remaining in the sterilized powder is 99.99% with respect to the initial content.
  • cocoa powder as a preferred material are described below, although they could be applied to other cocoa products.
  • EXAMPLE 1 STERILIZATION OF COCOA POWDER
  • the product that has been used to exemplify the process has been an unfermented cocoa powder, which has been obtained from a previously peeled, pulped and scaled cocoa bean at 95 0 C for 5 minutes to inactivate the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, dried in a conventional dryer at a maximum temperature of 60 0 C, husked in a Lehmann equipment until a content of 2% by weight of residual husk on grain is achieved, and degreased by means of a mechanical pressing in continue using "expeliere" until you get a cocoa powder cake with a fat content of less than 12%.
  • the cocoa powder cake obtained has been stabilized at a temperature of 15 0 C, by passing it through a stainless steel vane cooler. This stabilized cocoa cake has been ground and sifted in a hammer mill until a ground cocoa powder is obtained with a particle size distribution of 99.99% lower than 500 microns.
  • thermophilic aerobes In the case of mesophilic aerobes, thermophilic aerobes, thermo-resistant mesophilic spores and thermo-resistant thermophilic spores, the sowing was performed on plates with DTPB agar (from English "Dextrose Tryptone Purple Bormocresol" - Scharlab), although the incubation temperature was 55 0 C and the incubation time of 48 hours for thermophilic microorganisms. The heat-resistant spore count was carried out after the successive dilutions were introduced in a bath of thermostated water at 8O 0 C. When the temperature in them reached that value, it was maintained for five minutes to eliminate viable bacteria and ensure that the count out only spores.
  • the efficacy of the treatment was determined from the residual cell viability data after the treatment that was quantified in cfu / g.
  • the ground raw material mother matter
  • Table 1 shows the results.
  • Table 1 Microbiological content of the original cocoa powder sample, without treatment. The results of the microbiological count and extraction efficiency performed in the cocoa powder samples treated with CO 2 after two hours of operation at different conditions are presented below. First, the equipment and the operation procedure are described.
  • the equipment used is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a CO 2 feed line, an extractor / sterilizer and a sampling system. CO 2 is fed liquid to vapor pressure (approx. 49 bar) after cooling in a thermostat bath at -10 0 C for not gasify during pumping is performed with a membrane pump (Milton Roy Dosapro) with refrigerated head A 100 cm long 316 stainless steel tube coil inserted in a heating blanket serves to preheat the CO 2 before entering the extractor / sterilizer, which is a pressure vessel (Robinson Mahoney micro-key reactor, Autoclave Engineers) of 316 stainless steel and 50 cm 3 capacity. The temperature control is carried out with a heating jacket connected to a thermocouple located on the external wall of the container.
  • a membrane pump Molton Roy Dosapro
  • a 100 cm long 316 stainless steel tube coil inserted in a heating blanket serves to preheat the CO 2 before entering the extractor / sterilizer, which is a pressure vessel (Robinson Mahoney micro-key
  • the temperature inside the sterilizer is measured with a thermocouple, while the pressure is monitored with a pressure gauge.
  • a safety valve set at 35 MPa and a rupture disk prevent the pressure from reaching values higher than those allowed.
  • the amount of CO 2 that passes per unit of time is determined in a mass flow meter connected to the end of the line.
  • the ground material is placed in the sterilizer forming a fixed porous bed in which redistributors or devices are inserted to favor contact and prevent the formation of preferred channels.
  • the heating jacket is connected and when the desired operating temperature has been reached, CO 2 begins to be pumped. Its temperature is adjusted as it passes through the preheater. Its inlet pressure and flow are regulated with the pump and with the valve. Once the pressure and temperature conditions have been adjusted, the CO 2 enters the bed at the bottom, and passes through it. The CO 2 together with the dissolved elements reaches the valve where the pressure is reduced until weather conditions.
  • the CO 2 goes to the gas state and the extracted materials precipitate (for example, the butter) and are collected in a previously tared tube. At fixed time intervals, the butter is weighed and the amount of CO 2 that has been necessary to use to extract said amount in the mass flow meter is read. Then it is released into the atmosphere.
  • FIG. 1 Equipment for sterilization-extraction with supercritical CO 2 of cocoa products.
  • Pl internal pressure.
  • Tl Indoor temperature.
  • the cocoa powder tended to be compacted inside the sterilizer, so that the CO 2 passed forming preferential channels fundamentally around the bed next to the wall of the extract leaving the outer part of a lighter color and the center darker showing that the butter It was only extracted in the periphery. This was manifested in a low efficiency of the reaction. Therefore, the use of various types of fillers and redistributors was explored. Its impact on the extraction curves is compared in Figure 2. As can be seen, the use of beads of approx. 3 mm of diameter with internal perforations and the use of redistributors made with stainless steel fine mesh were the most effective methods to allow the contact of CO 2 with the cake. In the industrial process, commercial fillers or redistributors could be used. But to operate in the laboratory, the simplest way was to introduce a redistributor every 2 cm of bed and thus proceeded for successive experiments.
  • the temperature In a non-thermal preservation method that is intended to be applied to thermolabile compounds, the temperature must be limited to a moderate range so as not to cause damage to the product to be treated. For that reason, the temperature that has been studied has oscillated between 40 and 8O 0 C. In this temperature range and varying the pressure between 150 and 300 bar it has not been possible to reduce the microbial content of the treated samples. On the other hand, it has been observed that the wetting of the raw material is necessary to achieve complete sterilization. Although the starting material already It contained a humidity of 8%, the effect that the increase in the initial moisture of the cocoa powder had on the treatment efficiency has been explored.
  • the cocoa powder was sprayed with different amounts of water (0, 10 and 25%), determining in each case the percentage of moisture obtained by weighing.
  • the 0% content corresponds to the starting material with the humidity it brought.
  • the samples so pretreated were subjected to the process with CO 2 at different temperatures and 300 bar. A 40 0 C regardless of the amount of water used (up to 25%) was not achieved reduce microbial counts.
  • the results obtained at higher temperatures are shown in Table 2.
  • the objective degree of sterilization is achieved, for example, by combining 8O 0 C and 5% of initial humidity, or at 65 0 C with 10% water. That is, only by combining a certain degree of humidity with a slightly elevated temperature, it is possible to reduce the microbiological content up to the conditions specified by the legislation for this type of products. It must be taken into account that the microbiological load of the raw material corresponds mainly to sporulated organisms and aerobic heat resistant. This explains why the temperature to be reached is at least 65 0 C, although with conventional methods, to eliminate this type of microorganisms it is necessary to exceed 12O 0 C.
  • the effect of the sterilization treatment with supercritical CO 2 on the content of total polyphenols as well as on the sum of its flavanols has been determined; the catechin and epicatechin monomers, and the procyanidin dimeros B1 and B2 Initially present in the treated cocoa powder.
  • the analyzes were performed on a sample of cocoa treated under the most extreme conditions and which could most influence the level of these phenolic compounds.
  • the conditions applied on the analyzed samples were 8O 0 C, 300 bar pressure with 10% water added.
  • EXAMPLE 2 DEACTIVATION OF SPORTS OF FUNGES Aspergillus niger And Aspergillus ochraceus POWDER POWDER

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Abstract

The method for sterilizing a cocoa material using supercritical CO2 essentially comprises pre-moistening said cocoa material and then treating it with CO2 in the supercritical state or under conditions close to the critical point, such that the cocoa material and the CO2 are in contact for a sufficiently long period of time so that, when the CO2 is separated out, said practically fat-free cocoa material presents levels of thermophilic aerobic heat-resistant spores below 10 cfu/g, levels of mesophilic aerobic heat-resistant spores below 10 cfu/g and levels of moulds and yeasts below 10 cfu/g. The treatment is performed at a pressure of between 50 and 500 bar, which also enhances the extraction speed, at a temperature of 20-100°C and at a flow rate of 5-120 g CO2/h/g cocoa. The remaining total polyphenol content in the sterilized powder is 99% of that of the initial content.

Description

MÉTODO PARA LA ESTERILIZACIÓN DE MATERIALES DE CACAO MEDIANTE CO2 SUPERCRÍTICOMETHOD FOR STERILIZATION OF COCOA MATERIALS BY SUPERCRITICAL CO 2

SECTOR DE LA TÉCNICA La presente invención describe un método para Ia esterilización de productos derivados del cacao que se puede llevar a cabo utilizando un fluido supercrítico, particularmente CO2 supercrítico.TECHNICAL SECTOR The present invention describes a method for the sterilization of cocoa-derived products that can be carried out using a supercritical fluid, particularly supercritical CO 2 .

ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN Según el diccionario de Ia Real Academia el proceso de esterilizar es aquél que se lleva a cabo sobre un objeto para eliminar o destruir los posibles gérmenes patógenos que éste pudiera tener. Hoy día sabemos que un objeto esterilizado no se mantiene en ese estado indefinidamente. La esterilización es un tratamiento cuyo resultado es preservar y mantener los productos tratados inalterados durante períodos de tiempo más o menos largos según los casos. El concepto de esterilidad puede definirse como Ia ausencia de todas formas de vida viables, es decir, Ia ausencia total de microorganismos vivos. Un microorganismo está vivo desde el punto de vista microbíológico cuando es capaz de multiplicarse, por consiguiente, un microorganismo muere cuando pierde de forma irreversible Ia capacidad de reproducirse. En Ia práctica, Ia muerte de un microorganismo se alcanza cuando no es posible detectarlo en medio de cultivo en el cual ha demostrado que es capaz de proliferar. Así que el término de esterilidad se expresa como Ia probabilidad matemática de que un producto permanezca contaminado con microorganismos supervivientes después de haber sido expuesto a un proceso de esterilización. La Farmacopea Europea fija un nivel teórico de supervivencia de no más de un microorganismo en 106 unidades esterilizadas de producto final.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION According to the dictionary of the Royal Academy, the process of sterilizing is that which is carried out on an object to eliminate or destroy the possible pathogenic germs that it could have. Today we know that a sterilized object is not maintained in that state indefinitely. Sterilization is a treatment whose result is to preserve and keep the treated products unchanged for more or less long periods of time depending on the case. The concept of sterility can be defined as the absence of all viable life forms, that is, the total absence of living microorganisms. A microorganism is alive from the microbiological point of view when it is capable of multiplying, therefore, a microorganism dies when it irreversibly loses the ability to reproduce. In practice, the death of a microorganism is achieved when it is not possible to detect it in culture medium in which it has been shown to be able to proliferate. So the term sterility is expressed as the mathematical probability that a product remains contaminated with surviving microorganisms after being exposed to a sterilization process. The European Pharmacopoeia sets a theoretical level of survival of no more than one microorganism in 10 6 sterilized units of final product.

Existen diversas posibilidades de inhibición del crecimiento microbiano en alimentos, siendo las más eficaces y disponibles para Ia industria alimentaria las basadas en Ia aplicación de tratamientos térmicos. Los principales métodos térmicos de conservación de alimentos son el escaldado, Ia pasteurización y Ia esterilización. La esterilización es una operación unitaria en Ia que los alimentos son calentados a una temperatura suficientemente elevada (entre 1100C y 14O0C) y un tiempo suficientemente largo, como para destruir al máximo Ia actividad microbianaThere are various possibilities of inhibiting microbial growth in foods, the most effective and available for the food industry being based on the application of heat treatments. The main thermal methods of food preservation are scalding, pasteurization and sterilization. Sterilization is a unit operation in which food is heated to a sufficiently high temperature (between 110 0 C and 14 0 0 C) and a sufficiently long time, to destroy the microbial activity to the maximum

(véase por ejemplo el documento de patente ES 2238700 T3 que se refiere a un método para Ia desinfección o Ia esterilización de alimentos como Ia carne o los productos vegetales y los piensos los cuales se exponen a vapor sobrecalentado de agua u otro líquido que se aplica mediante un campo de potencial electrostático). Sin embargo, un tratamiento térmico excesivo puede provocar Ia aparición de compuestos indeseables, pérdida de nutrientes, así como Ia posible merma o reducción del compuesto activo de interés haciendo que disminuya Ia calidad del alimento.(See for example the patent document ES 2238700 T3 which refers to a method for the disinfection or sterilization of foods such as meat or vegetable products and feedstuffs which are exposed to superheated steam of water or other liquid that is applied through a field of electrostatic potential). However, excessive heat treatment can cause the appearance of undesirable compounds, loss of nutrients, as well as the possible reduction or reduction of the active compound of interest causing the quality of the food to decrease.

Por ello, se han propuesto otros procedimientos para Ia esterilización que incluyen el uso de radiación ultravioleta, Ia radiación ionizante o Ia aplicación de microondas. Aunque estos tratamientos son caros y los alimentos irradiados no tienen buena aceptación en el consumidor. Actualmente también se está empleando el tratamiento con alta presión, que ya se ha utilizado a nivel comercial para Ia pasteurización. En este método, se aplican presiones que oscilan desde 3000 bar a 17000 bar. Pero esta técnica supone altos costes de equipo, requiere medidas especiales de seguridad y no permite operar en continuo, ya que se realiza en autoclaves por cargas y sobre todo, no consigue eliminar las especies más resistentes que son las esporas.Therefore, other procedures for sterilization have been proposed that include the use of ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation or microwave application. Although these treatments are expensive and irradiated foods do not have good acceptance in the consumer. Currently, high pressure treatment is also being used, which has already been used commercially for pasteurization. In this method, pressures ranging from 3000 bar to 17000 bar are applied. But this technique involves high equipment costs, requires special safety measures and does not allow continuous operation, since it is carried out in autoclaves by loads and above all, it does not manage to eliminate the most resistant species that are the spores.

La esterilización mediante CO2 comprimido es una técnica de conservación de productos termolábiles, que se ha comenzado a investigar con gran interés desde Ia década de los 80, fundamentalmente para productos líquidos alimentarios. Hay diferentes patentes sobre el empleo de este fluido para Ia destrucción de microorganismos y Ia desactivación de enzimas en productos líquidos (JP 9206044 (A), JP 3,042,830, JP-A 2000-139433, JP-A 2002-78478; JP 2003310227; US 2005084581 , WO 2005034655, WO 2005 001059). Los resultados descritos en estas patentes y en Ia literatura indican que el tratamiento con CO2 a alta presión puede ser útil para destruir microorganismos tales como bacterias, mohos y levaduras, así como para Ia desactivación de muchas enzimas causantes del deterioro de los alimentos. Todo ello, en condiciones suaves de temperatura y moderada presión, y sin afectar las propiedades físico-químicas y organolépticas de los productos tratados. El tratamiento de productos alimentarios sólidos ha sido muy poco investigado y no existen patentes al respecto, probablemente debido a que es más complicado poner en contacto el CO2 con materiales sólidos es por Io que no se ha investigado todavía. Quizá se podría reseñar el trabajo exploratorio realizado por Haas y col. en "Inactivation of microorganisms by carbón dioxide under pressure", J. Food Safety 9, 253 (1989) donde investigaron el tratamiento en Ia eliminación de Ia microflora natural en algunos productos como Ia harina, los componentes de Ia pizza (queso, salsa de tomate, cebollas frescas, pan,) o en ingredientes tales como el romero, el polvo de ajo y el pimiento verde. También investigaron el método en frutas enteras como fresas, melones y pepino con el objetivo de retrasar Ia aparición de moho. El resultado fue considerado satisfactorio aunque observaron destrucción parcial del tejido graso.Sterilization using compressed CO 2 is a technique for the conservation of thermolabile products, which has begun to be investigated with great interest since the 1980s, mainly for liquid food products. There are different patents on the use of this fluid for the destruction of microorganisms and the deactivation of enzymes in liquid products (JP 9206044 (A), JP 3,042,830, JP-A 2000-139433, JP-A 2002-78478; JP 2003310227; US 2005084581, WO 2005034655, WO 2005 001059). The results described in these patents and in the literature indicate that treatment with CO 2 under high pressure can be useful to destroy microorganisms such as bacteria, molds and yeasts, as well as for the deactivation of many enzymes that cause food spoilage. All this, in mild conditions of temperature and moderate pressure, and without affecting the physical-chemical and organoleptic properties of the treated products. The treatment of solid food products has been very little investigated and there are no patents in this regard, probably because it is more difficult to contact CO 2 with solid materials, which is why it has not yet been investigated. Perhaps the exploratory work carried out by Haas et al. in "Inactivation of microorganisms by carbon dioxide under pressure", J. Food Safety 9, 253 (1989) where they investigated the treatment in the elimination of natural microflora in some products such as flour, the components of pizza (cheese, salsa de tomato, fresh onions, bread,) or in ingredients such as rosemary, garlic powder and green pepper. They also investigated the method in whole fruits such as strawberries, melons and cucumber in order to delay the appearance of mold. The result was considered satisfactory although they observed partial destruction of fatty tissue.

Por otro lado, es conocida Ia capacidad del CO2 supercrítico para extraer diferentes compuestos de matrices sólidas como aceites y grasas, o ceras y otros compuestos de valor añadido como β-caroteno, α-tocoferol y otros a partir de Ia hoja del olivo (ES 2238183 A1). En concreto, cuando el alimento es cacao existen referencias del uso del CO2 supercrítico para Ia extracción de Ia grasa (US 3923847, GB 1356750), de sustancias estimulantes como Ia cafeína, teobromina o xantina (EP 0061017 A2, US 4861607) y de otro tipo de compuestos funcionales como los polifenoles y los aromas naturales (JP 2046267). La extracción con CO2 supercrítico implica varias ventajas respecto al uso de disolventes orgánicos que son tóxicos.On the other hand, the ability of supercritical CO 2 to extract different compounds from solid matrices such as oils and fats, or waxes and other value-added compounds such as β-carotene, α-tocopherol and others from the olive leaf ( ES 2238183 A1). Specifically, when the food is cocoa there are references to the use of supercritical CO 2 for the extraction of fat (US 3923847, GB 1356750), of stimulants such as caffeine, theobromine or xanthine (EP 0061017 A2, US 4861607) and of other types of functional compounds such as polyphenols and natural aromas (JP 2046267). Extraction with supercritical CO 2 implies several advantages over the use of organic solvents that are toxic.

Sus propiedades físico-químicas varían ampliamente con Ia presión y temperatura. Esto significa que con pequeñas variaciones en las condiciones de operación se puede variar Ia densidad y por tanto, las propiedades de solvatación y Ia selectividad. También existe Ia posibilidad de incrementar Ia selectividad y el poder del disolvente mediante Ia adición de modificadores o co-disolventes. El proceso se simplifica y se abarata puesto que Ia separación posterior del producto se puede realizar mediante manipulaciones en las condiciones de operación. Después de Ia extracción, una disminución de Ia presión y/o temperatura puede hacer que los compuestos menos solubles precipiten, logrando una separación fraccionada, sin necesidad de etapas posteriores de separación. Como no queda residuo del disolvente en los productos, porque el CO2 en condiciones atmosféricas es gas, Ia purificación del producto es mucho más simple. El CO2 es inerte, no tóxico, accesible y barato. Está considerado como un disolvente "GRAS" es decir, apto para el uso en productos alimentarios. Como posee una características críticas suaves de temperatura (31 ,30C) y de presión (73,8 bar), los compuestos orgánicos que sean termolábiles pueden procesarse sin peligro de desnaturalización o descomposición.Its physicochemical properties vary widely with pressure and temperature. This means that with small variations in the operating conditions the density can be varied and therefore, the solvation properties and the selectivity. There is also the possibility of increasing the selectivity and the power of the solvent by adding modifiers or co-solvents. The process is simplified and cheaper since the subsequent separation of the product can be carried out by manipulations in the operating conditions. After the extraction, a decrease in the pressure and / or temperature can cause the less soluble compounds to precipitate, achieving a fractional separation, without the need for subsequent separation stages. As there is no solvent residue in the products, because CO 2 in atmospheric conditions is gas, the purification of the product is much simpler. CO 2 is inert, non-toxic, accessible and cheap. It is considered a "GRAS" solvent, that is, suitable for use in food products. As it has a mild critical characteristics of temperature (31, 3 0 C) and pressure (73.8 bar), organic compounds that are thermolabile can be processed without danger of denaturation or decomposition.

Además, debido a Ia demanda cada vez mayor que existe de los alimentos funcionales, que en muchos casos incorporan uno o más principios activos de naturaleza termolábil, resulta muchas veces necesario el empleo de técnicas de extracción y conservación que operen a temperaturas suaves y evitando el uso de agentes químicos que pueden dejar residuos no aptos para consumo humano. Más aún, si ambos procesos pueden llevarse a cabo en Ia misma etapa, el proceso se simplifica y abarata enormemente y cumple con los requisitos de un proceso medioambientalmente sostenible.In addition, due to the increasing demand that exists for functional foods, which in many cases incorporate one or more active principles of a thermo-labile nature, it is often necessary to use extraction and conservation techniques that operate at mild temperatures and avoid use of chemical agents that can leave residues unfit for human consumption. Moreover, if both processes can be carried out at the same stage, the process is greatly simplified and cheaper and meets the requirements of an environmentally sustainable process.

Todas estas ventajas, unido a las cada vez mayores restricciones al uso de disolventes orgánicos en el procesamiento de productos de consumo humano, hacen que hayamos considerado Ia utilización de los fluidos supercríticos y en concreto, delAll these advantages, together with the increasing restrictions on the use of organic solvents in the processing of products for human consumption, mean that we have considered the use of supercritical fluids and, in particular, of

CO2 supercrítico como disolvente muy adecuado para llevar a cabo operaciones de extracción en productos de cacao y sorprendentemente hemos encontrado que es el disolvente ideal también para llevar a cabo Ia esterilización de materiales de cacao aunque en este caso requiere Ia previa humidificación de dichos materiales de cacao.Supercritical CO 2 as a very suitable solvent to carry out extraction operations in cocoa products and surprisingly we have found that it is also the ideal solvent to carry out the sterilization of cocoa materials although in this case it requires the previous humidification of said materials of cocoa.

Por todo Io anterior, los autores de Ia presente invención han elaborado un proceso para esterilizar cacao y sus derivados utilizando CO2 supercrítico que permite obtener un producto con las siguientes características y ventajas:For all of the above, the authors of the present invention have developed a process to sterilize cocoa and its derivatives using supercritical CO 2 that allows obtaining a product with the following characteristics and advantages:

• Permite eliminar esporas de microorganismos termorresistentes a temperaturas mucho más bajas que las que se utilizan en los métodos convencionales de esterilización (650C vs 12O0C) y a presiones mucho más moderadas que las utilizadas en los métodos tradicionales de pasteurización (300 bar vs 3000 bar).• It allows to eliminate spores of thermo-resistant microorganisms at much lower temperatures than those used in conventional sterilization methods (65 0 C vs 12O 0 C) and at much more moderate pressures than those used in traditional pasteurization methods (300 bar vs 3000 bar)

• Produce un cacao/derivado de cacao con una calidad intacta de sus características, tanto organolépticas como en contenidos de principios activos deseables para Ia salud. El producto de cacao esterilizado según Ia invención contiene un 99.99% de Ia suma total de flavanoles: monómeros de catequina y epicatequina así como dímeros de procianidinas B1 y B2.• Produces a cocoa / cocoa derivative with an intact quality of its characteristics, both organoleptic and in terms of desirable active ingredients for health. The sterilized cocoa product according to Ia The invention contains 99.99% of the total sum of flavanols: monomers of catechin and epicatechin as well as dimers of procyanidins B1 and B2.

• Preserva los principios activos termolábiles, presentes originalmente o añadidos (por ejemplo, vitamina C). • Permite obtener productos de cacao desgrasado (<1% de grasa) ya que nuestros resultados no coinciden con los de EP 0061017 A2 (ES 8302708) donde describen un procedimiento para extraer xantina de cacao previamente hinchado con agua, tratándolo con CO2 supercrítico y establecen en todos los ejemplos que después del tratamiento "no se produjo pérdida de material graso".• Preserves thermolabile active ingredients, originally present or added (for example, vitamin C). • It allows to obtain defatted cocoa products (<1% fat) since our results do not match those of EP 0061017 A2 (ES 8302708) where they describe a procedure to extract cocoa xanthine previously swollen with water, treating it with supercritical CO 2 and they establish in all the examples that after the treatment "there was no loss of fatty material".

• El CO2 tiene las ventajas siguientes sobre cualquiera de los otros disolventes orgánicos: a) no necesita una eliminación posterior; b) no deja residuo en el producto; c) puede aislar los compuestos extraídos selectivamente cambiando Ia presión, eliminándose así muchas operaciones de separación y purificación.• CO 2 has the following advantages over any of the other organic solvents: a) it does not need further disposal; b) leaves no residue in the product; c) it can isolate the compounds extracted selectively by changing the pressure, thus eliminating many separation and purification operations.

• Como el CO2 es muy selectivo, el proceso de esterilización es un proceso económico y amigo del medioambiente (sigue los principios de Ia Química Verde y el Desarrollo Sostenible).• As CO 2 is very selective, the sterilization process is an economic process and friend of the environment (it follows the principles of Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development).

DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA DE LA INVENCIÓNDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Esta invención describe un método de esterilización mediante el empleo de CO2 en estado supercrítico para su aplicación al cacao y sus derivados. Más concretamente, se refiere a un método para esterilizar un material de cacao caracterizado porque esencialmente comprende humidificar dicho material de cacao previamente y luego tratarlo con CO2 en estado supercrítico o en condiciones cercanas al punto crítico, de forma que estén a unas condiciones de presión y temperatura adecuadas, y en contacto durante un periodo de tiempo suficiente para que al separar el CO2, en dicho material de cacao, prácticamente desgrasado en su totalidad, se consiga un nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias termófilas inferior a 10 ufc/g, un nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias mesófilas inferior a 10 ufc/g y un nivel de mohos y levaduras inferior a 10 ufc/g. Los microorganismos presentes en el producto que pueden ser eliminados por Ia presente invención son bacterias y sus esporas, hongos y sus esporas, levaduras, etc. Asimismo también se podrían producir desactivaciones de diferentes enzimas como pectinasa, amilasa, proteinasa, lipasa, carboxipeptidasa, etc. Tal y como se usa en esta invención, el término esterilización se aplica cuando se consigue un nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias termófilas inferior a 10 ufc/g, un nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias mesófilas inferior a 10 ufc/g y un nivel de mohos y levaduras inferior a 10 ufc/g. La viabilidad de las células se determina utilizando técnicas conocidas en el arte. El producto de partida que forma el "material de cacao" de Ia presente invención, es el Clon CCN-51 de Ia región de Quevedo (Ecuador), seleccionado por su alto contenido en polifenoles. Otro aspecto importante con referencia a Ia materia prima para Ia elaboración del material de cacao es que se utilizan semillas no fermentadas y sin tostar. Con este mismo material de partida los autores de Ia presente invención han descrito en Ia patente WO 2005/115160 A1 publicada el 08.12.2005, un proceso por el que se obtiene un concentrado de cacao con alto concentrado de polifenoles, que comprende las etapas de: a) someter las semillas de cacao sin fermentar a un escaldado en agua a una temperatura de 85-1000C durante un tiempo de 3 a 15 minutos; b) secar las semillas a una temperatura no mayor de 850C obteniéndose unas semillas con una humedad de no más de 15%; c) moler las semillas obtenidas en la etapa anterior hasta que al menos un 99% del producto tenga un tamaño de partícula de 300 μm; d) someter las semillas molidas a una extracción; y e) concentrar dicho extracto de cacao con polifenoles; en cuyo proceso opcionalmente se puede incluir una etapa de desgrasado que se realiza antes de Ia etapa (d). Para llevar a cabo el desgrasado de las semillas se mencionan dos posibles métodos. Uno de ellos es por medio de una prensa que puede reducir el contenido de grasa hasta un 8-9% y el otro es por medio de extracción de Ia grasa con un disolvente orgánico como hexano, acetato de etilo, etc o empleando CO2 supercrítico u otro gas también en estado supercrítico, tal como el butano o el propano, en cuyo caso se puede reducir el contenido de grasa hasta menos del 2%.This invention describes a sterilization method by using CO 2 in a supercritical state for application to cocoa and its derivatives. More specifically, it refers to a method for sterilizing a cocoa material characterized in that it essentially comprises humidifying said cocoa material previously and then treating it with CO 2 in a supercritical state or in conditions close to the critical point, so that they are under pressure conditions and suitable temperature, and in contact for a sufficient period of time so that when CO 2 is separated, in said cocoa material, practically defatted in its entirety, a level of thermophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spores of less than 10 cfu / g is achieved, a mesophilic aerobic heat-resistant spore level less than 10 cfu / g and a mold and yeast level less than 10 cfu / g. The microorganisms present in the product that can be eliminated by the present invention are bacteria and their spores, fungi and their spores, yeasts, etc. Likewise, different enzymes could be deactivated, such as pectinase, amylase, proteinase, lipase, carboxypeptidase, etc. As used in this invention, the term sterilization is applied when a level of thermophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spores of less than 10 cfu / g is achieved, a level of mesophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spores less than 10 cfu / g and a level of molds and yeasts less than 10 cfu / g. The viability of the cells is determined using techniques known in the art. The starting product that forms the "cocoa material" of the present invention is Clone CCN-51 of the region of Quevedo (Ecuador), selected for its high polyphenol content. Another important aspect with reference to the raw material for the elaboration of the cocoa material is that unfermented and unroasted seeds are used. With this same starting material, the authors of the present invention have described in WO 2005/115160 A1 published on 08.12.2005, a process whereby a cocoa concentrate with a high polyphenol concentrate is obtained, which comprises the steps of : a) subject the unfermented cocoa beans to a blanching in water at a temperature of 85-100 0 C for a time of 3 to 15 minutes; b) dry the seeds at a temperature not exceeding 85 0 C obtaining seeds with a humidity of no more than 15%; c) grind the seeds obtained in the previous stage until at least 99% of the product has a particle size of 300 μm; d) subject the ground seeds to extraction; and e) concentrate said cocoa extract with polyphenols; whose process can optionally include a degreasing stage that is performed before stage (d). To carry out the degreasing of the seeds two possible methods are mentioned. One of them is by means of a press that can reduce the fat content up to 8-9% and the other is by means of extracting the fat with an organic solvent such as hexane, ethyl acetate, etc. or using supercritical CO 2 or another gas also in a supercritical state, such as butane or propane, in which case the fat content can be reduced to less than 2%.

Además, en Ia solicitud de patente española P 200600462, los mismos autores describen un proceso para Ia obtención de polvo de cacao rico en polifenoles y de bajo contenido en materia grasa que se caracteriza porque consta de las siguientes etapas: 1 ) pelado; 2) despulpado; 3) escaldado; 4) secado; 5) desgrasado; 6) estabilizado; 7) molido; y 8) micronizado, por el que se obtiene un polvo de cacao que presenta un contenido de polifenoles superior al 18% en peso de materia seca, un contenido de materia grasa inferior a un 1% en peso, un contenido de agua de un 7% en peso y un tamaño de partícula en un 99% inferior a 75 mieras. Igualmente, con similares etapas, en Ia solicitud de patente española P200601376 llevan a cabo Ia etapa de desgrasado por prensado a una temperatura menor de 800C, obteniéndose un contenido de grasa en Ia torta o barquillo de cacao entre 8% y 30% en base seca.In addition, in the Spanish patent application P 200600462, the same authors describe a process for obtaining cocoa powder rich in polyphenols and of low fat content that is characterized in that it consists of the following stages: 1) peeled; 2) pulped; 3) scalded; 4) drying; 5) defatted; 6) stabilized; 7) ground; and 8) micronized, whereby a cocoa powder is obtained that has a polyphenol content of more than 18% by weight of dry matter, a fat content of less than 1% by weight, a water content of 7 % by weight and a particle size of 99% less than 75 microns. Likewise, with similar stages, in Ia Spanish patent application P200601376 perform the step of defatted by pressing at a temperature of 80 0 C, obtaining a fat content in Ia cake or wafer cocoa between 8% and 30% in dry base

En Ia presente invención se puede realizar Ia extracción del cacao por medio del CO2 supercrítico a partir del cacao con el contenido original de grasa o bien parcialmente desgrasado por prensado, pero en ambos casos para obtener el efecto de esterilización se debe humedecer la semilla previamente con agua. El contenido de agua que Ia torta o polvo de cacao debe contener al ser tratada con el CO2 supercrítico debe ser entre 1 y 50% de humedad, preferiblemente entre 5% y 40% de humedad, por Io que se debe medir Ia humedad del producto de cacao a tratar y humidificarlo adicionalmente hasta el porcentaje de agua deseado para el tratamiento con el CO2 supercrítico.In the present invention, the extraction of cocoa can be carried out by means of supercritical CO 2 from cocoa with the original fat content or partially defatted by pressing, but in both cases to obtain the sterilization effect, the seed must be moistened previously with water. The water content that the cake or cocoa powder must contain when being treated with supercritical CO 2 must be between 1 and 50% humidity, preferably between 5% and 40% humidity, so that the humidity of the cocoa product to be treated and further humidify it to the desired percentage of water for treatment with supercritical CO 2 .

En el método para esterilizar un material de cacao se puede realizar en diversos productos, todos obtenidos de variaciones en las distintas etapas del procedimiento de obtención, pero el material preferido es el polvo obtenido a partir de Ia torta o barquillo formado, una vez molido hasta un tamaño de partícula inferior a 500 mieras, no habiéndose observado que Ia diferencia de tamaño ejerza influencia en Ia esterilización del producto.In the method to sterilize a cocoa material it can be made in various products, all obtained from variations in the different stages of the process of obtaining, but the preferred material is the powder obtained from the cake or wafer formed, once ground until a particle size of less than 500 microns, not having observed that the difference in size exerts influence on the sterilization of the product.

El proceso de esterilización del material de cacao, una vez que dicho material de cacao se ha humedecido consiste en ponerlo en contacto con el CO2 en unas condiciones de 50 a 500 bar de presión y una temperatura de 200C a 1000C. Se ha determinado que el caudal de CO2 debe estar comprendido entre 5/2Og CO2/h/g de cacao y 12Og CO2/h/g de cacao, durante un tiempo determinado que depende de las variables mencionadas pero puede estar comprendido aproximadamente entre 15 minutos y 6 horas.The process of sterilization of the cocoa material, once said cocoa material has been moistened, consists of putting it in contact with CO 2 under conditions of 50 to 500 bar pressure and a temperature of 20 0 C to 100 0 C. It has been determined that the flow of CO 2 must be between 5 / 2Og CO 2 / h / g of cocoa and 12Og CO 2 / h / g of cocoa, for a certain time that depends on the mentioned variables but can be approximately between 15 minutes and 6 hours.

Se ha encontrado que variando Ia presión del CO2 cuando el proceso se lleva a cabo a presiones superiores a 300 bar aumenta Ia velocidad de extracción. Asimismo se ha observado que a esa presión, las temperaturas comprendidas entre 650C a 800C son las adecuadas para eliminar por debajo de 10 ufc/g el nivel de esporas termorresistentes.It has been found that varying the pressure of CO 2 when the process is carried out at pressures greater than 300 bar increases the extraction speed. Likewise it has been observed that at that pressure, temperatures between 65 0 C to 80 0 C are adequate to eliminate below 10 cfu / g level of heat resistant spores.

Una realización preferida de Ia invención es partir de una torta o polvo de cacao que se ha obtenido a partir de semillas se cacao sin fermentar previamente peladas, despulpadas, escaldadas, secadas y desgrasadas por prensado, para esterilizarlo poniéndolo en contacto con el CO2 a presiones superiores a 300 bar y a una temperatura de 650C, estando dicho material de cacao previamente humedecido con un 10% de agua. Otra forma de realización preferida es poner en contacto dicho material de cacao previamente humedecido con un 5% de agua y el CO2 a presiones superiores a 300 bar y una temperatura de 8O0C.A preferred embodiment of the invention is to start from a cake or cocoa powder that has been obtained from previously fermented seeds, peeled, pulped, blanched, dried and defatted by pressing, to sterilize it by contacting it with CO 2 a above 300 bar and a temperature of 65 0 C pressures, said cocoa material premoistened with 10% being water. Another preferred embodiment is to contact said previously moistened cocoa material with 5% water and CO 2 at pressures greater than 300 bar and a temperature of 8O 0 C.

El contacto entre cacao y CO2 supercrítico o en condiciones cercanas al punto crítico, al que se Ie ha adicionado un modificador para aumentar el rendimiento de Ia extracción tal como etanol, agua, alcoholes o compuestos que son habitualmente utilizados como co-disolventes y conocidos en el arte. También se puede añadir otro agente esterilizante como por ejemplo, el peróxido de hidrógeno, ácido acético, ácido peracético, ácido trifluoroacético, etc. Se ha comprobado que el contacto entre dicho material de cacao y el CO2 se favorece mediante Ia utilización de redistribuidores o rellenos, es decir, que se favorece Ia extracción tal y como se sabe del estado de Ia técnica. Sin embargo nosotros hemos encontrado poca diferencia en el proceso de esterilización debido a estas variables.The contact between cocoa and supercritical CO 2 or in conditions close to the critical point, to which a modifier has been added to increase the yield of the extraction such as ethanol, water, alcohols or compounds that are usually used as co-solvents and known in art Another sterilizing agent can also be added, such as hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, peracetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, etc. It has been proven that the contact between said cocoa material and CO 2 is favored by the use of redistributors or fillers, that is, that extraction is favored as is known from the state of the art. However, we have found little difference in the sterilization process due to these variables.

Como ya hemos mencionado el cacao esterilizado obtenido por el método de Ia invención tiene un nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias termófilas inferior a 10 ufc/g, un nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias mesófilas inferior a 10 ufc/g y un nivel de mohos y levaduras inferior a 10 ufc/g.As we have already mentioned, the sterilized cocoa obtained by the method of the invention has a thermophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spore level lower than 10 cfu / g, a mesophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spore level lower than 10 cfu / g and a mold and yeast level lower than 10 cfu / g.

También, en el polvo de cacao esterilizado por medios tradicionales, se ha inoculado con esporas de Aspergillus niger Y Aspergillus ochraceus, las cuales se han eliminado tratando el cacao en polvo con CO2 supercrítico según Ia invención.Also, in the cocoa powder sterilized by traditional means, it has been inoculated with spores of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ochraceus, which have been removed by treating the cocoa powder with supercritical CO 2 according to the invention.

Además, el cacao obtenido por el método de Ia invención, una vez esterilizado puede tener un contenido en grasa igual o menor del 1%; los posibles compuestos termolábiles que estaban presentes al inicio del proceso, bien de forma natural y/o añadidos, no se pierden como consecuencia del proceso. Igualmente, el contenido de polifenoles totales (medidos Folin-Ciocalteu) remanente en el polvo esterilizado es del 99% respecto al contenido inicial, y además, Ia suma total de flavanoles; monómeros de catequina y epicatequina así como dímeros de procianidinas B1 y B2 remanentes en el polvo esterilizado es del 99.99% respecto al contenido inicial.In addition, the cocoa obtained by the method of the invention, once sterilized, can have a fat content equal to or less than 1%; the possible thermolabile compounds that were present at the beginning of the process, either naturally and / or added, they are not lost as a result of the process. Likewise, the content of total polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteu measured) remaining in the sterilized powder is 99% with respect to the initial content, and in addition, the total sum of flavanols; Catechin and epicatechin monomers as well as procyanidin dimers B1 and B2 remaining in the sterilized powder is 99.99% with respect to the initial content.

EJEMPLOSEXAMPLES

A continuación se describen varios ejemplos que utilizan como material preferente polvo de cacao, aunque podrían aplicarse a otros productos derivados del cacao.Several examples that use cocoa powder as a preferred material are described below, although they could be applied to other cocoa products.

Los siguientes ejemplos muestran los resultados del método en polvo de cacao y el mismo contaminado con organismos esporulados.The following examples show the results of the cocoa powder method and it contaminated with sporulated organisms.

EJEMPLO 1. ESTERILIZACIÓN DEL POLVO DE CACAO El producto que se ha utilizado para ejemplificar el proceso ha sido un polvo de cacao no fermentado, que ha sido obtenido a partir de un grano de cacao previamente pelado, despulpado y escaldado a 950C durante 5 minutos para inactivar Ia enzima polifenol oxidasa, secado en un secadero convencional a una temperatura máxima de 600C, descascarillado en un equipo de Lehmann hasta conseguir un contenido del 2% en peso de cascara residual sobre grano, y desgrasado mediante un prensado mecánico en continuo utilizando "expeliere" hasta conseguir una torta de polvo de cacao con un contenido en grasa inferior al 12%. La torta de polvo de cacao obtenido ha sido estabilizada a una temperatura de 150C, haciéndola pasar por un enfriador de paletas de acero inoxidable. Esta torta de cacao estabilizada, ha sido molida y tamizada en un molino de martillos hasta conseguir un polvo de cacao molturado con un cuya distribución de tamaño de partícula del 99.99% inferior a las 500 mieras.EXAMPLE 1. STERILIZATION OF COCOA POWDER The product that has been used to exemplify the process has been an unfermented cocoa powder, which has been obtained from a previously peeled, pulped and scaled cocoa bean at 95 0 C for 5 minutes to inactivate the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, dried in a conventional dryer at a maximum temperature of 60 0 C, husked in a Lehmann equipment until a content of 2% by weight of residual husk on grain is achieved, and degreased by means of a mechanical pressing in continue using "expeliere" until you get a cocoa powder cake with a fat content of less than 12%. The cocoa powder cake obtained has been stabilized at a temperature of 15 0 C, by passing it through a stainless steel vane cooler. This stabilized cocoa cake has been ground and sifted in a hammer mill until a ground cocoa powder is obtained with a particle size distribution of 99.99% lower than 500 microns.

El método para realizar el análisis microbiológico se describe a continuación.The method to perform the microbiological analysis is described below.

Para el análisis microbiológico se resuspendió 1 gramo de polvo de cacao enFor the microbiological analysis, 1 gram of cocoa powder was resuspended in

100 mi de agua de peptona (10 g peptona de caseína /I y 5 g NaCI/l) bajo condiciones estériles. A continuación se realizaron diluciones seriadas que fueron después sembradas en placas de Petri conteniendo los medios específicos para cada tipo de microorganismo. Para el recuento total de microorganismos se utilizó el medio PCA (del inglés "píate count agar"- Scharlab) y las placas se incubaron a 370C durante 24 horas. En el caso de los aerobios mesófilos, aerobios termófilos, esporas mesófilas termorresistentes y esporas termófilas termorresistentes, Ia siembra se realizó en placas con DTPB agar (del inglés "Dextrose Tryptone Purple Bormocresol"- Scharlab), aunque Ia temperatura de incubación fue de 550C y el tiempo de incubación de 48 horas para los microorganismos termófilos. El recuento de esporas termorresistentes se realizó después de que las sucesivas diluciones fueron introducidas en un baño de agua termostatada a 8O0C. Cuando Ia temperatura en las mismas alcanzó dicho valor se mantuvo así durante cinco minutos para eliminar las bacterias viables y garantizar que el recuento fuera únicamente de esporas. El análisis de enterobacterias, incluyendo Eschθríchia coli y Salmonella sp. se efectuó en el medio específico VRBD agar (del ingles "Violet Red BiIe Dextrose Agar"- Scharlab) a 370C durante 24 horas.100 ml of peptone water (10 g casein peptone / I and 5 g NaCI / l) under sterile conditions. Serial dilutions were then made that were then seeded in Petri dishes containing the specific media for each type of microorganism. For total microbial count PCA medium was used (for "píate count agar" - Scharlab) and the plates were incubated at 37 0 C for 24 hours. In the case of mesophilic aerobes, thermophilic aerobes, thermo-resistant mesophilic spores and thermo-resistant thermophilic spores, the sowing was performed on plates with DTPB agar (from English "Dextrose Tryptone Purple Bormocresol" - Scharlab), although the incubation temperature was 55 0 C and the incubation time of 48 hours for thermophilic microorganisms. The heat-resistant spore count was carried out after the successive dilutions were introduced in a bath of thermostated water at 8O 0 C. When the temperature in them reached that value, it was maintained for five minutes to eliminate viable bacteria and ensure that the count out only spores. Enterobacteria analysis, including Eschθríchia coli and Salmonella sp. VRBD agar (from "Violet Red BiIe Dextrose Agar" - Scharlab) was carried out at 37 0 C for 24 hours.

La eficacia del tratamiento se determinó a partir de los datos de viabilidad celular residual después del tratamiento que se cuantificó en ufc/g. Primeramente se analizó Ia materia prima molida (materia madre) para establecer el punto de referencia del método de esterilización. En Ia Tabla 1 aparecen los resultados.The efficacy of the treatment was determined from the residual cell viability data after the treatment that was quantified in cfu / g. First, the ground raw material (mother matter) was analyzed to establish the reference point of the sterilization method. Table 1 shows the results.

Figure imgf000011_0001
Figure imgf000011_0001

Tabla 1. Contenido microbiológico de Ia muestra de polvo de cacao original, sin tratamiento. A continuación se presentan los resultados de recuento microbiológico y de eficacia de extracción realizados en las muestras de polvo de cacao tratadas con CO2 después de dos horas de operación a diferentes condiciones. Primero se describe el equipo y el procedimiento de operación.Table 1. Microbiological content of the original cocoa powder sample, without treatment. The results of the microbiological count and extraction efficiency performed in the cocoa powder samples treated with CO 2 after two hours of operation at different conditions are presented below. First, the equipment and the operation procedure are described.

1.A. EQUIPO EXPERIMENTAL1.A. EXPERIMENTAL TEAM

El equipo utilizado se muestra en Ia Figura 1. Consta de una línea de alimentación del CO2, un extractor/esterilizador y un sistema de toma de muestra. El CO2 se alimenta líquido a su presión de vapor (aprox. 49 bar) previo enfriamiento en un baño termostatado a -100C, para que no gasifique durante su bombeo que se realiza con una bomba de membrana (Dosapro Milton Roy) con cabezal refrigerado. Un serpentín de 100 cm de longitud de tubo de acero inoxidable 316 insertado en una manta calefactora sirve para precalentar el CO2 antes de introducirse al extractor/esterilizador, que es un recipiente a presión (Reactor micro-clave Robinson Mahoney, Autoclave Engineers) de acero inoxidable 316 y de 50 cm3 de capacidad. El control de Ia temperatura se realiza con una camisa calefactora conectada a un termopar situado en Ia pared externa del recipiente. La temperatura en el interior del esterilizador se mide con un termopar, mientras que Ia presión se monitoriza con un manómetro. Una válvula de seguridad tarada a 35 MPa y un disco de ruptura evitan que Ia presión alcance valores superiores a los permitidos. La cantidad de CO2 que pasa por unidad de tiempo es determinada en un medidor de flujo másico conectado al final de Ia línea.The equipment used is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a CO 2 feed line, an extractor / sterilizer and a sampling system. CO 2 is fed liquid to vapor pressure (approx. 49 bar) after cooling in a thermostat bath at -10 0 C for not gasify during pumping is performed with a membrane pump (Milton Roy Dosapro) with refrigerated head A 100 cm long 316 stainless steel tube coil inserted in a heating blanket serves to preheat the CO 2 before entering the extractor / sterilizer, which is a pressure vessel (Robinson Mahoney micro-key reactor, Autoclave Engineers) of 316 stainless steel and 50 cm 3 capacity. The temperature control is carried out with a heating jacket connected to a thermocouple located on the external wall of the container. The temperature inside the sterilizer is measured with a thermocouple, while the pressure is monitored with a pressure gauge. A safety valve set at 35 MPa and a rupture disk prevent the pressure from reaching values higher than those allowed. The amount of CO 2 that passes per unit of time is determined in a mass flow meter connected to the end of the line.

1.B. PROCEDIMIENTO El material molido se coloca en el esterilizador formando un lecho poroso fijo en el que se intercalan redistribuidores o dispositivos para favorecer el contacto y evitar Ia formación de canales preferentes. Se conecta Ia camisa calefactora y cuando se ha alcanzado Ia temperatura de operación deseada, se comienza a bombear CO2. Su temperatura se ajusta al pasar por el precalentador. Su presión de entrada y el flujo se regulan con Ia bomba y con Ia válvula. Una vez ajustadas las condiciones de presión y temperatura, el CO2 entra en el lecho por Ia parte inferior, y Io atraviesa. El CO2 junto con los elementos disueltos llega a Ia válvula donde se reduce Ia presión hasta condiciones atmosféricas. El CO2 pasa a estado gas y los materiales extraídos precipitan (por ejemplo Ia manteca) y se recogen en un tubo previamente tarado. A intervalos de tiempo fijos, se pesa Ia manteca y se lee Ia cantidad de CO2 que ha sido necesario utilizar para extraer dicha cantidad en el medidor de flujo másico. Después es liberado a Ia atmósfera.1 B. PROCEDURE The ground material is placed in the sterilizer forming a fixed porous bed in which redistributors or devices are inserted to favor contact and prevent the formation of preferred channels. The heating jacket is connected and when the desired operating temperature has been reached, CO 2 begins to be pumped. Its temperature is adjusted as it passes through the preheater. Its inlet pressure and flow are regulated with the pump and with the valve. Once the pressure and temperature conditions have been adjusted, the CO 2 enters the bed at the bottom, and passes through it. The CO 2 together with the dissolved elements reaches the valve where the pressure is reduced until weather conditions. The CO 2 goes to the gas state and the extracted materials precipitate (for example, the butter) and are collected in a previously tared tube. At fixed time intervals, the butter is weighed and the amount of CO 2 that has been necessary to use to extract said amount in the mass flow meter is read. Then it is released into the atmosphere.

Figure imgf000013_0001
Figure imgf000013_0001

Figura 1. Equipo para Ia esterilización-extracción con CO2 supercrítico de productos derivados del cacao. Pl = presión interior. Tl = Temperatura interior.Figure 1. Equipment for sterilization-extraction with supercritical CO 2 of cocoa products. Pl = internal pressure. Tl = Indoor temperature.

1.C. USO DE DISPOSITIVOS PARA FAVORECER EL CONTACTO CON EL FLUIDO SUPERCRÍTICO1 C. USE OF DEVICES TO FAVOR CONTACT WITH THE SUPERCRITICAL FLUID

El polvo de cacao tendía a compactarse dentro del esterilizador, de tal forma que el CO2 pasaba formando canales preferenciales fundamentalmente alrededor del lecho junto a Ia pared del extracto quedando Ia parte externa de un color más claro y el centro más oscuro evidenciando que Ia manteca sólo era extraída en Ia periferia. Esto se manifestaba en una baja eficacia de Ia reacción. Por ello, se exploró el uso de diversos tipos de relleno y redistribuidores. Su impacto en las curvas de extracción se compara en Ia Figura 2. Como se observa, el uso de abalorios de aprox. 3 mm de diámetro con perforaciones internas y Ia utilización de redistribuidores hechos con malla de paso fino en acero inoxidable fueron los métodos más eficaces para permitir el contacto del CO2 con Ia torta. En el proceso industrial, se podría utilizar rellenos o redistribuidores comerciales disponibles. Pero para operar en el laboratorio, Ia forma mas simple fue introducir un redistribuidor cada 2 cm de lecho y así se procedió para los sucesivos experimentos.The cocoa powder tended to be compacted inside the sterilizer, so that the CO 2 passed forming preferential channels fundamentally around the bed next to the wall of the extract leaving the outer part of a lighter color and the center darker showing that the butter It was only extracted in the periphery. This was manifested in a low efficiency of the reaction. Therefore, the use of various types of fillers and redistributors was explored. Its impact on the extraction curves is compared in Figure 2. As can be seen, the use of beads of approx. 3 mm of diameter with internal perforations and the use of redistributors made with stainless steel fine mesh were the most effective methods to allow the contact of CO 2 with the cake. In the industrial process, commercial fillers or redistributors could be used. But to operate in the laboratory, the simplest way was to introduce a redistributor every 2 cm of bed and thus proceeded for successive experiments.

Figure imgf000014_0001
Figure imgf000014_0001

Tiempo (h)Time (h)

Figura 2. Efecto en las curvas de extracción del uso de diferentes rellenos y de redistribuidores. Condiciones de operación: 300 bar y 4O0CFigure 2. Effect on the extraction curves of the use of different fillers and redistributors. Operating conditions: 300 bar and 4O 0 C

1.D. EFECTO DE LA TEMPERATURA Y DEL GRADO DE HUMEDAD INICIAL DEL CACAO1.D. EFFECT OF THE TEMPERATURE AND THE DEGREE OF INITIAL HUMIDITY OF COCOA

En un método no térmico de conservación que pretende ser aplicado a compuestos termolábiles, Ia temperatura debe estar limitada a un intervalo moderado para no ocasionar daños al producto a tratar. Por esa razón, Ia temperatura que se ha estudiado ha oscilado entre 40 y 8O0C. En este intervalo de temperaturas y variando Ia presión entre 150 y 300 bar no se ha logrado reducir el contenido microbiano de las muestras tratadas. Por otro lado, se ha observado que Ia humectación de Ia materia prima es necesaria para lograr Ia esterilización completa. Aunque el material de partida ya contenía una humedad del 8%, se ha explorado el efecto que el aumento de Ia humedad inicial del polvo de cacao tenía en Ia eficacia del tratamiento.In a non-thermal preservation method that is intended to be applied to thermolabile compounds, the temperature must be limited to a moderate range so as not to cause damage to the product to be treated. For that reason, the temperature that has been studied has oscillated between 40 and 8O 0 C. In this temperature range and varying the pressure between 150 and 300 bar it has not been possible to reduce the microbial content of the treated samples. On the other hand, it has been observed that the wetting of the raw material is necessary to achieve complete sterilization. Although the starting material already It contained a humidity of 8%, the effect that the increase in the initial moisture of the cocoa powder had on the treatment efficiency has been explored.

Para ello se pulverizó el polvo de cacao con diferentes cantidades de agua (0, 10 y 25%), determinando en cada caso el porcentaje de humedad obtenido mediante pesada. El contenido de 0% corresponde al material de partida con Ia humedad que traía. A las muestras así pretratadas se las sometió al proceso con CO2 a diferentes temperaturas y 300 bar. A 400C independientemente de Ia cantidad de agua utilizada (hasta un 25%) no se logró reducir el recuento microbiológico.To do this, the cocoa powder was sprayed with different amounts of water (0, 10 and 25%), determining in each case the percentage of moisture obtained by weighing. The 0% content corresponds to the starting material with the humidity it brought. The samples so pretreated were subjected to the process with CO 2 at different temperatures and 300 bar. A 40 0 C regardless of the amount of water used (up to 25%) was not achieved reduce microbial counts.

Los resultados obtenidos a mayores temperaturas se muestran en Ia Tabla 2. El grado de esterilización objetivo se consigue por ejemplo combinando 8O0C y 5% de humedad inicial, o bien a 650C con un 10% de agua. Es decir, que sólo combinando un cierto grado de humedad con una temperatura ligeramente elevada, es posible reducir el contenido microbiológico hasta las condiciones especificadas por Ia legislación para este tipo de productos. Hay que tener en cuenta que Ia carga microbiológica de Ia materia prima, corresponde fundamentalmente a organismos esporulados y termorresistentes aerobios. Ello explica que Ia temperatura que haya que alcanzar sea al menos de 650C, aunque con métodos convencionales, para eliminar este tipo de microorganismos haya que superar los 12O0C.The results obtained at higher temperatures are shown in Table 2. The objective degree of sterilization is achieved, for example, by combining 8O 0 C and 5% of initial humidity, or at 65 0 C with 10% water. That is, only by combining a certain degree of humidity with a slightly elevated temperature, it is possible to reduce the microbiological content up to the conditions specified by the legislation for this type of products. It must be taken into account that the microbiological load of the raw material corresponds mainly to sporulated organisms and aerobic heat resistant. This explains why the temperature to be reached is at least 65 0 C, although with conventional methods, to eliminate this type of microorganisms it is necessary to exceed 12O 0 C.

De Ia tabla también se deduce que Ia velocidad de paso del CO2 por cantidad de muestra entre los límites indicados, no afecta significativamente el grado de esterilización alcanzado. Este factor sin embargo, tiene el interés de que permite evaluar Ia influencia que tiene el tiempo de contacto en Ia muestra. Siempre es adecuado operar con tiempos cortos para afectar a Ia materia prima Io menos posible.From the table it also follows that the rate of passage of CO 2 per quantity of sample between the indicated limits does not significantly affect the degree of sterilization achieved. This factor, however, has the interest that allows to evaluate the influence that the contact time has on the sample. It is always appropriate to operate with short times to affect the raw material as little as possible.

Como se observa para las mayores relaciones de CO2, alrededor de 10O g CO2/h/g cacao, el tiempo de contacto es de tan solo 20 minutos y ese tiempo es suficiente para alcanzar Ia esterilización. Tabla 2. Contenido microbiológico de las muestras humedecidas con diferentes cantidades de agua y tratadas con CO2 a diferentes temperaturas y 300 barAs observed for the highest CO 2 ratios, around 10O g CO 2 / h / g cocoa, the contact time is only 20 minutes and that time is sufficient to achieve sterilization. Table 2. Microbiological content of samples moistened with different amounts of water and treated with CO 2 at different temperatures and 300 bar

Condiciones Análisis racrobiológk»Conditions Analysis racrobiologk »

Recuento Esporas Esporas Esporas EsporasCount Spores Spores Spores Spores

Agua ΗempodeWater mpoempode

Temperatura BdadóndeOO^ total aerobias aerobias Entenobactαias tennorresistentes teπnorresisteπtesTemperature BdadondeOO ^ total aerobic aerobic Entenobactαias tennorresistant teπnorresisteπtes

UalUIIlclllO aerobios mesólilas temófilas msófilas tprmήfilflsUalUIIlclllO aerobic mesophilic thermophilic temophilic tprmήfilfls

CQ (%) (g COJbIg nuestra) (ran) (ufc/g) (ufc/g) (ufc/g) (ufc/g) (ufc/g) (ufc/g)CQ (%) (g COJbIg ours) (ran) (cfu / g) (cfu / g) (cfu / g) (cfu / g) (cfu / g) (cfu / g)

80 5 66 30 Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda80 5 66 30 Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda

80 5 47 40 Ajsentia /kssθxia Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda80 5 47 40 Ajsentia / kssθxia Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda

80 10 102 20 Ajsenda Ajsenάa Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda80 10 102 20 Ajsenda Ajsenάa Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda

80 10 62 35 Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda80 10 62 35 Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda

80 10 48 40 Aisenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda80 10 48 40 Aisenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda

65 5 98 22 Z104 94IO3 21IO3 Ajsenda 3*1CP 3*10?65 5 98 22 Z10 4 9 4 IO 3 2 1 IO 3 Set 3 * 1CP 3 * 10?

65 5 82 25 no4 1*10* 6*1(f Aεenda Ϋ1& 3*1CP65 5 82 25 no 4 1 * 10 * 6 * 1 (f Aεenda Ϋ1 & 3 * 1CP

65 5 63 30 Z104 2*1Cf no3 Aisenda 1*itf no3 65 5 63 30 Z10 4 2 * 1Cf no 3 Aisenda 1 * itf no 3

65 5 50 35 4*10* 2"1O4 no3 Ajsenda 2"\& 2*1cf65 5 50 35 4 * 10 * 2 "1O 4 no 3 Set 2" \ & 2 * 1cf

65 10 100 20 Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Aisenda65 10 100 20 Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Aisenda

65 10 63 30 Aisencia Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda65 10 63 30 Aisencia Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Ajsenda

65 10 48 40 Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda 65 10 48 40 Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda Ajsenda Ajsenda Aisenda

1.E. EFECTO EN EL CONTENIDO DE GRASA1.E. EFFECT ON FAT CONTENT

Se ha observado que el producto tratado en las condiciones expuestas en Ia Tabla 2, quedaba libre de manteca en un nivel igual o superior al 99%. El proceso de desgrasado se ha simbolizado a través de las curvas que se obtienen al representar el rendimiento de Ia extracción en cada momento frente al consumo de CO2 o al tiempo de operación. A modo de ejemplo, en Ia Figura 3, se muestran las curvas obtenidas a 65 y 8O0C utilizando una relación de disolvente de 48 g CO2/h/g cacao y operando a 300 bar. Puesto que Ia capacidad de solvatación del CO2 disminuye al aumentar Ia temperatura, entonces Ia velocidad de extracción de Ia manteca, también es menor a 800C que a 650C.It has been observed that the product treated under the conditions set forth in Table 2, was free of butter at a level equal to or greater than 99%. The degreasing process has been symbolized through the curves obtained by representing the performance of the extraction at any time against the consumption of CO 2 or the operating time. As an example, in Figure 3, the curves obtained at 65 and 8O 0 C are shown using a solvent ratio of 48 g CO 2 / h / g cocoa and operating at 300 bar. Since the solvation capacity of CO 2 decreases with increasing temperature, then the speed of extraction of the butter is also less than 80 0 C than 65 0 C.

Figure imgf000017_0001
Figure imgf000017_0001

Tiempo (h)Time (h)

Figura 3. Efecto de Ia temperatura en Ia velocidad de extracción de Ia manteca de cacao durante su proceso de esterilizaciónFigure 3. Effect of the temperature on the speed of extraction of cocoa butter during its sterilization process

1.F. EFECTO EN EL PRINCIPIO ACTIVO1.F. EFFECT ON THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE

Se ha determinado el efecto del tratamiento de esterilización con CO2 supercrítico en el contenido de polifenoles totales así como en Ia suma de sus flavanoles; los monómeros catequina y epicatequina, y los dimeros de procianidina B1 y B2 ¡nicialmente presentes en el polvo de cacao tratado. Los análisis se realizaron sobre una muestra de cacao tratada bajo las condiciones más extremas y que más podrían incidir en el nivel de estos compuestos fenolicos. Las condiciones aplicadas sobre las muestras analizadas fueron de 8O0C, 300 bar de presión con un 10% de agua adicionada.The effect of the sterilization treatment with supercritical CO 2 on the content of total polyphenols as well as on the sum of its flavanols has been determined; the catechin and epicatechin monomers, and the procyanidin dimeros B1 and B2 Initially present in the treated cocoa powder. The analyzes were performed on a sample of cocoa treated under the most extreme conditions and which could most influence the level of these phenolic compounds. The conditions applied on the analyzed samples were 8O 0 C, 300 bar pressure with 10% water added.

Los resultados obtenidos se muestran en las Tablas 3 y 4 y muestran que no se producen pérdidas significativas ni de polifenoles totales ni de Ia suma de los flavanoles (catequina, epicatequina y procianidinas B1 y B2) después del proceso de esterilización con CO2, incluso aplicando las condiciones más drásticas de las probadas para que se produzca Ia esterilización.The results obtained are shown in Tables 3 and 4 and show that there are no significant losses of either total polyphenols or the sum of the flavanols (catechin, epicatechin and procyanidins B1 and B2) after the CO 2 sterilization process, even applying the most drastic conditions of those tested for sterilization to occur.

Figure imgf000018_0001
Figure imgf000018_0001

Análisis realizado por el método de Folin Ciocalteu (catequina como estándar); 2 g de compuesto/10Og de muestra de cacao medido en base húmedaAnalysis performed by the Folin Ciocalteu method (catechin as standard); 2 g of compound / 10Og of cocoa sample measured on a wet basis

Tabla 3. Contenido de polifenoles totales1 de Ia muestra madre (no tratada) y de Ia muestra tratada a 300 bar de presión y 8O0CTable 3. Content of total polyphenols 1 of the mother sample (untreated) and of the sample treated at 300 bar of pressure and 8O 0 C

Compuesto Muestra no tratada ímadre) Muestra tratada PerdidasCompound Untreated sample ímadre) Treated sample Lost

(mg/g) b.hz Valor Valor medido esperado(mg / g) bh z Value Expected measured value

Catequina 4,55 2,80 4.99Catechin 4.55 2.80 4.99

Epicatequina 19,22 22,14 21.10Epicatechin 19.22 22.14 21.10

B1 1 ,02 0,78 1 ,11B1 1, 02 0.78 1, 11

B2 11 ,42 15,86 12,53B2 11, 42 15.86 12.53

TotalTotal

36.21 41.58 39.73 (monomeros+dimeros)36.21 41.58 39.73 (monomers + dimeros)

Análisis realizado por HPLC con Detector de Diodo Array; ¿ mg de compuesto/g de muestra de cacao medido en base húmeda Tabla 4. Cuantificación del contenido de flavonoles (catequina, epicatequina, procianidina B1 y B2)1 de Ia muestra no tratada (madre) y de Ia muestra a 300 bar de presión y 8O0CHPLC analysis with Array Diode Detector; ¿Mg of compound / g sample of cocoa measured on a wet basis Table 4. Quantification of the content of flavonols (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and B2) 1 of the untreated sample (mother) and of the sample at 300 bar of pressure and 8O 0 C

EJEMPLO 2: DESACTIVACIÓN DE LAS ESPORAS DE HONGOS Aspergillus niger Y Aspergillus ochraceus EN POLVO DE CACAOEXAMPLE 2: DEACTIVATION OF SPORTS OF FUNGES Aspergillus niger And Aspergillus ochraceus POWDER POWDER

Hasta el momento se ha demostrado que el CO2 es capaz de desactivar Ia contaminación por esporas de bacterias, incluidas aquellas que son termorresistentes. Para corroborar Ia eficacia del método en otro tipo de microorganismos, se escogieron dos tipos diferentes de esporas de hongos, en concreto, de Aspergillus niger (Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo, CECT 2574) y de Aspergillus ochraceus (cepa aislada en el laboratorio del propio polvo de cacao). De tal forma que al polvo de cacao (se trata del mismo polvo de cacao que está descrito en el ejemplo 1) previamente esterilizado por métodos térmicos tradicionales, se Ie ha inoculado dichos microorganismos en sendas muestras. Los resultados de Ia contaminación originada se muestran en Ia Tabla 5. El recuento se realizó en el medio selectivo para recuento de mohos y levaduras, Saboraud Oxitetraciclina Agar (OGYE, Scharlab) después de cultivar las placas a 250C durante 5 días. A continuación, se sometieron a tratamiento con CO2 a 8O0C, previa adición de un 5% en peso de agua, utilizando una relación de 100 g CO2/h/ g cacao, por un tiempo de 20 minutos. Como se muestra en Ia Tabla 4, también se ha logrado Ia desactivación de estos microorganismos tan resistentes.So far it has been shown that CO 2 is able to deactivate contamination by spores of bacteria, including those that are heat resistant. To corroborate the effectiveness of the method in other types of microorganisms, two different types of fungal spores were chosen, specifically, Aspergillus niger (Spanish Type Culture Collection, CECT 2574) and Aspergillus ochraceus (strain isolated in the laboratory itself cocoa powder). So that the cocoa powder (it is the same cocoa powder as described in example 1) previously sterilized by traditional thermal methods, said microorganisms have been inoculated into individual samples. The results of the contamination originating shown in Table 5. The counted in the selective medium for yeast and mold count, Oxytetracycline Sabouraud Agar (OGYE, Scharlab) after culturing the plates at 25 0 C for 5 days. Then, they were treated with CO 2 at 8O 0 C, after adding 5% by weight of water, using a ratio of 100 g CO 2 / h / g cocoa, for a time of 20 minutes. As shown in Table 4, the deactivation of these resistant microorganisms has also been achieved.

Recuento antes Recuento despuésCount before Count after

Tipo de inoculo del tratamiento del tratamientoType of treatment treatment inoculum

(ufc/g) (ufc/g)(cfu / g) (cfu / g)

Aspergillus niger 2*10° Ausencia Aspergillus ochraceus 1 *10e AusenciaAspergillus niger 2 * 10 ° Absence Aspergillus ochraceus 1 * 10 and Absence

Tabla 5. Contenido microbiológico de las muestras contaminadas con esporas de hongos, antes y después del tratamiento con CO2 a 8O0C y 300 bar Table 5. Microbiological content of samples contaminated with fungal spores, before and after treatment with CO 2 at 8O 0 C and 300 bar

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES 1. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao caracterizado porque esencialmente comprende humidificar dicho material de cacao previamente y luego tratarlo con CO2 en estado supercrítico o en condiciones cercanas al punto crítico, de forma que estén a unas condiciones de presión y temperatura adecuadas, y en contacto durante un periodo de tiempo suficiente para que al separar el CO2, dicho material de cacao, prácticamente desgrasado, tenga un nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias termófilas inferior a 10 ufc/g, un nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias mesófilas inferior a 10 ufc/g y un nivel de mohos y levaduras inferior a 10 ufc/g.1. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material characterized in that it essentially comprises humidifying said cocoa material previously and then treating it with CO 2 in a supercritical state or in conditions close to the critical point, so that they are at adequate pressure and temperature conditions, and in contact for a sufficient period of time so that when CO 2 is separated, said cocoa material, practically defatted, has a level of thermophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spores of less than 10 cfu / g, a level of mesophilic aerobic thermo-resistant spores of less than 10 cfu / g and a mold and yeast level of less than 10 cfu / g. 2. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según Ia reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque dicho material de cacao, una vez humedecido, contiene entre 1 y 50% de humedad.2. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claim 1, characterized in that said cocoa material, once moistened, contains between 1 and 50% moisture. 3. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-2, caracterizado porque el contacto entre dicho material de cacao previamente humedecido y el CO2 se lleva a cabo en unas condiciones de 50 a 500 bar de presión y una temperatura de 2O0C a 1000C.3. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-2, characterized in that the contact between said previously moistened cocoa material and CO 2 is carried out under conditions of 50 to 500 bar pressure and a temperature of 2O 0 C to 100 0 C. 4. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-3, caracterizado porque el caudal de CO2 está comprendido entre 5g CO2/h/g de cacao y 12Og CO2/h/g de cacao.4. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-3, characterized in that the flow rate of CO 2 is between 5g CO 2 / h / g of cocoa and 12Og CO 2 / h / g of cocoa. 5. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-4, caracterizado porque el contacto entre dicho material de cacao previamente humedecido y el CO2 se lleva a cabo en unas condiciones de 50 a 500 bar de presión y una temperatura de 200C a 10O0C y un caudal de CO2 comprendido entre 5g CO2/h/g de cacao y 12Og CO2/h/g de cacao.5. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-4, characterized in that the contact between said previously moistened cocoa material and CO 2 is carried out under conditions of 50 to 500 bar pressure and a temperature of 20 0 C to 10O 0 C and a flow of CO 2 between 5g CO 2 / h / g of cocoa and 12Og CO 2 / h / g of cocoa. 6. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-5, caracterizado porque el contacto entre dicho material de cacao previamente humedecido y el CO2 se lleva a cabo a presiones superiores a 300 bar para aumentar Ia velocidad de extracción y temperaturas comprendidas entre 650C a 8O0C para eliminar por debajo de 10 ufc/g el nivel de esporas termorresistentes.6. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-5, characterized in that the contact between said previously moistened cocoa material and the CO 2 is carried out at pressures greater than 300 bar for increase the extraction speed and temperatures between 65 0 C to 8 0 0 C to eliminate below 10 cfu / g the level of heat-resistant spores. 7. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-6, caracterizado porque el contacto entre dicho material de cacao previamente humedecido con un 10% de agua y el CO2 se lleva a cabo a presiones superiores a 300 bar y a una temperatura de 650C.7. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-6, characterized in that the contact between said cocoa material previously moistened with 10% water and CO 2 is carried out at pressures greater than 300 bar and at a temperature of 65 0 C. 8. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-7, caracterizado porque el contacto entre dicho material de cacao previamente humedecido con un 5% de agua y el CO2 se lleva a cabo a presiones superiores a 300 bar y una temperatura de 8O0C.Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-7, characterized in that the contact between said cocoa material previously moistened with 5% water and CO 2 is carried out at pressures greater than 300 bar and a temperature of 8O 0 C. 9. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-8, caracterizado porque el contacto entre dicho material de cacao y el CO2 se favorece mediante Ia utilización de redlstribuidores o rellenos.9. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-8, characterized in that the contact between said cocoa material and CO 2 is favored by the use of redistributors or fillers. 10. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-9, caracterizado porque al gas usado, es CO2 en estado supercrítico o en condiciones cercanas al punto crítico, al que se Ie ha adicionado un modificador para aumentar el rendimiento de Ia extracción tal como etanol, agua, alcoholes o compuestos que son habitualmente utilizados como co- disolventes y conocidos en el arte.10. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-9, characterized in that the gas used is CO 2 in a supercritical state or in conditions close to the critical point, to which a modifier has been added to increase the yield of the extraction such as ethanol, water, alcohols or compounds that are usually used as co-solvents and known in the art. 11. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-10, caracterizado porque al CO2 se Ie ha adicionado otro agente esterilizante como por ejemplo, el peróxido de hidrógeno, ácido acético, ácido peracético, ácido trifluoroacético.11. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-10, characterized in that another sterilizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, peracetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid has been added to CO 2 . 12. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-11 , caracterizado porque dicho material de cacao es una torta o barquillo de cacao que se obtiene a partir de semillas de cacao sin fermentar previamente peladas, despulpadas, escaldadas, secadas y desgrasadas por prensado a una temperatura inferior a 850C con un contenido de grasa inferior al 20% en base seca y humedecidas antes de entrar en contacto con el CO2.12. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-11, characterized in that said cocoa material is a cocoa cake or wafer that is obtained from previously unfermented cocoa beans, pulped, pulped, blanched, dried and defatted. by pressing a temperature below 85 0 C with a fat content of less than 20% on a dry basis and moistened before coming into contact with CO 2 . 13. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según Ia reivindicación 12, caracterizado porque dicho material de cacao es un polvo de cacao obtenido a partir de Ia torta o barquillo de Ia reivindicación 12, estabilizado por enfriamiento y molido hasta un tamaño de partícula inferior a 500 mieras.13. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claim 12, characterized in that said cocoa material is a cocoa powder obtained from the cake or wafer of claim 12, stabilized by cooling and ground to a particle size less than 500 microns 14. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según Ia reivindicaciones 1-2 y 12-13, caracterizado porque el contacto entre dicho material de cacao previamente humedecido y el CO2 se lleva a cabo preferentemente a presiones superiores s 300 bar.14. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-2 and 12-13, characterized in that the contact between said previously moistened cocoa material and the CO 2 is preferably carried out at pressures greater than 300 bar. 15. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-2 y 12-14, caracterizado porque el contacto entre dicho material de cacao previamente humedecido y el CO2 se lleva a cabo a preferentemente presiones superiores a 300 bar de presión, una temperatura de 8O0C y el material de cacao contiene 10-20% de humedad.15. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-2 and 12-14, characterized in that the contact between said previously moistened cocoa material and CO 2 is preferably carried out at pressures greater than 300 bar of pressure, a temperature of 8O 0 C and the cocoa material contains 10-20% moisture. 16. Método para esterilizar un material de cacao según las reivindicaciones 1-2 y16. Method for sterilizing a cocoa material according to claims 1-2 and 12-15, caracterizado porque el contacto entre dicho material de cacao y el CO2 se lleva a cabo a preferentemente presiones superiores a 300 bar de presión, una temperatura de 650C y humidificando dicho material de cacao en un 10%.12-15, wherein contact between said cocoa material and the CO 2 is preferably carried out at above 300 bar pressure pressures, a temperature of 65 0 C and humidifying said cocoa material by 10%. 17. Cacao esterilizado obtenido por el método según las reivindicaciones 1-16, caracterizado porque su nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias termófilas es inferior a 10 ufe/g, su nivel de esporas termorresistentes aerobias mesófilas es inferior a 10 ufe/g y su nivel de mohos y levaduras es inferior a 10 ufe/g.17. Sterilized cocoa obtained by the method according to claims 1-16, characterized in that its level of aerobic thermophilic thermo-resistant spores is less than 10 ufe / g, its level of mesophilic aerobic heat-resistant spores is less than 10 ufe / g and its mold level and yeasts is less than 10 cfu / g. 18. Cacao esterilizado según Ia reivindicación 17, caracterizado porque su contenido en grasa sea igual o menor del 1%.18. Sterilized cocoa according to claim 17, characterized in that its fat content is equal to or less than 1%. 19. Cacao esterilizado según Ia reivindicación 17, caracterizado porque los posibles compuestos termolábiles que se encuentran presentes (bien de forma natural y/o añadidos) se conservan prácticamente en su totalidad en el derivado de cacao esterilizado.19. Sterilized cocoa according to claim 17, characterized in that the possible thermolabile compounds that are present (either natural and / or added) are preserved almost entirely in the sterilized cocoa derivative. 20. Cacao esterilizado y desgrasado según Ia reivindicación 17, caracterizado porque el contenido de polifenoles totales (medidos Folin-Ciocalteu) remanente en el polvo esterilizado es del 99% respecto al contenido inicial.20. Sterilized and defatted cocoa according to claim 17, characterized in that the content of total polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteu measured) remaining in the sterilized powder is 99% with respect to the initial content. 21. Cacao esterilizado y desgrasado según Ia reivindicación 22, caracterizado porque Ia suma total de flavanoles; monómeros de catequina y epicatequina así como dímeros de procianidinas B1 y B2 remanentes en el polvo esterilizado es del 99.99% respecto al contenido inicial.21. Sterilized and defatted cocoa according to claim 22, characterized in that the total sum of flavanols; Catechin and epicatechin monomers as well as procyanidin dimers B1 and B2 remaining in the sterilized powder is 99.99% with respect to the initial content. 22. Cacao esterilizado según Ia reivindicación 17, caracterizado porque una vez esterilizado por medios tradicionales se ha inoculado con esporas de Aspergillus niger Y Aspergillus ochraceus, las cuales se han eliminado tratando el cacao en polvo con CO2 supercrítico según Ia invención. 22. Sterilized cocoa according to claim 17, characterized in that once sterilized by traditional means it has been inoculated with spores of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ochraceus, which have been removed by treating the cocoa powder with supercritical CO 2 according to the invention.
PCT/ES2006/000360 2006-06-19 2006-06-19 Method for sterilizing cocoa materials using supercritical co2 Ceased WO2008000846A1 (en)

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