WO2008083434A1 - A dc/dc converter - Google Patents
A dc/dc converter Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008083434A1 WO2008083434A1 PCT/AU2008/000011 AU2008000011W WO2008083434A1 WO 2008083434 A1 WO2008083434 A1 WO 2008083434A1 AU 2008000011 W AU2008000011 W AU 2008000011W WO 2008083434 A1 WO2008083434 A1 WO 2008083434A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- inductor
- switch
- input voltage
- capacitor
- discharge capacitor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
Definitions
- the present invention relates to direct current (DC) circuits, and DC/DC converters therefore, and in particular to DC/DC converters to power the capacitive discharge circuits in electric fence energisers.
- DC direct current
- energisers it will be appreciated that the invention may be employed with DC/DC converters that are used in other applications.
- converter covers both step-up converters, which take input current at a certain voltage and increase the voltage of the output current, and step-down converters, which take input current at a certain voltage and decrease the voltage of the output current.
- inverter is sometimes used to describe a DC/DC converter which is a step-up converter, however it is also used to describe electrical and electronic circuits that convert DC current to Alternating Current (AC). Because of this ambiguity of terminology this specification uses the term converter to mean both step-up and step-down DC/DC converters.
- Step-up converters can sometimes be referred to as boost converters or boost circuits.
- the term set-up converter is preferred in this specification.
- Step-down converters can sometimes be referred to as buck converters or buck circuits.
- the term set-down converter is preferred in this specification.
- Electric fences are widely used on farms to restrict the movement of both farm and feral animals. Such fences normally include a number of uninsulated wire conductors strung on supporting posts from which they are insulated. The conductors are coupled to an energiser that periodically outputs a high voltage pulse to energise the conductors so that an animal will receive a small electric shock if it contacts the energised conductors. Electric fences are also used for perimeter security in domestic and industrial premises and detention centres.
- Energisers that are used to energise electric fences may be mains or battery powered.
- Most modern energisers include a discharge capacitor, a capacitor charging circuit for charging the capacitor to a high potential (e.g. several hundred volts), and a capacitor discharging circuit for discharging the capacitor through a step-up output transformer to produce a very high potential output pulse (e.g. several thousand volts) that is used to energise the fence conductors.
- the capacitor charging circuit is typically a voltage converter circuit that converts the relatively low supply voltage powering the energiser to the high voltage required to charge the capacitor.
- the capacitor discharging circuit typically includes a semiconductor switch and a step-up output transformer that are both coupled to the capacitor such that the capacitor is able to be discharged through the transformer's primary winding by closing the switch to thereby produce a high voltage pulse across the transformer's secondary winding that can be used to energise the fence conductors.
- the semiconductor switch is usually a Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR). These devices are favoured because of their ability to withstand the high voltage while switched off and conduct the high peak currents when switched on and while discharging the capacitor.
- SCR Silicon Controlled Rectifier
- the overall control of the energisers charge and discharge cycle can be performed by analogue oscillators, digital logic and timers or by a micro-controller.
- Strip grazing or 'ration' grazing is a grazing management technique involving allowing grazing animals only partial access to a pasture. This reduces the grazing pressure on the pasture.
- Battery powered electric fence energisers typically use a DC/DC converter to build the high voltage for the discharge capacitor.
- the DC/DC converter is commonly the flyback topology, using a ferrite transformer.
- Strobe lights and camera flashes also use DC/DC converters and capacitor discharge circuits.
- FIG. 1 An example of a prior art capacitor discharge circuit is shown in Figure 1.
- a disadvantage of using the flyback converter topology is that the cost and complexity is higher than that for a non-isolated step-up converter circuit.
- the Flyback converter is a DC/DC converter with a galvanic isolation between the input and the output. It has the same structure as the step-up converter, with a transformer instead of an inductor.
- the DC/DC transformer is up to ten times more expensive than the simple inductor used in a step-up converter circuit.
- transformers Since the selection of off-the-shelf transformers is much narrower than that of equivalent inductors, transformers generally cost more than inductors of equivalent energy and energy density.
- the customer base for transformers is smaller, yet the set of possible transformer configurations is much larger than that of corresponding inductor configurations. As a result, designs based on custom transformers are often necessary.
- Standard non-isolated step-up converters are limited in that they can produce output voltages equal to or above the input.
- the step-down converter can produce output voltages equal to or below the input.
- Non-isolated step-up converters are not usually used in capacitor discharge circuits because a DC current path exists between the input supply and the discharge device. Since the discharge device is normally an SCR, which requires the current to fall to a low level before it switches off, the SCR would latch up and not switch off again.
- a DC/DC converter suitable for providing either step-up or step-down conversion of input voltage.
- a DC/DC converter suitable for providing either step-up or step-down conversion of input voltage comprising an inductor, a capacitor, a switch and an oscillator.
- an apparatus for building the high voltage for a capacitor discharge circuit by using a modified step-up converter circuit is provided.
- the apparatus uses a capacitor to couple the standard step- up converter inductor to the rectifier.
- the capacitor blocks DC current from flowing directly from the input to the output.
- an extra diode is added to provide a discharge circuit to keep the blocking capacitor from fully charging.
- the apparatus is arranged to charge a capacitor in the capacitor discharge circuit of a battery powered electric fence energiser.
- an apparatus for converting DC power from a power source to a load such that the converter produces an output voltage that may be continuously varied from below the input voltage level to above the input voltage level.
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art arrangement for a capacitor discharge circuit.
- Figures 2 and 3 are schematic diagrams of apparatus according to the present invention.
- Figure 3 a step-up and step-down non-isolated DC/DC converter circuit for producing an output voltage from an input voltage that may be continuously varied from below the input voltage level to above the input voltage level
- FIG. 2 there is depicted a block diagram of an electric fence energiser using a capacitor discharge circuit according to the present invention.
- the apparatus of Figure 2 includes an oscillator 1 to operate a switch 2 (which may be a BJT transistor or a MOSFET, but is not limited to being so) to turn the switch on, which builds a current in the inductor 3.
- a switch 2 which may be a BJT transistor or a MOSFET, but is not limited to being so
- diode 5 When the switch switches off the inductive flyback causes current to flow through capacitor 4, diode 5 and charges the main capacitor 6 of the capacitor discharge circuit. Another diode 7 ensures that any charge built on capacitor 4 is removed when the transistor turns on again.
- Capacitor 4 is large enough so that it is essentially a short circuit at the high frequency of the flyback pulse and therefore presents minimal voltage drop or losses.
- the timing circuit 8 fires the main switch 9 which discharges the main capacitor 6 through the output transformer 10 producing the electric fence output pulse.
- the capacitor 4 stops any DC current from flowing directly from the DC supply through to the SCR 1 thus allowing it to turn off when capacitor 4 is fully discharge
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Abstract
A step-up and step-down non-isolated DC/DC converter circuit for producing an output voltage from an input voltage that may be continuously varied from below the input voltage level to above the input voltage level comprising an input voltage connection, a first inductor, a blocking capacitor, a switch, an oscillator and an output voltage connection in which the oscillator operates the switch to switch on so as to build a current in the first inductor and when the switch switches off an inductive flyback causes current to flow through the blocking capacitor.
Description
A DC/DC CONVERTER
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to direct current (DC) circuits, and DC/DC converters therefore, and in particular to DC/DC converters to power the capacitive discharge circuits in electric fence energisers. Although the invention will be described with particular reference to energisers, it will be appreciated that the invention may be employed with DC/DC converters that are used in other applications.
The term converter covers both step-up converters, which take input current at a certain voltage and increase the voltage of the output current, and step-down converters, which take input current at a certain voltage and decrease the voltage of the output current.
The term inverter is sometimes used to describe a DC/DC converter which is a step-up converter, however it is also used to describe electrical and electronic circuits that convert DC current to Alternating Current (AC). Because of this ambiguity of terminology this specification uses the term converter to mean both step-up and step-down DC/DC converters.
Step-up converters can sometimes be referred to as boost converters or boost circuits. The term set-up converter is preferred in this specification.
Step-down converters can sometimes be referred to as buck converters or buck circuits. The term set-down converter is preferred in this specification.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Electric fences are widely used on farms to restrict the movement of both farm and feral animals. Such fences normally include a number of uninsulated wire conductors strung on supporting posts from which they are insulated. The conductors are coupled to an energiser that periodically outputs a high voltage pulse to energise the conductors so that an animal will receive a small electric shock if it contacts the energised conductors. Electric
fences are also used for perimeter security in domestic and industrial premises and detention centres.
Energisers that are used to energise electric fences may be mains or battery powered. Most modern energisers include a discharge capacitor, a capacitor charging circuit for charging the capacitor to a high potential (e.g. several hundred volts), and a capacitor discharging circuit for discharging the capacitor through a step-up output transformer to produce a very high potential output pulse (e.g. several thousand volts) that is used to energise the fence conductors.
The capacitor charging circuit is typically a voltage converter circuit that converts the relatively low supply voltage powering the energiser to the high voltage required to charge the capacitor.
The capacitor discharging circuit typically includes a semiconductor switch and a step-up output transformer that are both coupled to the capacitor such that the capacitor is able to be discharged through the transformer's primary winding by closing the switch to thereby produce a high voltage pulse across the transformer's secondary winding that can be used to energise the fence conductors.
The semiconductor switch is usually a Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR). These devices are favoured because of their ability to withstand the high voltage while switched off and conduct the high peak currents when switched on and while discharging the capacitor. The overall control of the energisers charge and discharge cycle can be performed by analogue oscillators, digital logic and timers or by a micro-controller.
The most popular energisers are small battery powered units used for applications including strip grazing and temporary fencing. Strip grazing or 'ration' grazing, is a grazing management technique involving allowing grazing animals only partial access to a pasture. This reduces the grazing pressure on the pasture.
Battery powered electric fence energisers typically use a DC/DC converter to build the high voltage for the discharge capacitor. The DC/DC converter is commonly the flyback topology, using a ferrite transformer. Strobe lights and camera flashes also use DC/DC converters and capacitor discharge circuits.
PRIOR ART
An example of a prior art capacitor discharge circuit is shown in Figure 1. A disadvantage of using the flyback converter topology is that the cost and complexity is higher than that for a non-isolated step-up converter circuit. The Flyback converter is a DC/DC converter with a galvanic isolation between the input and the output. It has the same structure as the step-up converter, with a transformer instead of an inductor.
The DC/DC transformer is up to ten times more expensive than the simple inductor used in a step-up converter circuit.
Since the selection of off-the-shelf transformers is much narrower than that of equivalent inductors, transformers generally cost more than inductors of equivalent energy and energy density. The customer base for transformers is smaller, yet the set of possible transformer configurations is much larger than that of corresponding inductor configurations. As a result, designs based on custom transformers are often necessary.
Standard non-isolated step-up converters are limited in that they can produce output voltages equal to or above the input. The step-down converter can produce output voltages equal to or below the input.
Non-isolated step-up converters are not usually used in capacitor discharge circuits because a DC current path exists between the input supply and the discharge device. Since the discharge device is normally an SCR, which requires the current to fall to a low level before it switches off, the SCR would latch up and not switch off again.
In a previous invention by the inventor, (Patent 2003100627), the DC current path was removed or restricted by means of a switch or simple RC circuit to limit the current flow. Both of these methods are inferior in cost or efficiency to the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a DC/DC converter suitable for providing either step-up or step-down conversion of input voltage.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a DC/DC converter suitable for providing either step-up or step-down conversion of input voltage comprising an inductor, a capacitor, a switch and an oscillator.
According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for building the high voltage for a capacitor discharge circuit by using a modified step-up converter circuit.
Preferably the apparatus uses a capacitor to couple the standard step- up converter inductor to the rectifier.
Preferably the capacitor blocks DC current from flowing directly from the input to the output.
Preferably an extra diode is added to provide a discharge circuit to keep the blocking capacitor from fully charging.
In one embodiment the apparatus is arranged to charge a capacitor in the capacitor discharge circuit of a battery powered electric fence energiser.
In another aspect of the invention there is provided an apparatus for converting DC power from a power source to a load such that the converter produces an output voltage that may be continuously varied from below the input voltage level to above the input voltage level.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
In order that this invention may be more readily understood and put into practical effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate typical preferred embodiments of the invention and wherein:
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art arrangement for a capacitor discharge circuit.
Figures 2 and 3 are schematic diagrams of apparatus according to the present invention. Figure 3 - a step-up and step-down non-isolated DC/DC
converter circuit for producing an output voltage from an input voltage that may be continuously varied from below the input voltage level to above the input voltage level
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With reference to Figure 2 there is depicted a block diagram of an electric fence energiser using a capacitor discharge circuit according to the present invention.
The apparatus of Figure 2 includes an oscillator 1 to operate a switch 2 (which may be a BJT transistor or a MOSFET, but is not limited to being so) to turn the switch on, which builds a current in the inductor 3. When the switch switches off the inductive flyback causes current to flow through capacitor 4, diode 5 and charges the main capacitor 6 of the capacitor discharge circuit. Another diode 7 ensures that any charge built on capacitor 4 is removed when the transistor turns on again. Capacitor 4 is large enough so that it is essentially a short circuit at the high frequency of the flyback pulse and therefore presents minimal voltage drop or losses. When the voltage on capacitor 6 is high enough the timing circuit 8 fires the main switch 9 which discharges the main capacitor 6 through the output transformer 10 producing the electric fence output pulse. The capacitor 4 stops any DC current from flowing directly from the DC supply through to the SCR1 thus allowing it to turn off when capacitor 4 is fully discharged. The SCR turns off and the cycle repeats.
For higher power levels the peak current in the switch immediately after it turns on, due to the discharging of capacitor 4, may exceed the limits of the switch 2 and or diode 7. The addition of another small inductor Figure 3, 8 anywhere in the current path from ground through diode 7, capacitor 4 and switch 2 back to ground, may be used to control the rate of rise of and therefore the peak of this current spike.
Claims
1. A step-up and step-down non-isolated DC/DC converter circuit for producing an output voltage from an input voltage that may be continuously varied from below the input voltage level to above the input voltage level comprising an input voltage connection, a first inductor, a blocking capacitor, a switch, an oscillator and an output voltage connection in which the oscillator operates the switch to switch on so as to build a current in the first inductor and when the switch switches off an inductive flyback causes current to flow through the blocking capacitor.
2. A step-up and step-down non-isolated DC/DC converter circuit as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a second inductor, the second inductor operating to limit current spikes in the switch from the blocking capacitor.
3. A step-up and step-down non-isolated DC/DC converter circuit as claimed in claim 2 wherein the second inductor is magnetically coupled to the first inductor.
4. An electric fence comprising conductors, an energiser for energising the conductors, the energiser further comprising a discharge capacitor, a discharge capacitor charging circuit for charging the discharge capacitor, a discharge capacitor discharging circuit for discharging the discharge capacitor, and a transformer with a primary and secondary winding, in which the discharge capacitor is charged by the discharge capacitor charging circuit, and the discharge capacitor is discharged by the discharge capacitor discharging circuit through the primary winding of a step-up transformer to energise the fence conductors.
5. An electric fence as claimed in claim 4 in which the discharge capacitor charging circuit comprises a step-up and step-down nonisolated DC/DC converter circuit for producing an output voltage from an input voltage that may be continuously varied from below the input voltage level to above the input voltage level comprising an input voltage connection, a first inductor, a blocking capacitor, a switch, an oscillator and an output voltage connection in which the oscillator operates the switch to switch on so as to build a current in the first inductor and when the switch switches off an inductive flyback causes current to flow through the blocking capacitor.
6. An electric fence as claimed in claim 5 in which the step-up and step-down non-isolated DC/DC converter circuit operates only to step- up the input voltage to produce an output voltage to a level above the input voltage.
7. An electric fence as claimed in claim 6 in which the step-up and step-down non-isolated DC/DC converter circuit further comprises a second inductor, the second inductor operating to limit current spikes in the switch from the blocking capacitor.
8. An electric fence as claimed in claim 7 wherein the second inductor is magnetically coupled to the first inductor.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2008204723A AU2008204723A1 (en) | 2007-01-10 | 2008-01-10 | A DC/DC converter |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2007900093A AU2007900093A0 (en) | 2007-01-10 | An improved DC/DC invertor for an electric fence energiser | |
| AU2007900093 | 2007-01-10 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2008083434A1 true WO2008083434A1 (en) | 2008-07-17 |
Family
ID=39608255
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AU2008/000011 Ceased WO2008083434A1 (en) | 2007-01-10 | 2008-01-10 | A dc/dc converter |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2008204723A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2008083434A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102015107146A1 (en) * | 2015-05-07 | 2016-11-10 | Hella Kgaa Hueck & Co. | Circuit for converting a DC input voltage into a DC load voltage |
| US9642230B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-05-02 | Electric Guard Dog, Llc | Systems and methods of providing enhanced electric fence diagnostics |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110798947B (en) * | 2019-11-18 | 2024-06-11 | 杭州优特电源有限公司 | Multipath LED driving circuit |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4654769A (en) * | 1984-11-02 | 1987-03-31 | California Institute Of Technology | Transformerless dc-to-dc converters with large conversion ratios |
| US5381298A (en) * | 1992-09-09 | 1995-01-10 | Waters Instruments, Inc. | Electric fence charger |
| US20040037100A1 (en) * | 2002-08-26 | 2004-02-26 | Orr Raymond K. | DC converters |
-
2008
- 2008-01-10 AU AU2008204723A patent/AU2008204723A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-01-10 WO PCT/AU2008/000011 patent/WO2008083434A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4654769A (en) * | 1984-11-02 | 1987-03-31 | California Institute Of Technology | Transformerless dc-to-dc converters with large conversion ratios |
| US5381298A (en) * | 1992-09-09 | 1995-01-10 | Waters Instruments, Inc. | Electric fence charger |
| US20040037100A1 (en) * | 2002-08-26 | 2004-02-26 | Orr Raymond K. | DC converters |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9642230B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-05-02 | Electric Guard Dog, Llc | Systems and methods of providing enhanced electric fence diagnostics |
| US9839104B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-12-05 | Electric Guard Dog, Llc | Systems and methods of providing enhanced electric fence diagonstics |
| DE102015107146A1 (en) * | 2015-05-07 | 2016-11-10 | Hella Kgaa Hueck & Co. | Circuit for converting a DC input voltage into a DC load voltage |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2008204723A1 (en) | 2008-07-17 |
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