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WO2006037312A1 - Procede pour stabiliser la temperature d'un capteur, chauffe electriquement, en cas de transferts de charge - Google Patents

Procede pour stabiliser la temperature d'un capteur, chauffe electriquement, en cas de transferts de charge Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006037312A1
WO2006037312A1 PCT/DE2005/001776 DE2005001776W WO2006037312A1 WO 2006037312 A1 WO2006037312 A1 WO 2006037312A1 DE 2005001776 W DE2005001776 W DE 2005001776W WO 2006037312 A1 WO2006037312 A1 WO 2006037312A1
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Prior art keywords
temperature
sensor
heating
value
voltage
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PCT/DE2005/001776
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German (de)
English (en)
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Richard Heuschmidt
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Priority to EP05796989A priority Critical patent/EP1797403A1/fr
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/68—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using thermal effects
    • G01F1/696—Circuits therefor, e.g. constant-current flow meters
    • G01F1/698—Feedback or rebalancing circuits, e.g. self heated constant temperature flowmeters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/68—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using thermal effects
    • G01F1/696—Circuits therefor, e.g. constant-current flow meters
    • G01F1/698—Feedback or rebalancing circuits, e.g. self heated constant temperature flowmeters
    • G01F1/6986—Feedback or rebalancing circuits, e.g. self heated constant temperature flowmeters with pulsed heating, e.g. dynamic methods

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for keeping constant one and the same average temperature of an electrically heated sensor before and after a load change, wherein this temperature is maintained above the temperature of the medium surrounding the sensor.
  • CTA Constant-temperature anemometry
  • CTA circuits of type 2 are known (switching method, see Fig. 11), in which a comparator ver ⁇ by the rapid on / off a fixed heating voltage ver ⁇ tries to keep the sensor temperature constant.
  • the CTA technology has received great general significance for about 10-15 years as “air genome meter” or “air mass meter” (LMM) in connection with internal combustion engines in automobiles, after the ever stricter emission standards only today still from electronic engine control units. can be met with metered fuel injection. However, these can only generate an optimum air-fuel mixture if the amount of air taken in per working cycle can be measured (see Auto & Elektronik 1/2002, p.
  • the automotive supplier Bosch for example, has LMMs according to the latest, conventional design in its product range.
  • the mean sensor temperature can always be kept within a selectably small tolerance range by using suitably calculated heating voltages.
  • Cooling time which elapses between reaching an upper temperature T 0 and reaching a lower temperature T u :
  • Time during heating which passes between leaving the ambient temperature T um and reaching an upper temperature T 0 :
  • thermal inertia of a sensor always occurs only when its temperature changes. If the temperature is kept artificially constant by means of a control circuit, the reason why thermal inertia effects should be eliminated is also eliminated. Of course, no control circuit can make do without any slightest changes in the sensor temperature, but these changes could be amplified, for example, electronically, so that they would not be macroscopically noticeable on the sensor. A more or less strong heat loss of the sensor to the medium makes itself noticeable immediately on a tiny change in the sensor temperature, which, however, compensates the control circuit again in practically the same moment by a correct adaptation of the electrical heating power. The sensor temperature has therefore not changed, and there is no reason why thermal inertia effects should occur.
  • the method according to the invention can be described as a true constant temperature method, since it comes very close to the above-described ideal image, as will be described in more detail below.
  • the usable load control range must be limited.
  • the effective load control range is in fact not sufficient, for example, to change the context from a gas to a flowing liquid or vice versa to be able to tolerate (it always comes to regulatory failure).
  • Fig. 9 is intended to illustrate the basic operation of this method. Shown is the behavior before and after a load change (in the left half of the drawing is a low heat loss, in the right half, the heat loss has increased).
  • the bold curve represents the course of the sensor temperature
  • the thinly marked, triangular curve shows the course of the electrical power (P e ⁇ ) converted at the sensor. It can be seen here: a) the average sensor temperature remains constant before and after the load change, b) this happens automatically and therefore requires no adjustment measures with an accuracy that is close to the impossible, c) the above method can be varied to a large extent without significantly affecting its character
  • Fig. 9 is intended to illustrate the basic operation of this method. Shown is the behavior before and after a load change (in the left half of the drawing is a low heat loss, in the right half, the heat loss has increased).
  • the bold curve represents the course of the sensor temperature
  • the thinly marked, triangular curve shows the course of the electrical power (P e ⁇ ) converted at the
  • the temperature of the sensor must be at the upper limit T 0 . Now the supply of electric heating power is reduced to a minimum. There is a drop in the sensor temperature according to Eq. 1. Now the time is measured ⁇ , which passes until the sensor temperature has dropped from the upper limit T 0 to the lower limit T u .
  • the time t k is measured as the time nz ⁇ t, where n is the number of temperature measurements that occurred between the receipt of the measured value T 0 and the receipt of the measured value T 11 , wherein as a rule between the two marginal measured values, between which T 0 or T u is interpolated must be.
  • the circuit of Fig. 7 uses this measuring method. However, a direct measurement of the time t k (as in the circuit of FIG. 6) is always preferable, since time measurements are among the most technically feasible measurements ever.
  • the upper limit T 0 is regularly reached, whereupon the next measuring cycle is triggered.
  • the upper limit T 0 is reached only as a result of a load change, the measurement cycle is then triggered.
  • the load change in type 1 leads first to reach the lower one Limit T u , the sensor temperature is forcibly and briefly brought to the upper limit T 0 with a high heating voltage, followed by the measuring cycle followed.
  • U max the measured time
  • the quality assessment consists of the quotient t h / t k (or what is basically exactly the same, from the quotient t k / t h ) and has the optimum value 1.
  • Case 2 increases the sensor temperature too much, so that the upper limit T 0 is reached too early.
  • the quality assessment (t h / t k ⁇ 1) is poor, but the estimate may be considered process neutral (ie, not harmful to the process) since the upper limit has been reached and a new measurement cycle can be initiated.
  • the estimated value is deemed to be potentially harmful to the process (ie there is a risk that the Sensor ⁇ temperature so that can not be kept within the temperature window, in particular at too low heating voltages) and the temperature rise to T 0 is enforced by the application of a high or maximum heating voltage.
  • the sensor temperature reaches the lower limit T u during the measurement of t h or can not exceed this limit already from the start (more precisely: if the sensor temperature has not yet exceeded the limit T u after elapse of a selectable minimum measurement time t w ).
  • Case 1 has just been described, in case 2 T H (t) deviates upwards from the setpoint temperatures (gets a bad score, Q ⁇ 1), and case 3, where T ⁇ (t) deviates downwards from the setpoint temperatures. This case can lead to Q> 1 and to Q »1 (if the sensor temperature reaches T 11 despite heating or does not even exceed it). One then also immediately breaks off and forces the temperature rise to T 0 , as described above.
  • the heating is not possible as planned, it can be assumed that a change of the medium from gaseous to liquid, whereupon only the actual maximum available heating power is used.
  • the default setting can be made manually, done automatically (by evaluating the heating voltages used in the previous average) or ignored again on a case-by-case basis (eg with drop counters). Since high-frequency medium changes rarely occur in practice, said presetting would be a gain in terms of the achievable temperature stability under normal load changes. However, heavy load changes (in particular medium change from gaseous to liquid) would still be tol- erated, whereby the control would only be busy for one clock cycle longer.
  • the improvement of the estimated value always amounts to choosing the heating voltage higher than before, if a ratio t h / t k > 1 was obtained or to choose it lower (at t h / t k ⁇ 1).
  • step 1 1): apply maximum heating power, measure the heating time t h , turn off the heating power when T 0 is reached, measure the cooling time t k , quotient t h / t k and because of t h / t k ⁇ 1 select the continuation with step 2.a (FIG. 4 no. 2): Reduction of the applied heating power by a halving step.
  • FIG. 4 No. 2 Reduction of the applied heating power by a halving step.
  • step 2.b increase the heating power by a further halving step, Fig. 4 No. 3.
  • Switch off the heating power cool down mes ⁇ sen. Quotient t h / t k , finding that again t h / t k ⁇ 1, that is to say in FIG. 4 no. 4, lowering the heating power by a further halving step, etc.
  • the prerequisite for this method is the knowledge of the "temperature window heat" W f , ie the heat energy required to increase the temperature of the sensor from T u to T 0. Conversely, the sensor returns exactly this amount of heat to the medium when its temperature reduced from T 0 to T 11 . From each (at least short-term) stable load situation W f can be easily determined, for example by applying the first-mentioned interval halving method. As soon as there is a stable control with the equality of the times t k and t h , it is always ensured that the mean sensor temperature is just the value T so n. Since one directly knows the heating voltage used during a heating phase (it was deliberately applied in the selected height), one can calculate from this the electrical power P h , which is proportionately attributable to the sensor and which was consequently delivered to the medium.
  • the method can independently adapt to factors on which W f can still depend (for example, partial soiling of the sensor, aging) and compensate for this.
  • FIG. 5 shows the time profile of the sensor temperature within the temperature window before and after the occurrence of a very abrupt load change in the case of an extremely high temperature! convergent method (here type 2).
  • FIG. 1 shows a situation with a relatively stable instantaneous heat loss, which is applied in a stable manner
  • FIG 2 shows the situation under the conditions of a stable, relatively high heat loss. It can be seen that the control obviously aims at keeping the quotient t h / t k always at the value 1 and that it activates heating voltages at different levels for this purpose.
  • Fig. 3 shows the new method based on the type 1, here before and after a load change.
  • a permanent heating voltage U 1 which compensates the instantaneous heat loss at the sensor so precisely that a final temperature has been set, which corresponds to the setpoint T so n.
  • the load change here an increase in the instantaneous heat loss
  • U max brings the sensor temperature in a short time to the upper limit T 0 , then Ab ⁇ lowering the heating voltage to a value close to zero (U k ) and measuring the Abkühl ⁇ time t k , which is already determined by the newly occurred value of the instantaneous heat loss.
  • the CTA method described here initially allows nothing else than the determination of the instantaneous heat loss at the sensor.
  • This loss of heat depends not only on the height of the temperature difference between the sensor and the medium, but also on the heat dissipation capability of the surrounding medium, the latter, in turn, being dependent on various material properties and last but not least on the flow state in which the medium is located relative to the sensor how much sensor surface is in contact with the medium, etc.
  • the heat dissipation capability is even influenced by the magnitude of the contact pressure, and even that does not mention all the known influencing factors.
  • the heat dissipation capability is therefore a relatively complex physical quantity, in the formation of which very different other physical, geometric and chemical influencing factors are involved.
  • the medium temperature (T um ) must be additionally measured, for example in a known manner with a second, conventional temperature sensor or, at least as well, with a second CTA according to the inventive method in which all parameters except the temperature of the medium are kept constant.
  • the current time constant T of the sensor can be calculated from the measured time t k (see equation 2):
  • the values of the upper temperature limit T 0 and the lower temperature limit T 11 are known in advance, T um and t k were measured.
  • the time constant of the sensor is not a constant in the usual sense, but, inter alia, a practically inertia-free function of the current heat transfer from the sensor to the medium (compare equation 3):
  • the display of 1 / ⁇ can be used to measure changes in the contact area A.
  • robust sensors which can be thought of as arbitrarily shaped (for example, also as a long wire), this results in possible applications for the measurement of immersion depths, water levels, fill levels and the like.
  • this circuit has an atypical bridge with 5 resistors, wherein R2 for the formation of two resistors. fined, exact switching or temperature limits ensures. The switching limits are sym metrically to the setpoint temperature of the sensor, and the value of R2 determines how far apart the boundaries.
  • the circuit generates a comparator signal ("too hot”) when the upper temperature limit is exceeded and another comparator signal (“too cold”) when it falls below the lower temperature limit.
  • phase duration t h and cooling phase duration t k can be obtained here from the time offset between the switching of the comparators measured by the microcontroller (.mu.C).
  • the microcontroller controls a D / A converter (DAC).
  • DAC D / A converter
  • the usually relatively high-impedance output voltage of the D / A converter supplies after amplification and impedance conversion (OP1) the loadable variable heating voltages (eg U f1 during the heating phases and U k during the cooling phases) for the measuring bridge.
  • OP1 the loadable variable heating voltages
  • the evaluation of the time profile of the sensor temperature (for example, by virtue of the virtual simulation of a temperature window) and the determination of the matching heating voltages could be carried out completely by software.
  • the ambient temperature (fluid temperature) T is generally additionally measured by a second temperature sensor in a conventional manner (not shown in Fig. 7 shown). It would be possible here purely by software to change the setpoint temperature during operation, z. B. to maintain a constant temperature difference to Mediumstempera ⁇ tur. Of course, the same can be achieved with the circuit according to FIG. 6, if R 1 or R 3 are made variable there (eg via a digital potentiometer controlled by the microcontroller).
  • the sensor is that element of a measuring device which, in principle, can never be completely concealed or cast in.
  • the electrical supply lines of the sensor can be directly accessible, but need not. If one approaches the electrical supply lines (possibly nevertheless), one can simply connect an oscilloscope and see directly whether, after a load change, variably high, convergently connected heating voltages are used (compare FIGS. 1, 2, 4) , 5).
  • heating voltages naturally also includes (alternating, PWM) voltages whose effective values can produce the objectively identical thermal effects as direct voltages DC voltages, this should ultimately include more exotic types of indirect heating of the sensor, such as by laser fall.
  • e) devices for the rapid measurement of mass flows e.g. for measuring the intake air amount in internal combustion engines or e.g. for Verbrauchser ⁇ mediation in the industrial application of compressed air, industrial gases, liquids and other fluids.
  • the heat loss of the flowing media increases in gases approximately proportional to the root from the flow velocity of the medium (at constant pressure) and also proportional to the pressure (at a different pressure). With some correction calculations (calibration), therefore, the mass flow and (with additional measurement of the pressure) also the real volume flow can be determined.
  • High-speed dosing devices eg for liquid adhesives, toothpaste or coffee powder, to name only three arbitrary examples that would normally lead to the immediate destruction of the sensor in classical hot wire anemometers and which, with sufficiently robust measuring instruments according to the CCA principle, would previously have been unthinkable for reasons of speed.
  • Respiration monitoring by measuring the air flow, e.g. by a clip attached to the nose wing sensor.
  • the temperature of the sensor must be kept just above body temperature, and the sensor can detect the true air flow (the bigger, the better), without being irritated by local air movements in the room. Dittos can e.g. In pulmonary function tests, due to the high time resolution of the method, oscillations can also be detected, which can result from illness-related narrowing of the respiratory tract.
  • k k measurements of the moisture content of various substances and objects.
  • n) Applications as a thermostat e.g.
  • a small quartz watch quartz could be brought into firm thermal contact with the sensor, so that to a certain extent it would itself become part of the sensor whose temperature is kept constant. This would result in an increase in the accuracy of the accuracy with respect to quartz, which are exposed to changing temperatures with little effort.
  • quartz crystals kept constant temperature served as official time standards, so that with the solution proposed here cheap and yet excellent timepieces could be installed in devices that should not depend on the local reception of Zeit ⁇ time transmitters.
  • h max (Fig 8 No. 4) be the height of the vessel and at the same time half the total length of the wire (because of the double wire guide).
  • the height to which the liquid wets the wire is h F (Fig. 8 No. 5).
  • the sensor temperature also remains at load changes between or in the immediate vicinity of an upper temperature limit T 0 and a lower limit T u . If the distance between the limits is chosen to be small, short response times can also be achieved with robust sensors.
  • variable-height heating voltages are used, which are estimates whose quality of results is assessed in relation to the targets.
  • iterative, convergent improvements of the estimates occur until the estimated value and exactly required heating voltage are identical.
  • process-neutral and process-harmful estimates the latter being converted into process-neutral estimates by means of acute countermeasures before they can have a negative effect on the temperature constancy.
  • FIG. 3 shows curves similar to those in FIG. 1 or 2, with a sudden increase in the heat dissipation capability of the sensor, according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 shows the time profile of the sensor temperature (thin sawtooth curve) and that of the heating voltages (bold rectangular curve) in a very rapidly converging method according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 shows the time profile of the sensor temperature (thin sawtooth curve) and that of the heating voltages (bold rectangular curve) in a very rapidly converging method according to the invention
  • FIG. 6 shows a circuit used in the method according to the invention, in which a sensor with NTC characteristic is used
  • FIG. 7 shows another circuit used in the method according to the invention, in which a sensor with a fast A / D converter is used.
  • FIG. 8 shows a representation of a sensor in the form of an insulated wire in the use of the method according to the invention for the rapid measurement of liquid levels
  • Fig. 11 is a known in the art CTA circuit of a second type.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour stabiliser, de manière précise, la température moyenne d'un capteur chauffé électriquement, procédé selon lequel la température du capteur reste entre une limite de température supérieure T<sub
PCT/DE2005/001776 2004-10-06 2005-10-05 Procede pour stabiliser la temperature d'un capteur, chauffe electriquement, en cas de transferts de charge Ceased WO2006037312A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05796989A EP1797403A1 (fr) 2004-10-06 2005-10-05 Procede pour stabiliser la temperature d'un capteur, chauffe electriquement, en cas de transferts de charge

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE200410048901 DE102004048901A1 (de) 2004-10-06 2004-10-06 Verfahren zum Konstanthalten der Temperatur eines elektrisch beheizten Sensors bei Lastwechseln
DE102004048901.7 2004-10-06

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WO2006037312A1 true WO2006037312A1 (fr) 2006-04-13

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WO (1) WO2006037312A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110108751A (zh) * 2019-06-11 2019-08-09 清华大学深圳研究生院 一种可测量热导率和热扩散率的触觉传感器及测量方法
CN118706491A (zh) * 2024-07-11 2024-09-27 中国电建集团江西省电力设计院有限公司 一种熔盐电加热器热传导性能检测方法
CN120178763A (zh) * 2025-05-21 2025-06-20 上海电气集团腾恩驰科技(苏州)有限公司 一种电伴热带加热系统运行控制方法、装置及系统

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP7510737B1 (ja) 2024-03-19 2024-07-04 東フロコーポレーション株式会社 熱式流量計

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US5056047A (en) * 1988-12-10 1991-10-08 Gebr. Schmidt Fabrik Fur Feinmechanik Method and device for measuring fluidic or calorimetric parameters
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110108751A (zh) * 2019-06-11 2019-08-09 清华大学深圳研究生院 一种可测量热导率和热扩散率的触觉传感器及测量方法
CN110108751B (zh) * 2019-06-11 2024-05-14 清华大学深圳研究生院 一种可测量热导率和热扩散率的触觉传感器及测量方法
CN118706491A (zh) * 2024-07-11 2024-09-27 中国电建集团江西省电力设计院有限公司 一种熔盐电加热器热传导性能检测方法
CN120178763A (zh) * 2025-05-21 2025-06-20 上海电气集团腾恩驰科技(苏州)有限公司 一种电伴热带加热系统运行控制方法、装置及系统

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DE102004048901A1 (de) 2006-04-20

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