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WO2006063489A1 - Chercheur multi-trajet et son utilisation pour l'estimation de la direction d'arrivee - Google Patents

Chercheur multi-trajet et son utilisation pour l'estimation de la direction d'arrivee Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006063489A1
WO2006063489A1 PCT/CN2004/001464 CN2004001464W WO2006063489A1 WO 2006063489 A1 WO2006063489 A1 WO 2006063489A1 CN 2004001464 W CN2004001464 W CN 2004001464W WO 2006063489 A1 WO2006063489 A1 WO 2006063489A1
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Prior art keywords
delay
arrival
beams
highest power
pdps
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PCT/CN2004/001464
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English (en)
Inventor
Oskar Mauritz
Limei Wei
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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Priority to PCT/CN2004/001464 priority Critical patent/WO2006063489A1/fr
Priority to CN2004800446375A priority patent/CN101084633B/zh
Publication of WO2006063489A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006063489A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0891—Space-time diversity
    • H04B7/0897—Space-time diversity using beamforming per multi-path, e.g. to cope with different directions of arrival [DOA] at different multi-paths
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H04B1/7097—Interference-related aspects
    • H04B1/711—Interference-related aspects the interference being multi-path interference
    • H04B1/7113—Determination of path profile
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H04B1/7097—Interference-related aspects
    • H04B1/711—Interference-related aspects the interference being multi-path interference
    • H04B1/7115—Constructive combining of multi-path signals, i.e. RAKE receivers
    • H04B1/7117—Selection, re-selection, allocation or re-allocation of paths to fingers, e.g. timing offset control of allocated fingers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to smart antennas in a spread spectrum system, and more particularly to a multipath searcher and a method for direction of arrival estimation using a multipath searcher.
  • an antenna array is used to receive and transmit signals in well- defined directions.
  • the signal from the wanted user is amplified, meanwhile interference from other directions is suppressed.
  • the transmitted power is directed to the wanted user through multiplication of the signal by the weights, and interference for users in other directions from the base station is reduced.
  • the weights are typically given by a steering vector a where the amplitude is equal for all antenna elements but the phases are different between the elements.
  • the steering vector a can be expressed as the following equation (I)-
  • ⁇ is the direction of the beam measured from the broadside of the antenna array; d is the antenna column spacing; ⁇ is the carrier wavelength; M is the number of antenna elements and the superscript T denotes transpose. Since both d and ⁇ are known but ⁇ which is dependent on the position of the User Equipment (UE) is unknown, in order to apply appropriate weights both for uplink and downlink directions, that is, in order to determine a( ⁇ ) , it is very important to correctly estimate the direction of arrival ⁇ of the signal from the wanted user.
  • UE User Equipment
  • a multipath searcher is generally used to find the delays of multipath components in a radio channel. Based on the found delays, the direction of arrival can be estimated. A conventional method for direction of arrival estimation will be discussed hereinafter.
  • a multipath searcher comprises multiple correlators, a beam former, a power delay profile (PDP) generator, an averager, a delay selector and an estimator etc.
  • the correlators are used to perform correlation of the known transmitted signal and the received signal for all delays within a certain search window for each antenna element, thereby generating M Complex Delay Profiles (CDPs), where M is the number of antenna elements.
  • the beam former is used to perform beam forming processing for obtained CDPs, and thus generating K beam formed CDPs, where K is the number of formed beams.
  • the PDP generator is used to take absolute square of each element of each CDP, and thus forming ATPDPs.
  • the averager is used to average multiple sets of PDPs at different slots, thereby forming one set of averaged PDPs.
  • the delay selector is used to select candidate delays based on the power values for all delays in the search window and for all beams based on the PDPs from the PDP generator.
  • the estimator is used to select the direction of the beam with highest power as the estimated direction of arrival.
  • CDP Complex Delay Profile
  • Beam forming processing is performed subsequently.
  • the hermitian conjugate of the steering vector a is multiplied with above-mentioned c and thus h( ⁇ k ;t) is obtained, as is shown in equation (2).
  • the number of formed beams is K and the length of the search window is L which is a positive integer, there will be K CDPs and each CDP comprises L elements.
  • the superscript H denotes hermitian conjugate.
  • a multipath component is often made up of rays coming from the same direction approximately, which means c is proportional to the steering vector a( ⁇ ) in that direction.
  • Fig.2 illustrating an antenna diagram for four beams and a range of directions, when the direction of arrival is between two beams, h( ⁇ k ;t) will be different from zero for several beams.
  • a CDP is formed during a time that is less than the coherence time of the radio channel.
  • the absolute square is taken for each element of each CDP.
  • the power values p°( ⁇ k ;t) formed from subsequent CDPs are averaged to form p(ffl k ;t) , in order to improve the probability of detection of a multipath component and to decrease the probability of false alarm.
  • the values of p( ⁇ k ;i) make up a PDP. It can be seen a PDP corresponds to a beam and there are K PDPs in total.
  • the averaging can be done in several different ways, for example using a low pass filter.
  • a low pass filter for example, for example for the WCDMA random access preamble searcher in a cell with low Doppler spreads where the length of preamble is shorter than the coherence time of the radio channel, only one CDP is enough to form the PDP. In other words, in some situations, it is not necessary to performing averaging operation.
  • the conventional beam former calculates the resulting power from the input signal for a set of beams, and the conventional estimator selects the direction of the beam with highest power as the estimated direction of arrival.
  • the above description shows a complete procedure of direction of arrival estimation in prior art.
  • the obtained values of direction of arrival have multiple applications, for example they can be used in the Rake receiver, and also can be used to steer the beams in downlink towards the UE. Furthermore, the resolution of the direction of arrival estimation has great impact on the performance of signal transmitting and receiving.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a multipath searcher which can improve angular resolution of direction of arrival estimation without too much computational complexity.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for direction of arrival estimation which can improve angular resolution of direction of arrival estimation without too much computational complexity.
  • a multipath searcher comprises: multiple correlators, for performing correlation of the known transmitted signal and the received signal for all delays within a certain search window for each antenna element, thereby generating M CDPs, where Mis the number of antenna elements; a beam former, for performing beam forming processing for CDPs from the correlators, and thus generating K beam formed CDPs, where K is the number of formed beams; a PDP generator, for taking absolute square of each element of each CDP from the beam former, and thus forming K PDPs; a delay selector, for selecting candidate delays based on the power values for all delays in the search window and for all beams based on the PDPs from the PDP generator; and a refinement processing unit, for implementing a refinement processing for improving angular resolution of estimation values of direction of arrival for candidate delays obtained from the delay selector, and determining the result of said refinement processing as the final estimation values of direction of arrival.
  • the multipath researcher may further comprise an averager for averaging multiple sets of PDPs at different slots obtained from the PDP generator, thereby forming one set of averaged PDPs to be used in the delay selector.
  • the refinement processing unit is an estimator for implementing said refinement processing and determining the result of said refinement processing as the final estimation values of direction of arrival.
  • refinement processing comprises: dl l. for a certain candidate delay, determining power values in all PDPs at this delay; dl2. selecting a beam with the highest power and a beam with the next highest power; dl3. judging whether the location relationship between the two beams satisfies a predefined criterion, if so, implementing step dl4; otherwise implementing step dl5; and dl4. determining two angles respectively corresponding to the maximum beam forming gain for selected two beams, implementing an interpolation calculation for the two angles, and determining the interpolation calculation result as the direction of arrival at this path; or dl5. directly determining the angle of maximum beam forming gain for said beam with the highest power as the direction of arrival at this path.
  • said interpolation calculation comprises: multiplying the highest power value by the sine of the angle corresponding to the maximum beam forming gain for the beam with the highest power, and multiplying the next highest power value by the sine of the angle corresponding to the maximum beam forming gain for the beam with the next highest power; dividing the sum of the two products by the sum of the highest power value and the next highest power value; and implementing arcsine calculation for said division and thus obtaining an angle value as the interpolation calculation result.
  • the predefined criterion can be set to be that said two beams are adjacent beams.
  • the refinement processing can further comprise a step of judging whether relationship between the power values for said two beams at this delay satisfies another predefined criterion between steps dl3 and dl4, if so, implementing step dl4, else implementing dl5.
  • Another predefined criterion can be set to be that the power value for beam with the next highest power at this delay is larger than product of a predefined factor and the power value for beam with the highest power at the same delay.
  • the predefined factor is set to be larger than ratio of the maximum gain of side lobes to the maximum array gain.
  • the refinement processing unit comprises: a second beam former, for implementing beam forming processing with more beams than that used in the first beam forming processing based on said M CDPs for candidate delays, thereby generating N beam formed CDPs, where N is a positive integer greater than K; a second PDP generator, for taking the absolute square for each element of each CDP 5 thereby generating N PDPs; and an estimator, for determining the angle of maximum beam forming gain for the beam with the highest power as the direction of arrival for candidate delays.
  • the multipath searcher may further comprise a storage unit for storing MCDPs from the correlators.
  • a method for direction of arrival estimation comprises: a. performing correlation of the known transmitted signal and the received signal for all delays within a search window for each antenna element, and thus obtaining M Complex Delay Profiles (CDPs), where Mis the number of antenna elements; b. performing beam forming processing for obtained CDPs, and thus obtaining K beam formed CDPs, where K is the number of formed beams; c. taking absolute square of each element of each CDP, and thus forming K PDPs; and d. selecting candidate delays based on the power values for all delays in the search window and for all beams; and e. implementing a refinement processing for improving angular resolution of estimation values of direction of arrival based on the obtained PDPs for candidate delays, then determining the result of said refinement processing as the final estimation values of direction of arrival.
  • CDPs Complex Delay Profiles
  • the method may further comprise a step of averaging multiple sets of PDPs at different slots between steps c and d, thereby forming one set of averaged PDPs.
  • the refinement processing comprises: dl l. for a certain candidate delay, determining power values in all PDPs at this delay; dl2. selecting a beam with the highest power and a beam with the next highest power; dl3. judging whether the location relationship between the two beams satisfies a predefined criterion, if so, implementing step dl4; otherwise implementing step dl5; and dl4. determining two angles respectively corresponding to the maximum beam forming gain for selected two beams, implementing an interpolation calculation for the two angles, and determining the interpolation calculation result as the direction of arrival at this path; or dl5. directly determining the angle of maximum beam forming gain for said beam with the highest power as the direction of arrival at this path.
  • the interpolation calculation comprises: multiplying the highest power value by the sine of the angle corresponding to the maximum beam forming gain for the beam with the highest power, and multiplying the next highest power value by the sine of the angle corresponding to the maximum beam forming gain for the beam with the next highest power; dividing the sum of the two products by the sum of the highest power value and the next highest power value; and implementing arcsine calculation for said division and thus obtaining an angle value as the interpolation calculation result.
  • the refinement processing comprises: d21. for a certain candidate delay, implementing beam forming processing with more beams than the original one based on said M CDPs, and thus obtaining N beam formed CDPs, where N is a positive integer larger than K; d22. taking the absolute square for each element of each CDP, thus obtaining N PDPs; and d23. obtaining the final estimation values of direction of arrival based on the N PDPs.
  • step d23 comprises: determining power values in all PDPs at this delay, and selecting the beam with the highest power; and determining the angle of maximum beam forming gain for said beam with the highest power as the direction of arrival at this path.
  • the method can further comprise a step of storing obtained M CDPs after step a.
  • the CDPs used in step d21 can be the set of MCDPs stored lastly.
  • a refinement processing is implemented after the PDPs are obtained.
  • the estimation of direction of arrival has higher angular resolution compared to the prior art, and only a small amount of computation is needed for this refinement processing. Therefore, the method for direction of arrival estimation improves angular resolution of direction of arrival estimation without too much computational complexity.
  • the refinement processing may be interpolation calculation which employs an intermediate value of two angles respectively corresponding to the highest power value and the next highest power value as the estimated value. So, compared with the prior art in which the angle corresponding to the highest power value is determined as the estimated value directly, the angular resolution of estimation is highly improved. Furthermore, interpolation calculation is a kind of simple calculation which does not need too much computation complexity. In this way, through interpolation calculation for two angles, the method for direction of arrival estimation improves angular resolution of direction of arrival estimation without too much computational complexity. Alternatively, the refinement processing may ' be next beam forming processing with more beams. The power values are calculated for a finer grid of angles than the original one.
  • Fig.l is a schematic structure diagram of a multipath searcher for smart antennas according to the prior art
  • Fig.2 is an antenna diagram for four beams and a range of directions
  • Fig.3 is a schematic structure diagram of a multipath searcher for smart antennas according to the present invention.
  • Fig.4 is a flowchart of a general method for direction of arrival estimation according to the present invention.
  • Fig.5 is a schematic structure diagram of a multipath searcher for smart antennas according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig.6 is a flowchart of a refinement processing according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig.7 is a schematic structure diagram of a multipath searcher for smart antennas according to the second embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig.8 is a flowchart of a refinement processing according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • the idea of the present invention is to add a refinement processing for improving the angular resolution of direction of arrival estimation based on obtained PDPs before determining the direction of arrival finally.
  • a refinement processing is implemented for the obtained PDP, and based on the further refinement processing, an estimation of direction of arrival with higher resolution can be obtained. Meanwhile, the further refinement processing does not need a large amount of computational complexity.
  • Fig.3 shows a schematic structure of a multipath searcher for smart antennas according to the present invention.
  • the multipath searcher comprises multiple correlators, a beam former, a PDP generator, an averager and a delay selector, and the detailed description of them will be omitted hereinafter due to the function of the units in the present invention is the same as that in the prior art.
  • the multipath searcher further comprises a refinement processing unit instead of estimator in the prior art.
  • the refinement processing unit is used to implement a refinement processing for improving angular resolution of estimation values of direction of arrival based on the obtained PDPs for candidate delays, and to determine the result of said refinement processing as the final estimation values of direction of arrival.
  • Fig.4 shows a flowchart of the present invention. As shown in Fig.4, a method for direction of arrival estimation comprises the following steps.
  • step 401 for each antenna element, correlation of the known transmitted signal and the received signal is first performed for all delays within a certain search window and a CDP is obtained for each antenna element.
  • the set of CDPs can be expressed with a vector c(t).
  • step 402 beam forming processing is performed. For each formed beam k and for each delay t, the hermitian conjugate of the steering vector a as expressed by equation (1) is multiplied with c and thus ' TM' ' is obtained, as shown in equation (2). If the number of formed beams is K and the length of the search window is L which is a positive integer, there will be K CDPs and each CDP comprises L elements.
  • step 403 the absolute square is taken of each element of each CDP, as shown in equation (3). Then each CDP is transformed to a PDP.
  • step 404 the PDPs for different time slots are averaged to form averaged PDPs.
  • the purpose of averaging is to improve the probability of detection of a multipath component and to decrease the probability of false alarm. As stated before, this step can be omitted in some situations.
  • step 405 based on the PDPs obtained in step 404, candidate delays are selected based on the power values for all delays in the search window and for all beams, hi detail, for all PDPs, the peak values are determined firstly.
  • the number of the peak values is determined as the number of the paths, and the delays respectively corresponding to peak values are selected as the candidate delays.
  • step 406 a further refinement processing for improving angular resolution of direction of arrival estimation is implemented based on the obtained PDPs for candidate delays. After this processing, an estimation of direction of arrival with more resolution can be obtained.
  • Fig.5 is a schematic structure diagram of a multipath searcher for smart antennas according to the first embodiment of the present invention. Compared with Fig.l, it can be seen the estimator in this embodiment is replaced by a new estimator which implements a refinement processing with an idea of interpolation calculation based on the obtained PDPs, and determines the result of said refinement processing as the final estimation values of direction of arrival.
  • the new estimator is used as the refinement processing unit according to the present invention.
  • the new estimation processing is proposed under the fact that when the direction of arrival is between two beams, the incoming signal will influence the power values for both these beams. Furthermore, as shown in Fig.2, when the sine of the direction of arrival is on the abscissa, each curve in the antenna diagram becomes almost linear between its maximum and the nearest minima. Therefore, an interpolation method is proposed as the further refinement processing.
  • the refinement processing comprises the following steps.
  • step 601 for a certain candidate delay t j , power values in all PDPs at this delay are determined. Since the number of formed beams is K, there are K PDPs in total, K power values will be obtained at this delay.
  • step 602 the beam with the highest power, referred as n m ⁇ X , is selected. And the beam with the next highest power, referred as «m ax ,2 is selected also.
  • step 603 it is judged whether the location relationship between the two beams satisfies a predefined criterion. If the location relationship between the two beams satisfies the predefined criterion, step 604 is implemented; otherwise step 607 is implemented.
  • step 604 the angle of maximum beam forming gain for beam n max and that for beam n ma ⁇ ,2 are determined.
  • the two angles are respectively expressed as ⁇ ⁇ n “mix and ⁇ ' n "mix,2
  • step 605 interpolation calculation is performed for the two angles obtained in step 604.
  • the interpolation calculation can be implemented as shown in following equation (4).
  • the interpolation calculation is implemented as follows. Firstly, the highest power value is multiplied by the sine of the corresponding angle, and the next highest power value is multiplied by the sine of it corresponding angle.
  • the obtained sum is divided by the sum of the highest power value and the next highest power value.
  • step 606 the obtained angle ⁇ is determined as the direction of arrival of the received signal at this path.
  • step 607 the angle of maximum beam forming gain for beam n max , i.e. ⁇ is determined.
  • step 608 the obtained angle ⁇ is directly determined as the direction of arrival of the received signal at this path, as shown in equation (5).
  • ⁇ ⁇ n ( 5)
  • steps 601-608 are implemented repeatedly for other candidate delays. In this way, all directions of arrival can be obtained from the multipath searcher.
  • step 603 whether relationship between the power values for the two beams at this delay satisfies another predefined criterion can be determined also.
  • step 604 if relationship between the power values for the two beams at this delay satisfies another criterion, step 604 is implemented, otherwise step 607 is implemented.
  • the another criterion can be set as the power value for beam n max> 2 at this delay is larger than multiplication of the power value for beam « max at the same delay and a predefined factor T, i.e. p n ⁇ 2 > Tp n ⁇ .
  • the predefined factor T is between 0 and 1.
  • the factor T should be selected to be larger than the ratio of the maximum gain of side lobes to the maximum array gain. That is, T > ⁇ side /Q max .
  • angle ⁇ n is directly determined as the direction of arrival of the received signal at this path, but in some situations interpolation calculation is added for two angles. In this way, the angular resolution is highly improved, but the computation complexity is increased little.
  • Fig.7 is a schematic structure diagram of a multipath searcher for smart antennas according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • a second beam former and a second PDP generator are added, which means beam forming processing will be implemented twice in this embodiment.
  • the added beam former and PDP generator as well as the original estimator are used as the refinement processing unit according to the present invention. It can be seen from the following description that the next beam forming processing is implemented only for candidate delays, rather than all delays in the search window, so there is a very small amount of computation complexity in the next beam forming processing.
  • the multipath searcher as shown in Fig.7 can further comprise a storage unit for. storing M CDPs from the correlators.
  • the further refinement processing comprises the following steps.
  • step 801 for a certain candidate delay tj, beam forming processing is implemented again with more beams than the beams used in the first beam forming processing in step 402, for example, JV beams.
  • JV is a positive integer larger than K.
  • the next beam forming processing should be based on the c(t) obtained in step 401. So, different with the prior art and the first embodiment, the c(t) used for the next beam forming processing should be stored in the searcher after step 401.
  • the absolute square is taken for each element of each CDP, thus N PDPs will be obtained for the candidate delays.
  • step 803 power values in all PDPs at this delay are determined. Since the number of formed beams is N, there are N PDPs in total, and N power values will be obtained at this delay.
  • n max the beam with the highest power
  • step 805 the angle of maximum beam forming gain for beam « max is determined.
  • the ang w le is ex x pressed as ⁇ ' ",,max .
  • step 806 the obtained angle ⁇ n is directly determined as the direction of arrival of the received signal at this path, as shown in equation (5).
  • steps 801-806 are implemented repeatedly for other candidate delays. In this way, all directions of arrival can be obtained from the multipath searcher.
  • the channel estimate c(t) used in step 801 can be the last set of c(t). In this way, only one CDP is used to produce the PDP.
  • beam forming processing is implemented twice based on original channel estimate c(f). Since more beams are formed in the next beam forming processing, the angular resolution is highly improved. And since the next beam forming processing is implemented for only candidate delays, instead of all delay in the search window, the computation complexity of the next beam forming processing is highly reduced.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Radio Transmission System (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un chercheur multi-trajet comprenant les éléments suivants: corrélateurs multiples mettant en corrélation le signal transmis connu et le signal reçu pour tous les retards à l'intérieur d'une certaine fenêtre de recherche pour chaque élément d'antenne, ce qui génère M profils de retard complexes (Complex Delay Profile/CDP), où correspond au nombre d'éléments d'antenne; conformateur de faisceaux exécutant un traitement de formation de faisceau pour les CDP à partir des corrélateurs et générant K CDP à faisceaux formés, K étant le nombre de faisceaux formés; générateur de profiles de retard d'énergie (power delay profil/PDP) permettant de prendre le carré absolu de chaque élément de chaque CDP dans conformateur de faisceaux et de former ainsi K PDP; sélecteur de retard permettant de sélectionner des candidats retards en fonction des valeurs de puissance de tous les retards dans la fenêtre de recherche et pour tous les faisceaux en fonction des PDP émanant du générateur de PDP; et unit de traitement d'affinement pour la mise en oeuvre d'un traitement d'affinement destiné à améliorer la résolution angulaire des valeurs estimatives de la direction d'arrivée pour les retards candidats obtenus du sélecteur de retards; et de déterminer le résultat dudit processus d'affinement en tant que valeurs estimatives finales de la direction d'arrivée. Est également décrit un procédé d'estimation de la direction d'arrivée.
PCT/CN2004/001464 2004-12-17 2004-12-17 Chercheur multi-trajet et son utilisation pour l'estimation de la direction d'arrivee Ceased WO2006063489A1 (fr)

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CN2004800446375A CN101084633B (zh) 2004-12-17 2004-12-17 多径搜索器、细化处理单元及进行波达方向估计的方法

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CN103248396B (zh) * 2012-02-02 2016-09-07 中兴通讯股份有限公司 多径搜索的方法及装置
CN106027133B (zh) * 2016-05-20 2020-01-14 北京邮电大学 一种多径信道下的分级波束搜索方法
CN117278144B (zh) * 2023-11-22 2024-02-13 西安迅尔电子有限责任公司 一种侦察接收机低信噪比信号的检测方法

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