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WO2005116215A1 - Improvement to the resistance of a plant to destructive insects - Google Patents

Improvement to the resistance of a plant to destructive insects Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005116215A1
WO2005116215A1 PCT/FR2005/001205 FR2005001205W WO2005116215A1 WO 2005116215 A1 WO2005116215 A1 WO 2005116215A1 FR 2005001205 W FR2005001205 W FR 2005001205W WO 2005116215 A1 WO2005116215 A1 WO 2005116215A1
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plant
hydrolase
xyloglucan
plants
endotransglycosylase
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Fanchon Divol
Sylvie Dinant
Françoise VILAINE
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Genoplante Valor SAS
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    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1048Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C12N9/1051Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C12N15/8279Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance
    • C12N15/8286Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for insect resistance
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/146Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the improvement of plants and in particular the improvement of their resistance to infestation by pests, more particularly by biting-sucking insects such as aphids, by increasing the expression of an endogenous xyloglucan. transglycosylase / hydrolase.
  • pests more particularly by biting-sucking insects such as aphids
  • transglycosylase / hydrolase One of the major causes of loss in global agriculture is the phytophagous insect pests. They meet in different families, in particular among Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Homoptera.
  • biting-sucking insects which feed on the elaborate sap carried by the phloem.
  • the biting-sucking insects belong almost entirely to the super-order of Hemipteroids (or Hemiptera); some of them belong to the order of Heteroptera (bedbugs), but most are Homoptera, such as whiteflies, leafhoppers, mealybugs, and Aphids, commonly known as "aphids".
  • the stinging and sucking insects can cause significant deformations of the plant organs, which can go as far as destroying them.
  • they are one of the main vectors of viral diseases, which they can inject into plants during their bites.
  • plants react to the attack of the pest by developing complex response reactions involving in particular jas onic acid and salicylic acid, and which can lead to the production of defense proteins like in sorghum (ZHU- SALZMAN et al., Plant Physiol. 134: 420-431, 2004), or to strengthening the rigidity of the cell walls.
  • some plants attacked by aphids have an increased level of pdf 1 .2 mRNA coding for a defensin and of lox2 coding for a lipoxygenase, these two genes being induced by injuries and being involved in the signaling signaling cascade jasmonic acid (MORAN and THOMPSON, Plant Physiol.
  • the inventors have identified, from the celery phloem (Aplum graveolens), TSEs corresponding to genes induced after infestation by the aphid Myzus persicae. Part of these ESTs corresponded to genes coding for proteins involved in the biosynthesis and / or modification of cell walls, including several xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolases (XTH). The inventors have found that the expression of one of them, which will be referred to hereinafter as AgXTH1, was strongly induced in the phloem by infestation with aphids.
  • the sequence of the EST corresponding to AgXTH1 is represented in the annexed sequence list under the number SEQ ID NO: 1, and the partial polypeptide sequence of AgXTHl deduced from this EST is represented under the number SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a The orthologue of AgXTHl has been identified in sequence databases of Arabidopsls thaliana. It is the xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase called AtXTH33 (accession number At: Atlgl0550).
  • the sequence coding for AtXTH33 is represented in the annexed sequence list under the number SEQ ID NO: 3, and the corresponding polypeptide sequence is represented under the number SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • XTHs are involved in the modification of pectocellulosic walls in plants, by catalyzing the endohydrolysis and endotransglycosylation of xyloglucans (CAMPBELL and BRAAM, Plant J. 18 (4): 371-382, 1999; COSGROVE, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50: 391- 417, 1999).
  • CAMPBELL and BRAAM Plant J. 18 (4): 371-382, 1999
  • COSGROVE Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50: 391- 417, 1999.
  • the XTHs were distributed, on the basis of their sequence homologies, into 4 phylogenetic groups: 3 in the dicotyledons, and a fourth in the onocotyledons (CAMPBELL and BRAAM, 1999, cited above; YOKOYAMA and NISHITANI, Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1025-1033, 2001; ROSE et al. , Plant Cell Physiol. 43: 1421-1435, 2002).
  • AtXTH33 is classified among the XTHs of group 3.
  • a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the CLUSTAL W program from the alignment of the sequences of the 33 XTHs identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (numbered from 1 to 33); an XTH identified in Daucus carota (De-); of 2 XTHs identified in Hordeum vulgaris (PM-), and of the partial sequence of AgXTH1 (BIP0760) identified by the inventors.
  • This phylogenetic analysis makes it possible to classify AgXTH1, like AtXTH33, among the XTHs of group 3 (bootstrap threshold 75%).
  • a percentage of sequence identity of 55% between AtXTH33 and AgXTHl is observed, determined using the BLASTX software (ALTSCHUL et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402, 1997), with the default parameters (Blosum62 matrix , penalty for existence of discontinuities: 11, penalty for extension of discontinuities: 1, word size: 3; no filter for sequences of low complexity of composition), on a comparison window made up of the 136 amino acids of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • Analyzes of the expression profiles of the 33 XTHs of Arabidopsis thaliana were carried out by YOKOYAMA and NISHITANI (Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1025-1033, 2001).
  • AtXTH33 these authors report a low level of expression, located mainly at the level of the green siliques. This expression is not inducible by the plant hormones tested (indole acetic acid; giberellic acid, brassinolide, abscissic acid); no particular function is proposed for this protein.
  • the inventors undertook to elucidate the role of AtXTH33 and AgXTHl, and in particular to investigate whether the overexpression of these proteins during infestation by aphids reflected their involvement in resistance against these pests. To this end, the inventors studied a mutant of Arabidopsis for the AtXTH33 gene, identified in the collection of mutants of the SALK TNSTITUTE ARABIDOPSIS RESOURCE CENTER.
  • This mutant in which a T-DNA is inserted into the second intron of the AtXTH33 gene, 873 bp downstream of the ATG translation initiation codon, does not express a functional AtXTH33 protein.
  • the inventors have observed that this mutant does not present any apparent phenotypic modification with regard to its fertility, its growth or its development, but that it is more sensitive to infestation by aphids compared to the wild plant from which it is derived. . It therefore appears that AtXTH33 is involved in aphid resistance, and in particular that the expression of this protein increases said resistance.
  • the present invention therefore proposes to use a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase such as AtXTH33 and AgXTHl, or one of their orthologs, to increase the resistance of plants to insect pests.
  • the subject of the present invention is the use of a polynucleotide coding for an xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase, said xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase containing a peptide sequence having at least 50%, preferably at least 55%, in any case.
  • said xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase comprises at least one of the following peptide sequences: SGVVVAFYLSN (SEQ ID NO: 5); LDKSSG (SEQ ID NO: 6).
  • said xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase is chosen from: - an xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase AtXTH33 from Arabidopsis thaliana defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4; a celery AgXTHl endotransglycosylase / hydrolase xyloglucan comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • polynucleotides defined above can be easily obtained by a person skilled in the art, by conventional techniques of molecular biology, for example as follows : a cDNA coding for a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase having the percentage of identity defined above with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 can be isolated, in a conventional manner, from a cDNA library of the plant chosen, by screening said bank under conditions of low stringency, using for example as a probe one of the sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or a portion thereof, for example the nucleotides 100-344 or 73-322 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, or else using degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the regions conserved between the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the cDNA library used for the cr iblage is obtained from mRNAs overexpressed in said plant in response to an infestation by a stinging-sucking insect.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase as defined above to induce in a plant an increase in the accumulation of callose. This accumulation of callose can make it possible to increase the resistance, not only to insect pests, but also to pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, etc.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for increasing the resistance of a plant with insect pests, characterized in that it comprises the modification of the genome of said plant to cause or increase in the latter the expression of a xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase as defined above.
  • said insect pests are biting-sucking insects such as Hemipteroids, in particular Homoptera, advantageously Aphids.
  • Modifications of the genome of a plant making it possible to provoke or increase in the expression of a protein can in particular be carried out by transformation of said plant with one or more copies of a polynucleotide coding for said protein. , associated with cis regulation sequences of its expression.
  • the increase in its expression can also be obtained by modification of the cis-regulatory sequences for the expression of said protein, for example by replacing its endogenous promoter with a stronger promoter, allowing a higher level of transcription, or by adding to the endogenous promoter activator sequences of transcription, of the “enhancer” type, or of translation.
  • the present invention also relates to any expression cassette, comprising a polynucleotide coding for a xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase as defined above, placed under transcriptional control of an appropriate promoter.
  • Said promoter may be the endogenous promoter of said xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase; in this case, said expression cassette can advantageously consist of the sequence coding for said xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase, flanked by 0.5 to 2 kb, preferably from 1 to 1.5 kb, of genomic sequence upstream .
  • Said promoter can also be a heterologous promoter.
  • constitutive promoters such as the CaSV 35S RNA promoter, phloem-specific promoters, such as the heat Dwarf Virus promoter (DINANT et al., Physiologia plantarum 121: 108 -116, 2004; PCT application WO 03/060135) or the promoter of AtPP2-Al (DINANT et al., Plant Physiol., 131: 114-128, 2003), or promoters locally inducible by the injury; it is also possible to use the promoter of another xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase in accordance with the invention.
  • constitutive promoters such as the CaSV 35S RNA promoter, phloem-specific promoters, such as the heat Dwarf Virus promoter (DINANT et al., Physiologia plantarum 121: 108 -116, 2004; PCT application WO 03/060135) or the promoter of AtPP2-
  • the present invention also encompasses recombinant vectors, resulting from the insertion of an expression cassette according to the invention into a host vector.
  • the expression cassettes and recombinant vectors in accordance with the invention can, of course, also comprise other sequences, usually used in this type of construction. The choice of these other sequences will be carried out, in a conventional manner, by a person skilled in the art as a function in particular of criteria such as the chosen host cells, the transformation protocols envisaged, etc. Mention will be made, by way of nonlimiting examples, of the transcription terminators, of the leader sequences (leader sequences) and polyadenylation sites. These sequences may be those that are naturally associated with the XTH gene, or may be heterologous sequences.
  • sequences do not affect the specific properties of the promoter or of the gene with which they are associated, but can improve, overall, qualitatively or quantitatively, transcription and, where appropriate, translation.
  • sequences of this type frequently used in plants mention will be made of the most widespread, the terminator of CaMV 35S RNA, the terminator of the nopaline synthase gene, etc. It is also possible, in order to increase the level of expression, to use enhancer sequences (“enhancer” sequences of transcription and translation).
  • enhancer sequences enhancer sequences of transcription and translation.
  • sequences allowing the monitoring of the transformation, and the identification and / or selection of the transformed cells or organisms.
  • reporter genes conferring on these cells or organisms an easily recognizable phenotype
  • selection marker genes only the cells or organisms expressing a determined selection marker gene are viable under given conditions (selective conditions ).
  • reporter genes are, for example, that of beta-glucuronidase (GUS), that of luciferase, or that of "green fluorescent protein” (GFP).
  • GUS beta-glucuronidase
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • Selection marker genes are generally genes for resistance to an antibiotic, or also, in the case of plants or plant cells, to a herbicide. There is a very wide variety of selection marker genes from which the person skilled in the art can choose according to the criteria that he himself has determined.
  • the present invention also encompasses host cells transformed by a polynucleotide encoding for an endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase xyloglucan as defined above, which includes in particular the host cells transformed with an expression cassette or a recombinant vector in accordance with the invention.
  • the term “cell or organism transformed by a polynucleotide” means any cell or organism the genetic content of which has been modified by transfer of said polynucleotide into said cell or said organism, whatever the transfer method which has been used, and that the information genetics provided by said polynucleotide either integrated into chromosomal DNA or remains extra-chromosomal.
  • Host cells can be prokaryotic, or eukaryotic cells.
  • prokaryotic cells it can in particular be Agrobacteria such as Agroba c ter ium tumefa ciens or Agroba cterium rhizobium.
  • eukaryotic cells they may in particular be plant cells, derived from dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants.
  • the present invention also relates to plants transformed with at least one polynucleotide, an expression cassette or a recombinant vector in accordance with the invention, and in particular transgenic plants comprising in their genome at least one copy of a transgene containing a polynucleotide according to the invention.
  • a transgenic plant is defined as a transformed plant in which the exogenous genetic information provided by a transforming polynucleotide is stably integrated into the chromosomal DNA, in the form of a transgene, and can thus be transmitted to the descendants of said plant.
  • This definition therefore also includes the descendants of plants resulting from the initial transgenesis, since they contain in their genome a copy of the transgene.
  • the plant material protoplasts, calluses, cuttings, seeds, etc. obtained from the cells transformed or transgenic plants according to the invention is also part of the object of the present invention.
  • the invention also encompasses the products obtained from transgenic plants in accordance with the invention, in particular fodder, wood, leaves, stems, roots, flowers and fruits.
  • the present invention applies to all plants, and in particular to plants sensitive to attack by biting-sucking insects.
  • it can be used in vegetable plants, ornamental plants, fruit trees, field crops such as wheat, corn or rice, or industrial crops such as cotton, rapeseed or sunflower.
  • the plants concerned can be dicots, such as for example in particular cucurbits, solanaceae, crucifers, compounds, umbelliferae, purplish, malvaceae, rosaceae, etc., or monocots, such as cereals or lily. Different methods of obtaining transgenic plants are well known in themselves to those skilled in the art.
  • EXAMPLE 1 CHARACTERIZATION OF A NON-FUNCTIONAL MUTANT OF A XTH33
  • a mutant of the AtXTH33 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana was identified among mutants generated by insertion of T-DNA by Agrobacterium in the Colombia (Col 0) ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana (ALONSO et al., Science 301: 653-657, 2003).
  • This mutant (hereinafter referred to as the xth33 mutant) is part of the collection of the SALK INSTITUTE GENOMIC ANALYSIS LABORATORY (Line salk-072153), and is listed in the SIGnAL database maintained by this institute.
  • EXAMPLE 2 EFFECT OF THE ALTERATION OF XTH33 WITH RESPECT TO Aphid Resistance
  • tests were carried out using the test developed by CABRERA y POCH et al. (Plant Sci. 138 (2): 209-216, 1998) to determine the resistance of Arabidopsis to M. Persicae. Col 0 seeds and seeds of the xth33 mutant were placed on MS medium in petri dishes divided into six sectors, at the rate of three Col 0 seeds and three xth33 seeds per dish, distributed alternately over the six sectors.
  • the dishes are incubated for 2 days at 4 ° C and transferred to a growth chamber for 21 days (200 ⁇ E / m 2 / second, 16 hr day / 8 hr night, daytime temperature 20 ° C, 70% hygrometry).
  • a population of 8 day old synchronized aphids is obtained as described by CABRERA y POCH et al. (1998, supra). 15-20 aphids are introduced into each box containing the Arabidopsis plants. The number of adult aphids and nymphs present after 24 hours on each of the mutant or wild plants is noted, giving an indication of the preference of aphids for each of the genotypes. Each experiment is repeated 2 times.
  • EXAMPLE 3 EFFECT. OF THE ALTERATION OF AtXTH33 ON THE ACCUMULATION OF CALLOSIS FOLLOWING Aphid Infestation It is known that aphid infestation causes discontinuities in phloem vessels causing stress response reactions in the plant such as the callose deposit (WOOD et al., J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110: 393-397, 1985). The accumulation of callose was monitored using a specific fluorescent dye, aniline blue, in wild Col 0 plants and xth33 mutant plants, whether or not infested with Myzus persicae.
  • the leaves of the plants are fixed in an absolute ethanol / acetic acid mixture (3: 1 v / v) for 3 hours, then washed 3 times, and treated overnight with 8N NaOH. After 3 washes, the leaves are incubated for 1 hour in a solution of aniline blue (0.1% w / v in 0.1 M K3PO4), as described by STONE et al. (Protoplasma 122: 191-195, 1985).
  • the marked sheets are mounted on glass slides and observed under UV lighting (350-400 nm) under a fluorescence microscope. No accumulation of callose was apparent on the leaves of plants which were not infested.
  • callose deposits are visible on the epidermis of the leaves 72 hours after infestation. These deposits are made in the form of circular spots located at the junction of adjacent cells but also on the main and secondary vessels.
  • the deposits of callose are less numerous in the epidermis, and almost absent in the layers of vascular cells. It therefore appears that the accumulation of callose after aphid infestation is reduced in mutant plants compared to wild plants, and therefore that the alteration of the expression of AtXTH33 decreases this response of the plant to Myzus infestation. persicae.
  • EXAMPLE 4 OBTAINING OF THE PPP2-ATXTH33 AND P35S-ATXTH33 CONSTRUCTS
  • the complete coding sequence of the cDNA of the AtXTH33 gene, of 933 base pairs, is amplified by PCR from cDNA of 1 Arabidopsis thaliana (col 0 ecotype) using to the oligonucleotides ATGAAGATTATGTGGGAAACAGC (SEQ ID NO: 7) and TCAGTTGCACTCAGCAGGCATG (SEQ ID NO: 8).
  • the cloning of the sequence is carried out in the vector pTOPO, previously modified by introduction of the promoter AtPP2-Al, which controls the expression in the companion cells of the phloem (DINANT et al., Plant Physiol. 131 : 114-128, 2003), by reconstructing a transcriptional fusion between the promoter and the coding sequence of AtXTH33.
  • the BamHI-EcoRI fragment corresponding to the NOS terminator (nopaline synthase) originating from the vector pCA2-NOS is then cloned into the EcoRV site upstream of the coding sequence of AtXTH33, thus reconstituting an expression cassette pAtPP2-Al:: AtXTH33:: tNOS.
  • the XhoI-BamHI fragment corresponding to this cassette is then cloned into the vector pBIN19 (BEVAN et al. Nucleic Acids Research 12, 8711-8721, 1984) in EcoRI-BamHI.
  • the binary vector thus generated (BIN19- pPP2:: XET33:: tNOS) is introduced into the strain d 1 Agrobacterium C58pGV3101 (Koncz and Schell 1986, Mol. Gen. Genêt. 204, 383-396).
  • a similar construction can be carried out using the CaMV p35S RNA promoter (FROMM et al., Nature 319: 791-793, 1986) and the polyadenylation signal of the nopaline synthase gene.
  • EXAMPLE 5 OBTAINING PLANTS OVEREXPRESSING ATXTH33
  • Transforming plants of Arabidopsis thaliana r is carried out by dipping the floral buds in the solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as described by Clough et BENT (Plant J. 16: 735-743, 1998).
  • the primary transformants are selected on “Arabidopsis” medium (ESTELLE and SOMMERVILLE, Mol. Gen. Genêt.
  • the plants used are T2 plants (having an insertion hemizygous or homozygous).
  • the conditions for in vi tro cultivation of the seedlings and for infestation with Myzus persicae are identical to those described in Example 2, with the difference that a population of unsynchronized adult aphids is used instead of synchronized aphids.
  • 12 experiments were carried out independently on 12 petri dishes. The results observed for each individual experiment are presented in Table I below, and the results of all the experiments are illustrated in Figure 2. Table I
  • Figure 2 represents, in the form of a graph, the average percentage of aphids present (ordinate) on a given genotype (abscissa). On average 68% of adults and 67% of nymphs feed preferentially on wild plants, against 32% on plants overexpressing the AtXTH33 gene. These results show that aphids favor the wild plant over the transgenic plant. It therefore appears that wild plants are more infested with aphids than plants overexpressing AtXTH33. This effect is the opposite of that observed in the case of the mutant xth33, whose level of infestation by aphids is greater than that of wild plants (Example 2).

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Abstract

The invention relates to the use of a polynucleotide that codes for a xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) in order to improve the resistance of a plant to destructive insects and, in particular, to induce increased callose accumulation in the plant. The invention also relates to the host cells and the transgenic plants comprising said polynucleotide.

Description

AMELIORATION DE LA RESISTANCE D'UNE PLANTE A DES INSECTES RAVAGEURS . La présente invention concerne l'amélioration des plantes et notamment l'amélioration de leur résistance à l' infestation par des ravageurs, plus particulièrement par des insectes piqueurs-suceurs tels que les pucerons, par augmentation de l'expression d'une xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase . Les insectes phytophages ravageurs constituent l'une des causes majeures de pertes dans l'agriculture mondiale. Ils se rencontrent dans différentes familles, en particulier parmi les Coléoptères, les Lépidoptères et les Homoptères. Les dégâts qu'ils occasionnent chez les plantes sont très variés : ils peuvent s'attaquer au feuillage, aux jeunes pousses, aux fleurs, aux fruits, aux racines, etc... ; parmi les ravageurs les plus dévastateurs figurent les insectes piqueurs-suceurs, qui se nourrissent de la sève élaborée transportée par le phloème. Les insectes piqueurs-suceurs appartiennent en quasi-totalité au super-ordre des Hémiptéroïdes (ou Hémiptères); certains d'entre eux appartiennent à l'ordre des Hétéroptères (punaises) , mais la plupart sont des Homoptères, tels que les aleurodes, les cicadelles, les cochenilles, et les Aphidiens, communément dénommés « pucerons ». Outre l'affaiblissement de la plante résultant du prélèvement continuel de la sève élaborée, les insectes piqueurs-suceurs peuvent provoquer des déformations importantes des organes végétaux, pouvant aller jusqu'à la destruction de ceux-ci. En outre, ils font partie des principaux vecteurs des maladies virales, qu'ils peuvent inoculer aux plantes lors de leurs piqûres. Parmi les principales méthodes de lutte contre les insectes ravageurs actuellement connues, on citera, de manière non-exhaustive : l'utilisation d'insecticides, qui s'avère de moins en moins efficace, du fait de l'apparition de résistances chez de nombreux insectes-cible ; la lutte biologique, qui fait appel à l'utilisation d'organismes prédateurs ou pathogènes de l'insecte-cible ; la production de plantes transgéniques (pour revue, GROOT et DICKE, Plant J. 31(4) : 387-406, 2002) exprimant par exemple, des gènes dont les produits sont toxiques ou répulsifs pour les ravageurs, ou diminuent la susceptibilité des plantes à leurs attaques. Les plantes ont naturellement développé plusieurs mécanismes de défense envers les ravageurs. A titre d'exemple, il est possible de citer le tabac dont la nicotine sert de répulsif naturel aux insectes. Les pucerons qui infectent les cultivars de blé avec un taux élevé d'acide hydroxamique ont un cycle développemental plus long et une taille plus petite les rendant plus sensibles à leurs parasites (FUENTES-CONTRERAS et al . , J. Chem. Ecol. 24 ': 371-381, 1998). De manière générale, les plantes réagissent à l'attaque du ravageur en développant des réactions de réponse complexe impliquant notamment l'acide jas onique et l'acide salicylique, et pouvant aboutir à la production de protéines de défense comme chez le sorgho (ZHU-SALZMAN et al . , Plant Physiol. 134 : 420-431, 2004), ou au renforcement de la rigidité des parois cellulaires. Par exemple, certaines plantes attaquées par les pucerons ont un niveau augmenté d'ARNm de pdf 1 .2 codant pour une défensine et de lox2 codant pour une lipoxygénase, ces deux gènes étant induits par des blessures et étant impliqués dans la cascade de signalisation de l'acide jasmonique (MORAN et THOMPSON, Plant Physiol. 125 : 1074-1085, 2001 ; MORAN et al., Arch. Insect Bioche . Physiol. 51 : 182-203, 2002). Chez Arabidopsis thaliana l' infestation par Myzus persi cae provoque la production d'acide salicylique qui induit la transcription des gènes PR-1 (codant une PR- protéine) et Bgl2 (codant une β-glucanase) (MORAN et THOMPSON, 2001, précité ; VERONESE et al . , Plant Physiol. 131 : 1580-1590, 2003) . Les Inventeurs ont identifié à partir du phloème de céleri (Aplum graveolens) , des EST correspondant à des gènes induits après infestation par le puceron Myzus persicae . Une partie de ces EST correspondaient à des gènes codant pour des protéines impliquées dans la biosynthèse et/ou la modification des parois cellulaires, parmi lesquelles plusieurs xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolases (XTH) . Les Inventeurs ont constaté que l'expression de l'une d'entre elles, qui sera dénommée ci-après AgXTHl, était fortement induite dans le phloème par l' infestation par les pucerons. La séquence de l'EST correspondant à AgXTHl est représentée dans la liste de séquences en annexe sous le numéro SEQ ID NO: 1, et la séquence polypeptidique partielle de AgXTHl déduire de cette EST est représentée sous le numéro SEQ ID NO: 2. Un orthologue de AgXTHl a été identifié dans des banques de données de séquences d' Arabidopsls thaliana . Il s'agit de la xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase dénommée AtXTH33 (n° d'accession At :Atlgl0550). La séquence codant pour AtXTH33 est représentée dans la liste de séquences en annexe sous le numéro SEQ ID NO: 3, et la séquence polypeptidique correspondante est représentée sous le numéro SEQ ID NO: 4. Les XTHs interviennent dans la modification des parois pectocellulosiques chez les plantes, en catalysant 1' endohydrolyse et l' endotransglycosylation des xyloglucanes (CAMPBELL et BRAAM, Plant J. 18(4) : 371-382, 1999 ; COSGROVE, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50 : 391-417, 1999) . Ces protéines appartiennent à une famille multigénique, qui chez Arabidopsis thaliana , compte 33 membres. Les XTHs ont été réparties, sur la base de leurs homologies de séquences, en 4 groupes phylogénétiques : 3 chez les dicotylédones, et un quatrième chez les onocotylédones (CAMPBELL et BRAAM, 1999, précité ; YOKOYAMA et NISHITANI, Plant Cell Physiol. 42 : 1025-1033, 2001 ; ROSE et al . , Plant Cell Physiol. 43 : 1421-1435, 2002). AtXTH33 est classée parmi les XTHs du groupe 3. Un arbre phylogénétique a été construit à l'aide du programme CLUSTAL W à partir de l'alignement des séquences des 33 XTH identifiées chez Arabidopsis thaliana (numérotées de 1 à 33) ; d'une XTH identifiée chez Daucus carota (De-) ; de 2 XTH identifiées chez Hordeum vulgaris (PM-), et de la séquence partielle de AgXTHl (BIP0760) identifiée par les Inventeurs. Cette analyse phylogénétique permet de classer AgXTHl, comme AtXTH33, parmi les XTHs du groupe 3 (seuil de bootstrap 75%). La figure 1 représente l'alignement des séquences des 150 acides aminés N-terminaux, effectué avec le programme PileUp de GCG (Genetics Computer Group, isconsin, USA) de 3 XTH d' Arabidopsis thaliana représentatives respectivement du groupe 1 (AtXTHl) , du groupe 2 (AtXTH17) et du groupe 3 (AtXTH33), avec la séquence partielle de AgXTHl (BIP0760) . Les séquences identiques entre AtXTH33 et AgXTHl sont soulignées. L'emplacement du motif β-glucanase caractéristique des XTHs est indiqué par la boîte grisée. On observe un pourcentage d'identité de séquence de 55% entre AtXTH33 et AgXTHl, déterminée en utilisant le logiciel BLASTX (ALTSCHUL et al . , Nucleic Acids Res. 25 : 3389-3402, 1997), avec les paramètres par défaut (matrice Blosum62, pénalité pour existence de discontinuités : 11, pénalité pour extension de discontinuités : 1, taille des mots : 3 ; pas de filtre pour les séquences de faible complexité de composition) , sur une fenêtre de comparaison constituée par les 136 acides aminés de la séquence SEQ ID NO : 1. Des analyses des profils d'expression des 33 XTHs d' Arabidopsis thaliana ont été effectuées par YOKOYAMA et NISHITANI (Plant Cell Physiol. 42 : 1025-1033, 2001). En ce qui concerne AtXTH33, ces auteurs rapportent un niveau d'expression faible, localisé essentiellement au niveau des siliques vertes. Cette expression n'est pas inductible par les hormones végétales testées (acide indole acétique ; acide gibérellique, brassinolide, acide abscissique) ; aucune fonction particulière n' est proposée pour cette protéine. Les Inventeurs ont entrepris d' élucider le rôle d'AtXTH33 et AgXTHl, et notamment de rechercher si la surexpression de ces protéines lors de l' infestation par des pucerons reflétait leur implication dans la résistance contre ces ravageurs. Dans ce but, les Inventeurs ont étudié un mutant d' Arabidopsis pour le gène AtXTH33, identifié dans la collection de mutants du SALK TNSTITUTE ARABIDOPSIS RESOURCE CENTRE. Ce mutant, chez lequel un ADN- T est inséré dans le second intron du gène AtXTH33, 873 pb en aval du codon ATG d'initiation de la traduction, n'exprime pas de protéine AtXTH33 fonctionnelle. Les Inventeurs ont observé que ce mutant ne présente aucune modification phénotypique apparente en ce qui concerne sa fertilité, sa croissance ou son développement, mais qu'il est plus sensible à l' infestation par les pucerons par rapport à la plante sauvage dont il est issu. Il apparaît donc qu'AtXTH33 intervient dans la résistance aux pucerons, et notamment que l'expression de cette protéine augmente ladite résistance. La présente invention propose en conséquence d'utiliser une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase telle qu'AtXTH33 et AgXTHl, ou un de leurs orthologues, pour augmenter la résistance des plantes à des insectes ravageurs . La présente invention a pour objet l'utilisation d'un polynucleotide codant pour une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase, ladite xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase contenant une séquence peptidique possédant au moins 50%, de préférence au moins 55%, de manière tout à fait préférée au moins 60%, et par ordre de préférence croissante, au moins 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, ou 95% d'identité, avec la séquence SEQ ID NO: 2 pour augmenter la résistance d'une plante à des insectes ravageurs, notamment à des insectes piqueurs- suceurs, et en particulier à des pucerons. Les pourcentages d'identité auxquels il est fait référence ici sont établis, comme indiqué ci-dessus, à l'aide du logiciel BlastX, en utilisant les paramètres par défaut, sur une fenêtre de comparaison constituée par lesIMPROVING THE RESISTANCE OF A PLANT TO PEST INSECTS. The present invention relates to the improvement of plants and in particular the improvement of their resistance to infestation by pests, more particularly by biting-sucking insects such as aphids, by increasing the expression of an endogenous xyloglucan. transglycosylase / hydrolase. One of the major causes of loss in global agriculture is the phytophagous insect pests. They meet in different families, in particular among Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Homoptera. The damage they cause in plants is very varied: they can attack the foliage, young shoots, flowers, fruits, roots, etc ...; among the most devastating pests are biting-sucking insects, which feed on the elaborate sap carried by the phloem. The biting-sucking insects belong almost entirely to the super-order of Hemipteroids (or Hemiptera); some of them belong to the order of Heteroptera (bedbugs), but most are Homoptera, such as whiteflies, leafhoppers, mealybugs, and Aphids, commonly known as "aphids". In addition to the weakening of the plant resulting from the continuous removal of the elaborate sap, the stinging and sucking insects can cause significant deformations of the plant organs, which can go as far as destroying them. In addition, they are one of the main vectors of viral diseases, which they can inject into plants during their bites. Among the main methods of combating insect pests currently known, we may cite, in a non-exhaustive manner: the use of insecticides, which is proving less and less effective, due to the appearance of resistance in many target insects; the struggle biological, which involves the use of predatory or pathogenic organisms of the target insect; the production of transgenic plants (for review, GROOT and DICKE, Plant J. 31 (4): 387-406, 2002) expressing, for example, genes whose products are toxic or repellent for pests, or reduce the susceptibility of plants to their attacks. Plants have naturally developed several defense mechanisms against pests. As an example, it is possible to cite tobacco, the nicotine of which acts as a natural repellent for insects. Aphids that infect wheat cultivars with a high level of hydroxamic acid have a longer developmental cycle and a smaller size making them more sensitive to their parasites (FUENTES-CONTRERAS et al., J. Chem. Ecol. 24 ' : 371-381, 1998). In general, plants react to the attack of the pest by developing complex response reactions involving in particular jas onic acid and salicylic acid, and which can lead to the production of defense proteins like in sorghum (ZHU- SALZMAN et al., Plant Physiol. 134: 420-431, 2004), or to strengthening the rigidity of the cell walls. For example, some plants attacked by aphids have an increased level of pdf 1 .2 mRNA coding for a defensin and of lox2 coding for a lipoxygenase, these two genes being induced by injuries and being involved in the signaling signaling cascade jasmonic acid (MORAN and THOMPSON, Plant Physiol. 125: 1074-1085, 2001; MORAN et al., Arch. Insect Bioche. Physiol. 51: 182-203, 2002). In Arabidopsis thaliana the infestation with Myzus persi cae causes the production of salicylic acid which induces the transcription of the genes PR-1 (coding for a PR-protein) and Bgl2 (coding for a β-glucanase) (MORAN and THOMPSON, 2001, supra). ; VERONESE et al., Plant Physiol. 131: 1580-1590, 2003). The inventors have identified, from the celery phloem (Aplum graveolens), TSEs corresponding to genes induced after infestation by the aphid Myzus persicae. Part of these ESTs corresponded to genes coding for proteins involved in the biosynthesis and / or modification of cell walls, including several xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolases (XTH). The inventors have found that the expression of one of them, which will be referred to hereinafter as AgXTH1, was strongly induced in the phloem by infestation with aphids. The sequence of the EST corresponding to AgXTH1 is represented in the annexed sequence list under the number SEQ ID NO: 1, and the partial polypeptide sequence of AgXTHl deduced from this EST is represented under the number SEQ ID NO: 2. A The orthologue of AgXTHl has been identified in sequence databases of Arabidopsls thaliana. It is the xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase called AtXTH33 (accession number At: Atlgl0550). The sequence coding for AtXTH33 is represented in the annexed sequence list under the number SEQ ID NO: 3, and the corresponding polypeptide sequence is represented under the number SEQ ID NO: 4. XTHs are involved in the modification of pectocellulosic walls in plants, by catalyzing the endohydrolysis and endotransglycosylation of xyloglucans (CAMPBELL and BRAAM, Plant J. 18 (4): 371-382, 1999; COSGROVE, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50: 391- 417, 1999). These proteins belong to a multigene family, which in Arabidopsis thaliana, has 33 members. The XTHs were distributed, on the basis of their sequence homologies, into 4 phylogenetic groups: 3 in the dicotyledons, and a fourth in the onocotyledons (CAMPBELL and BRAAM, 1999, cited above; YOKOYAMA and NISHITANI, Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1025-1033, 2001; ROSE et al. , Plant Cell Physiol. 43: 1421-1435, 2002). AtXTH33 is classified among the XTHs of group 3. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the CLUSTAL W program from the alignment of the sequences of the 33 XTHs identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (numbered from 1 to 33); an XTH identified in Daucus carota (De-); of 2 XTHs identified in Hordeum vulgaris (PM-), and of the partial sequence of AgXTH1 (BIP0760) identified by the inventors. This phylogenetic analysis makes it possible to classify AgXTH1, like AtXTH33, among the XTHs of group 3 (bootstrap threshold 75%). FIG. 1 represents the alignment of the sequences of the 150 N-terminal amino acids, carried out with the PileUp program of GCG (Genetics Computer Group, isconsin, USA) of 3 XTH of Arabidopsis thaliana representative respectively of group 1 (AtXTHl), of group 2 (AtXTH17) and group 3 (AtXTH33), with the partial sequence of AgXTH1 (BIP0760). The identical sequences between AtXTH33 and AgXTHl are underlined. The location of the β-glucanase motif characteristic of XTHs is indicated by the gray box. A percentage of sequence identity of 55% between AtXTH33 and AgXTHl is observed, determined using the BLASTX software (ALTSCHUL et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402, 1997), with the default parameters (Blosum62 matrix , penalty for existence of discontinuities: 11, penalty for extension of discontinuities: 1, word size: 3; no filter for sequences of low complexity of composition), on a comparison window made up of the 136 amino acids of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1. Analyzes of the expression profiles of the 33 XTHs of Arabidopsis thaliana were carried out by YOKOYAMA and NISHITANI (Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1025-1033, 2001). With regard to AtXTH33, these authors report a low level of expression, located mainly at the level of the green siliques. This expression is not inducible by the plant hormones tested (indole acetic acid; giberellic acid, brassinolide, abscissic acid); no particular function is proposed for this protein. The inventors undertook to elucidate the role of AtXTH33 and AgXTHl, and in particular to investigate whether the overexpression of these proteins during infestation by aphids reflected their involvement in resistance against these pests. To this end, the inventors studied a mutant of Arabidopsis for the AtXTH33 gene, identified in the collection of mutants of the SALK TNSTITUTE ARABIDOPSIS RESOURCE CENTER. This mutant, in which a T-DNA is inserted into the second intron of the AtXTH33 gene, 873 bp downstream of the ATG translation initiation codon, does not express a functional AtXTH33 protein. The inventors have observed that this mutant does not present any apparent phenotypic modification with regard to its fertility, its growth or its development, but that it is more sensitive to infestation by aphids compared to the wild plant from which it is derived. . It therefore appears that AtXTH33 is involved in aphid resistance, and in particular that the expression of this protein increases said resistance. The present invention therefore proposes to use a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase such as AtXTH33 and AgXTHl, or one of their orthologs, to increase the resistance of plants to insect pests. The subject of the present invention is the use of a polynucleotide coding for an xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase, said xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase containing a peptide sequence having at least 50%, preferably at least 55%, in any case. most preferred at least 60%, and in order of increasing preference, at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identity, with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 to increase the resistance of a plant to insect pests, in particular biting-sucking insects, and in particular aphids. The identity percentages referred to here are established, as indicated above, using the BlastX software, using the default parameters, on a comparison window constituted by the

136 acides aminés de la séquence SEQ ID NO : 1. Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, ladite xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase comprend au moins une des séquences peptidiques suivantes : SGVVVAFYLSN (SEQ ID NO : 5) ; LDKSSG (SEQ ID NO : 6) . Avantageusement, ladite xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase est choisie parmi : - une xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase AtXTH33 d' Arabidopsis thaliana définie par la séquence SEQ ID NO: 4 ; une xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase AgXTHl de céleri comprenant la séquence SEQ ID NO: 2. Les polynucléotides définis ci-dessus peuvent être facilement obtenus par l'homme du métier, par les techniques classiques de biologie moléculaire, par exemple de la manière suivante : un ADNc codant pour une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase possédant le pourcentage d'identité défini ci-dessus avec la séquence SEQ ID NO: 2 peut être isolé, de manière classique, à partir d'une banque d'ADNc de la plante choisie, par criblage de ladite banque en conditions de faible stringence, en utilisant par exemple comme sonde l'une des séquences SEQ ID NO: 1 ou SEQ ID NO: 3, ou une portion de celle-ci par exemple les nucléotides 100-344 ou 73-322 de la séquence SEQ ID NO: 3, ou bien en utilisant des oligonucléotides dégénérés dérivés des régions conservées entre les séquences SEQ ID NO: 2 et SEQ ID NO: 4. Avantageusement, la banque d'ADNc utilisée pour le criblage est obtenue à partir d'ARNms surexprimés chez ladite plante en réponse à une infestation par un insecte piqueur-suceur . La présente invention a également pour objet l'utilisation d'une xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase telle que définie ci-dessus pour induire chez une plante une augmentation de l'accumulation de callose. Cette accumulation de callose peut permettre d'augmenter la résistance, non seulement aux insectes ravageurs, mais également à des pathogènes tels que les bactéries, les champignons, etc.. La présente invention a également pour objet un procédé pour augmenter la résistance d'une plante à des insectes ravageurs, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend la modification du génome de ladite plante pour provoquer ou augmenter chez celle-ci l'expression d'une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase telle que définie ci- dessus . Selon un mode de mise en œuvre préféré de la présente invention, lesdits insectes ravageurs sont des insectes piqueur-suceurs tel que des Hémiptéroïdes, en particulier des Homoptères, avantageusement des Aphidiens. Des modifications du génome d'une plante permettant de provoquer ou d'augmenter chez celle-ci l'expression d'une protéine, peuvent notamment s'effectuer par transformation de ladite plante par une ou plusieurs copies d'un polynucleotide codant pour ladite protéine, associé à des séquences de régulation en cis de son expression. Dans le cas des plantes exprimant déjà naturellement ladite protéine, l'augmentation de son expression peut également être obtenue par modification des séquences de régulation en cis de l'expression de ladite protéine, par exemple en remplaçant son promoteur endogène par un promoteur plus fort, permettant un niveau de transcription plus élevé, ou bien en adjoignant au promoteur endogène des séquences activatrices de la transcription, de type « amplificateur », ou de la traduction. La présente invention a également pour objet toute cassette d'expression, comprenant un polynucleotide codant pour une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase telle que définie ci-dessus, placé sous contrôle transcriptionnel d'un promoteur approprié. Ledit promoteur peut être le promoteur endogène de ladite xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase ; dans ce cas, ladite cassette d'expression peut être avantageusement constituée par la séquence codant pour ladite xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase, flanquée de 0,5 à 2 kb, de préférence de 1 à 1,5 kb, de séquence génomique en amont. Ledit promoteur peut également être un promoteur hétérologue. Dans ce cas, on peut par exemple utiliser des promoteurs constitutifs, tels que le promoteur de l'ARN 35S du CaMV, des promoteurs phloème-spécifiques, tel que le promoteur du heat Dwarf Virus (DINANT et al . , Physiologia plantarum 121 : 108-116, 2004 ; Demande PCT WO 03/060135) ou le promoteur de AtPP2-Al (DINANT et al . , Plant Physiol., 131 : 114-128, 2003), ou des promoteurs localement inductibles par la blessure ; on peut également utiliser le promoteur d'une autre xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase conforme à l'invention. La présente invention englobe également des vecteurs recombinants, résultant de l'insertion d'une cassette d'expression conforme à l'invention dans un vecteur hôte. Les cassettes d' expression et vecteurs recombinants conformes à l'invention peuvent, bien entendu, comprendre en outre d'autres séquences, usuellement employées dans ce type de constructions. Le choix de ces autres séquences sera effectué, de manière classique, par l'homme du métier en fonction notamment de critères tels que les cellules-hôtes choisies, les protocoles de transformation envisagés, etc. On citera, à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, les terminateurs de transcription, les séquences de tête (leader séquences) et les sites de polyadénylation. Ces séquences peuvent être celles qui sont naturellement associées au gène de la XTH, ou bien peuvent être des séquences hétérologues . Ces séquences n'interviennent pas sur les propriétés spécifiques du promoteur ou du gène auxquelles elles sont associées, mais peuvent améliorer globalement qualitativement ou quantitativement, la transcription, et le cas échéant, la traduction. A titre d'exemples de séquences de ce type fréquemment utilisées chez les plantes, on citera parmi les plus répandues, le terminateur de l'ARN 35S du CaMV, le terminateur du gène de la nopaline synthase, etc. On peut également, dans le but d'augmenter le niveau d'expression, utiliser des séquences amplificatrices (séquences « enhancer » de transcription et de traduction) . Parmi les autres séquences couramment employées dans la construction de cassettes d'expression et vecteurs recombinants, on citera également les séquences permettant le suivi de la transformation, et l'identification et/ou la sélection des cellules ou organismes transformés. Il s'agit notamment de gènes rapporteurs, conférant à ces cellules ou organismes un phénotype aisément reconnaissable, ou bien de gènes marqueurs de sélection : seuls les cellules ou organismes exprimant un gène marqueur de sélection déterminé, sont viables dans des conditions données (conditions sélectives) . Des gènes rapporteurs fréquemment employés sont par exemple celui de la beta-glucuronidase (GUS) , celui de la luciférase, ou celui de la "green fluorescent protein" (GFP) . Des gènes marqueurs de sélection sont généralement des gènes de résistance à un antibiotique, ou également, dans le cas des plantes ou des cellules végétales, à un herbicide. Il existe une très grande variété de gènes marqueurs de sélection parmi lesquels l'homme du métier peut effectuer son choix en fonction des critères qu'il aura lui-même déterminés. La présente invention englobe également des cellules-hôtes transformées par un polynucleotide codant pour une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase telle que définie ci-dessus, ce qui inclut en particulier les cellules hôtes transformées par une cassette d'expression ou un vecteur recombinant conforme à l'invention. On entend par cellule ou organisme transformé par un polynucleotide, toute cellule ou organisme dont le contenu génétique a été modifié par transfert dudit polynucleotide dans ladite cellule ou ledit organisme, quelle que soit la méthode de transfert qui a été utilisée, et que l'information génétique apportée par ledit polynucleotide soit intégrée dans l'ADN chromosomique ou demeure extra-chromosomique. Les cellules hôtes peuvent être des cellules procaryotes, ou eucaryotes. Dans le cas de cellules procaryotes, il peut notamment s'agir d' Agrobactéries telles qu' Agroba c ter ium tumefa ciens ou Agroba cterium rhizobium . Dans le cas de cellules eucaryotes, il peut s'agir notamment de cellules végétales, issues de plantes dicotylédones ou monocotylédones . La présente invention a également pour objet des plantes transformées par au moins un polynucleotide, une cassette d'expression ou un vecteur recombinant conforme à l'invention, et notamment des plantes transgéniques comprenant dans leur génome au moins une copie d'un transgène contenant un polynucleotide conforme à 1' invention. On définit ici comme plante transgénique une plante transformée chez laquelle l'information génétique exogène apportée par un polynucleotide transformant est intégrée de manière stable dans l'ADN chromosomique, sous forme de transgène, et peut ainsi être transmise aux descendants de ladite plante. Cette définition englobe donc également les descendants des plantes résultant de la transgénèse initiale, dès lors qu'ils contiennent dans leur génome une copie du transgène. Le matériel végétal (protoplastes, cals, boutures, graines, etc..) obtenu à partir des cellules transformées ou des plantes transgéniques conformes à l'invention fait également partie de l'objet de la présente invention. L'invention englobe également les produits obtenus à partir des plantes transgéniques conformes à l'invention, notamment le fourrage, le bois, les feuilles, les tiges, les racines, les fleurs et les fruits. La présente invention s'applique à toutes les plantes, et notamment aux plantes sensibles aux attaques des insectes piqueurs-suceurs. En particulier, de manière non limitative, elle peut être utilisée chez des plantes potagères, des plantes ornementales, les arbres fruitiers, les plantes de grandes cultures telles que le blé, le maïs ou le riz, ou les cultures industrielles comme le cotonnier, le colza ou le tournesol. Les plantes concernées peuvent être des dicotylédones, telles que par exemple notamment les cucurbitacées, les solanacées, les crucifères, les composées, les ombellifères, les violacées, les malvacées, les rosacées, etc., ou des monocotylédones, telles que les céréales ou les liliacées. Différentes méthodes d'obtention de plantes transgéniques sont bien connues en elles-mêmes de l'homme du métier. Généralement, ces méthodes impliquent la transformation de cellules végétales, la régénération de plantes à partir des cellules transformées, et la sélection des plantes ayant intégré le transgène. Des techniques très nombreuses de transformation de cellules végétales germinales ou somatiques, (isolées, sous forme de cultures de tissus ou d'organe, ou sur la plante entière), et de régénération des plantes sont disponibles. Le choix de la méthode la plus appropriée dépend généralement de la plante concernée. A titre d'exemples non limitatifs de méthodes utilisables dans le cas des plantes mentionnées ci-dessus, il est possible de citer les protocoles décrits par GUIS et al . (Scientia Horticulturae 84 : 91-99, 2000) pour le melon, par HAMZA et CHUPEAU (J. Exp. Bot. 44 : 1837-1845, 1993) pour la tomate, par SHOEMAKER et al. (Plant Cell Rep . 3 : 178-181, 1986), ou TROLINDER et GOODIN (Plant Cell Rep. 6 : 231-234, 1987) pour le cotonnier, par VAN DER MARK et al. (J. Genêt Breeding 44 : 263-268, 1990) ou par MARCHANT et al. (Ann. Bot. 81 : 109-114, 1998) pour les rosiers. Dans le cas des plantes monocotylédones, on peut citer par exemple les protocoles décrits par HIEI et al. The Plant Journal, 6, 271-282 (1994) ou ISHIDA et al. Nature biotechnology, 14, 745-750, (1996) pour le maïs, ou par RASCO-GAUNT et al. (J. Exp. Bot. 52 : 865-874, 2001) pour le blé. La présente invention sera mieux comprise à l'aide du complément de description qui va suivre, qui se réfère à des exemples non-limitatifs illustrant la mise en évidence du rôle de AtXTH33 dans la résistance aux aphidiens .136 amino acids of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1. According to one embodiment of the present invention, said xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase comprises at least one of the following peptide sequences: SGVVVAFYLSN (SEQ ID NO: 5); LDKSSG (SEQ ID NO: 6). Advantageously, said xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase is chosen from: - an xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase AtXTH33 from Arabidopsis thaliana defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4; a celery AgXTHl endotransglycosylase / hydrolase xyloglucan comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2. The polynucleotides defined above can be easily obtained by a person skilled in the art, by conventional techniques of molecular biology, for example as follows : a cDNA coding for a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase having the percentage of identity defined above with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 can be isolated, in a conventional manner, from a cDNA library of the plant chosen, by screening said bank under conditions of low stringency, using for example as a probe one of the sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or a portion thereof, for example the nucleotides 100-344 or 73-322 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, or else using degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the regions conserved between the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4. Advantageously, the cDNA library used for the cr iblage is obtained from mRNAs overexpressed in said plant in response to an infestation by a stinging-sucking insect. The present invention also relates to the use of a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase as defined above to induce in a plant an increase in the accumulation of callose. This accumulation of callose can make it possible to increase the resistance, not only to insect pests, but also to pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, etc. The present invention also relates to a method for increasing the resistance of a plant with insect pests, characterized in that it comprises the modification of the genome of said plant to cause or increase in the latter the expression of a xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase as defined above. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said insect pests are biting-sucking insects such as Hemipteroids, in particular Homoptera, advantageously Aphids. Modifications of the genome of a plant making it possible to provoke or increase in the expression of a protein, can in particular be carried out by transformation of said plant with one or more copies of a polynucleotide coding for said protein. , associated with cis regulation sequences of its expression. In the case of plants already expressing said protein naturally, the increase in its expression can also be obtained by modification of the cis-regulatory sequences for the expression of said protein, for example by replacing its endogenous promoter with a stronger promoter, allowing a higher level of transcription, or by adding to the endogenous promoter activator sequences of transcription, of the “enhancer” type, or of translation. The present invention also relates to any expression cassette, comprising a polynucleotide coding for a xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase as defined above, placed under transcriptional control of an appropriate promoter. Said promoter may be the endogenous promoter of said xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase; in this case, said expression cassette can advantageously consist of the sequence coding for said xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase, flanked by 0.5 to 2 kb, preferably from 1 to 1.5 kb, of genomic sequence upstream . Said promoter can also be a heterologous promoter. In this case, it is possible, for example, to use constitutive promoters, such as the CaSV 35S RNA promoter, phloem-specific promoters, such as the heat Dwarf Virus promoter (DINANT et al., Physiologia plantarum 121: 108 -116, 2004; PCT application WO 03/060135) or the promoter of AtPP2-Al (DINANT et al., Plant Physiol., 131: 114-128, 2003), or promoters locally inducible by the injury; it is also possible to use the promoter of another xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase in accordance with the invention. The present invention also encompasses recombinant vectors, resulting from the insertion of an expression cassette according to the invention into a host vector. The expression cassettes and recombinant vectors in accordance with the invention can, of course, also comprise other sequences, usually used in this type of construction. The choice of these other sequences will be carried out, in a conventional manner, by a person skilled in the art as a function in particular of criteria such as the chosen host cells, the transformation protocols envisaged, etc. Mention will be made, by way of nonlimiting examples, of the transcription terminators, of the leader sequences (leader sequences) and polyadenylation sites. These sequences may be those that are naturally associated with the XTH gene, or may be heterologous sequences. These sequences do not affect the specific properties of the promoter or of the gene with which they are associated, but can improve, overall, qualitatively or quantitatively, transcription and, where appropriate, translation. As examples of sequences of this type frequently used in plants, mention will be made of the most widespread, the terminator of CaMV 35S RNA, the terminator of the nopaline synthase gene, etc. It is also possible, in order to increase the level of expression, to use enhancer sequences (“enhancer” sequences of transcription and translation). Among the other sequences commonly used in the construction of expression cassettes and recombinant vectors, mention will also be made of the sequences allowing the monitoring of the transformation, and the identification and / or selection of the transformed cells or organisms. They are in particular reporter genes, conferring on these cells or organisms an easily recognizable phenotype, or else selection marker genes: only the cells or organisms expressing a determined selection marker gene are viable under given conditions (selective conditions ). Frequently used reporter genes are, for example, that of beta-glucuronidase (GUS), that of luciferase, or that of "green fluorescent protein" (GFP). Selection marker genes are generally genes for resistance to an antibiotic, or also, in the case of plants or plant cells, to a herbicide. There is a very wide variety of selection marker genes from which the person skilled in the art can choose according to the criteria that he himself has determined. The present invention also encompasses host cells transformed by a polynucleotide encoding for an endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase xyloglucan as defined above, which includes in particular the host cells transformed with an expression cassette or a recombinant vector in accordance with the invention. The term “cell or organism transformed by a polynucleotide” means any cell or organism the genetic content of which has been modified by transfer of said polynucleotide into said cell or said organism, whatever the transfer method which has been used, and that the information genetics provided by said polynucleotide either integrated into chromosomal DNA or remains extra-chromosomal. Host cells can be prokaryotic, or eukaryotic cells. In the case of prokaryotic cells, it can in particular be Agrobacteria such as Agroba c ter ium tumefa ciens or Agroba cterium rhizobium. In the case of eukaryotic cells, they may in particular be plant cells, derived from dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants. The present invention also relates to plants transformed with at least one polynucleotide, an expression cassette or a recombinant vector in accordance with the invention, and in particular transgenic plants comprising in their genome at least one copy of a transgene containing a polynucleotide according to the invention. Here, a transgenic plant is defined as a transformed plant in which the exogenous genetic information provided by a transforming polynucleotide is stably integrated into the chromosomal DNA, in the form of a transgene, and can thus be transmitted to the descendants of said plant. This definition therefore also includes the descendants of plants resulting from the initial transgenesis, since they contain in their genome a copy of the transgene. The plant material (protoplasts, calluses, cuttings, seeds, etc.) obtained from the cells transformed or transgenic plants according to the invention is also part of the object of the present invention. The invention also encompasses the products obtained from transgenic plants in accordance with the invention, in particular fodder, wood, leaves, stems, roots, flowers and fruits. The present invention applies to all plants, and in particular to plants sensitive to attack by biting-sucking insects. In particular, without limitation, it can be used in vegetable plants, ornamental plants, fruit trees, field crops such as wheat, corn or rice, or industrial crops such as cotton, rapeseed or sunflower. The plants concerned can be dicots, such as for example in particular cucurbits, solanaceae, crucifers, compounds, umbelliferae, purplish, malvaceae, rosaceae, etc., or monocots, such as cereals or lily. Different methods of obtaining transgenic plants are well known in themselves to those skilled in the art. Generally, these methods involve the transformation of plant cells, the regeneration of plants from transformed cells, and the selection of plants that have integrated the transgene. Very numerous techniques for transforming germinal or somatic plant cells (isolated, in the form of tissue or organ cultures, or on the whole plant), and of regenerating plants are available. The choice of the most appropriate method generally depends on the plant concerned. As nonlimiting examples of methods which can be used in the case of the plants mentioned above, it is possible to cite the protocols described by GUIS et al. (Scientia Horticulturae 84: 91-99, 2000) for melon, by HAMZA and CHUPEAU (J. Exp. Bot. 44: 1837-1845, 1993) for the tomato, by SHOEMAKER et al. (Plant Cell Rep. 3: 178-181, 1986), or TROLINDER and GOODIN (Plant Cell Rep. 6: 231-234, 1987) for cotton, by VAN DER MARK et al. (J. Genêt Breeding 44: 263-268, 1990) or by MARCHANT et al. (Ann. Bot. 81: 109-114, 1998) for roses. In the case of monocotyledonous plants, mention may be made, for example, of the protocols described by HIEI et al. The Plant Journal, 6, 271-282 (1994) or ISHIDA et al. Nature biotechnology, 14, 745-750, (1996) for corn, or by RASCO-GAUNT et al. (J. Exp. Bot. 52: 865-874, 2001) for wheat. The present invention will be better understood with the aid of the additional description which follows, which refers to nonlimiting examples illustrating the demonstration of the role of AtXTH33 in resistance to aphids.

EXEMPLE 1 : CARACTERISATION D'UN MUTANT NON-FONCTIONNEL DE A XTH33 Un mutant du gène AtXTH33 d' Arabidopsis thaliana a été identifié parmi des mutants générés par insertion d'ADN-T par Agrobacterium dans l'écotype Colombia (Col 0) d' Arabidopsis thaliana (ALONSO et al., Science 301 : 653-657, 2003) . Ce mutant (dénommé ci-après mutant xth33) fait partie de la collection du SALK INSTITUTE GENOMIC ANALYSIS LABORATORY (Lignée salk-072153) , et est répertorié dans la base de données SIGnAL tenue par cet institut. Il a été identifié, à partir des données de séquence disponibles dans cette base, à l'aide du logiciel BLAST en utilisant la séquence codante de Atlgl0550. Le site d'insertion de l'ADN-T a été confirmé par détermination de la séquence flanquante gauche (FST). Cette FST est localisée à 873pb en aval de l'ATG, indiquant que l'ADN-T est inséré dans le troisième intron. Cette insertion entraîne la délétion du dernier exon, et donc d'une partie importante de la protéine (136 AA sur 310), contenant en particulier près du tiers du domaine glycosyl hydrolase responsable de l'activité catalytique (domaine PFAM PF00722)EXAMPLE 1 CHARACTERIZATION OF A NON-FUNCTIONAL MUTANT OF A XTH33 A mutant of the AtXTH33 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana was identified among mutants generated by insertion of T-DNA by Agrobacterium in the Colombia (Col 0) ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana (ALONSO et al., Science 301: 653-657, 2003). This mutant (hereinafter referred to as the xth33 mutant) is part of the collection of the SALK INSTITUTE GENOMIC ANALYSIS LABORATORY (Line salk-072153), and is listed in the SIGnAL database maintained by this institute. It was identified, from the sequence data available in this database, using the BLAST software using the coding sequence of Atlgl0550. The T-DNA insertion site was confirmed by determination of the left flanking sequence (FST). This FST is located 873 bp downstream of the ATG, indicating that the T-DNA is inserted into the third intron. This insertion leads to the deletion of the last exon, and therefore of a significant part of the protein (136 AA out of 310), containing in particular nearly a third of the glycosyl domain hydrolase responsible for catalytic activity (PFAM domain PF00722)

(http: //www. sanger. ac.uk/Software/Pfam/index. shtml) Glycosyl hydrolases famille 16) , ainsi que de la totalité du domaine C-terminal caractéristique des XTH (Domaine PFAM PF06955) , et altérant donc potentiellement très gravement l'activité de cette enzyme. Dans les conditions habituelles de culture, en serre ou in vi tro, on n'observe aucun phénotype particulier qui différencie le mutant de la plante sauvage Col 0 dont il est issu : la fertilité du mutant n'est pas altérée et il n'y pas de différence de croissance ou de développement.(http: // www. sanger. ac.uk/Software/Pfam/index. shtml) Glycosyl hydrolases family 16), as well as the entire C-terminal domain characteristic of XTH (PFAM domain PF06955), and therefore potentially damaging very seriously the activity of this enzyme. Under the usual culture conditions, in a greenhouse or in vitro, no particular phenotype is observed which differentiates the mutant from the wild plant Col 0 from which it is derived: the fertility of the mutant is not impaired and there is no difference in growth or development.

EXEMPLE 2 : EFFET DE L'ALTERATION D'A XTH33 VIS-A-VIS DE LA RESISTANCE AUX PUCERONS Afin de déterminer si AtXHT33 était directement impliquée dans l'interaction plante-aphidiens, des essais ont été effectués, en utilisant le test développé par CABRERA y POCH et al . (Plant Sci. 138(2) : 209-216, 1998) pour déterminer la résistance d' Arabidopsis à M. Persicae . Des graines Col 0 et des graines du mutant xth33 ont été placées sur milieu MS dans des boites de pétri divisées en six secteurs, à raison de trois graines de Col 0 et trois graines de xth33 par boîte, réparties en alternance sur les six secteurs. Les boîtes sont incubées pendant 2 jours à 4°C et transférées en chambre de croissance pendant 21 jours (200 μE/m2/seconde, 16 h- jour/8 h-nuit, température diurne 20°C, 70% hygrométrie). Une population de pucerons synchronisés âgés de 8 jours est obtenue comme décrit par CABRERA y POCH et al . (1998, précité). 15-20 pucerons sont introduits dans chaque boîte contenant les plants d' Arabidopsis . Le nombre de pucerons adultes et de nymphes présents après 24 h sur chacune des plantes mutantes ou sauvages est noté, donnant une indication de la préférence des pucerons pour chacun des génotypes. Chaque expérience est répétée 2 fois. 60% des adultes vont préférentiellement se nourrir sur les plantes mutantes, contre 40% sur les plantes sauvages, et le nombre moyen de nymphes produites par un puceron adulte est de 1,45 sur les mutants, et de 0,8 sur les plantes sauvages. Ces résultats montrent que les pucerons privilégient le mutant par rapport à la plante sauvage . Il apparaît donc que les plantes sauvages exprimant le gène AtXTH33 sont plus résistantes à 1' infestation aux pucerons que les mutants chez lesquels l'expression de ce gène est altérée.EXAMPLE 2 EFFECT OF THE ALTERATION OF XTH33 WITH RESPECT TO Aphid Resistance In order to determine whether AtXHT33 was directly involved in the plant-aphid interaction, tests were carried out using the test developed by CABRERA y POCH et al. (Plant Sci. 138 (2): 209-216, 1998) to determine the resistance of Arabidopsis to M. Persicae. Col 0 seeds and seeds of the xth33 mutant were placed on MS medium in petri dishes divided into six sectors, at the rate of three Col 0 seeds and three xth33 seeds per dish, distributed alternately over the six sectors. The dishes are incubated for 2 days at 4 ° C and transferred to a growth chamber for 21 days (200 μE / m 2 / second, 16 hr day / 8 hr night, daytime temperature 20 ° C, 70% hygrometry). A population of 8 day old synchronized aphids is obtained as described by CABRERA y POCH et al. (1998, supra). 15-20 aphids are introduced into each box containing the Arabidopsis plants. The number of adult aphids and nymphs present after 24 hours on each of the mutant or wild plants is noted, giving an indication of the preference of aphids for each of the genotypes. Each experiment is repeated 2 times. 60% of adults preferentially feed on mutant plants, against 40% on wild plants, and the average number of nymphs produced by an adult aphid is 1.45 on mutants, and 0.8 on wild plants . These results show that aphids favor the mutant over the wild plant. It therefore appears that wild plants expressing the AtXTH33 gene are more resistant to aphid infestation than the mutants in which the expression of this gene is altered.

EXEMPLE 3 : EFFET . DE L'ALTERATION D'AtXTH33 SUR L'ACCUMULATION DE CALLOSE SUIVANT L' INFESTATION PAR LES PUCERONS II est connu que l' infestation par les pucerons provoque des discontinuités dans les vaisseaux du phloème provoquant chez la plante des réactions de réponse aux stress telles que -le dépôt de callose (WOOD et al . , J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110 : 393-397, 1985). L'accumulation de callose a été suivie en utilisant un colorant fluorescent spécifique, le bleu d'aniline, chez les plantes sauvages Col 0 et les plantes mutantes xth33, infestées ou non par Myzus persicae . Les feuilles des plantes sont fixées dans un mélange éthanol absolu/acide acétique (3:1 v/v) pendant 3 heures, puis lavées 3 fois, et traitées pendant 1 nuit avec NaOH 8N. Après 3 lavages, les feuilles sont incubées pendant 1 heure dans une solution de bleu d'aniline (0,1% p/v dans 0,1 M K3P04), comme décrit par STONE et al . (Protoplasma 122 : 191-195, 1985) . Les feuilles marquées sont montées sur lames de verre et observées sous éclairage UV (350-400 nm) au microscope à fluorescence. Aucune accumulation de callose n' est apparente sur les feuilles des plantes qui n'ont pas été infestées. Sur les feuilles des plantes sauvages infestées par les aphides, des dépôts de callose sont visibles sur l'épiderme des feuilles 72 heures après infestation. Ces dépôts se font sous forme de spots circulaires localisés à la jonction des cellules adjacentes mais aussi sur les vaisseaux principaux et secondaires. En revanche, chez les mutants xth33, les dépôts de callose sont moins nombreux au niveau de l'épiderme, et quasiment absents dans les couches de cellules vasculaires. Il apparaît donc que l'accumulation de callose après infestation par les pucerons est réduite chez les plantes mutantes par rapport aux plantes sauvages, et donc que l'altération de l'expression de AtXTH33 diminue cette réponse de la plante à l' infestation par Myzus persicae . EXEMPLE 4 : OBTENTION DES CONSTRUITS PPP2-ATXTH33 ET P35S- ATXTH33 La séquence codante complète de l'ADNc du gène AtXTH33, de 933 paires de bases, est amplifiée par PCR à partir d'ADNc d 1 Arabidopsis thaliana (écotype col 0) grâce aux oligonucléotides ATGAAGATTATGTGGGAAACAGC (SEQ ID NO: 7) et TCAGTTGCACTCAGCAGGCATG (SEQ ID NO: 8) . Le clonage de la séquence, une fois amplifiée par PCR, est réalisé dans le vecteur pTOPO, préalablement modifié par introduction du promoteur AtPP2-Al , qui contrôle l'expression dans les cellules compagnes du phloème (DINANT et al . , Plant Physiol. 131 : 114-128, 2003), en reconstituant une fusion transcriptionnelle entre le promoteur et la séquence codante d' AtXTH33. Le fragment BamHI-EcoRI correspondant au terminateur NOS (nopaline synthase) provenant du vecteur pCA2-NOS est ensuite clone dans le site EcoRV en amont de la séquence codante de AtXTH33, reconstituant ainsi une cassette d'expression pAtPP2-Al : :AtXTH33 : : tNOS. Le fragment XhoI-BamHI correspondant à cette cassette est ensuite clone dans le vecteur pBIN19 (BEVAN et al. Nucleic Acids Research 12, 8711-8721, 1984) en EcoRI-BamHI. Le vecteur binaire ainsi généré { BIN19- pPP2 : :XET33 : : tNOS) est introduit dans la souche d 1 Agrobacterium C58pGV3101 (Koncz et Schell 1986, Mol. Gen. Genêt. 204, 383-396). Une construction similaire peut être réalisée en utilisant le promoteur de l'ARN p35S du CaMV (FROMM et al . , Nature 319 : 791-793, 1986) et le signal de polyadénylation du gène de la nopaline synthase.EXAMPLE 3: EFFECT. OF THE ALTERATION OF AtXTH33 ON THE ACCUMULATION OF CALLOSIS FOLLOWING Aphid Infestation It is known that aphid infestation causes discontinuities in phloem vessels causing stress response reactions in the plant such as the callose deposit (WOOD et al., J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110: 393-397, 1985). The accumulation of callose was monitored using a specific fluorescent dye, aniline blue, in wild Col 0 plants and xth33 mutant plants, whether or not infested with Myzus persicae. The leaves of the plants are fixed in an absolute ethanol / acetic acid mixture (3: 1 v / v) for 3 hours, then washed 3 times, and treated overnight with 8N NaOH. After 3 washes, the leaves are incubated for 1 hour in a solution of aniline blue (0.1% w / v in 0.1 M K3PO4), as described by STONE et al. (Protoplasma 122: 191-195, 1985). The marked sheets are mounted on glass slides and observed under UV lighting (350-400 nm) under a fluorescence microscope. No accumulation of callose was apparent on the leaves of plants which were not infested. On the leaves of wild plants infested with aphids, callose deposits are visible on the epidermis of the leaves 72 hours after infestation. These deposits are made in the form of circular spots located at the junction of adjacent cells but also on the main and secondary vessels. On the other hand, in the xth33 mutants, the deposits of callose are less numerous in the epidermis, and almost absent in the layers of vascular cells. It therefore appears that the accumulation of callose after aphid infestation is reduced in mutant plants compared to wild plants, and therefore that the alteration of the expression of AtXTH33 decreases this response of the plant to Myzus infestation. persicae. EXAMPLE 4 OBTAINING OF THE PPP2-ATXTH33 AND P35S-ATXTH33 CONSTRUCTS The complete coding sequence of the cDNA of the AtXTH33 gene, of 933 base pairs, is amplified by PCR from cDNA of 1 Arabidopsis thaliana (col 0 ecotype) using to the oligonucleotides ATGAAGATTATGTGGGAAACAGC (SEQ ID NO: 7) and TCAGTTGCACTCAGCAGGCATG (SEQ ID NO: 8). The cloning of the sequence, once amplified by PCR, is carried out in the vector pTOPO, previously modified by introduction of the promoter AtPP2-Al, which controls the expression in the companion cells of the phloem (DINANT et al., Plant Physiol. 131 : 114-128, 2003), by reconstructing a transcriptional fusion between the promoter and the coding sequence of AtXTH33. The BamHI-EcoRI fragment corresponding to the NOS terminator (nopaline synthase) originating from the vector pCA2-NOS is then cloned into the EcoRV site upstream of the coding sequence of AtXTH33, thus reconstituting an expression cassette pAtPP2-Al:: AtXTH33:: tNOS. The XhoI-BamHI fragment corresponding to this cassette is then cloned into the vector pBIN19 (BEVAN et al. Nucleic Acids Research 12, 8711-8721, 1984) in EcoRI-BamHI. The binary vector thus generated (BIN19- pPP2:: XET33:: tNOS) is introduced into the strain d 1 Agrobacterium C58pGV3101 (Koncz and Schell 1986, Mol. Gen. Genêt. 204, 383-396). A similar construction can be carried out using the CaMV p35S RNA promoter (FROMM et al., Nature 319: 791-793, 1986) and the polyadenylation signal of the nopaline synthase gene.

EXEMPLE 5 : OBTENTION DE PLANTES SUREXPRIMANT ATXTH33 La souche C58 pGV3101 d' Agrobactéries contenant le vecteur binaire BINl 9-pPP2 : :XET33 : : tNOS, obtenue comme décrit ci-dessus, est utilisée pour transformer des plantes d' Arabidopsis thaliana . La transformation des plants d rArabidopsis thaliana est effectuée par trempage des bourgeons floraux dans la solution d ' Agrobacterium tumefaciens , comme décrit par CLOUGH et BENT (Plant J. 16 : 735-743, 1998) . Les transformants primaires sont sélectionnés sur milieu « Arabidopsis » (ESTELLE et SOMMERVILLE, Mol. Gen. Genêt. 206 : 200-206, 1987) contenant 50 mg/L de kanamycine, et auto-pollinisés afin d'obtenir des individus homozygotes pour l'insertion. Les graines issues des autopollinisations sont récoltées après complet séchage des tiges. Seules les lignées T2 ségrégant 3:1 pour la résistance à la kanamycine et possédant une seule insertion homozygote sont conservées pour l'analyse de l'expression du gène hétérologue par détection de son activité. EXEMPLE 6 : ETUDE DE LA RESISTANCE A L' INFESTATION PAR LES PUCERONS DE PLANTES SUREXPRIMANT A XTH33 Les bioessais ont été réalisés sur les plantes transgéniques surexprimant AtXTH33, obtenues comme décrit à l'exemple 5. Les plantes utilisées sont des plantes T2 (possédant une insertion à l'état hémizygote ou homozygote) . Les conditions de culture in vi tro des plantules et d' infestation par Myzus persicae sont identiques à celles décrites à l'Exemple 2, à la différence que l'on utilise une population de pucerons adultes non- synchronisés au lieu de pucerons synchronisés. 12 expériences ont été effectuées indépendamment sur 12 boîtes de pétri. Les résultats observés pour chaque expérience individuelle sont présentés dans le Tableau I ci-après, et les résultats de l'ensemble des expériences sont illustrés par la Figure 2. Tableau IEXAMPLE 5 OBTAINING PLANTS OVEREXPRESSING ATXTH33 The strain C58 pGV3101 of Agrobacteria containing the binary vector BIN1 9-pPP2:: XET33:: tNOS, obtained as described above, is used to transform plants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Transforming plants of Arabidopsis thaliana r is carried out by dipping the floral buds in the solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as described by Clough et BENT (Plant J. 16: 735-743, 1998). The primary transformants are selected on “Arabidopsis” medium (ESTELLE and SOMMERVILLE, Mol. Gen. Genêt. 206: 200-206, 1987) containing 50 mg / L of kanamycin, and self-pollinated in order to obtain individuals homozygous for l 'insertion. The seeds from self-pollination are harvested after the stems are completely dried. Only T2 lines segregating 3: 1 for kanamycin resistance and having a single homozygous insertion are kept for the analysis of the expression of the heterologous gene by detection of its activity. EXAMPLE 6 STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE TO INFESTATION BY PLANTS OF SUCCEEDING PLANTS OVEREXPRESSING XTH33 The bioassays were carried out on transgenic plants overexpressing AtXTH33, obtained as described in Example 5. The plants used are T2 plants (having an insertion hemizygous or homozygous). The conditions for in vi tro cultivation of the seedlings and for infestation with Myzus persicae are identical to those described in Example 2, with the difference that a population of unsynchronized adult aphids is used instead of synchronized aphids. 12 experiments were carried out independently on 12 petri dishes. The results observed for each individual experiment are presented in Table I below, and the results of all the experiments are illustrated in Figure 2. Table I

Figure imgf000019_0001
La figure 2 représente, sous forme de graphe, le pourcentage moyen de pucerons présents (ordonnée) sur un génotype donné (abscisse) . En moyenne 68% des adultes et 67% des nymphes se nourrissent préférentiellement sur les plantes sauvages, contre 32% sur les plantes surexprimant le gène AtXTH33. Ces résultats montrent que les pucerons privilégient la plante sauvage par rapport à la plante transgénique. Il apparaît donc que les plantes sauvages sont plus infestées par les pucerons que les plantes surexprimant AtXTH33. Cet effet est l'inverse de celui observé dans le cas du mutant xth33, dont le niveau d' infestation par les pucerons est supérieur à celui des plantes sauvages (Exemple 2) . En outre ces résultats étayent la contribution du phloème dans la protection conférée par AtXTH33, puisque la surexpression d'AtXTH33, sous contrôle du promoteur PP2, dans les cellules compagnes du phloème est suffisante pour modifier le comportement des pucerons sur Arabidopsis thaliana .
Figure imgf000019_0001
Figure 2 represents, in the form of a graph, the average percentage of aphids present (ordinate) on a given genotype (abscissa). On average 68% of adults and 67% of nymphs feed preferentially on wild plants, against 32% on plants overexpressing the AtXTH33 gene. These results show that aphids favor the wild plant over the transgenic plant. It therefore appears that wild plants are more infested with aphids than plants overexpressing AtXTH33. This effect is the opposite of that observed in the case of the mutant xth33, whose level of infestation by aphids is greater than that of wild plants (Example 2). Furthermore, these results support the contribution of the phloem in the protection conferred by AtXTH33, since the overexpression of AtXTH33, under the control of the PP2 promoter, in the companion cells of the phloem is sufficient to modify the behavior of aphids on Arabidopsis thaliana.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS 1) Utilisation d'un polynucleotide codant pour une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase, ladite xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase contenant une séquence peptidique possédant au moins 50% d'identité avec la séquence SEQ ID NO: 2, pour augmenter la résistance d'une plante à des insectes ravageurs. 2) Utilisation selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que ladite xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase est choisie parmi : une xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase d' Arabidopsis thaliana définie par la séquence SEQ ID NO: 4 ; une xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase de céleri comprenant la séquence SEQ ID NO: 2. 3) Utilisation selon une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que lesdits insectes ravageurs sont des insectes piqueurs-suceurs. 4) Utilisation selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que lesdits insectes piqueurs-suceurs sont des Aphidiens. 5) Procédé pour augmenter la résistance d'une plante à des insectes ravageurs, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend la modification du génome de ladite plante pour provoquer ou augmenter chez celle-ci l'expression d'une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase telle que définie dans une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2. 6) Cassette d'expression, comprenant un polynucleotide codant pour une xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase telle que définie dans une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, placé sous contrôle transcriptionnel d'un promoteur approprié. 7) Vecteur recombinant, résultant de l'insertion d'une cassette d'expression selon la revendication 6 dans un vecteur hôte. 8) Cellule hôte transformée par un polynucleotide codant pour une xyloglucane endo- transglycosylase/hydrolase telle que définie dans une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2. 9) Cellule-hôte selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce qu'il s'agit d'une cellule végétale. 10) Plante transgénique comprenant un transgène contenant un polynucleotide codant pour une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase telle que définie dans une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2. 11) Plante transgénique selon la revendication 10, caractérisée en ce qu'il s'agit d'une cucurbitacée, d'une solanacée, d'une crucifère ou d'une composée. 12) Utilisation d'un polynucleotide codant pour une xyloglucane endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase telle que définie dans une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, pour induire chez une plante une augmentation de l'accumulation de callose. CLAIMS 1) Use of a polynucleotide coding for an xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase, said xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase containing a peptide sequence having at least 50% identity with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, to increase resistance from a plant to insect pests. 2) Use according to claim 1, characterized in that said xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase is chosen from: a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase from Arabidopsis thaliana defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4; a celery endotransglycosylase / hydrolase xyloglucan comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2. 3) Use according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that said insect pests are biting-sucking insects. 4) Use according to claim 3, characterized in that said biting-sucking insects are Aphids. 5) Method for increasing the resistance of a plant to insect pests, characterized in that it comprises the modification of the genome of said plant to cause or increase in the latter the expression of a xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase as defined in any one of claims 1 or 2. 6) Expression cassette, comprising a polynucleotide coding for a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase as defined in any one of claims 1 or 2, placed under transcriptional control of a suitable promoter. 7) Recombinant vector, resulting from the insertion of an expression cassette according to claim 6 in a host vector. 8) Host cell transformed with a polynucleotide coding for a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase as defined in any one of Claims 1 or 2. 9) Host cell according to Claim 8, characterized in that it is a plant cell. 10) Transgenic plant comprising a transgene containing a polynucleotide encoding a xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase / hydrolase as defined in any one of claims 1 or 2. 11) Transgenic plant according to claim 10, characterized in that it is '' a cucurbitaceae, a solanaceae, a cruciferous or a compound. 12) Use of a polynucleotide coding for a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase / hydrolase as defined in any one of claims 1 or 2, for inducing in a plant an increase in the accumulation of callose.
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