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WO2005005077A1 - Method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element - Google Patents

Method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005005077A1
WO2005005077A1 PCT/NL2004/000493 NL2004000493W WO2005005077A1 WO 2005005077 A1 WO2005005077 A1 WO 2005005077A1 NL 2004000493 W NL2004000493 W NL 2004000493W WO 2005005077 A1 WO2005005077 A1 WO 2005005077A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sheet
former
panels
shaped
wing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/NL2004/000493
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Petrus Hendrikus De Been
Ettje-Neeltje Straatsma
Maurits Egbertus V.D. Pol
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GKN Fokker Aerospace BV
Original Assignee
Stork Fokker AESP BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stork Fokker AESP BV filed Critical Stork Fokker AESP BV
Priority to EP04748719A priority Critical patent/EP1644147B1/en
Priority to JP2006520130A priority patent/JP2007528789A/en
Priority to DE602004016336T priority patent/DE602004016336D1/en
Priority to BRPI0412338-7A priority patent/BRPI0412338A/en
Priority to US10/563,368 priority patent/US20060150413A1/en
Priority to CA002531793A priority patent/CA2531793A1/en
Publication of WO2005005077A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005005077A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
    • B21D53/78—Making other particular articles propeller blades; turbine blades
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
    • Y10T29/49336—Blade making
    • Y10T29/49339—Hollow blade
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49616—Structural member making
    • Y10T29/49622—Vehicular structural member making

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element and of the wing-shaped element itself.
  • wing-shaped elements are found in many different embodiments.
  • Various production methods for such wing-shaped elements are known. Extrusion of the element is mentioned first, h such a case the element does not have to be made up of separate components, which is quick and relatively inexpensive. The disadvantage, however, is that the dimensional tolerance is poor. This arises, in particular, in the case of relatively small thicknesses.
  • the element is produced from sheet material.
  • the aim of the invention is to provide a method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element that does not have these disadvantages.
  • Said aim is achieved by means of a method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing- shaped element having, in cross-section, a front edge, a rear edge and an arched bottom wall and an arched top wall that extend some distance apart between the front edge and the rear edge, comprising the following steps: - providing a metal sheet, - bending the sheet with the formation of two panels as well as a curved region which the panels adjoin, - providing a former, the exterior of which has the shape of the internal surface of the finished section, - placing the former in the bent sheet with the front edge of the former positioned in the curved region, - providing an edge press provided with a pressure member and a rubber cushion located opposite, - fixing the former to the pressure member.
  • the semi-finished product is shaped by exerting pressing forces thereon via rubber elements, hi combination with the former acting as a mandrel that has the correct contour, an extremely accurate shape is obtained by this means which has a surface that has the smoothness desired for aircraft for aerodynamic ' reasons.
  • the two panels are preferably arched after, or before, or at the same time as bending the sheet.
  • the arching can be oriented in the same direction in order to obtain a relatively strong curved element. However, the archings can also be oriented away from one another. Bending and optionally arching the panels can be effected by means of roller forming or by means of rolling.
  • the rear edge of the element can be made as a section that is fixed to the top wall and the bottom wall.
  • the wing-shaped element can be subjected to a heat treatment, for example stress-free annealing or solution annealing.
  • the invention also relates to a wing-shaped element produced in accordance with the method according to the method described above, which element, for example, can be made as a vane.
  • element for example, can be made as a vane.
  • This element is produced from a relatively flat section that comprises two panels that form a whole and in which the arching of the ultimate walls has been pre-produced by a locally greater material thickness. The element is obtained from this by simply folding the panels onto one another, after which the element is ready.
  • the element concerned here is in the form of a blade for turbines .
  • Fig. 1 shows a curved and arched sheet that serves as starting material for the method according to the invention.
  • Fig. 2 shows the element in an edge press.
  • Fig. 3 shows the result after performing a treatment in the edge press.
  • Fig. 4 shows a perspective view of the rubber press block of a rubber press, with the mandrel.
  • Fig. 5 shows the product obtained after rubber pressing.
  • Fig. 6 shows the finished wing-shaped element.
  • the starting material used is the bent sheet 1 shown in Fig. 1 , which has been bent with the formation of a bent front edge 2, a concave arched panel 3 and a convex arched panel 4.
  • This bent sheet 1 is placed in the edge press 5 shown in Fig. 2, which has a base 6 with rubber cushion 7 as well as a pressing member 8 that can be moved up and down and to which the former 10 is fixed by means of the supports 9.
  • This former 10 or mandrel 10 is also shown in a perspective view in Fig. 4. It has the shape of the internal surface of the finished wing-shaped element, that is to say with a front edge, rear edge and arched top surface and bottom surface.
  • the former can have a prismatic shape but also a twisted shape.
  • the rubber mat 12 is then placed on top of the whole of this, after which the sheet 1 with the mandrel 10 therein is compressed between the rubber press block 11 and the rubber mat 12 by a press (not shown).
  • the semi-finished product 13 shown in Fig. 5 is obtained, which has a curved front edge 2, a convex arched top surface 2 and a concave arched bottom surface 3.
  • the section indicated in its entirety by 14 is fixed to the rear, free ends of the walls 2, 3.
  • the section has a body 15 with sides 16, 17 tapering down with respect to one another that are oriented in accordance with the run of the top wall 2 and the bottom wall 3.
  • the section 14 is fixed to the semi-finished product 13 by means of rivets 18 driven through the top wall 2, the body 15 and the bottom wall 3, after which the wing-shaped element 15 is ready.
  • the walls 2, 3 can also be fixed directly to one another, such as by bonding, riveting and the like.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Bending Of Plates, Rods, And Pipes (AREA)
  • Shaping Of Tube Ends By Bending Or Straightening (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

A method for the production of a semi-finished product (13) for a wing-shaped element (15) having, in cross-section, a front edge (2), a rear edge (14) and an arched bottom wall (3) and an arched top wall (4) that extend some distance apart between the front edge (2) and the rear edge (14), comprises the following steps: bending the sheet (1) with the formation of two panels (3, 4) as well as a curved region (2) which the panels (3, 4) adjoin, placing a former (10) in the bent sheet (1) with the front edge of the former (9) positioned in the curved region (2), forcing the pressure member (8) towards a rubber cushion (7) with the bent sheet (1) enclosed between them and deforming said sheet between the former (10) and the rubber cushion (7), placing the shaped sheet (F) in a rubber press provided with a bottom block having a cavity (16) which has a shape that at least approximately corresponds to the external shape of one of the walls (3, 4) of the shaped sheet (P), pressing the shaped sheet (F) with former (10) between the bottom block (11) and a rubber mat (12), removing the semi-finished product (13) from the rubber press.

Description

Method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element
The invention relates to a method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element and of the wing-shaped element itself. Such wing-shaped elements are found in many different embodiments. A so-called vane, which is fixed to a flap of an aircraft wing, is mentioned as an example. Various production methods for such wing-shaped elements are known. Extrusion of the element is mentioned first, h such a case the element does not have to be made up of separate components, which is quick and relatively inexpensive. The disadvantage, however, is that the dimensional tolerance is poor. This arises, in particular, in the case of relatively small thicknesses. According to a further known method the element is produced from sheet material. After pre-forming the sheet material, this is stretched on a stretcher leveller for making sections that has a bottom block and top block. A mandrel is incorporated in the pre-formed sheet material. The whole is clamped at the longitudinal ends and then stretched. The disadvantage of this known method is that the surface obtained has irregularities. The aim of the invention is to provide a method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element that does not have these disadvantages. Said aim is achieved by means of a method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing- shaped element having, in cross-section, a front edge, a rear edge and an arched bottom wall and an arched top wall that extend some distance apart between the front edge and the rear edge, comprising the following steps: - providing a metal sheet, - bending the sheet with the formation of two panels as well as a curved region which the panels adjoin, - providing a former, the exterior of which has the shape of the internal surface of the finished section, - placing the former in the bent sheet with the front edge of the former positioned in the curved region, - providing an edge press provided with a pressure member and a rubber cushion located opposite, - fixing the former to the pressure member. - forcing the pressure member towards the rubber cushion with the bent sheet enclosed between them and deforming said sheet between the former and the rubber cushion, - removing the former with shaped sheet from the edge press, - placing these in a rubber press provided with a bottom block having a cavity which has a shape that at least approximately corresponds to the external shape of one of the walls of the shaped sheet, - pressing the shaped sheet with former between the bottom block and a rubber mat, - removing the semi-finished product from the rubber press. With the method according to the invention the semi-finished product is shaped by exerting pressing forces thereon via rubber elements, hi combination with the former acting as a mandrel that has the correct contour, an extremely accurate shape is obtained by this means which has a surface that has the smoothness desired for aircraft for aerodynamic ' reasons. The two panels are preferably arched after, or before, or at the same time as bending the sheet. The arching can be oriented in the same direction in order to obtain a relatively strong curved element. However, the archings can also be oriented away from one another. Bending and optionally arching the panels can be effected by means of roller forming or by means of rolling. The rear edge of the element can be made as a section that is fixed to the top wall and the bottom wall. Furthermore, the wing-shaped element can be subjected to a heat treatment, for example stress-free annealing or solution annealing. The invention also relates to a wing-shaped element produced in accordance with the method according to the method described above, which element, for example, can be made as a vane. Reference is made to the wing-shaped element that is disclosed in US-A 4 531 270. This element is produced from a relatively flat section that comprises two panels that form a whole and in which the arching of the ultimate walls has been pre-produced by a locally greater material thickness. The element is obtained from this by simply folding the panels onto one another, after which the element is ready. The element concerned here is in the form of a blade for turbines . The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to an illustrative embodiment shown in the figures. Fig. 1 shows a curved and arched sheet that serves as starting material for the method according to the invention. Fig. 2 shows the element in an edge press. Fig. 3 shows the result after performing a treatment in the edge press. Fig. 4 shows a perspective view of the rubber press block of a rubber press, with the mandrel. Fig. 5 shows the product obtained after rubber pressing. Fig. 6 shows the finished wing-shaped element. When carrying out the method according to the invention the starting material used is the bent sheet 1 shown in Fig. 1 , which has been bent with the formation of a bent front edge 2, a concave arched panel 3 and a convex arched panel 4. This bent sheet 1 is placed in the edge press 5 shown in Fig. 2, which has a base 6 with rubber cushion 7 as well as a pressing member 8 that can be moved up and down and to which the former 10 is fixed by means of the supports 9. This former 10 or mandrel 10 is also shown in a perspective view in Fig. 4. It has the shape of the internal surface of the finished wing-shaped element, that is to say with a front edge, rear edge and arched top surface and bottom surface. The former can have a prismatic shape but also a twisted shape. When pressing the bent sheet 1 in the edge press, the front edge of the former 10 is pushed into the curved region 2 of the sheet 1. By this means this curved region is curved more severely around the front edge of the former 10, under the influence of the even inward pressure by the rubber cushion 7. As a consequence of this, the arched panels 3 and 4 come closer together, as shown in Fig. 3. The sheet 1 further shaped in this way is then placed in a rubber press, the rubber press block 11 of which can be seen in Fig. 4, the interior shape of which corresponds to the front edge and an arched surface of the wing-shaped element. Together with mandrel 10, the sheet 1, which now has the shape as shown in Fig. 3, is placed in this rubber press block 11. The rubber mat 12 is then placed on top of the whole of this, after which the sheet 1 with the mandrel 10 therein is compressed between the rubber press block 11 and the rubber mat 12 by a press (not shown). After rubber pressing, the semi-finished product 13 shown in Fig. 5 is obtained, which has a curved front edge 2, a convex arched top surface 2 and a concave arched bottom surface 3. Finally, the section indicated in its entirety by 14 is fixed to the rear, free ends of the walls 2, 3. For this purpose the section has a body 15 with sides 16, 17 tapering down with respect to one another that are oriented in accordance with the run of the top wall 2 and the bottom wall 3. The section 14 is fixed to the semi-finished product 13 by means of rivets 18 driven through the top wall 2, the body 15 and the bottom wall 3, after which the wing-shaped element 15 is ready. As an alternative, the walls 2, 3 can also be fixed directly to one another, such as by bonding, riveting and the like.

Claims

Claims
1. Method for the production of a semi-finished product (13) for a wing-shaped element (15) having, in cross-section, a front edge (2), a rear edge (14) and an arched bottom wall (3) and an arched top wall (4) that extend some distance apart between the front edge (2) and the rear edge (14), comprising the following steps: - providing a metal sheet (1), - bending the sheet (1) with the formation of two panels (3, 4) as well as a curved region (2) which the panels (3, 4) adjoin, - providing a former (10), the exterior of which has the shape of the internal surface of the finished element (15), - placing the former (10) in the bent sheet (1) with the front edge of the former (9) positioned in the curved region (2), - providing an edge press (5) provided with a pressure member (8) and a rubber cushion (7) located opposite, - fixing the former (10) to the pressure member (8), - forcing the pressure member (8) towards the rubber cushion (7) with the bent sheet (1) enclosed between them and deforming said sheet between the former (10) and the rubber cushion (7), - removing the former (10) with shaped sheet (1') from the edge press (5), - placing the shaped sheet (l1) in a rubber press provided with a bottom block having a cavity (16) which has a shape that at least approximately corresponds to the external shape of one of the walls (3, 4) of the shaped sheet (!'), - pressing the shaped sheet (1') with former (10) between the bottom block (11) and a rubber mat (12), - removing the semi-finished product (13) from the rubber press.
2. Method according to Claim 1, wherein the two panels (3, 4) are arched after, or before, or at the same time as bending the sheet (1).
3. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising bending the curved region (2) and optionally arching the panels (3, 4) by means of roller forming.
4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising bending the curved region (2) and optionally arching the panels (3, 4) by means of rolling.
5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising constructing the rear edge using a section (14) that is fixed to the top wall (3) and the bottom wall (4) with the formation of a wing-shaped element (15).
6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, including a heat treatment step, such as stress-free annealing or solution annealing of the semi-finished product (13).
7. Wing-shaped element (15) produced in accordance with the method according to one of the preceding claims, made as a vane.
8. Element (15) according to Claim 7 as produced by means of the method according to Claim 5, wherein the section (14) has a body (19) that extends between the panels (3, 4).
9. Element (15) according to Claim 8, wherein the panels (3, 4) and the body (19) are fixed to one another by rivets (18), bonding and the like.
10. Element (15) according to Claim 8 or 9, wherein the surfaces (16, 17) of the body
(19) facing away from one another run obliquely with respect to one another in accordance with the run of the panels (3, 4).
11. Element (15) according to Claim 7, wherein the panels (3, 4) are fixed directly to one another.
12. Element (15) according to one of Claims 7 - 12, comprising a sheet (1) with a thickness in the range of 0.8 - 2.0 mm.
13. Element (15) according to one of Claims 12, comprising a sheet (1) with a thickness in the range of 1.4 - 1.6 mm.
14. Element (15) according to one of Claims 12 or 13, comprising a sheet (1) with a thickness in the region of 1.6 mm.
15. Element (15) according to one of Claims 7 - 12, comprising a sheet material consisting of Al, Ti, Sc, Cu, Mg, Li and/or alloys thereof and/or steel and/or stainless steel.
PCT/NL2004/000493 2003-07-11 2004-07-08 Method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element Ceased WO2005005077A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04748719A EP1644147B1 (en) 2003-07-11 2004-07-08 Method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element and a wing-shaped element
JP2006520130A JP2007528789A (en) 2003-07-11 2004-07-08 Method for manufacturing a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped member
DE602004016336T DE602004016336D1 (en) 2003-07-11 2004-07-08 METHOD FOR PRODUCING A HALF TOOL FOR A WING PRODUCT AND A WING PRODUCT
BRPI0412338-7A BRPI0412338A (en) 2003-07-11 2004-07-08 method for producing a semi-finished product for a wing shaped element, and wing shaped element
US10/563,368 US20060150413A1 (en) 2003-07-11 2004-07-08 Method for the production of a semi -finished product for a wing-shaped element
CA002531793A CA2531793A1 (en) 2003-07-11 2004-07-08 Method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1023896 2003-07-11
NL1023896A NL1023896C2 (en) 2003-07-11 2003-07-11 Method for manufacturing a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005005077A1 true WO2005005077A1 (en) 2005-01-20

Family

ID=34056982

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/NL2004/000493 Ceased WO2005005077A1 (en) 2003-07-11 2004-07-08 Method for the production of a semi-finished product for a wing-shaped element

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US20060150413A1 (en)
EP (1) EP1644147B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2007528789A (en)
CN (1) CN100404158C (en)
BR (1) BRPI0412338A (en)
CA (1) CA2531793A1 (en)
DE (1) DE602004016336D1 (en)
NL (1) NL1023896C2 (en)
RU (1) RU2347638C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2005005077A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101197089B1 (en) 2011-04-19 2012-11-07 한국과학기술원 The forging device of asymmetry axial product
US9428164B2 (en) 2013-02-28 2016-08-30 Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems Llc Valve assembly

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2757910C (en) * 2009-05-28 2018-01-16 Societe Lorraine De Construction Aeronautique Fabrication method for a composite structural panel for the trailing edge of an aircraft element
CN106424440B (en) * 2016-11-29 2018-06-29 中国直升机设计研究所 A kind of helicopter inlet sheet metal component forming method
CN112238195B (en) * 2020-10-23 2022-07-26 浙江三新科技有限公司 Manufacturing method of wing-shaped blade for fan
CN113231540A (en) * 2021-05-10 2021-08-10 南通大通宝富风机有限公司 Method for accurately controlling size of blades of axial flow fan and mixed flow fan
CN119304070B (en) * 2024-11-19 2025-10-28 中航西安飞机工业集团股份有限公司 A deep drawing method to improve the forming depth limit of ellipsoidal fairing skin

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GB856473A (en) * 1959-04-01 1960-12-14 John Oliver Creek Method and apparatus for forming sheet metal blade sections
US3045327A (en) * 1957-03-04 1962-07-24 Stalker Corp Fabrication of blades for compressors, turbines and the like
US3057393A (en) * 1957-06-03 1962-10-09 Stalker Corp Fabrication of blade blanks
DE1137710B (en) * 1960-05-23 1962-10-11 Westinghouse Electric Corp Device for shaping profiled bodies, in particular profiled blades
US4531270A (en) * 1984-06-13 1985-07-30 United Technologies Corporation Method for the manufacture of metal vanes for turbomachinery

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US3861009A (en) * 1973-05-03 1975-01-21 Modco International Inc Process and apparatus for forming structural members
SU534279A1 (en) * 1974-03-20 1976-11-05 Предприятие П/Я М-5671 Method of forming details of double curvature
JPH08290497A (en) * 1995-04-20 1996-11-05 Nippon Steel Corp Wing type honeycomb panel and manufacturing method thereof
JPH10272527A (en) * 1997-03-31 1998-10-13 Hitachi Ltd How to make a steel plate streamline louver
JP2000326030A (en) * 1999-05-24 2000-11-28 Hitachi Ltd Manufacturing method of hollow member
JP2001259742A (en) * 2000-03-16 2001-09-25 Hitachi Ltd Manufacturing method of hollow member
US6675624B2 (en) * 2000-07-13 2004-01-13 Fokker Aerostructures B.V. Method and device for producing a double-curved sheet-like object by means of stretch-forming

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3045327A (en) * 1957-03-04 1962-07-24 Stalker Corp Fabrication of blades for compressors, turbines and the like
US3057393A (en) * 1957-06-03 1962-10-09 Stalker Corp Fabrication of blade blanks
GB856473A (en) * 1959-04-01 1960-12-14 John Oliver Creek Method and apparatus for forming sheet metal blade sections
DE1137710B (en) * 1960-05-23 1962-10-11 Westinghouse Electric Corp Device for shaping profiled bodies, in particular profiled blades
US4531270A (en) * 1984-06-13 1985-07-30 United Technologies Corporation Method for the manufacture of metal vanes for turbomachinery

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101197089B1 (en) 2011-04-19 2012-11-07 한국과학기술원 The forging device of asymmetry axial product
US9428164B2 (en) 2013-02-28 2016-08-30 Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems Llc Valve assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2531793A1 (en) 2005-01-20
JP2007528789A (en) 2007-10-18
BRPI0412338A (en) 2006-09-05
EP1644147B1 (en) 2008-09-03
NL1023896C2 (en) 2005-01-12
RU2006100307A (en) 2006-07-10
EP1644147A1 (en) 2006-04-12
RU2347638C2 (en) 2009-02-27
DE602004016336D1 (en) 2008-10-16
US20060150413A1 (en) 2006-07-13
CN100404158C (en) 2008-07-23
CN1822909A (en) 2006-08-23

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