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WO2005075672A1 - Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees au recepteur b humain de la cholecystokinine (cckbr) - Google Patents

Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees au recepteur b humain de la cholecystokinine (cckbr) Download PDF

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WO2005075672A1
WO2005075672A1 PCT/EP2005/000341 EP2005000341W WO2005075672A1 WO 2005075672 A1 WO2005075672 A1 WO 2005075672A1 EP 2005000341 W EP2005000341 W EP 2005000341W WO 2005075672 A1 WO2005075672 A1 WO 2005075672A1
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diseases
cckbr
polypeptide
cancer
inflammation
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Stefan Golz
Ulf Brüggemeier
Andreas Geerts
Holger Summer
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Bayer AG
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Bayer Healthcare AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/72—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for hormones
    • C07K14/723—G protein coupled receptor, e.g. TSHR-thyrotropin-receptor, LH/hCG receptor, FSH receptor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy

Definitions

  • CCKBR Human Cholecystokinin Receptor b
  • the present invention is in the field of molecular t ⁇ ology, more particularly, the present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences and amino acid sequences of a human CCKBR and its regulation for the freatment of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in mammals.
  • CCKBR is a seven fransmembrane G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) [[Beinborn et al (1993)], [Pisegna et al. (1992)], [Zimonjic et al. (1994)], WO02061087, WO02103028, US 6169173]. Many medically significant biological processes are mediated by signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins [Lefkowitz, (1991)].
  • GPCRs GPCRs
  • the family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) includes receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and viruses.
  • GPCRs include receptors for such diverse agents as dopamine, calcitonine, adrenergic hormones, endotheline, cAMP, adenosine, acetylcholine, serotonine, histamine, thrombin, kinine, follicle stimulating hormone, opsins, endothelial differentiation gene-1, rhodopsins, odorants, cytomegalovirus, G-proteins themselves, effector proteins such as phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins such as protein kinase A and protein kinase C.
  • effector proteins such as phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase
  • actuator proteins such as protein kinase A and protein kinase C.
  • GPCRs possess seven conserved membrane-spanning domains connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops. GPCRs, also l ⁇ iown as seven fransmembrane, 7TM, receptors, have been characterized as including these seven conserved hydro-phobic stretches of about 20 to 30 amino acids, connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops. Most GPCRs have single conserved cysteine residues in each of the first two extracellular loops, which form disulfide bonds that are believed to stabilize functional protein stmcture. The seven fransmembrane regions are designated as TM1, TM2, TM3, TM4, TM5, TM6, and TM7. TM3 is being implicated with signal fransduction.
  • Phosphorylation and lipidation (palmitylation or farnesylation) of cysteine residues can influence signal fransduction of some GPCRs.
  • Most GPCRs contain potential phosphorylation sites within the third cytoplasmic loop and/or the carboxy terminus.
  • GPCRs such as the beta-adrenergic receptor, phosphorylation by protein kinase A and/or specific receptor kinases mediates receptor desensitization.
  • the ligand binding sites of GPCRs are believed to comprise hydrophilic sockets formed by several GPCR fransmembrane domains.
  • the hydrophilic sockets are surrounded by hydrophobic residues of the GPCRs.
  • the hydrophilic side of each GPCR fransmembrane helix is postulated to face inward and form a polar ligand binding site.
  • TM3 is being implicated with several GPCRs as having a ligand binding site, such as the TM3 aspartate residue.
  • TM5 serines, a TM6 asparagine, and TM6 or TM7 phenylalanines or tyrosines also are implicated in ligand binding.
  • GPCRs are coupled inside the cell by heterotrimeric G-proteins to various intracellular enzymes, ion channels, and transporters. Different G-protein alpha-subunits preferentially stimulate particular effectors to modulate various biological functions in a cell. Phosphorylation of cytoplasmic residues of GPCRs is an important mechanism for the regulation of some GPCRs.
  • the effect of hormone binding is the activation of the enzyme, adenylate cyclase, inside the cell. Enzyme activation by hormones is dependent on the presence of the nucleotide GTP. GTP also influences hormone binding.
  • a G-protein connects the hormone receptor to adenylate cyclase.
  • G-protein exchanges GTP for bound GDP when activated by a hormone receptor.
  • the GTP-carrying form then binds to activated adenylate cyclase.
  • Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, catalyzed by the G-protein itself, returns the G-protein to its basal, inactive form.
  • the G-protein serves a dual role, as an intermediate that relays the signal from receptor to effector, and as a clock that controls the duration of the signal.
  • TaqMan is a recently developed technique, in which the release of a fluorescent reporter dye from a hybridisation probe in real-time during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is proportional to the accumulation of the PCR product. Quantification is based on the early, linear part of the reaction, and by determining the threshold cycle (CT), at which fluorescence above background is first detected.
  • CT threshold cycle
  • Gene expression technologies may be useful in several areas of drug discovery and development, such as target identification, lead optimization, and identification of mechanisms of action.
  • the TaqMan technology can be used to compare differences between expression profiles of normal tissue and diseased tissue.
  • Expression profiling has been used in identifying genes, which are up- or downregulated in a variety of diseases.
  • An interesting application of expression profiling is temporal monitoring of changes in gene expression during disease progression and drug freatment or in patients versus healthy individuals.
  • the premise in this approach is that changes in pattern of gene expression in response to physiological or environmental stimuli (e.g., dmgs) may serve as indirect clues about disease-causing genes or dmg targets.
  • the effects of drugs with established efficacy on global gene expression patterns may provide a guidepost, or a genetic signature, against which a new dmg candidate can be compared.
  • nucleotide sequence of cckbr is accessible in the databases by the accession number L08112 and is given in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • CCK cholecystol inin
  • the receptors can be divided into 2 subtypes on the basis of their affinity for nonsulfated analogs of CCK.
  • Type A receptors which have a high affinity only for sulfated CCK-8, are found principally in the gastrointestinal tract and select areas of the CNS
  • type B (gastrin) receptors having a high affinity for both sulfated and nonsulfated CCK analogs, are found principally in the CNS and select areas of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Highly selective, nonpeptide antagonists have been developed that support this subtype classification.
  • type B receptors regulate anxiety, arousal, neuroleptic activity, and opiate-induced analgesia.
  • the CCKB/gastrin receptor (CCKBR) can selectively be blocked by nonpeptide benzodiazepine-based antagonists.
  • Beinborn et al [Beinbom et al. (1993)] found that a single amino acid, valine-319, is critical in determining the binding affinity for these nonpeptide antagonists. They showed that it is the variability in the aliphatic side chain of the amino acid in position 319 that confers antagonist specificity and concluded that the residues underlying nonpeptide antagonist affinity must differ from those that confer against specificity.
  • Pisegna et al. [Pisegna et al. (1992)] used a rat type B receptor cDNA to isolate cDNA for the human counterpart. They found that it encodes a 447-amino acid protein with 90% identity to both rat type B CCK receptor and canine gastrin receptor. Northern hybridization identified transcripts in stomach, pancreas, brain, and gall bladder. Using a somatic cell hybrid panel of human/hamster DNAs and Southern blot analysis, they demonstrated that the CCKBR gene is located on chromosome 11. Expression of the receptor of the cDNA in COS-7 cells was characteristic of a type B CCK receptor pharmacology. Zimonjic et al. [Zimonjic et al. (1994)] assigned the CCKBR gene to 1 Ipl5.5-pl5.4 by in situ hybridization.
  • CCKBR is published in patents WO02061087, WO02103028 and US 6169173.
  • the invention relates to novel disease associations of CCKBR polypeptides and polynucleotides.
  • the invention also relates to novel methods of screening for therapeutic agents for the freatment of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gastroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal.
  • the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gastroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a CCKBR polypeptide, a CCKBR polynucleotide, or regulators of CCKBR or modulators of CCKBR activity.
  • the invention further comprises methods of diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal.
  • Fig. 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of a cckbr receptor polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • Fig. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of a cckbr receptor polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 2).
  • Fig. 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of a primer useful for the invention (SEQ ID NO: 3).
  • Fig. 4 shows the nucleotide sequence of a primer useful for the invention (SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • Fig. 5 shows a nucleotide sequence useful as a probe to detect proteins of the invention (SEQ ID NO: 5).
  • oligonucleotide is a stretch of nucleotide residues which has a sufficient number of bases to be used as an oligomer, amplimer or probe in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotides are prepared from genomic or cDNA sequence and are used to amplify, reveal, or confirm the presence of a similar DNA or RNA in a particular cell or tissue. Oligonucleotides or oligomers comprise portions of a DNA sequence having at least about 10 nucleotides and as many as about 35 nucleotides, preferably about 25 nucleotides.
  • Probes may be derived from naturally occurring or recombinant single- or double-stranded nucleic acids or may be chemically synthesized. They are useful in detecting the presence of identical or similar sequences. Such probes may be labeled with reporter molecules using nick translation, Klenow fill-in reaction, PCR or other methods well known in the art. Nucleic acid probes may be used in southern, northern or in situ hybridizations to determine whether DNA or RNA encoding a certain protein is present in a cell type, tissue, or organ.
  • a “fragment of a polynucleotide” is a nucleic acid that comprises all or any part of a given nucleotide molecule, the fragment having fewer nucleotides than about 6 kb, preferably fewer than about 1 kb.
  • Reporter molecules are radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents which associate with a particular nucleotide or amino acid sequence, thereby establishing the presence of a certain sequence, or allowing for the quantification of a certain sequence.
  • Chimeric molecules may be constructed by introducing all or part of the nucleotide sequence of this invention into a vector containing additional nucleic acid sequence which might be expected to change any one or several of the following CCKBR characteristics: cellular location, distribution, ligand-binding affinities, interchain affinities, degradation/turnover rate, signaling, etc.
  • CCKBR polypeptide refers to those forms, fragments, or domains of a CCKBR polypeptide which retain the biological and or antigenic activity of a CCKBR polypeptide.
  • Naturally occurring CCKBR polypeptide refers to a polypeptide produced by cells which have not been genetically engineered and specifically contemplates various polypeptides arising from post-translational modifications of the polypeptide including but not limited to acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation and acylation.
  • Derivative refers to polypeptides which have been chemically modified by techniques such as ubiquitination, labeling (see above), pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol), and chemical insertion or substitution of amino acids such as omithine which do not normally occur in human proteins.
  • Constant amino acid substitutions result from replacing one amino acid with another having similar structural and or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, or a threonine with a serine.
  • “Insertions” or “deletions” are typically in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The variation allowed may be experimentally determined by producing the peptide synthetically while systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions of nucleotides in the sequence using recombinant DNA techniques.
  • a “signal sequence” or “leader sequence” can be used, when desired, to direct the polypeptide through a membrane of a cell.
  • Such a sequence may be naturally present on the polypeptides of the present invention or provided from heterologous sources by recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Oligopeptide is a short stretch of amino acid residues and may be expressed from an oligonucleotide. Oligopeptides comprise a stretch of amino acid residues of at least 3, 5, 10 amino acids and at most 10, 15, 25 amino acids, typically of at least 9 to 13 amino acids, and of sufficient length to display biological and/or antigenic activity.
  • inhibitor is any substance which retards or prevents a chemical or physiological reaction or response. Common inhibitors include but are not limited to antisense molecules, antibodies, and antagonists.
  • Standard expression is a quantitative or qualitative measurement for comparison. It is based on a statistically appropriate number of normal samples and is created to use as a basis of comparison when performing diagnostic assays, running clinical trials, or following patient freatment profiles.
  • Animal as used herein may be defined to include human, domestic (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), agricultural (e.g., cows, horses, sheep, etc.) or test species (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.).
  • domestic e.g., cats, dogs, etc.
  • agricultural e.g., cows, horses, sheep, etc.
  • test species e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.
  • a "CCKBR polynucleotide”, within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as being a nucleic acid molecule selected from a group consisting of (i) nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2,
  • nucleic acid molecules comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1,
  • nucleic acid molecules the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii), or (iii);
  • nucleic acid molecules the sequence of which differs from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code;
  • polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid molecule has CCKBR activity.
  • CNKBR polypeptide within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as being a polypeptide selected from a group consisting of
  • polypeptides which show at least 99%, 98%, 95%, 90%, or 80% homology with a polypeptide of (i), (ii), or (iii);
  • polypeptide has CCKBR activity.
  • nucleotide sequences encoding a CCKBR have numerous applications in techniques known to those skilled in the art of molecular biology. These techniques include use as hybridization probes, use in the construction of oligomers for PCR, use for chromosome and gene mapping, use in the recombinant production of CCKBR, and use in generation of antisense DNA or RNA, their chemical analogs and the like. Uses of nucleotides encoding a CCKBR disclosed herein are exemplary of known techniques and are not intended to limit their use in any technique known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • nucleotide sequences disclosed herein may be used in molecular biology techniques that have not yet been developed, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotide sequences that are currently known, e.g., the triplet genetic code, specific base pair interactions, etc. It will be appreciated by those sMlled in the art that as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of CCKBR - encoding nucleotide sequences may be produced. Some of these will only bear minimal homology to the nucleotide sequence of the known and naturally occurring CCKBR.
  • the invention has specifically contemplated each and every possible variation of nucleotide sequence that could be made by selecting combinations based on possible codon choices. These combinations are made in accordance with the standard triplet genetic code as applied to the nucleotide sequence of naturally occurring CCKBR, and all such variations are to be considered as being specifically disclosed.
  • nucleotide sequences which encode a CCKBR, its derivatives or its variants are preferably capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of the naturally occurring CCKBR polynucleotide under stringent conditions, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequences encoding CCKBR polypeptides or its derivatives possessing a substantially different codon usage. Codons can be selected to increase the rate at which expression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression host in accordance with the frequency with which particular codons are utilized by the host.
  • RNA transcripts having more desirable properties such as a greater half-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurring sequence.
  • Nucleotide sequences encoding a CCKBR polypeptide may be joined to a variety of other nucleotide sequences by means of well established recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Useful nucleotide sequences for joining to CCKBR polynucleotides include an assortment of cloning vectors such as plasmids, cosmids, lambda phage derivatives, phagemids, and the like.
  • Vectors of interest include expression vectors, replication vectors, probe generation vectors, sequencing vectors, etc. In general, vectors of interest may contain an origin of replication functional in at least one organism, convenient restriction endonuclease sensitive sites, and selectable markers for one or more host cell systems.
  • Another aspect of the subject invention is to provide for CCKBR-specific hybridization probes capable of hybridizing with naturally occurring nucleotide sequences encoding CCKBR. Such probes may also be used for the detection of similar GPCR encoding sequences and should preferably show at least 40% nucleotide identity to CCKBR polynucleotides.
  • the hybridization probes of the subject invention may be derived from the nucleotide sequence presented as SEQ ID NO: 1 or from genomic sequences including promoter, enhancers or introns of the native gene. Hybridization probes may be labelled by a variety of reporter molecules using techniques well known in the art.
  • the invention relates to nucleic acid sequences that hybridize with such CCKBR encoding nucleic acid sequences under stringent conditions.
  • Stringent conditions refers to conditions that allow for the hybridization of substantially related nucleic acid sequences. For instance, such conditions will generally allow hybridization of sequence with at least about 85% sequence identity, preferably with at least about 90% sequence identity, more preferably with at least about 95% sequence identity. Hybridization conditions and probes can be adjusted in well-characterized ways to achieve selective hybridization of human- derived probes. Stringent conditions, within the meaning of the invention are 65°C in a buffer containing 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaHP0 4 (pH 7.2), 7 % (w/v) SDS.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that will hybridize to CCKBR polynucleotides under stringent conditions can be identified functionally.
  • examples of the uses for hybridization probes include: histochemical uses such as identifying tissues that express CCKBR; measuring mRNA levels, for instance to identify a sample's tissue type or to identify cells that express abnormal levels of CCKBR; and detecting polymo ⁇ hisms of CCKBR.
  • PCR provides additional uses for oligonucleotides based upon the nucleotide sequence which encodes CCKBR.
  • probes used in PCR may be of recombinant origin, chemically synthesized, or a mixture of both.
  • Oligomers may comprise discrete nucleotide sequences employed under optimized conditions for identification of CCKBR in specific tissues or diagnostic use. The same two oligomers, a nested set of oligomers, or even a degenerate pool of oligomers may be employed under less stringent conditions for identification of closely related DNAs or RNAs.
  • PCR primers i.e., preparations of primers that are heterogeneous at given sequence locations, can be designed to amplify nucleic acid sequences that are highly homologous to, but not identical with CCKBR.
  • Strategies are now available that allow for only one of the primers to be required to specifically hybridize with a ?known sequence.
  • appropriate nucleic acid primers can be ligated to the nucleic acid sought to be amplified to provide the hybridization partner for one of the primers. In this way, only one of the primers need be based on the sequence of the nucleic acid sought to be amplified.
  • PCR methods for amplifying nucleic acid will utilize at least two primers.
  • One of these primers will be capable of hybridizing to a first strand of the nucleic acid to be amplified and of priming enzyme-driven nucleic acid synthesis in a first direction.
  • the other will be capable of hybridizing the reciprocal sequence of the first strand (if the sequence to be amplified is single stranded, this sequence will initially be hypothetical, but will be synthesized in the first amplification cycle) and of priming nucleic acid synthesis from that strand in the direction opposite the first direction and towards the site of hybridization for the first primer.
  • Conditions for conducting such amplifications particularly under preferred stringent hybridization conditions, are well known.
  • CCKBR CCKBR-derived RNA probes
  • vectors for the production of mRNA probes.
  • Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the addition of the appropriate RNA polymerase as T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase and the appropriate reporter molecules.
  • nucleic acid sequence can be inserted into any of the many available DNA vectors and their respective host cells using techniques which are well l ⁇ iown in the art.
  • synthetic chemistry may be used to introduce mutations into the nucleotide sequence. Alternately, a portion of sequence in which a mutation is desired can be synthesized and recombined with longer portion of an existing genomic or recombinant sequence.
  • CCKBR polynucleotides may be used to produce a purified oligo-or polypeptide using well known methods of recombinant DNA technology.
  • the oligopeptide may be expressed in a variety of host cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Host cells may be from the same species from which the nucleotide sequence was derived or from a different species. Advantages of producing an oligonucleotide by recombinant DNA technology include obtaining adequate amounts of the protein for purification and the availability of simplified purification procedures.
  • Chromosome-based techniques such as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) facilitate efforts to cytogenetically localize genomic regions that are altered in tumor cells. Regions of genomic alteration can be narrowed further using loss of heterozygosity analysis (LOH), in which disease DNA is analyzed and compared with normal DNA for the loss of a heterozygous polymorphic marker.
  • LH loss of heterozygosity analysis
  • RFLPs restriction fragment length polymorphisms [Johnson, (1989)]
  • hypervariable mini- satellite DNA Barnes, 2000].
  • a gene sequence contained in all samples at relatively constant quantity is typically utilized for sample amplification efficiency normalization. ?This approach, however, suffers from several drawbacks. The method requires that each sample has equal input amounts of the nucleic acid and that the amplification efficiency between samples is identical until the time of analysis. Furthermore, it is difficult . using the conventional methods of PCR quantitation such as gel elecfrophoresis or plate capture hybridization to determine that all samples are in fact analyzed during the log phase of the reaction as required by the method.
  • QC-PCR quantitative competitive PCR
  • An internal control competitor in each reaction [Piatak, (1993), BioTechniques].
  • the efficiency of each reaction is normalized to the internal competitor.
  • a known amount of internal competitor is typically added to each sample.
  • the unknown target PCR product is compared with the l ⁇ iown competitor PCR product to obtain relative quantitation.
  • a difficulty with this general approach lies in developing an internal control that amplifies with the same efficiency than the target molecule.
  • Fluorogenic nuclease assays are a real time quantitation method that uses a probe to monitor formation of amplification product.
  • the basis for this method of monitoring the formation of amplification product is to measure continuously PCR product accumulation using a dual-labelled fluorogenic oligonucleotide probe, an approach frequently referred to in the literature simply as the "TaqMan method" [Piatak, (1993), Science; Heid, (1996); Gibson, (1996); Holland. (1991)].
  • the probe used in such assays is typically a short (about 20-25 bases) oligonucleotide that is labeled with two different fluorescent dyes.
  • the 5* terminus of the probe is attached to a reporter dye and the 3' terminus is attached to a quenching dye, although the dyes could be attached at other locations on the probe as well.
  • the probe is designed to have at least substantial sequence complementarity with the probe binding site. Upstream and downstream PCR primers which bind to flanking regions of the locus are added to the reaction mixture. When the probe is intact, energy transfer between the two fluorophors occurs and the quencher quenches emission from the reporter.
  • the probe is cleaved by the 5' nuclease activity of a nucleic acid polymerase such as Taq polymerase, thereby releasing the reporter from the oligonucleotide-quencher and resulting in an increase of reporter emission intensity which can be measured by an appropriate detector.
  • a nucleic acid polymerase such as Taq polymerase
  • One detector which is specifically adapted for measuring fluorescence emissions such as those created during a fluorogenic assay is the ABI 7700 or 4700 HT manufactured by Applied Biosystems, Inc. in Foster City, Calif.
  • the ABI 7700 uses fiber optics connected with each well in a 96-or 384 well PCR tube arrangement.
  • the instrument includes a laser for exciting the labels and is capable of measuring the fluorescence spectra intensity from each tube with continuous monitoring during PCR amplification. Each tube is re-examined every 8.5 seconds.
  • Computer software provided with the instrument is capable of recording the fluorescence intensity of reporter and quencher over the course of the amplification. The recorded values will then be used to calculate the increase in normalized reporter emission intensity on a continuous basis. The increase in emission intensity is plotted versus time, i.e., the number of amplification cycles, to produce a continuous measure of amplification.
  • the amplification plot is examined at a point during the log phase of product accumulation. This is accomplished by assigning a fluorescence threshold intensity above background and determining the point at which each amplification plot crosses the threshold (defined as the threshold cycle number or Ct). Differences in threshold cycle number are used to quantify the relative amount of PCR target contained within each tube. Assuming that each reaction functions at 100% PCR efficiency, a difference of one Ct represents a two-fold difference in the amount of starting template.
  • the fluorescence value can be used in conjunction with a standard curve to determine the amount of amplification product present.
  • a variety of options are available for measuring the amplification products as they are formed.
  • One method utilizes labels, such as dyes, which only bind to double stranded DNA.
  • amplification product which is double stranded
  • dyes it is possible to distinguish between dye molecules free in solution and dye molecules bound to amplification product.
  • certain dyes fluoresce only when bound to amplification product. Examples of dyes which can be used in methods of this general type include, but are not limited to, Syber Green.TM. and Pico Green from Molecular Probes, Inc.
  • These detection methods involve some alteration to the stmcture or conformation of a probe hybridized to the locus between the amplification primer pair.
  • the alteration is caused by the template-dependent extension catalyzed by a nucleic acid polymerase during the amplification process.
  • the alteration generates a detectable signal which is an indirect measure of the amount of amplification product formed.
  • some methods involve the degradation or digestion of the probe during the extension reaction. These methods are a consequence of the 5'-3' nuclease activity associated with some nucleic acid polymerases. Polymerases having this activity cleave mononucleotides or small oligonucleotides from an oligonucleotide probe annealed to its complementary sequence located within the locus.
  • the 3' end of the upsfream primer provides the initial binding site for the nucleic acid polymerase.
  • the nucleic acid polymerase displaces a portion of the 5' end of the probe and through its nuclease activity cleaves mononucleotides or oligonucleotides from the probe.
  • the upsfream primer and the probe can be designed such that they anneal to the complementary strand in close proximity to one another. In fact, the 3' end of the upsfream primer and the 5' end of the probe may abut one another. In this situation, extension of the upstream primer is not necessary in order for the nucleic acid polymerase to begin cleaving the probe. In the case in which intervening nucleotides separate the upsfream primer and the probe, extension of the primer is necessary before the nucleic acid polymerase encounters the 5' end of the probe.
  • the 5 -3' exonuclease activity of the nucleic acid polymerase begins cleaving mononucleotides or oligonucleotides from the 5' end of the probe. Digestion of the probe continues until the remaining portion of the probe dissociates from the complementary strand.
  • the two end sections can hybridize with each other to form a hairpin loop.
  • the reporter and quencher dye are in sufficiently close proximity that fluorescence from the reporter dye is effectively quenched by the quencher dye.
  • Hybridized probe in contrast, results in a linearized conformation in which the extent of quenching is decreased.
  • the labeled probe is selected so that its sequence is substantially complementary to a segment of the test locus or a reference locus. As indicated above, the nucleic acid site to which the probe binds should be located between the primer binding sites for the upsfream and downstream amplification primers.
  • the primers used in the amplification are selected so as to be capable of hybridizing to sequences at flanking regions of the locus being amplified.
  • the primers are chosen to have at least substantial complementarity with the different strands of the nucleic acid being amplified.
  • the primers are selected in such that they flank the probe, i.e. are located upstream and downstream of the probe.
  • the primer must have sufficient length so that it is capable of priming the synthesis of extension products in the presence of an agent for polymerization.
  • the length and composition of the primer depends on many parameters, including, for example, the temperature at which the annealing reaction is conducted, proximity of the probe binding site to that of the primer, relative concentrations of the primer and probe and the particular nucleic acid composition of the probe.
  • the primer typically includes 15-30 nucleotides.
  • the length of the primer may be more or less depending on the complexity of the primer binding site and the factors listed above.
  • Ihe labels used for labeling the probes or primers of the current invention and which can provide the signal co ⁇ esponding to the quantity of amplification product can take a variety of forms.
  • a fluorescent signal is one signal which can be measured.
  • measurements may also be made, for example, by monitoring radioactivity, colorimetry, absorption, magnetic parameters, or enzymatic activity.
  • labels which can be employed include, but are not limited to, fluorophors, chromophores, radioactive isotopes, elecfron dense reagents, enzymes, and ligands having specific binding partners (e.g., biotin-avidin).
  • a number of labels useful for attachment to probes or primers are commercially available including fluorescein and various fluorescein derivatives such as FAM, HEX, TET and JOE (all which are available from Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif); lucifer yellow, and coumarin derivatives.
  • Labels may be attached to the probe or primer using a variety of techniques and can be attached at the 5' end, and or the 3' end and/or at an internal nucleotide.
  • the label can also be attached to spacer arms of various sizes which are attached to the probe or primer. These spacer arms are useful for obtaining a desired distance between multiple labels attached to the probe or primer.
  • a single label may be utilized; whereas, in other instances, such as with the 5' fluorogenic nuclease assays for example, two or more labels are attached to the probe.
  • the probe includes multiple labels, it is generally advisable to maintain spacing between the labels which is sufficient to permit separation of the labels during digestion of the probe through the 5'-3' nuclease activity of the nucleic acid polymerase.
  • a number of diseases are associated with changes in the copy number of a certain gene.
  • the real-time PCR method can be used to determine if the patient has copy number alterations which are known to be linked with diseases that are associated with the symptoms the patient has.
  • Fusion proteins are useful for generating antibodies against CCKBR polypeptides and for use in various assay systems. For example, fusion proteins can be used to identify proteins which interact with portions of CCKBR polypeptides. Protein affinity chromatography or library-based assays for protein-protein interactions, such as the yeast two-hybrid or phage display systems, can be used for this purpose. Such methods are well known in the art and also can be used as drug screens.
  • a CCKBR fusion protem comprises two polypeptide segments fused together by means of a peptide bond.
  • the first polypeptide segment can comprise at least 54, 75, 100, 125, 139, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, or 275 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2 or of a biologically active variant, such as those described above.
  • the first polypeptide segment also can comprise full-length CCKBR.
  • the second polypeptide segment can be a full-length protein or a protein fragment.
  • Proteins commonly used in fusion protein construction include, but are not limited to ⁇ galactosidase, ⁇ - glucuronidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), autofluorescent proteins, including blue fluorescent protein (BFP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), luciferase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT).
  • epitope tags are used in fusion protein constructions, including histidine (His) tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags.
  • Other fusion constructions can include maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex a DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions, herpes simplex vims (HSV) BP16 protein fusions and G-protein fusions (for example G(alpha)16, Gs, Gi).
  • a fusion protein also can be engineered to contain a cleavage site located adjacent to the CCKBR.
  • a naturally occu ⁇ ing CCKBR polynucleotide can be isolated free of other cellular components such as membrane components, proteins, and lipids.
  • Polynucleotides can be made by a cell and isolated using standard nucleic acid purification techniques, or synthesized using an amplification technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or by using an automatic synthesizer. Methods for isolating polynucleotides are routine and are known in the art. Any such technique for obtaining a polynucleotide can be used to obtain isolated CCKBR polynucleotides. For example, restriction enzymes and probes can be used to isolate polynucleotide fragments which comprise CCKBR nucleotide sequences. Isolated polynucleotides are in preparations which are free or at least 70, 80, or 90% free of other molecules.
  • CCKBR cDNA molecules can be made with standard molecular biology techniques, using CCKBR mRNA as a template. CCKBR cDNA molecules can thereafter be replicated using molecular biology techniques known in the art. An amplification technique, such as PCR, can be used to obtain additional copies of polynucleotides of the invention, using either human genomic DNA or cDNA as a template.
  • CCKBR polynucleotides can be synthesized using synthetic chemistry techniques to synthesizes CCKBR polynucleotides.
  • the degeneracy of the genetic code allows alternate nucleotide sequences to be synthesized which will encode CCKBR having, for example, an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or a biologically active variant thereof.
  • PCR-based methods can be used to extend nucleic acid sequences encoding human CCKBR, for example to detect upsfream sequences of CCKBR gene such as promoters and regulatory elements.
  • restriction-site PCR uses universal primers to retrieve unknown sequence adjacent to a known locus. Genomic DNA is first amplified in the presence of a primer to a linker sequence and a primer specific to the known region. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a second round of PCR with the same linker primer and another specific primer internal to the first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribed with an appropriate RNA polymerase and sequenced using reverse franscriptase.
  • Inverse PCR also can be used to amplify or extend sequences using divergent primers based on a known region.
  • Primers can be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 Primer Analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Madison, Minn.), to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures about 68-72°C.
  • the method uses several restriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known region of a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligation and used as a PCR template.
  • capture PCR which involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a lcnown sequence in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA.
  • multiple restriction enzyme digestions and ligations also can be used to place an engineered double-stranded sequence into an unknown fragment of the DNA molecule before performing PCR.
  • libraries that have been size-selected to include larger cDNAs. Randomly-primed libraries are preferable, in that they will contain more sequences which contain the 5' regions of genes. Use of a randomly primed library may be especially preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA.
  • Genomic libraries can be useful for extension of sequence into 5' non-transcribed regulatory regions.
  • capillary electrophoresis systems can be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of PCR or sequencing products.
  • capillary sequencing can employ flowable polymers for elecfrophoretic separation, four different fluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which are laser activated, and detection of the emitted wavelengths by a charge coupled device camera.
  • Output/light intensity can be converted to electrical signal using appropriate equipment and software (e.g., GENOTYPER and Sequence NAVIGATOR, Perkin Elmer), and the entire process from loading of samples to computer analysis and electronic data display can be computer controlled.
  • Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for the sequencing of small pieces of DNA which might be present in limited amounts in a particular sample.
  • CCKBR can be obtained, for example, by purification from human cells, by expression of CCKBR polynucleotides, or by direct chemical synthesis.
  • CCKBR can be purified from any human cell which expresses the receptor, including those which have been transfected with expression constructs which express CCKBR.
  • a purified CCKBR is separated from other compounds which normally associate with CCKBR in the cell, such as certain proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, using methods well-lcnown in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative gel elecfrophoresis.
  • CCKBR polynucleotides can be inserted into an expression vector which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence.
  • Methods which are well l ⁇ iown to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding CCKBR and appropriate transcriptional and franslational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination.
  • a variety of expression vector/host systems can be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding CCKBR. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms, such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors, insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic vims, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids), or animal cell systems.
  • microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors
  • yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus)
  • plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors e.g., cauliflower mosaic vims, Ca
  • control elements or regulatory sequences are those non-translated regions of the vector - enhancers, promoters, 5' and 3' untranslated regions — which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out franscription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable franscription and translation elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, can be used. For example, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such as the hybrid lacZ promoter of the
  • BLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) or pSPORTl plasmid (Life Technologies) and the like can be used.
  • the baculovirus polyhedrin promoter can be used in insect cells.
  • Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells e.g., heat shock, RUBISCO, and storage protein genes
  • plant vimses e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences
  • promoters from mammalian genes or from mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to generate a cell line that contains multiple copies of a nucleotide sequence encoding CC?KBR, vectors based on SV40 or EBV can be used with an appropriate selectable marker.
  • a number of expression vectors can be selected.
  • vectors which direct high level expression of fusion proteins that are readily purified can be used.
  • Such vectors include, but are not limited to, multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such as BLUESCRIPT (Stratagene).
  • BLUESCRIPT a sequence encoding CCKBR can be ligated into the vector in frame with sequences for the amino-terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of ⁇ - galactosidase so that a hybrid protein is produced.
  • pIN vectors or pGEX vectors also can be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-fransferase (GST).
  • GST glutathione S-fransferase
  • fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adso ⁇ tion to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione.
  • Proteins made in such systems can be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest can be released from the GST moiety at will.
  • CCKBR sequences encoding CCKBR
  • promoters such as the 35S and 19S promoters of Ca?MV can be used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV.
  • plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters can be used. These constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNA transformation or by pathogen-mediated transfection.
  • An insect system also can be used to express CCKBR.
  • CCKBR Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis vims (Ac?NPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodoptera frugiperda cells or in Trichoplusia larvae.
  • Sequences encoding CCKBR can be cloned into a non-essential region of the vims, such as the polyhedrin gene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter.
  • Successful insertion of CCKBR will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and produce recombinant virus lacking coat protein.
  • the recombinant viruses can then be used to infect S. frugiperda cells or Trichoplusia larvae in which CCKBR can be expressed.
  • a number of viral-based expression systems can be used to express CCKBR in mammalian host cells.
  • sequences encoding CCKBR can be ligated into an adenovirus transcription/translation complex comprising the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential El or E3 region of the viral genome can be used to obtain a viable vims which is capable of expressing CCKBR in infected host cells [Engelhard, 1994)].
  • franscription enhancers such as the Rous sarcoma vims (RSV) enhancer, can be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.
  • RSV Rous sarcoma vims
  • HACs Human artificial chromosomes
  • HACs also can be used to deliver larger fragments of DNA than can be contained and expressed in a plasmid.
  • HACs of 6M to 10M are constructed and delivered to cells via conventional delivery methods (e.g., liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles).
  • Specific initiation signals also can be used to achieve more efficient translation of sequences encoding CCKBR. Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences, hi cases where sequences encoding CCKBR, its initiation codon, and upsfream sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signals may be needed.
  • exogenous translational control signals including the ATG initiation codon
  • the initiation codon should be in the correct reading frame to ensure translation of the entire insert.
  • Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons can be of various origins, both natural and synthetic.
  • a host cell strain can be chosen for its ability to modulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process the expressed CCKBR in the desired fashion.
  • modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation.
  • Post-translational processing which cleaves a "prepro" form of the polypeptide also can be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/or function.
  • Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, IVTDCK, HEK293, and WI38), are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110-2209) and can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • Stable expression is preferred for long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins.
  • cell lines which stably express CCKBR can be transformed using expression vectors which can contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the infroduction of the vector, cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched medium before they are switched to a selective medium.
  • the pu ⁇ ose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced CCKBR sequences.
  • Resistant clones of stably transformed cells can be proliferated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type. Any number of selection systems can be used to recover transformed cell lines.
  • dhfr confers resistance to methofrexate [Lowy, (1980)]
  • npt confers resistance to the aminoglycosides, neomycin and G-418 [Wigler, (1980)]
  • als and pat confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively [Colbere-Garapin, 1981]. Additional selectable genes have been described.
  • trpB allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD, which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine.
  • Visible markers such as anthocyanins, ⁇ - glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, and luciferase and its substrate luciferin, can be used to identify transformants and to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system
  • marker gene expression suggests that a CCKBR polynucleotide is also present, its presence and expression may need to be confirmed. For example, if a sequence encoding CCKBR is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing sequences which encode CCKBR can be identified by the absence of marker gene function. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding CCKBR under the confrol of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of CCKBR polynucleotide.
  • host cells which contain a CCKBR polynucleotide and which express CCKBR can be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein.
  • these procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein.
  • the presence of a polynucleotide sequence encoding CCKBR can be detected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification using probes or fragments or fragments of polynucleotides encoding CCKBR.
  • Nucleic acid amplification-based assays involve the use of oligonucleotides selected from sequences en
  • a variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression of CCKBR, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the polypeptide, are l ⁇ iown in the art. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmimoassay (RIA), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • RIA radioimmimoassay
  • FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
  • a two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on CCKBR can be used, or a competitive binding assay can be employed.
  • Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding CCKBR include oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide.
  • sequences encoding CCKBR can be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe.
  • RNA probes are known in the art, are commercially available, and can be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of labeled nucleotides and an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6. These procedures can be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega, and US Biochemical). Suitable reporter molecules or labels which can be used for ease of detection include radio- nuclides, enzymes, and fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.
  • Host cells transformed with CCKBR polynucleotides can be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture.
  • the polypeptide produced by a transformed cell can be secreted or contained infracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used.
  • expression vectors containing CCKBR polynucleotides can be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of soluble CCKBR tlirough a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane or which direct the membrane insertion of membrane-bound CCKBR.
  • purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Co ⁇ ., Seattle, Wash.). Inclusion of cleavable linker sequences such as those specific for Factor ?XA. or enterokinase
  • One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containing CCKBR and 6 histidine residues preceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. TThe histidine residues facilitate purification by IMAC (immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography) Maddox, (1983)], while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying CCKBR from the fusion protein [Porath, (1992)].
  • IMAC immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography
  • CCKBR Sequences encoding CCKBR can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art.
  • CCKBR itself can be produced using chemical methods to synthesize its amino acid sequence, such as by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques. Protein synthesis can either be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosyste s 431 A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer).
  • fragments of CCKBR can be separately synthesized and combined using chemical methods to produce a full-length molecule.
  • the newly synthesized peptide can be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography.
  • the composition of a synthetic CCKBR can be confirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing. Additionally, any portion of the amino acid sequence of CCKBR can be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences from other proteins to produce a variant polypeptide or a fusion protein.
  • codons preferred by a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increase the rate of protem expression or to produce an RNA transcript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which is longer than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurring sequence.
  • nucleotide sequences referred to herein can be engineered using methods generally known in the art to alter CCKBR polynucleotides for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the polypeptide or mRNA product.
  • DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides can be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences.
  • site- directed mutagenesis can be used to insert new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, introduce mutations, and so forth.
  • Any type of antibody known in the art can be generated to bind specifically to an epitope of CCKBR.
  • Antibody as used herein includes intact immunoglobulin molecules, as well as fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab') 2 , and Fv, which are capable of binding an epitope of CCKBR.
  • Fab fragments thereof
  • F(ab') 2 fragments thereof
  • Fv fragments thereof
  • epitopes which involve non-contiguous amino acids may require more, e.g., at least 15, 25, or 50 amino acid.
  • An antibody which specifically binds to an epitope of CCKBR can be used therapeutically, as well as in immunochemical assays, such as Western blots, ELISAs, radio- immunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays l nown in the art.
  • immunochemical assays such as Western blots, ELISAs, radio- immunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays l nown in the art.
  • Various immunoassays can be used to identify antibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immunoradiometric assays are well known in the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex formation between an immunogen and an antibody which specifically binds to the CCKBR immunogen.
  • an antibody which specifically binds to CCKBR provides a detection signal at least 5-, 10-, or 20-fold higher than a detection signal provided with other proteins when used in an immunochemical assay.
  • antibodies which specifically bind to CCKBR do not detect other proteins in immunochemical assays and can immunoprecipitate CCKBR from solution.
  • CCKBR can be used to immunize a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, or human, to produce polyclonal antibodies.
  • CCKBR can be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
  • carrier protein such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
  • various adjuvants can be used to increase the immunological response.
  • Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels (e.g., aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (e.g., lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinifrophenol).
  • BCG Bacilli Calmette-Gueri
  • Corynebacterium parvum are especially useful.
  • Monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to CCKBR can be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique [Roberge, (1995)].
  • chimeric antibodies the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibody genes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity and biological activity
  • Monoclonal and other antibodies also can be "humanized” to prevent a patient from mounting an immune response against the antibody when it is used therapeutically.
  • Such antibodies may be sufficiently similar in sequence to human antibodies to be used directly in therapy or may require alteration of a few key residues. Sequence differences between rodent antibodies and human sequences can be minimized by replacing residues which differ from those in the human sequences by site directed mutagenesis of individual residues or by grating of entire complementarity determining regions.
  • Antibodies which specifically bind to CCKBR can contain antigen binding sites which are either partially or fully humanized, as disclosed in U.S. 5,565,332.
  • single chain antibodies can be adapted using methods known in the art to produce single chain antibodies which specifically bind to CCKBR.
  • Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition can be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobin libraries.
  • Single-chain antibodies also can be constructed using a DNA amplification method, such as PCR, using hybridoma cDNA as a template.
  • Single-chain antibodies can be mono- or bispecific, and can be bivalent or tetravalent. Construction of tetravalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught.
  • a nucleotide sequence encoding a single-chain antibody can be constructed using manual or automated nucleotide synthesis, cloned into an expression construct using standard recombinant DNA methods, and introduced into a cell to express the coding sequence, as described below.
  • single-chain antibodies can be produced directly using, for example, filamentous phage technology.
  • Antibodies which specifically bind to CCKBR also can be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents.
  • Other types of antibodies can be constructed and used therapeutically in methods of the invention.
  • chimeric antibodies can be constructed as disclosed in WO 93/03151.
  • Antibodies according to the invention can be purified by methods well known in the art. For example, antibodies can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which CCKBR is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides are nucleotide sequences which are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary nucleotides combine with natural sequences produced by the cell to form complexes and block either franscription or translation.
  • an antisense oligonucleotide is at least 11 nucleotides in length, but can be at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 or more nucleotides long. Longer sequences also can be used.
  • Antisense oligonucleotide molecules can be provided in a DNA construct and introduced into a cell as described above to decrease the level of CCKBR gene products in the cell.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or a combination of both. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized manually or by an automated synthesizer, by covalently linking the 5' end of one nucleotide with the 3' end of another nucleotide with non-phosphodiester intemucleotide linkages such alkylphosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, alkylphosphonothioates, alkylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphate esters, carbamates, acetamidate, carboxymethyl esters, carbonates, and phosphate triesters.
  • Modifications of CCKBR gene expression can be obtained by designing antisense oligonucleotides which will form duplexes to the control, 5', or regulatory regions of the CCKBR gene. Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g., between positions -10 and +10 from the start site, are preferred. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using "triple helix" base- pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or chaperons. Therapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in the literature [Nicholls, (1993)]. An antisense oligonucleotide also can be designed to block franslation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides which comprise, for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more stretches of contiguous nucleotides which are precisely complementary to a CCKBR polynucleotide, each separated by a stretch of contiguous nucleotides which are not complementary to adjacent CCKBR nucleotides, can provide sufficient targeting specificity for CCKBR mRNA.
  • each stretch of complementary contiguous nucleotides is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 or more nucleotides in length.
  • Non-complementary intervening sequences are preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides in length.
  • One skilled in the art can easily use the calculated melting point of an antisense-sense pair to determine the degree of mismatching which will be tolerated between a particular antisense oligonucleotide and a particular CCKBR polynucleotide sequence.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides can be modified without affecting their ability to hybridize to a CCKBR polynucleotide. These modifications can be internal or at one or both ends of the antisense molecule.
  • intemucleoside phosphate linkages can be modified by adding cholesteryl or diamine moieties with varying numbers of carbon residues between the amino groups and terminal ribose.
  • Modified bases and/or sugars such as arabinose instead of ribose, or a 3', 5'-substituted oligonucleotide in which the 3' hydroxyl group or the 5' phosphate group are substituted, also can be employed in a modified antisense oligonucleotide.
  • modified oligonucleotides can be prepared by methods well known in the art.
  • Ribozymes are RNA molecules with catalytic activity [Uhlmarm, (1987)]. Ribozymes can be used to inhibit gene function by cleaving an RNA sequence, as is known in the art. The mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Examples include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules that can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of specific nucleotide sequences.
  • the coding sequence of a CCKBR polynucleotide can be used to generate ribozymes which will specifically bind to mRNA franscribed from a CCKBR polynucleotide.
  • Methods of designing and constructing ribozymes which can cleave other RNA molecules in trans in a highly sequence specific manner have been developed and described in the art.
  • the cleavage activity of ribozymes can be targeted to specific RNAs by engineering a discrete "hybridization" region into the ribozyme.
  • the hybridization region contains a sequence complementary to the target RNA and thus specifically hybridizes with the target RNA.
  • Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within a CCKBR RNA target can be identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC. Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides corresponding to the region of the target RNA containing the cleavage site can be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the target inoperable. Suitability of candidate CCKBR RNA targets also can be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays. The nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and its complement provide sources of suitable hybridization region sequences.
  • hybridizing and cleavage regions of the ribozyme can be integrally related such that upon hybridizing to the target RNA through the complementary regions, the catalytic region of the ribozyme can cleave the target.
  • Ribozymes can be introduced into cells as part of a DNA construct. Mechanical methods, such as microinjection, liposome-mediated transfection, elecfroporation, or calcium phosphate pre- cipitation, can be used to introduce a ribozyme-containing DNA construct into cells in which it is desired to decrease CCKBR expression. Alternatively, if it is desired that the cells stably retain the DNA constmct, the construct can be supplied on a plasmid and maintained as a separate element or integrated into the genome of the cells, as is known in the art.
  • a ribozyme-encoding DNA constmct can include transcriptional regulatory elements, such as a promoter element, an enhancer or UAS element, and a transcriptional terminator signal, for confrolling franscription of ribozymes in the cells (U.S. 5,641,673). Ribozymes also can be engineered to provide an additional level of regulation, so that destruction of mRNA occurs only when both a ribozyme and a target gene are induced in the cells. Screening / Screening Assays
  • Regulators as used herein refer to compounds that affect the activity of a CCKBR in vivo and/or in vivo. Regulators can be agonists and antagonists of a CCKBR polypeptide and can be compounds that exert their effect on the CCKBR activity via the expression, via post-translational modifications or by other means.
  • Agonists of CCKBR are molecules which, when bound to CCKBR, increase or prolong the activity of CCKBR.
  • Agonists of CCKBR include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or any other molecule which activate CCKBR.
  • Antagonists of CCKBR are molecules which, when bound to CCKBR, decrease the amount or the duration of the activity of CCKBR. Antagonists include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, antibodies, small molecules, or any other molecule which decrease the activity of CCKBR.
  • modulate refers to a change in the activity of CCKBR polypeptide. For example, modulation may cause an increase or a decrease in protein activity, binding characteristics, or any other biological, functional, or immunological properties of CCKBR.
  • the terms “specific binding” or “specifically binding” refer to that interaction between a protein or peptide and an agonist, an antibody, or an antagonist. The interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure of the protein recognized by the binding molecule (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope). For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope "A" the presence of a polypeptide containing the epitope A, or the presence of free unlabeled A, in a reaction containing free labeled A and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A that binds to the antibody.
  • the invention provides methods (also referred to herein as "screening assays") for identifying compounds which can be used for the freatment of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders.
  • the methods entail the identification of candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules or other molecules) which bind to CCKBR and/or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the biological activity of CCKBR or its expression and then determining which of these compounds have an effect on symptoms or diseases regarding the cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gastroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in an in vivo assay.
  • candidate or test compounds or agents e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules or other molecules
  • Candidate or test compounds or agents which bind to CCKBR and/or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the activity or the expression of CCKBR are identified either in assays that employ cells which express CCKBR on the cell surface (cell-based assays) or in assays with isolated CCKBR (cell-free assays).
  • the various assays can employ a variety of variants of CCKBR (e.g., full-length CCKBR, a biologically active fragment of CCKBR, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of CCKBR).
  • CCKBR can be derived from any suitable mammalian species (e.g., human CCKBR, rat CCKBR or murine CCKBR).
  • the assay can be a binding assay entailing direct or indirect measurement of the binding of a test compound or a lcnown CCKBR ligand to CCKBR.
  • the assay can also be an activity assay entailing direct or indirect measurement of the activity of CCKBR.
  • the assay can also be an expression assay entailing direct or indirect measurement of the expression of CCKBR mRNA or CCKBR protein.
  • the various screening assays are combined with an in vivo assay entailing measuring the effect of the test compound on the symptoms of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders.
  • the invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compounds which bind to or modulate the activity of a membrane-bound (cell surface expressed) form of CCKBR.
  • Such assays can employ full-length CCKBR, a biologically active fragment of CCKBR, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of CCKBR.
  • the test compound can be obtained by any suitable means, e.g., from conventional compound libraries.
  • Determining the ability of the test compound to bind to a membrane-bound form of CCKBR can be accomplished, for example, by coupling the test compound with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such that binding of the test compound to the CCKBR -expressing cell can be measured by detecting the labeled compound in a complex.
  • the test compound can be labelled with 125 I, 35 S, 14 C, or 3 H, either directly or indirectly, and the radio- isotope detected by direct counting of radioemmission or by scintillation counting.
  • test compound can be enzymatically labelled with, for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic label detected by determination of conversion of an appropriate subsfrate to product.
  • the assay comprises contacting CCKBR expressing cell with a known compound which binds to CCKBR to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compound to interact with the CCKBR expressing cell, wherein determining the ability of the test compound to interact with the CCKBR expressing cell comprises determining the ability of the test compound to preferentially bind the CCKBR expressing cell as compared to the known compound.
  • the assay is a cell-based assay comprising contacting a cell expressing a membrane-bound form of CCKBR (e.g., full-length CCKBR, a biologically active fragment of CCKBR, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of CCKBR) expressed on the cell surface with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to modulate (e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the activity of the membrane-bound form of CCKBR.
  • a membrane-bound form of CCKBR e.g., full-length CCKBR, a biologically active fragment of CCKBR, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of CCKBR
  • Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of the membrane-bound form of CCKBR can be accomplished by any method suitable for measuring the activity of CCKBR, e.g., any method suitable for measuring the activity of a G-protein coupled receptor or other seven-fransmembrane receptor (described in greater detail below).
  • the activity of a seven-fransmembrane receptor can be measured in a number of ways, not all of which are suitable for any given receptor.
  • Among the measures of activity are: alteration in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, activation of phospholipase C, alteration in intracellular inositol triphosphate (IP 3 ) concentration, alteration in intracellular diacylglycerol (DAG) concentration, and alteration in intracellular adenosine cyclic 3', 5'- monophosphate (cAMP) concentration.
  • IP 3 inositol triphosphate
  • DAG diacylglycerol
  • cAMP adenosine cyclic 3', 5'- monophosphate
  • Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of CCKBR can be accomplished, for example, by determining the ability of CCKBR to bind to or interact with a target molecule.
  • the target molecule can be a molecule with which CCKBR binds or interacts with in nature, for example, a molecule on the surface of a cell which expresses CCKBR, a molecule on the surface of a second cell, a molecule in the extracellular milieu, a molecule associated with the internal surface of a cell membrane or a cytoplasmic molecule.
  • the target molecule can be a component of a signal fransduction pathway which facilitates fransduction of an extracellular signal (e.g., a signal generated by binding of a CCKBR ligand, through the cell membrane and into the cell.
  • the target CCKBR molecule can be, for example, a second intracellular protein which has catalytic activity or a protein which facilitates the association of downstream signaling molecules with CCKBR.
  • Determining the ability of CCKBR to bind to or interact with a target molecule can be accomplished by one of the methods described above for determining direct binding. In one embodiment, determining the ability of a polypeptide of the invention to bind to or interact with a target molecule can be accomplished by determining the activity of the target molecule.
  • the activity of the target molecule can be determined by detecting induction of a cellular second messenger of the target (e.g., intracellular Ca 2+ , diacylglycerol, IP 3 , etc.), detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target on an appropriate subsfrate, detecting the induction of a reporter gene (e.g., a regulatory element that is responsive to a polypeptide of the invention operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase), or detecting a cellular response.
  • a reporter gene e.g., a regulatory element that is responsive to a polypeptide of the invention operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase
  • the present invention also includes cell-free assays.
  • Such assays involve contacting a form of CCKBR (e.g., full-length CCKBR, a biologically active fragment of CCKBR, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of CCKBR) with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to bind to CCKBR. Binding of the test compound to CCKBR can be determined either directly or indirectly as described above.
  • CCKBR e.g., full-length CCKBR, a biologically active fragment of CCKBR, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of CCKBR
  • the assay includes contacting CCKBR with a l nown compound which binds CCKBR to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compound to interact with CCKBR, wherein determining the ability of the test compound to interact with CCKBR comprises determining the ability of the test compound to preferentially bind to CCKBR as compared to the lcnown compound.
  • the cell-free assays of the present invention are amenable to use of either a membrane-bound form of CCKBR or a soluble fragment thereof.
  • a solubilizing agent such that the membrane-bound form of the polypeptide is maintained in solution.
  • non-ionic detergents such as n-oct
  • CCKBR or a CCKBR target molecule
  • binding of a test compound to CCKBR, or interaction of CCKBR with a target molecule in the presence and absence of a candidate compound can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtitre plates, test tubes, and micro- centrifuge tubes.
  • a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows one or both of the proteins to be bound to a matrix.
  • glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins or glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical; St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtitre plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and either the non-adsorbed target protein or CCKBR, and the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtitre plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components and complex formation is measured either directly or indirectly, for example, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, and the level of binding or activity of CCKBR can be determined using standard techniques.
  • CCKBR CCKBR
  • target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.
  • Biotinylated polypeptide of the invention or target molecules can be prepared from biotin-?NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation Mt, Pierce Chemicals; Roclcford, HI), and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated plates (Pierce Chemical).
  • antibodies reactive with CCKBR or target molecules but which do not interfere with binding of the polypeptide of the invention to its target molecule can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and unbound target or polypeptide of the invention trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
  • Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with CCKBR or target molecule, as well as enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with CCKBR or target molecule.
  • the screening assay can also involve monitoring the expression of CCKBR.
  • regulators of expression of CCKBR can be identified in a method in which a cell is contacted with a candidate compound and the expression of CCKBR protein or mRNA in the cell is determined. The level of expression of CCKBR protein or mRNA the presence of the candidate compound is compared to the level of expression of CCKBR protein or mRNA in the absence of the candidate compound. The candidate compound can then be identified as a regulator of expression of CCKBR based on this comparison. For example, when expression of CCKBR protein or mRNA protein is greater (statistically significantly greater) in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of CCKBR protein or mRNA expression.
  • the candidate compound when expression of CCKBR protein or mRNA is less (statistically significantly less) in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as an inhibitor of CCKBR protein or mRNA expression.
  • the level of CCKBR protein or mRNA expression in the cells can be determined by methods described below.
  • the test compound is preferably a small molecule which binds to and occupies the active site of CCKBR polypeptide, thereby making the ligand binding site inaccessible to subsfrate such that normal biological activity is prevented.
  • small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules.
  • Potential ligands which bind to a polypeptide of the invention include, but are not limited to, the natural ligands of known CCKBR GPCRs and analogues or derivatives thereof.
  • either the test compound or the CCKBR polypeptide can comprise a detectable label, such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label, such as horse- radish peroxidase, allcaline phosphatase, or luciferase.
  • a detectable label such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label, such as horse- radish peroxidase, allcaline phosphatase, or luciferase.
  • Detection of a test compound which is bound to CCKBR polypeptide can then be accomplished, for example, by direct counting of radioemmission, by scintillation counting, or by determining conversion of an appropriate subsfrate to a detectable product.
  • binding of a test compound to a CCKBR polypeptide can be determined without labeling either of the interactants.
  • a microphysiometer can be used to detect binding of a test compound with a CCKBR polypeptide.
  • a microphysiometer e.g., CytosensorTM
  • LAPS light-addressable potentiornetric sensor
  • BIA Bimolecular Interaction Analysis
  • a CCKBR-like polypeptide in yet another aspect of the invention, can be used as a "bait protein" in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay [Szabo, (1995); U.S. 5,283,317), to identify other proteins which bind to or interact with CCKBR and modulate its activity.
  • the two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most franscription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains.
  • the assay utilizes two different DNA constructs.
  • polynucleotide encoding CCKBR can be fused to a polynucleotide encoding the DNA binding domain of a l ⁇ iown franscription factor (e.g., GAL-4).
  • a DNA sequence that encodes an unidentified protein (“prey" or "sample” can be fused to a polynucleotide that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor.
  • the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows franscription of a reporter gene (e.g., LacZ), which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression of the reporter gene can be detected, and cell colonies containing the functional franscription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the DNA sequence encoding the protein which interacts with CCKBR.
  • a reporter gene e.g., LacZ
  • either the CCKBR (or polynucleotide) or the test compound can be bound to a solid support.
  • Suitable solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass or plastic slides, tissue culture plates, microtiter wells, tubes, silicon chips, or particles such as beads (including, but not limited to, latex, polystyrene, or glass beads).
  • CCKBR-like polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound can be used to attach CCKBR-like polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound to a solid support, including use of covalent and non-covalent linkages, passive abso ⁇ tion, or pairs of binding moieties attached respectively to the polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound and the solid support.
  • Test compounds are preferably bound to the solid support in an array, so that the location of individual test compounds can be tracked. Binding of a test compound to CCKBR (or a polynucleotide encoding for CCKBR) can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test tubes, and microcentrifuge tubes.
  • CCKBR is a fusion protein comprising a domain that allows binding of CCKBR to a solid support.
  • glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and the non-adsorbed CCKBR; the mixture is then incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtiter plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components. Binding of the interactants can be determined either directly or indirectly, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the solid support before binding is determined.
  • CCKBR or a polynucleotide encoding CCKBR
  • test compound can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and sfreptavidin.
  • Biotinylated CCKBR (or a polynucleotide encoding biotinylated CCKBR) or test compounds can be prepared from biotin-?NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) using techniques well lcnown in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, 111.) and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated plates (Pierce Chemical).
  • antibodies which specifically bind to CCKBR, polynucleotide, or a test compound, but which do not interfere with a desired binding site, such as the active site of CCKBR can be derivatized to the wells of the plate. Unbound target or protein can be trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
  • Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies which specifically bind to CCKBR polypeptide or test compound, enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an activity of CCKBR polypeptide, and SDS gel elecfrophoresis under non-reducing conditions.
  • Any cell which comprises a CCKBR polypeptide or polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system.
  • a CCKBR polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. Binding of the test compound to CCKBR or a polynucleotide encoding CCKBR is determined as described above.
  • Test compounds can be tested for the ability to increase or decrease CCKBR activity of a CCKBR polypeptide.
  • the CCKBR activity can be measured, for example, using methods described in the specific examples, below.
  • CCKBR activity can be measured after contacting either a purified CCKBR, a cell membrane preparation, or an intact cell with a test compound.
  • a test compound which decreases CCKBR activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential agent for decreasing CCKBR activity.
  • a test compound which increases CCKBR activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential agent for increasing CCKBR activity.
  • Such a screening procedure involves the use of melanophores which are transfected to express CCKBR.
  • Such a screening technique is described in PCT WO 92/01810 published Feb. 6, 1992.
  • such an assay may be employed for screening for a compound which inhibits activation of the receptor polypeptide of the present invention by contacting the melanophore cells which encode the receptor with both the receptor ligand and a compound to be screened. Inhibition of the signal generated by the ligand indicates that a compound is a potential antagonist for the receptor, i.e., inhibits activation of the receptor.
  • the screen may be employed for identifying a compound which activates the receptor by contacting such cells with compounds to be screened and determining whether each compound generates a signal, i.e., activates the receptor.
  • Other screening techniques include the use of cells which express CCKBR (for example, transfected CHO cells) in a system which measures extracellular pH changes caused by receptor activation [Iwabuchi, (1993)].
  • CCKBR for example, transfected CHO cells
  • compounds may be contacted with a cell which expresses the receptor polypeptide of the present invention and a second messenger response, e.g., signal fransduction or pH changes, can be measured to determine whether the potential compound activates or inhibits the receptor.
  • Another such screening technique involves introducing RNA encoding CCKBR into Xenopus oocytes to transiently express the receptor. TThe receptor oocytes can then be contacted with the receptor ligand and a compound to be screened, followed by detection of inhibition or activation of a calcium signal in the case of screening for compounds which are thought to inhibit activation of the receptor.
  • Another screening technique involves expressing CCKBR in cells in which the receptor is linked to a phospholipase C or D.
  • Such cells include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, embryonic kidney cells, etc.
  • the screening may be accomplished as described above by quantifying the degree of activation of the receptor from changes in the phospholipase activity.
  • test compounds which increase or decrease CCKBR gene expression are identified.
  • the term "correlates with expression of a polynucleotide” indicates that the detection of the presence of nucleic acids, the same or related to a nucleic acid sequence encoding CCKBR, by northern analysis or relatime PCR is indicative of the presence of nucleic acids encoding CCKBR in a sample, and thereby correlates with expression of the transcript from the polynucleotide encoding CCKBR.
  • microarray refers to an array of distinct polynucleotides or oligonucleotides arrayed on a subsfrate, such as paper, nylon or any other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide, or any other suitable solid support.
  • a CCKBR polynucleotide is contacted with a test compound, and the expression of an RNA or polypeptide product of CCKBR polynucleotide is determined.
  • the level of expression of appropriate mRNA or polypeptide in the presence of the test compound is compared to the level of expression of mRNA or polypeptide in the absence of the test compound.
  • the test compound can then be identified as a regulator of expression based on this comparison.
  • the test compound when expression of mRNA or polypeptide is greater in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as a stimulator or enhancer of the mRNA or polypeptide expression.
  • the test compound when expression of the mRNA or polypeptide is less in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of the mRNA or polypeptide expression.
  • the level of CCKBR mRNA or polypeptide expression in the cells can be determined by methods well lcnown in the art for detecting mRNA or polypeptide. Either qualitative or quantitative methods can be used.
  • polypeptide products of CCKBR polynucleotide can be determined, for example, using a variety of techniques known in the art, including immuno- chemical methods such as radioimmunoassay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.
  • polypeptide synthesis can be determined in vivo, in a cell culture, or in an in vitro translation system by detecting inco ⁇ oration of labelled amino acids into CCKBR.
  • Such screening can be ca ⁇ ied out either in a cell-free assay system or in an intact cell.
  • Any cell which expresses CCKBR polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system.
  • the CCKBR polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be infroduced using techniques such as those described above. Either a primary culture or an established cell line can be used.
  • test compounds for use in the screening assays of the invention can be obtained from any suitable source, e.g., conventional compound libraries.
  • the test compounds can also be obtained using any of the numerous approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including: biological libraries; spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries; synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution; the "one-bead one-compound” library method; and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection.
  • the biological library approach is limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches are applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule libraries of compounds [Lam, (1997)]. Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art. Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution or on beads, bacteria, spores, plasmids or phage.
  • Such active sites might typically be ligand binding sites, such as the interaction domain of the ligand with CCKBR.
  • the active site can be identified using methods known in the art including, for example, from the amino acid sequences of peptides, from the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids, or from study of complexes of the relevant compound or composition with its natural ligand. In the latter case, chemical or X-ray crystallographic methods can be used to find the active site by finding where on the factor the complexed ligand is found. Next, the three dimensional geometric structure of the active site is determined.
  • the methods of computer based numerical modeling can be used to complete the stmcture or improve its accuracy.
  • Any recognized modeling method may be used, including parameterized models specific to particular biopolymers such as proteins or nucleic acids, molecular dynamics models based on computing molecular motions, statistical mechanics models based on thermal ensembles, or combined models.
  • standard molecular force fields representing the forces between constituent atoms and groups, are necessary, and can be selected from force fields known in physical chemistry. ?
  • the incomplete or less accurate experimental stmctures can serve as constraints on the complete and more accurate structures computed by these modeling methods.
  • candidate modulating compounds can be identified by searching databases containing compounds along with information on their molecular structure. Such a search seeks compounds having structures that match the determined active site stmcture and that interact with the groups defining the active site. Such a search can be manual, but is preferably computer assisted. These compounds found from this search are potential CCKBR modulating compounds.
  • these methods can be used to identify improved modulating compounds from an already known modulating compound or ligand.
  • the composition of the lcnown compound can be modified and the stmctural effects of modification can be determined using the experimental and computer modeling methods described above applied to the new composition.
  • the altered structure is then compared to the active site structure of the compound to determine if an improved fit or interaction results. Li this manner systematic variations in composition, such as by varying side groups, can be quickly evaluated to obtain modified modulating compounds or ligands of improved specificity or activity.
  • CNS disorders include disorders of the central nervous system as well as disorders of the peripheral nervous system.
  • CNS disorders include, but are not limited to brain injuries, cerebrovascular diseases and their consequences, Parkinson's disease, corticobasal degeneration, motor neuron disease, dementia, including ALS, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, stroke, post-stroke, post-traumatic brain injury, and small-vessel cerebrovascular disease.
  • Dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, frontotemporal dementias, including Pick's disease, progressive nuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Huntington's disease, thalamic degeneration, Creutzfeld-Jakob dementia, HIV " dementia, schizophrenia with dementia, and Korsakoff s psychosis, within the meaning of the definition are also considered to be CNS disorders.
  • CNS disorders such as mild cognitive impairment, age-associated memory impairment, age-related cognitive decline, vascular cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and memory disturbances in children with learning disabilities are also considered to be CNS disorders.
  • Pain within the meaning of this definition, is also considered to be a CNS disorder. Pain can be associated with CNS disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, sciatica, failed back surgery syndrome, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, post-stroke, and vascular lesions in the brain and spinal cord (e.g., infarct, hemo ⁇ hage, vascular malformation).
  • CNS disorders such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, sciatica, failed back surgery syndrome, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, post-stroke, and vascular lesions in the brain and spinal cord (e.g., infarct, hemo ⁇ hage, vascular malformation).
  • Non-cenfral neuropathic pain includes that associated with post mastectomy pain, phantom feeling, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), trigeminal neuralgiaradioculopathy, post-surgical pain, HIV/AIDS related pain, cancer pain, metabolic neuropathies (e.g., diabetic neuropathy, vasculitic neuropathy secondary to connective tissue disease), paraneoplastic polyneuropathy associated, for example, with carcinoma of lung, or leukemia, or lymphoma, or carcinoma of prostate, colon or stomach, trigeminal neuralgia, cranial neuralgias, and post-he ⁇ etic neuralgia. Pain associated with peripheral nerve damage, central pain (i.e.
  • Headache pain for example, migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and other migraine disorders
  • episodic and chronic tension-type headache tension-type like headache, cluster headache, and chronic paroxysmal hemicrania are also CNS disorders.
  • Visceral pain such as pancreatits, intestinal cystitis, dysmeno ⁇ hea, irritable Bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, biliary colic, ureteral colic, myocardial infarction and pain syndromes of the pelvic cavity, e.g., vulvodynia, orchialgia, urethral syndrome and protatodynia are also CNS disorders.
  • a disorder of the nervous system are acute pain, for example postoperative pain, and pain after trauma.
  • the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in the following brain tissues: brain, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, nucleus accumbens, putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, posterovenfral thalamus, dorsalmedial thalamus, spinal cord (ventral horn), spinal cord (dorsal hom), glial tumor H4 cells, neural progenitor cells, asfrocytes, retina.
  • the expression in brain tissues demonstrates that the human gastrin/- cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose nervous system diseases. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat nervous system diseases.
  • Heart failure is defined as a pathophysiological state in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirement of the metabolizing tissue. It includes all forms of pumping failures such as high-output and low- output, acute and chronic, right-sided or left-sided, systolic or diastolic, independent of the underlying cause.
  • MI Myocardial infarction
  • Ischemic diseases are conditions in which the coronary flow is restricted resulting in a perfusion which is inadequate to meet the myocardial requirement for oxygen.
  • This group of diseases includes stable angina, unstable angina and asymptomatic ischemia.
  • Arrhythmias include all forms of atrial and ventricular tachya ⁇ hythmias, atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia, preexitation syndrome, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter, ventricular fibrillation, as well as bradycardic forms of a ⁇ hythmias.
  • Hypertensive vascular diseases include primary as well as all lands of secondary arterial hypertension, renal, endocrine, neurogenic, others.
  • the genes may be used as dmg targets for the freatment of hypertension as well as for the prevention of all complications arising from cardiovascular diseases.
  • Peripheral vascular diseases are defined as vascular diseases in which arterial and/or venous flow is reduced resulting in an imbalance between blood supply and tissue oxygen demand. It includes chronic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), acute arterial thrombosis and embolism, inflammatory vascular disorders, Raynaud's phenomenon and venous disorders.
  • PAOD peripheral arterial occlusive disease
  • acute arterial thrombosis and embolism inflammatory vascular disorders
  • Raynaud's phenomenon Raynaud's phenomenon
  • Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease in which the vessel wall is remodeled, compromising the lumen of the vessel.
  • the atherosclerotic remodeling process involves accumulation of cells, both smooth muscle cells and monocyte/macrophage inflammatory cells, in the intima of the vessel wall. These cells take up lipid, likely from the circulation, to form a mature atherosclerotic lesion.
  • the formation of these lesions is a chronic process, occurring over decades of an adult human life, the majority of the morbidity associated with atherosclerosis occurs when a lesion ruptures, releasing thrombogenic debris that rapidly occludes the artery. When such an acute event occurs in the coronary artery, myocardial infarction can ensue, and in the worst case, can result in death.
  • the formation of the atherosclerotic lesion can be considered to occur in five overlapping stages such as migration, lipid accumulation, recraitment of inflammatory cells, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix deposition.
  • stages such as migration, lipid accumulation, recraitment of inflammatory cells, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix deposition.
  • Each of these processes can be shown to occur in man and in animal models of atherosclerosis, but the relative contribution of each to the pathology and clinical significance of the lesion is unclear.
  • Cardiovascular diseases include but are not limited to disorders of the heart and the vascular system like congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemic diseases of the heart, all kinds of atrial and ventricular a ⁇ hythmias, hypertensive vascular diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, and atherosclerosis.
  • the risk to develop atherosclerosis and coronary artery or carotid artery disease (and thus the risk of having a heart attack or stroke) increases with the total cholesterol level increasing. Nevertheless, ex advertely low cholesterol levels may not be healthy.
  • hyperlipidemia abnormally high levels of fats (cholesterol, triglycerides, or both) in the blood, may be caused by family history of hyperlipidemia), obesity, a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, moderate to high alcohol consumption, cigarette smoldng, poorly controlled diabetes, and an underactive thyroid gland), hereditary hyperlipidemias (type I hyperlipoproteinemia (familial hyperchylomicronemia), type ?H hyperlipoproteinemia (familial hypercholesterolemia), type in hyperlipoproteinemia, type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, or type V hyperlipoproteinemia), hypolipoproteinemia, lipidoses (caused by abnormalities in the enzymes that metabolize fats), Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Fabry's disease, Wolman's disease, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, sitosterolemia, Refsum's disease, or Tay-Sachs disease.
  • hyperlipidemia abnormally high levels of fats (cholesterol
  • Kidney disorders may lead to hypertension or hypotension.
  • Examples for lcidney problems possibly leading to hypertension are renal artery stenosis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, kidney tumors, polycistic kidney disease, injury to the lddney, or radiation therapy affecting the lridney. Excessive urination may lead to hypotension.
  • the human gastrin cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in the following cardiovascular related tissues: heart, heart, pericardium, coronary artery, mesenteric artery, pulmonic valve, vein (saphena magna), (caval) vein, coronary artery endothel cells, coronary artery smooth muscle primary cells, aortic endothel cells, liver liver cfrrhosis, tlirombocytes, HEK 293 cells.
  • Expression in the above mentioned tissues demonsfrates that the human gastrin cholecystolrinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat cardiovascular diseases.
  • the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in liver tissues: liver liver cfrrhosis. Expression in liver tissues demonsfrates that the human gastrin cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of dyslipidemia disorders as an cardiovascular disorder. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystoldnin type b can be modulated to treat - but not limited to - dyslipidemia disorders.
  • the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in kidney tissues : HEK 293 cells. Expression in kidney tissues demonsfrates that the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of blood pressure disorders as an cardiovascular disorder. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat - but not limited to - blood pressure disorders as hypertension or hypotension.
  • Hematological disorders comprise diseases of the blood and all its constituents as well as diseases of organs and tissues involved in the generation or degradation of all the constituents of the blood. They include but are not limited to 1) Anemias, 2) Myeloproliferative Disorders, 3) Hemo ⁇ hagic Disorders, 4) Leukopenia, 5) Eosinophilic Disorders, 6) Leukemias, 7) Lymphomas, 8) Plasma Cell Dyscrasias, 9) Disorders of the Spleen in the course of hematological disorders. Disorders according to 1) include, but are not limited to anemias due to defective or deficient hem synthesis, deficient erythropoiesis.
  • Disorders according to 2) include, but are not limited to polycythemia vera, tumor-associated eryfhrocytosis, myelofibrosis, thrombocythemia.
  • Disorders according to 3) include, but are not limited to vasculitis, tlirombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic pu ⁇ ura, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, hereditary and acquired disorders of platelet function, hereditary coagulation disorders.
  • Disorders according to 4) include, but are not limited to duropenia, lymphocytopenia.
  • Disorders according to 5) include, but are not limited to hypereosinophilia, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.
  • Disorders according to 6) include, but are not limited to acute myeloic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome.
  • Disorders according to 7) include, but are not limited to Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, mycosis fungoides cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
  • Disorders according to 8) include, but are not limited to multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, heavy chain diseases.
  • iron deficiency anemia In extension of the preceding idiopathic thrombocytopenic pu ⁇ ura, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency), aplastic anemia, thalassemia, malignant lymphoma bone marrow invasion, malignant lymphoma sldn invasion, hemolytic uremic syndrome, giant platelet disease are considered to be hematological diseases too.
  • the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in the following tissues of the hematological system: erythrocytes, thrombocytes, bone marrow CD71+ cells, bone ma ⁇ ow CD34+ cells, bone ma ⁇ ow CD15+ cells, cord blood CD71+ cells, cord blood CD34+ cells, durophils cord blood, T-cells peripheral blood CD8+, B-cells peripheral blood CD 19+, damrophils peripheral blood.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues demonsfrates that the human gasfrin/cholecystol ⁇ nin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of hematological diseases. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat hematological disorders.
  • Gasfrointestinal diseases comprise primary or secondary, acute or chronic diseases of the organs of the gasfrointestinal tract which may be acquired or inherited, benign or malignant or metaplastic, and which may affect the organs of the gasfrointestinal tract or the body as a whole. They comprise but are not limited to 1) disorders of the esophagus like achalasia, vigomos achalasia, dysphagia, cricopharyngeal incoordination, pre-esophageal dysphagia, diffuse esophageal spasm, globus sensation, Ba ⁇ ett's metaplasia, gasfroesophageal reflux, 2) disorders of the stomach and duodenum like functional dyspepsia, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, gastritis, stress gastritis, chronic erosive gastritis, atrophy of gastric glands, metaplasia of gastric tissues, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, neoplasms of the stomach, 3) disorders of
  • Liver diseases comprise primary or secondary, acute or chronic diseases or injury of the liver which may be acquired or inherited, benign or malignant, and which may affect the liver or the body as a whole. They comprise but are not limited to disorders of the bilimbin metabolism, jaundice, syndroms of Gilbert's, Crigler-??Najjar, Dubin- Johnson and Rotor; intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, ascites, Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal-systemic encephalopathy, fatty liver, steatosis, Reye's syndrome, liver diseases due to alcohol, alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, fibrosis and ci ⁇ hosis of the liver due to inborn e ⁇ ors of metabolism or exogenous substances, storage diseases, syndromes of Gaucher's, Zellweger's, Wilson's - disease, acute or chronic hepatitis, viral hepatitis and its variant
  • the human gastrin cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in the following tissues of the gasfroenterological system: stomach, stomach tumor, colon, colon tumor, small intestine, ileum chronic inflammation, rectum, rectum tumor, liver liver ci ⁇ hosis.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue ileum chronic inflammation and healthy tissue , between diseased tissue liver liver ci ⁇ hosis and healthy tissue liver demonsfrates that the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of gasfroenterological disorders. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat gastroenterological disorders. Dermatologic Disorders
  • the sldn serves several functions. It's an multi-layered organ system that builds an effective protective cover and regulates body temperature, senses painful and pleasant stimuli, keeps substances from entering the body, and provides a shield from the sun's harmful effects. Sldn color, texture, and folds help mark people as individuals. Thus, sldn disorders or diseases often have important consequences for physical and mental health. Skin disorders include, but are not limited to the conditions described in the following.
  • Itching is a sensation that instinctively demands scratching, which may be caused by a sldn condition or a systemic diseas.
  • Superficial Skin Disorders affect the uppermost layer of the skin, the sfratum comeum or the keratin layer, and it consists of many layers of flattened, dead cells and acts as a barrier to protect the underlying tissue from injury and infection.
  • Disorders of the superficial skin layers involve the sfratum comeum and deeper layers of the epidermis.
  • ichthyosis Dry skin often occurs in people past middle age, severe dry skin (ichthyosis) results from an inherited scaling disease, such as ichthyosis vulgaris or epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Ichthyosis also results from nonhereditary disorders, such as leprosy, underactive thyroid, lymphoma, AIDS, and sarcoidosis.
  • Keratosis pilaris is a common disorder in which dead cells shed from the upper layer of skin and form plugs that fill the openings of hair follicles.
  • a callus is an area on the sfratum corneum or keratin layer, that becomes abnormally thick in response to repeated mbbing.
  • a com is a pea-sized, thickened area of keratin that occurs on the feet.
  • Psoriasis is a chronic, recurring disease recognizable by silvery scaling bumps and various-sized plaques (raised patches). An abnormally high rate of growth and turnover of skin cells causes the scaling.
  • Pityriasis rosea is a mild disease that causes scaly, rose-colored, inflamed sldn. Pityriasis rosea is possibly caused by an infectious agent, although none has been identified. Lichen planus, a recu ⁇ ing itchy disease, starts as a rash of small discrete bumps that then combine and become rough, scaly plaques (raised patches).
  • Dermatitis is an inflammation of the upper layers of the skin, causing blisters, redness, swelling, oozing, scabbing, scaling, and usually itching.
  • dermatitis are contact dermatitis, or chronic dermatitis of the hands and feet, e.g. Pompholyx.
  • dermatitic disorders are atopic dermatitis, sebo ⁇ heic dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, generalized exfoliative dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, or localized scratch dermatitis (lichen simplex chronicus, neurodermatitis).
  • Dmg rashes are side effects of medications, mainly allergic reactions to medications.
  • Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a life-tlireatening skin disease in which the top layer of the skin peels off in sheets. This condition can be caused by a reaction to a dmg, or by some other serious disease.
  • Erythema multiforme often caused by he ⁇ es simplex is a disorder characterized by patches of red, raised skin that often look like targets and usually are distributed symmetrically over the body.
  • Erythema nodosum is an inflammatory disorder that produces tender red bumps (nodules) under the skin, most often over the shins but occasionally on the arms and other areas.
  • Granuloma annulare is a chronic skin condition of unknown cause in which small, firm, raised bumps form a ring with normal or slightly sunken skin in the center.
  • Some skin disorders are characterized as blistering diseases.
  • Pemphigus is an uncommon, sometimes fatal, disease in which blisters (bullae) of varying sizes break out on the skin, the lining of the mouth, and other mucous membranes.
  • Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disease that causes blistering.
  • Dermatitis he ⁇ etiformis is an autoimmune disease in which clusters of intensely itchy, small blisters and hive-like swellings break out and persist.
  • proteins in wheat, rye, barley, and oat products activate the immune system, which attacks parts of the sldn and somehow causes the rash and itching.
  • Sweating disorders also belong to skin disorders.
  • Prickly heat is an itchy sldn rash caused by trapped sweat.
  • Excessive sweating may affect the entire surface of the sldn, but often it's limited to the palms, soles, armpits, or groin.
  • the affected area is often pink or bluish white, and in severe cases the skin may be cracked, scaly, and soft, especially on the feet.
  • Sebaceous gland disorders can affect the sebaceous glands.
  • the sebaceous glands which secrete oil onto the sldn, lie in the dermis, the sldn layer just below the surface layer (epidermis).
  • Sebaceous gland disorders include acne, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, and sebaceous cysts.
  • Acne is a common skin condition in which the skin pores become clogged, leading to pimples and inflamed, infected abscesses (collections of pus). Acne tends to develop in teenagers.
  • Acne is further subdivided in superficial acne or deep acne.
  • Rosacea is a persistent sldn disorder that produces redness, tiny pimples, and broken blood vessels, usually on the central area of the face.
  • Perioral dermatitis is a red, often bumpy rash around the mouth and on the chin.
  • a sebaceous cyst (keratinous cyst) is a slow-growing bump containing dead skin, skin excretions, and other skin particles. These cysts may be small and can appear anywhere.
  • Hair disorders also are sldn disorders. Hair disorders include excessive hairiness, baldness, and ingrown beard hairs.
  • the skin can be infected by bacteria.
  • Bacterial skin infections can range in seriousness from minor acne to a life-threatening condition, such as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
  • the most common bacterial skin infections are caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
  • Risk factors for sldn infections are for example diabetes, AIDS or sldn leasons.
  • Impetigo is a skin infection, caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, leading to the formation of small pus-filled blisters (pustules).
  • Folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles caused by infection with Staphylococcus. The infection damages the hairs, which can be easily pulled out. Boils (furuncles) are large, tender, swollen, raised areas caused by staphylococcal infection around hair follicles.
  • Carbuncles are clusters of boils that result in extensive sloughing of skin and scar formation. Carbuncles develop and heal more slowly than single boils and may lead to fever and fatigue.
  • Erysipelas is a skin infection caused by Streptococcus. A shiny, red, slightly swollen, tender rash develops, often with small blisters. Lymph nodes around the infected area may become enlarged and painful.
  • Cellulitis is a spreading infection in, and sometimes beneath, the deep layers of the skin. Cellulitis most often results from a sfreptococcal infection or a staphylococcal infection. However, many other bacteria can also cause cellulitis.
  • Paronychia is an infection around the edge of a fingernail or toenail Paronychia can be caused by many different bacteria, including Pseudomonas and Proteus, and by fungi, such as Candida.
  • Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a widespread skin infection that can lead to toxic shock syndrome, in which the skin peels off as though burned. Certain types of staphylococci produce a toxic substance that causes the top layer of skin (epidermis) to split from the rest of the skin.
  • Erythrasma is an infection of the top layers of the skin by the bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum.
  • Sldn infections are often caused by fungi. Fungi that infect the skin (dermatophytes) live only in the dead, topmost layer (stratum corneum) and don't penetrate deeper. Some fungal infections cause no symptoms or produce only a small amount of irritation, scaling, and redness. Other fungal infections cause itching, swelling, blisters, and severe scaling.
  • Ringworm is a fungal skin infection caused by several different fungi and generally classified by its location on the body.
  • foot ringworm caused by either Trichophyton or Epidermophyton
  • jock itch can be caused by a variety of fungi and yeasts
  • scalp ringworm caused by Trichophyton or Microspomm
  • nail ringworm and body ringworm (caused by Trichophyton).
  • Candida infection is an infection by the yeast Candida.
  • Candida usually infects the skin and mucous membranes, such as the lining of the mouth and vagina. Rarely, it invades deeper tissues as well as the blood, causing life-threatening systemic candidiasis.
  • the following types of Candida infections can be distinguished: Infections in skinfolds (intertriginous infections), vaginal and penile Candida infections (vulvovaginitis), thrush, Perleche (candida infection at the comers of the mouth), candidal paronychia (candida growing in the nail beds, produces painful swelling and pus).
  • Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection that causes white to light brown patches on the skin.
  • the skin can also be affected by parasites, mainly tiny insects or worms.
  • Scabies is a mite infestation that produces tiny reddish pimples and severe itching. Scabies is caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei.
  • Lice infestation causes intense itching and can affect almost any area of the skin. Head lice and pubic lice are two different species.
  • Creeping eruption (cutaneous larva migrans) is a hookworm infection transmitted from warm, moist soil to exposed sldn. The infection is caused by a hookworm that normally inhabits dogs and cats.
  • UVB ultraviolet B
  • IDrags can cause skin photosensitivity reactions which can occur after only a few minutes of sun exposure. These reactions include redness, peeling, hives, blisters, and thickened, scaling patches (photosensitivity).
  • Pigment Disorders Some skin disorders are characterized as Pigment Disorders.
  • Albinism is a rare, inherited disorder in which no melanin is formed.
  • Vitiligo is a condition in which a loss of melanocytes results in smooth, whitish patches of skin, which may occur after unusual physical trauma and tends to occur with certain other diseases, including Addison's disease, diabetes, pernicious anemia, and thyroid disease.
  • Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection of the skin that sometimes results in hype ⁇ igmentation.
  • Melasma appears on the face (usually the forehead, cheeks, temples, and jaws) as a roughly symmetric group of dark brown patches of pigmentation that are often clearly delineated.
  • Skin growths which are abnormal accumulations of different types of cells, may be present at birth or develop later.
  • Noncancerous (benign) growth and cancerous (malignant) growth types are distinguished.
  • Moles are small, usually dark, skin growths that develop from pigment-producing cells in the sldn (melanocytes). Most moles are harmless. However, noncancerous moles can develop into malignant melanoma.
  • Skin tags are soft, small, flesh-colored or slightly darker skin flaps that appear mostly on the neck, in the armpits, or in the groin.
  • Lipomas are soft deposits of fatty material that grow under the skin, causing round or oval lumps.
  • Angiomas are collections of abnormally dense blood or lymph vessels that are usually located in and below the skin and that cause red or pu ⁇ le discolorations.
  • angiomas examples include port-wine stains, strawberry marks, cavernous hemangiomas, spider angiomas, and lymphangiomas.
  • Pyogenic granulomas are scarlet, brown, or blue-black slightly raised areas caused by increased growth of capillaries (the smallest blood vessels) and swelling of the su ⁇ ounding tissue.
  • Sebo ⁇ heic keratoses (sometimes called sebo ⁇ heic warts) are flesh-colored, brown, or black growths that can appear anywhere on the skin.
  • Dermatofibromas are small, red-to-brown bumps (nodules) that result from an accumulation of fibroblasts, the cells that populate the soft tissue under the sldn.
  • Keratoacanthomas are round, firm, usually flesh-colored growths that have an unusual central crater containing a pasty material. Keloids are smooth, shiny, slightly pink, often, dome-shaped, proliferative growths of fibrous tissue that form over areas of injury or over surgical wounds.
  • Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, but most types of sldn cancers are curable.
  • Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that originates in the lowest layer of the epidermis.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma is cancer that originates in the middle layer of the epidermis.
  • Bowen's disease is a form of squamous cell carcinoma that's confined to the epidermis and hasn't yet invaded the underlying dermis.
  • Melanoma is a cancer that originates in the pigment-producing cells of the skin (melanocytes).
  • Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that originates in. the blood vessels, usually of the skin.
  • Paget's disease is a rare type of skin cancer that looks like an inflamed, reddened patch of skin (dermatitis); it originates in glands in or under the skin.
  • the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in the following dermatological tissues: skin.
  • the expression in the abov& mentioned tissues demonsfrates that the human gastrin cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of dermatological diseases. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat those diseases.
  • Cancer disorders within the scope of this definition comprise any disease of an organ or tissue in mammals characterized by poorly controlled or uncontrolled multiplication of normal or abnormal cells in that tissue and its effect on the body as a whole.
  • Cancer diseases within the scope of the definition comprise benign neoplasms, dysplasias, hype ⁇ lasias as well as neoplasms showing metastatic growth or any other transformations like e.g. leukoplakias which often precede a breakout of cancer.
  • Cells and tissues are cancerous when they grow more rapidly than normal cells, displacing or spreading into the surrounding healthy tissue or any other tissues of the body described as metastatic growth, assume abnormal shapes and sizes, show changes in their nucleocytoplasmatic ratio, nuclear polych ⁇ xmasia, and finally may cease.
  • Cancerous cells and tissues may affect the body as a whole when causing paraneoplastic syndromes or if cancer occurs within a vital organ or tissue, normal function will be impaired or halted, with possible fatal results.
  • the ultimate involvement of a vital organ by cancer, either primary or metastatic, may lead to the death of the mammal affected. Cancer ends to spread, and the extent of its spread is usually related to an individual's chances of surviving the disease.
  • Cancers are generally said to be in one of three stages of growth: early, or localized, when a tumor is still confined to the tissue of origin, or primary site; direct extension, where cancer cells from the tumour have invaded adjacent tissue or have spread only to regional lymph nodes; or metastasis, in which cancer cells have migrated to distant parts of the body from the primary site, via the blood or lymph systems, and have established secondary sites of infection.
  • Cancer is said to be malignant because of its tendency to cause death if not treated. Benign tumors usually do not cause death, although they may if they interfere with a normal body function by virtue of their location, size, or paraneoplastic side effects. Hence benign tumors fall under the definition of cancer within the scope of this definition as well.
  • cancer cells divide at a higher rate than do normal cells, but the distinction between the growth of cancerous and normal tissues is not so much the rapidity of cell division in the former as it is the partial or complete loss of growth restraint in cancer cells and their failure to differentiate into a useful, limited tissue of the type that characterizes the functional equilibrium of growth of normal tissue.
  • Cancer tissues may express certain molecular receptors and probably are influenced by the host's susceptibility and immunity and it is known that certain cancers of the breast and prostate, for example, are considered dependent on specific hormones for their existence.
  • cancer under the scope of the definition is not limited to simple benign neoplasia but comprises any other benign and malign neoplasia like 1) Carcinoma, 2) Sarcoma, 3) Carcinosarcoma, 4) Cancers of the blood-forming tissues, 5) tumors of nerve tissues including the brain, 6) cancer of skin cells.
  • Cancer according to 1) occurs in epithelial tissues, which cover the outer body (the skin) and line mucous membranes and the inner cavitary structures of organs e.g. such as the breast, lung, the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the endocrine glands, and the genitourinary system.
  • Ductal or glandular elements may persist in epithelial tumors, as in adenocarcinomas like e.g. thyroid adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, uterine adeno- carcinoma.
  • adenocarcinomas like e.g. thyroid adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, uterine adeno- carcinoma.
  • Cancer according to 2) develops in connective tissues, including fibrous tissues, adipose (fat) tissues, muscle, blood vessels, bone, and cartilage like e.g. osteogenic sarcoma; liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma.
  • Cancer according to 3) is cancer that develops in both epithelial and connective tissue.
  • Cancer disease within the scope of this definition may be primary or secondary, whereby primary indicates that the cancer originated in the tissue where it is found rather than was established as a secondary site through metastasis from another lesion.
  • Cancers and tumor diseases within the scope of this definition may be benign or malign and may affect all anatomical stmctures of the body of a mammal.
  • malignant osteogenic sarcoma benign osteoma, cartilage tumors; like malignant chondrosarcoma or benign chondroma; bone ma ⁇ ow tumors like malignant myeloma or benign eosinophilic granuloma, as well as metastatic tumors from bone tissues at other locations of the body;
  • X) the mouth, throat, larynx, and the esophagus XI) the urinary bladder and the internal and external organs and structures of the urogenital system of male and female like ovaries, uterus, cervix of the utems, testes, and prostate gland, XII) the prostate, XIS) the pancreas, like ductal carcinoma of the pancreas; ?XIV) the lymphatic tissue like lymphomas and other tumors of lymphoid origin, XV) the skin, XVI) cancers and tumor diseases of all anatomical structures belonging to the respiration and respiratory systems including thoracal muscles
  • the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in the following cancer tissues: stomach tumor, colon tumor, rectum tumor, glial tumor H4 cells, lung tumor, breast tumor, prostate tumor, HEK 293 cells.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue stomach tumor and healthy tissue stomach, between diseased tissue colon tumor and healthy tissue colon, between diseased tissue rectum tumor and healthy tissue rectum, between diseased tissue lung tumor and healthy tissue lung, between diseased tissue breast tumor and healthy tissue breast, between diseased tissue prostate tumor and healthy tissue prostate, between diseased tissue HEK 293 cells and healthy tissue kidney demonsfrates that the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of cancer. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat cancer.
  • Inflammatory diseases comprise diseases triggered by cellular or non-cellular mediators of the immune system or tissues causing the inflammation of body tissues and subsequently producing an acute or chronic inflammatory condition.
  • hypersensitivity reactions of type I - TV " , for example but not limited to hypersensitivity diseases of the lung including asthma, atopic diseases, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, angioedema of the lids, hereditary angioedema, antireceptor hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, pemphigus, myasthenia gravis, Grave's and Raynaud's disease, type B insulin-resistant diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, sarcoidosis, glomerulonephritis, acute or chronic host
  • the human gasfrin/cholecystoldnin type b is highly expressed in the following tissues of the immune system and tissues responsive to components of the immune system as well as in the following tissues responsive to mediators of inflammation: ileum chronic inflammation, liver liver ci ⁇ hosis, bone ma ⁇ ow CD 15+ cells, damrophils cord blood, durophils peripheral blood, lung COPD.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue ileum chronic inflammation and healthy tissue , between diseased tissue liver liver ci ⁇ hosis and healthy tissue liver, between diseased tissue lung COPD and healthy tissue lung demonsfrates that the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of inflammatory diseases. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat inflammatory diseases.
  • Asthma is thought to arise as a result of interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors and is characterized by three major features: 1) intermittent and reversible airway obstruction caused by bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and thickening of the walls of the airways that leads to a na ⁇ owing of the airways, 2) airway hype ⁇ esponsiveness, and 3) airway inflammation.
  • Certain cells are critical to the inflammatory reaction of asthma and they include T cells and antigen presenting cells, B cells that produce IgE, and mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and other cells that bind IgE. These effector cells accumulate at the site of allergic reaction in the airways and release toxic products that contribute to the acute pathology and eventually to tissue destruction related to the disorder.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary (or airways) disease
  • Emphysema is characterised by destruction of alveolar walls leading to abnormal enlargement of the air spaces of the lung.
  • Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as the presence of chronic productive cough for three months in each of two successive years.
  • airflow obstruction is usually progressive and is only partially reversible.
  • the most important risk factor for development of COPD is cigarette smoking, although the disease does also occur in non-smokers.
  • the human gasfrin/cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in the following tissues of the respiratory system: bone ma ⁇ ow CD 15+ cells, durophils cord blood, durophils peripheral blood, lung right upper lobe, lung tumor, lung COPD, secondary bronchia, bronchial epithelial cells, bronchial smooth muscle cells.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue lung COPD and healthy tissue lung demonsfrates that the human gasfrin/cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of respiratory diseases. Additionally the activity of the human gasfrin/cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat those diseases.
  • Genitourinary disorders comprise benign and malign disorders of the organs constituting the genitourinary system of female and male, renal diseases like acute or chronic renal failure, immunologically mediated renal diseases like renal fransplant rejection, lupus nephritis, immune complex renal diseases, glomemlopathies, nephritis, toxic nephropathy, obstructive uropathies like benign prostatic hype ⁇ lasia (BPH), neurogenic bladder syndrome, urinary incontinence like urge-, stress-, or overflow incontinence, pelvic pain, and erectile dysfunction.
  • renal diseases like acute or chronic renal failure
  • immunologically mediated renal diseases like renal fransplant rejection
  • lupus nephritis immune complex renal diseases
  • glomemlopathies nephritis
  • toxic nephropathy obstructive uropathies like benign prostatic hype ⁇ lasia (BPH)
  • neurogenic bladder syndrome urinary incontinence like
  • the human gastrin cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in the following urological tissues: spinal cord (venfral hom), spinal cord (dorsal hom), prostate, prostate, prostate BPH, prostate tumor, ureter, penis, co ⁇ us cavemosum, HEK 293 cells.
  • spinal cord venfral hom
  • spinal cord dorsal hom
  • prostate prostate, prostate BPH, prostate tumor, ureter, penis, co ⁇ us cavemosum, HEK 293 cells.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue prostate BPH and healthy tissue prostate demonstrates that the human gasfrin/cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of urological disorders. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/- cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat urological disorders.
  • the human gasfrin cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in spinal cord tissues: spinal cord (venfral hom), spinal cord (dorsal hom). Expression in spinal cord tissues demonsfrates that the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of incontinence as an urological disorder.
  • the spinal cord tissues are involved in the neuronal regulation of the urological system. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/cholecystokinixi type b can be modulated to treat - but not limited to - incontinence.
  • Disorders of the male reproductive system include but are not limited to balanoposthitis, balanitis xerotica obliterans, phimosis, paraphimosis, erythroplasia of Queyrat, sldn cancer of the penis, Bowen's and Paget's diseases, syphilis, he ⁇ es simplex infections, genital warts, molluscum contagiosum, priapism, peyronie's disease, benign prostatic hype ⁇ lasia (BPH), prostate cancer, prostatitis, testicular cancer, testicular torsion, inguinal hernia, epididymo-ovrchitis, mumps, hydroceles, spermatoceles, or varicoceles.
  • Impotence may results from vascular impairment, neurologic disorders, drugs, abnormalities of the penis, or psychologic problems.
  • disorders of the female reproductive include premature menopai ⁇ se, pelvic pain, vaginitis, vulvitis, vulvovaginitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, fibroids, menstrual disorders (premenstrual syndrome (PMS), dysmeno ⁇ hea, ameno ⁇ hea, primary amenorrhea, secondary ameno ⁇ hea, meno ⁇ hagia, hypomeno ⁇ hea, polymeno ⁇ hea, oligomenorrhea., mefro ⁇ hagia, menomefro ⁇ hagia, Postmenopausal bleeding), bleeding caused by a physical disorder, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, polycystic ovary syndrome (Stein-Leventhal syndrome?
  • endometriosis cancer of the utems, cancer of the cervix, cancer of the ovaries, cancer of the vulva, cancer of the vagina, cancer of the fallopian tubes, or hydatidiform mole.
  • Infertility may be caused by problems with sperm, ovulation, the fallopian tubes, and the cervix as well as unidentified factors.
  • Complications of pregnancy include misca ⁇ iage and stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, anemia, Rh incompatibility, problems with the placenta, excessive vomiting, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and skin rashes (e.g. he ⁇ es gestationis, urticaria of pregnancy) as well as preterm labor and premature rupture of the membranes.
  • Breast disorders may be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Examples of breast disorders are but are not limited to breast pain, cysts, fibrocystic breast disease, fibrous lumps, nipple discharge, breast infection, breast cancer (ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer), Paget's disease of the nipple or Cystosarcoma phyllodes.
  • the human gastrin cholecystokinin type b is highly expressed in the following tissues of the reproduction system: testis, breast, breast tumor.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue breast tumor and healthy tissue breast demonsfrates that the human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of reproduction disorders. Additionally the activity of the human gastrin/- cholecystokinin type b can be modulated to treat reproduction disorders.
  • the present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods for cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hema- tological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders.
  • the regulatory method of the invention involves contacting a cell with an agent that modulates one or more of the activities of CCKBR.
  • An agent that modulates activity can be an agent as described herein, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurring cognate ligand of the polypeptide, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, or any small molecule.
  • the agent stimulates one or more of the biological activities of CCKBR. Examples of such stimulatory agents include the active CCKBR and nucleic acid molecules encoding a portion of CCKBR.
  • the agent inhibits one or more of the biological activities of CCKBR. Examples of such inhibitory agents include antisense nucleic acid molecules and antibodies.
  • the present invention provides methods of treating an individual afflicted with a disease or disorder characterized by unwanted expression or activity of CCKBR or a protein in the CCKBR signaling pathway.
  • the method involves administering an agent like any agent identified or being identifiable by a screening assay as described herein, or combination of such agents that modulate say upregulate or downregulate the expression or activity of CCKBR or of any protein in the CCKBR signaling pathway.
  • the method involves administering a regulator of CCKBR as therapy to compensate for reduced or undesirably low expression or activity of CCKBR or a protein in the CCKBR signaling pathway.
  • Stimulation of activity or expression of CCKBR is desirable in situations in which activity or expression is abnormally low and in which increased activity is likely to have a beneficial effect. Conversely, inhibition of activity or expression of CCKBR is desirable in situations in which activity or expression of CCKBR is abnormally high and in which decreasing its activity is likely to have a beneficial effect.
  • nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, and antibodies (also refe ⁇ ed to herein as "active compounds") of the invention can be inco ⁇ orated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration.
  • Such compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein, or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable ca ⁇ ier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable ca ⁇ ier is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and abso ⁇ tion delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration.
  • the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be inco ⁇ orated into the compositions.
  • the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising a regulator of CCKBR expression or activity (and/or a regulator of the activity or expression of a protein in the CCKBR signaling pathway) as well as methods for preparing such compositions by combining one or more such regulators and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also within the invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a regulator identified using the screening assays of the invention packaged with instructions for use. For regulators that are antagonists of CCKBR activity or which reduce CCKBR expression, the instmctions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for freatment of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders.
  • the instructions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for freatment of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders.
  • An antagonist of CCKBR may be produced using methods which are generally known in the art.
  • purified CCKBR may be used to produce antibodies or to screen libraries of pharmaceutical agents to identify those which specifically bind CCKBR.
  • Antibodies to CCKBR may also be generated using methods that are well known in the art. Such antibodies may include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, and fragments produced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies like those which inhibit dimer formation are especially prefe ⁇ ed for therapeutic use.
  • the polynucleotides encoding CCKBR may be used for therapeutic purposes.
  • the complement of the polynucleotide encoding CCKBR may be used in situations in which it would be desirable to block the franscription of the mRNA.
  • cells may be transformed with sequences complementary to polynucleotides encoding CCKBR.
  • complementary molecules or fragments may be used to modulate CCKBR activity, or to achieve regulation of gene function.
  • sense or antisense oligonucleotides or larger fragments can be designed from various locations along the coding or confrol regions of sequences encoding CCKBR.
  • Expression vectors derived from retrovimses, adenovimses, or he ⁇ es or vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids may be used for delivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue, or cell population. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct vectors which will express nucleic acid sequence complementary to the polynucleotides of the gene encoding CCKBR. These techniques are described, for example, in [Scott and Smith (1990) Science 249:386-390].
  • any of the therapeutic methods described above may be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.
  • An additional embodiment of the invention relates to the administration of a pharmaceutical composition containing CCKBR in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for any of the therapeutic effects discussed above.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions may consist of CCKBR, antibodies to CCKBR, and mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of CCKBR.
  • the compositions may be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as a stabilizing compound, which may be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical ca ⁇ ier including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water.
  • the compositions may be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
  • routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., infravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal adminisfration.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetefraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
  • the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EMTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, a pharmaceutically acceptable polyol like glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyetheylene glycol, and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Prolonged abso ⁇ tion of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays abso ⁇ tion, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by inco ⁇ orating the active compound (e.g., a polypeptide or antibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by inco ⁇ orating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the prefe ⁇ ed methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile- filtered solution thereof.
  • Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets.
  • the active compound can be inco ⁇ orated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules.
  • Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.
  • compositions can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum fragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or com starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum fragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or com starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • a sweetening agent such as sucrose or sac
  • the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressurized container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • Systemic adminisfration can also be by fransmucosal or transdermal means.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
  • penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for fransmucosal adminisfration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
  • Transmucosal adminisfration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories.
  • the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
  • the compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • suppositories e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides
  • retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those sldlled in the art.
  • the materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Co ⁇ oration and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods lcnown to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. 4,522,811.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical ca ⁇ ier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the freatment of individuals.
  • compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for adminisfration.
  • instructions for adminisfration will specify use of the composition for cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders.
  • compositions which include an agonist of CCKBR activity, a compound which increases expression of CCKBR, or a compound which increases expression or activity of a protein in the CCKBR signaling pathway or any combination thereof
  • the instructions for adminisfration will specify use of the composition for cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders.
  • antibodies which specifically bind CCKBR may be used for the diagnosis of disorders characterized by the expression of CCKBR, or in assays to monitor patients being treated with CCKBR or agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors of CCKBR.
  • Antibodies useful for diagnostic pwposes may be prepared in the same manner as those described above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for CCKBR include methods which utilize the antibody and a label to detect CCKBR in human body fluids or in extracts of cells or tissues.
  • the antibodies may be used with or without modification, and may be labeled by covalent or non-covalent joining with a reporter molecule.
  • a wide variety of reporter molecules, several of which are described above, are known in the art and may be used.
  • CCKBR CCKBR-specific kinase kinase kinase
  • ELISAs ELISAs
  • RIAs RIAs
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • the polynucleotides encoding CCKBR may be used for diagnostic pu ⁇ oses.
  • the polynucleotides which may be used include oligonucleotide sequences, complementary RNA and DNA molecules, and PNAs.
  • the polynucleotides may be used to detect and quantitate gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression of CCKBR may be co ⁇ elated with disease.
  • the diagnostic assay may be used to distinguish between absence, presence, and excess expression of CCKBR, and to monitor regulation of CCKBR levels during therapeutic intervention.
  • Polynucleotide sequences encoding CCKBR may be used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hema- tological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders associated with expression of CCKBR.
  • the polynucleotide sequences encoding CCKBR may be used in Southern, Northern, or dot-blot analysis, or other membrane-based technologies; in PCR technologies; in dipstick, pin, and ELISA assays; and in microa ⁇ ays utilizing fluids or tissues from patient biopsies to detect altered CCKBR expression. Such qualitative or quantitative methods are well known in the art.
  • the nucleotide sequences encoding CCKBR may be useful in assays that detect the presence of associated disorders, particularly those mentioned above.
  • the nucleotide sequences encoding CCKBR may be labelled by standard methods and added to a fluid or tissue sample from a patient under conditions suitable for the formation of hybridization complexes. After a suitable incubation period, the sample is washed and the signal is quantitated and compared with a standard value.
  • nucleotide sequences have hybridized with nucleotide sequences in the sample, and the presence of altered levels of nucleotide sequences encoding CCKBR in the sample indicates the presence of the associated disorder.
  • assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic freatment regimen in animal studies, in clinical trials, or in monitoring the treatment of an individual patient.
  • a normal or standard profile for expression is established. This may be accomplished by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal subjects, either animal or human, with a sequence, or a fragment thereof, encoding CCKBR, under conditions suitable for hybridization or amplification. Standard hybridization may be quantified by comparing the values obtained from normal subjects with values from an experiment in which a known amount of a substantially purified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtained from normal samples may be compared with values obtained from samples from patients who are symptomatic for a disorder. Deviation from standard values is used to establish the presence of a disorder.
  • Another technique for dmg screening provides for high throughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity to the protein of interest as described in published PCT application WO84/03564.
  • large numbers of different small test compounds are synthesized on a solid subsfrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface.
  • the test compounds are reacted with CCKBR, or fragments thereof, and washed.
  • Bound CCKBR is then detected by methods well lcnown in the art.
  • Purified CCKBR can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned dmg screening techniques.
  • non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on a solid support.
  • G-protein coupled receptors are ubiquitous in the mammalian host and are responsible for many biological functions, including many pathologies. Accordingly, it is desirable to find compounds and d gs which stimulate a G-protein coupled receptor on the one hand and which can inhibit the function of a G-protein coupled receptor on the other hand.
  • compounds which activate the G-protein coupled receptor may be employed for therapeutic pu ⁇ oses, such as the freatment of asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, urinary retention, and osteoporosis, hi particular, compounds which activate the receptors of the present invention are useful in treating various cardiovascular ailments such as caused by the lack of pulmonary blood flow or hypertension. In addition these compounds may also be used in treating various physiological disorders relating to abnormal confrol of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and in diseases associated with abnormal angiotensin-induced aldosterone secretion.
  • compounds which inhibit activation of the G-protein coupled receptor may be employed for a variety of therapeutic pu ⁇ oses, for example, for the freatment of hypotension and/or hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders including schizophrenia, manic excitement, depression, delirium, dementia or severe mental retardation, dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Tourett's syndrome, among others.
  • Compounds which inhibit G-protein coupled receptors have also been useful in reversing endogenous anorexia and in the confrol of bulimia.
  • a therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient which increases or decreases CCKBR activity relative to CCKBR activity which occurs in the absence of the therapeutically effective dose.
  • the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model also can be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of adminisfration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for adminisfration in humans.
  • Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals.
  • the dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED50.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices are prefe ⁇ ed. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies is used in formulating a range of dosage for human use.
  • the dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of adminisfration.
  • Dosage and adminisfration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active ingredient or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which can be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of adminisfration, dmg combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy.
  • Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions can be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on the half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.
  • Normal dosage amounts can vary from 0.1 micrograms to 100,000 micrograms, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of adminisfration.
  • Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and generally available to practitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, delivery of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells, conditions, locations, etc.
  • polynucleotides encoding the antibody can be constructed and infroduced into a cell either ex vivo or in vivo using well- established techniques including, but not limited to, fransferrin-polycation-mediated DNA transfer, transfection with naked or encapsulated nucleic acids, liposome-mediated cellular fusion, intracellular transportation of DNA-coated latex beads, protoplast fusion, viral infection, elecfroporation, "gene gun", and DEAE- or calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.
  • the reagent is preferably an antisense oligonucleotide or a ribozyme.
  • Polynucleotides which express antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes can be infroduced into cells by a variety of methods, as described above.
  • a reagent reduces expression of CCKBR gene or the activity of CCKBR by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% relative to the absence of the reagent.
  • the effectiveness of the mechanism chosen to decrease the level of expression of CCKBR gene or the activity of CCKBR can be assessed using methods well known in the art, such as hybridization of nucleotide probes to CCKBR-specific mRNA, quantitative RT-PCR, immunologic detection of CCKBR, or measurement of CCKBR activity.
  • any of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles.
  • the combination of therapeutic agents can act synergistically to effect the freatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.
  • Any of the therapeutic methods described above can be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.
  • Nucleic acid molecules of the invention are those nucleic acid molecules which are contained in a group of nucleic acid molecules consisting of (i) nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (ii) nucleic acid molecules comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iii) nucleic acid molecules having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iv)nucleic acid molecules the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii), or (iii); and (v) nucleic acid molecules the sequence of which differs from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, wherein the polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid molecule has CCKBR activity.
  • Polypeptides of the invention are those polypeptides which are contained in a group of polypeptides consisting of (i) polypeptides having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (ii) polypeptides comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (iii) polypeptides encoded by nucleic acid molecules of the invention and (iv) polypeptides which show at least 99%, 98%, 95%, 90%, or 80% homology with a polypeptide of (i), (ii), or (iii), wherein said purified polypeptide has CCKBR activity.
  • An object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) contacting a test compound with a CCKBR polypeptide, (ii) detect binding of said test compound to said CCKBR polypeptide.
  • diseases that bind to the CCKBR polypeptide are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the activity of a CCKBR polypeptide at a certain concenfration of a test compound or in the absence of said test compound, (ii) determining the activity of said polypeptide at a different concenfration of said test compound.
  • compounds that lead to a difference in the activity of the CCKBR polypeptide in (i) and (ii) are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gastroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the activity of a CCKBR polypeptide at a certain concenfration of a test compound, (ii) determining the activity of a CCKBR polypeptide at the presence of a compound known to be a regulator of a CCKBR polypeptide.
  • compounds that show similar effects on the activity of the CCKBR polypeptide in (i) as compared to compounds used in (ii) are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.
  • test compound displaces a ligand which is first bound to the polypeptide.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) contacting a test compound with a CCKBR polynucleotide, (ii) detect binding of said test compound to said CCKBR polynucleotide.
  • Compounds that, e.g., bind to the CCKBR polynucleotide are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of such diseases.
  • Another object of the invention is the method of the above, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is RNA.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the contacting step is in or at the surface of a cell.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the contacting step is in a cell- free system.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the polynucleotide is coupled to a detectable label.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the test compound is coupled to a detectable label.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of diagnosing a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the amount of a CCKBR polynucleotide in a sample taken from said mammal, (ii) determining the amount of CCKBR polynucleotide in healthy and/or diseased mammal A disease is diagnosed, e.g., if there is a substantial similarity in the amount of CCKBR polynucleotide in said test mammal as compared to a diseased mammal.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which binds to a CCKBR polypeptide.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a CCKBR polypeptide.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a CCKBR polypeptide, wherein said therapeutic agent is (i) a small molecule, (ii) an RNA molecule, (iii) an antisense oligonucleotide, (iv) a polypeptide, (v) an antibody, or (vi) a ribozyme.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a CCKBR polynucleotide.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a CCKBR polypeptide.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of regulators of a CCKBR for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal.
  • Another object of the invention is a method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition useful for the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) identifying a regulator of CCKBR, (ii) determining whether said regulator ameliorates the symptoms of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders in a mammal; and (iii) combining of said regulator with an acceptable pharmaceutical ca ⁇ ier.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of a regulator of CCKBR for the regulation of CCKBR activity in a mammal having a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardio- vascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders.
  • a regulator of CCKBR for the regulation of CCKBR activity in a mammal having a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardio- vascular diseases, dermatological diseases, gasfroenterological diseases, cancer, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, urological diseases and reproduction disorders.
  • the degree of homology can readily be calculated by known methods. Prefe ⁇ ed methods to determine homology are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine homology are codified in publicly available computer programs such as BestFit, BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA. The BLAST programs are publicly available from NCBI and other sources in the internet.
  • NCBI non-redundant database
  • DERWENT patent database Geneseq
  • CCKBR cholecystolrinin B receptor
  • RNA prepared by the Tri-reagent protocol was treated with DNAse I to remove genomic DNA contamination.
  • RNA from each cell or tissue source was first reverse transcribed. 85 ⁇ g of total RNA was reverse franscribed using 1 ⁇ mole random hexamer primers, 0.5 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), 3000 U ?RnaseQut (Invifrogen, Groningen, Netherlands) in a final volume of 680 ⁇ l.
  • the first strand synthesis buffer and Omniscript reverse transcriptase (2 u/ ⁇ l) were from (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The reaction was incubated at 37°C for 90 minutes and cooled on ice.
  • RNA sample was adjusted to 6800 ⁇ l with water, yielding a final concenfration of 12.5 ng/ ⁇ l of starting RNA.
  • Applied Biosystems 7900 HT Sequence Detection system or Biorad iCycler was used according to the manufacturer's specifications and protocols. PCR reactions were set up to quantitate CCKBR and the housekeeping genes HPRT (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase), ⁇ -actin, and others.
  • the following reagents were prepared in a total of 25 ⁇ l : lx TaqMan buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl 2 , 200 nM of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dUTP, O.025 U/ ⁇ l AmpliTaq GoldTM, 0.01 U/ ⁇ l AmpErase and Probel (SEQ ID NO: 5), CCKBR forward and reverse primers each at 200 nM, 200 nM CCKBR FAM/TAMRA-labelled probe, and 5 ⁇ l of template cDNA.
  • Thermal cycling parameters were 2 min at 50°C, followed by 10 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of melting at 95°C for 15 sec and annealing/extending at 60°C for 1 min.
  • the CT (threshold cycle) value is calculated as described in the "Quantitative determination of nucleic acids" section.
  • the CF-value (factor for threshold cycle co ⁇ ection) is calculated as follows :
  • PCR reactions were set up to quantitate the housekeeping genes (HKG) for each cDNA sample.
  • CTi ⁇ G -v lues were calculated as described in the "Quantitative determination of nucleic acids" section.
  • CT CDNA - n CT value of the tested gene for the cDNA n
  • CF CDNA - ⁇ CT cor-cDNA-n (co ⁇ ected CT value for a gene on cDNA n)
  • highest CT cor-cDNA-n ⁇ 40 is defined as CT COI -C D N A [high]
  • CCKBR The expression of CCKBR was investigated in the tissues listed in table 1.
  • Table 1 Relative expression of CCKBR in various human tissues.
  • Purkinje fibers 1 interventricular septum 5 fetal aorta 8 aorta 11 aorta 0 aorta valve 30 artery 133 coronary artery 402 coronary artery 0 coronary artery 28 pulmonary artery 26 carotid artery 1 mesenteric artery 556 arteria radialis 3 vein 20 pulmonic valve 413 vein (saphena magna) 5078 (caval) vein 43 1 coronary artery endothel cells 5008 coronary artery smooth muscle primary cells 218 aortic smooth muscle cells 0 pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells 0 aortic endothel cells 1938
  • HUVEC cells 60 pulmonary artery endothel cells 0 iliac artery endothel cells 4
  • esophagus 163 esophagus tumor 6 stomach 7082 stomach tumor 65 colon 0 colon tumor 885 small intestine 313 ileum 70 ileum tumor 181 ileum chronic inflammation 8192 rectum 18951 rectum tumor 1859 fetal liver 1 liver 1 liver 0 liver 58 liver liver ci ⁇ hosis 1992 liver lupus disease 16 liver tumor 23 HEP G2 cells 161
  • B-cells peripheral blood CD19+ 9216 excreted peripheral blood 7281 spleen 1 spleen liver ci ⁇ hosis 0
  • fetal lung 17 fetal lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells 0 fetal lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells 0 lung 0 lung 150
  • lung 8 lung right upper lobe 267 lung right mid lobe 25 lung right lower lobe 370 lung lupus disease 0 lung tumor 2487 lung COPD 3061 trachea 89 primary bronchia 140 secondary bronchia 35610 bronchial epithelial cells 3517 bronchial smooth muscle cells 572 small airway epithelial cells 11
  • HeLa cells (cervix tumor) 0 placenta 0 utems 6 utems tumor 11 ovary 91 ovary tumor 170 breast 261 breast tumor 1046 mammary gland 0
  • modifications of gene expression is obtained by designing antisense sequences to infron regions, promoter/enhancer elements, or even to trans-acting regulatory genes.
  • CCKBR CCKBR expression is accomplished by subcloning the cDNAs into appropriate expression vectors and fransfecting the vectors into expression hosts such as, e.g., E. coli.
  • the vector is engineered such that it contains a promoter for ⁇ -galactosidase, upsfream of the cloning site, followed by sequence containing the amino-terminal Methionine and the subsequent seven residues of ⁇ -galactosidase.
  • an engineered bacteriophage promoter useful for artificial priming and franscription and for providing a number of unique endonuclease restriction sites for cloning.
  • IPTG Isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside
  • the CCKBR cDNA is shuttled into other vectors known to be useful for expression of proteins in specific hosts.
  • Oligonucleotide primers containing cloning sites as well as a segment of DNA (about 25 bases) sufficient to hybridize to stretches at both ends of the target cDNA is synthesized chemically by standard methods. These primers are then used to amplify the desired gene segment by PCR. The resulting gene segment is digested with appropriate resfriction enzymes under standard conditions and isolated by gel elecfrophoresis. Alternately, similar gene segments are produced by digestion of the cDNA with appropriate restriction enzymes. Using appropriate primers, segments of coding sequence from more than one gene are ligated together and cloned in appropriate vectors. It is possible to optimize expression by construction of such chimeric sequences.
  • Suitable expression hosts for such chimeric molecules include, but are not limited to, mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and human 293 cells., insect cells such as Sf9 cells, yeast cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacterial cells such as E. coli.
  • a useful expression vector also includes an origin of replication to allow propagation in bacteria, and a selectable marker such as the ⁇ -lactamase antibiotic resistance gene to allow plasmid selection in bacteria.
  • the vector may include a second selectable marker such as the neomycin phosphofransferase gene to allow selection in transfected eukaryotic host cells.
  • Vectors for use in eukaryotic expression hosts require RNA processing elements such as 3' polyadenylation sequences if such are not part of the cDNA of interest.
  • the vector contains promoters or enhancers which increase gene expression.
  • promoters are host specific and include ?MMTV, SV40, and metallothionine promoters for CHO cells; frp, lac, tac and T7 promoters for bacterial hosts; and alpha factor, alcohol oxidase and PGH promoters for yeast.
  • Transcription enhancers such as the rous sarcoma vims enhancer, are used in mammalian host cells. Once homogeneous cultures of recombinant cells are obtained through standard culture methods, large quantities of recombinantly produced CCKBR are recovered from the conditioned medium and analyzed using chromatographic methods known in the art.
  • CCKBR can be cloned into the expression vector pcDNA3, as exemplified herein. ?This product can be used to transform, for example, HEK293 or COS by methodology standard in the art. Specifically, for example, using Lipofectamine (Gibco BRL catolog no. 18324-020) mediated gene transfer.
  • Lipofectamine Gibco BRL catolog no. 18324-020
  • CCKBR is expressed as a chimeric protein with one or more additional polypeptide domains added to facilitate protein purification.
  • purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals [Appa Rao, 1997] and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Co ⁇ ., Seattle, Washington).
  • the inclusion of a cleavable linker sequence such as Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invifrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands) between the purification domain and the CCKBR sequence is useful to facilitate expression of CCKBR.
  • Functional chimeric GPCRs are constructed by combining the exfracellular receptive sequences of a new isoform with the fransmembrane and intracellular segments of a known isoform for test pu ⁇ oses. This concept was demonstrated by Kobilka et al. (1988), Science 240:1310-1316) who created a series of chimeric ⁇ 2- ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptors (AR) by inserting progressively greater amounts of ⁇ 2-AR fransmembrane sequence into ⁇ 2-AR. The binding activity of known agonists changed as the molecule shifted from having more ⁇ 2 than ⁇ 2 conformation, and intermediate constructs demonstrated mixed specificity.
  • T7G domain VII for ligand recognition was also found in chimeras utilizing two yeast ⁇ -factor receptors and is significant because the yeast receptors are classified as miscellaneous receptors. Thus, functional role of specific domains appears to be preserved throughout the GPCR family regardless of category.
  • Chimeric or modified GPCRs containing substitutions in the exfracellular and fransmembrane regions have shown that these portions of the receptor determine ligand binding specificity.
  • two Serine residues conserved in domain V of all adrenergic and D catecholainine GPCRs are necessary for potent agonist activity. These serines are believed to form hydrogen bonds with the catechol moiety of the agonists within the GPCR binding site.
  • an Asp residue present in domain ID? of all GPCRs which bind biogenic amines is believed to form an ion pair with the ligand amine group in the GPCR binding site.
  • GPCRs are expressed in heterologous expression systems and their biological activity assessed.
  • One heterologous system introduces genes for a mammalian GPCR and a mammalian G-protein into yeast cells.
  • the GPCR is shown to have appropriate ligand specificity and affinity and trigger appropriate biological activation (growth a ⁇ est and mo ⁇ hological changes) of the yeast cells.
  • An alternate procedure for testing chimeric receptors is based on the procedure utilizing the purinergic receptor (P 2 u). Function is easily tested in cultured K562 human leukemia cells because these cells lack P 2 u receptors. K562 cells are transfected with expression vectors containing either normal or chimeric P 2 u and loaded with fura-a, fluorescent probe for Ca ⁇ . Activation of properly assembled and functional P 2 u receptors with exfracellular UTT or ATP mobilizes intracellular Ca ++ which reacts with fura-a and is measured specfrofluorometrically.
  • P 2 u purinergic receptor
  • chimeric genes are created by combining sequences for exfracellular receptive segments of any new GPCR polypeptide with the nucleotides for the fransmembrane and intracellular segments of the known P 2 u molecule. Bathing the transfected K562 cells in microwells containing appropriate ligands triggers binding and fluorescent activity defining effectors of the GPCR molecule. Once ligand and function are established, the P 2 u system is useful for defining antagonists or inhibitors which block binding and prevent such fluorescent reactions.
  • denatured protein from reverse phase HPLC separation is obtained in quantities up to 75 mg. This denatured protein is used to immunize mice or rabbits using standard protocols; about 100 ⁇ g are adequate for immunization of a mouse, while up to 1 mg might be used to immunize a rabbit.
  • the denatured protein is radioiodinated and used to screen potential murine B- cell hybridomas for those which produce antibody. This procedure requires only small quantities of protein, such that 20 mg is sufficient for labeling and screening of several thousand clones.
  • the amino acid sequence of an appropriate CCKBR domain is analyzed to determine regions of high antigenicity.
  • Oligopeptides comprising appropriate hydrophilic regions are synthesized and used in suitable immunization protocols to raise antibodies.
  • the optimal amino acid sequences for immunization are usually at the C-terminus, the N-terminus and those intervening, hydrophilic regions of the polypeptide which are likely to be exposed to the external environment when the protein is in its natural conformation.
  • selected peptides typically, about 15 residues in length, are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer Model 431 A using fmoc-chemistry and coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) by reaction with M-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxy- succinimide ester, ?MBS. If necessary, a cysteine is infroduced at the N-terminus of the peptide to permit coupling to KLH. Rabbits are immunized with the peptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant.
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
  • the resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide activity by binding the peptide to plastic, blocking with 1% bovine seram albumin, reacting with antisera, washing and reacting with labeled (radioactive or fluorescent), affinity purified, specific goat anti-rabbit IgG.
  • Hybridomas are prepared and screened using standard techniques. Hybridomas of interest are detected by screening with labeled CCKBR to identify those fusions producing the monoclonal antibody with the desired specificity.
  • wells of plates FAST; Becton- Dicldnson, Palo Alto, CA
  • affinity purified, specific rabbit anti- mouse (or suitable antispecies 1 g) antibodies at 10 mg/ml.
  • the coated wells are blocked with 1% bovine semm albumin, (BSA), washed and incubated with supematants from hybridomas. After washing the wells are incubated with labeled CCKBR at 1 mg/ml.
  • BSA bovine semm albumin
  • Supematants with specific antibodies bind more labeled CCKBR than is detectable in the background. Then clones producing specific antibodies are expanded and subjected to two cycles of cloning at limiting dilution. Cloned hybridomas are injected into pristane-freated mice to produce ascites, and monoclonal antibody is purified from mouse ascitic fluid by affinity chromatography on Protein A. Monoclonal antibodies with affinities of at least
  • 10 8 M “1 preferably 10 9 to 10 10 M "1 or stronger, are typically made by standard procedures.
  • Particular CCKBR antibodies are useful for investigating signal fransduction and the diagnosis of infectious or hereditary conditions which are characterized by differences in the amount or distribution of CCKBR or downstream products of an active signaling cascade.
  • Diagnostic tests for CCKBR include methods utilizing antibody and a label to detect CCKBR in human body fluids, membranes, cells, tissues or extracts of such.
  • the polypeptides and antibodies of the present invention are used with or without modification. Frequently, the polypeptides and antibodies are labeled by joining them, either covalently or noncovalently, with a substance which provides for a detectable signal.
  • labels and conjugation techniques are known and have been reported extensively in both the scientific and patent literature. Suitable labels include radionuclides, enzymes, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, fluorescent agents, chemi- luminescent agents, chromogenic agents, magnetic particles and the like.
  • a variety of protocols for measuring soluble or membrane-bound CCKBR, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the protein, are known in the art. Examples include enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • ELISA enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • FACS fluorescent activated cell sorting
  • a two-site monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on CCKBR is prefe ⁇ ed, but a competitive binding assay may be employed.
  • Native or recombinant CCKBR is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for CCKBR.
  • an immunoaffinity column is constructed by co ⁇ valently coupling the anti-TRH antibody to an activated chromatographic resin.
  • Polyclonal immunoglobulins are prepared from immune sera either by precipitation with ammonium sulfate or by purification on immobilized Protein A (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Piscataway N.J.). Likewise, monoclonal antibodies are prepared from mouses ascites fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation or chromatography on immobilized Protein A. Partially purified immunoglobulin is covalently attached to a chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology). The antibody is coupled to the resin, the resin is blocked, and the derivative resin is washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • a chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated Sepharose
  • Such immunoaffinity columns are utilized in the purification of CCKBR by preparing a fraction from cells containing CCKBR in a soluble form. This preparation is derived by solubilization of whole cells or of a subcellular fraction obtained via differential centrifugation (with or without addition of detergent) or by other methods well lcnown in the art. Alternatively., soluble CCKBR containing a signal sequence is secreted in useful quantity into the medium in which the cells are grown.
  • a soluble CCKBR-containing preparation is passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of CCKBR (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). Then, the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/protein binding (e.g., a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concenfration of a chaofrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and CCKBR is collected.
  • CCKBR e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent
  • ⁇ s CCKBR is a G protein coupled receptor any of the methods commonly used in the art may pote tially be used to identify CCKBR ligands.
  • the activity of a G protein coupled receptor such as CCKBR can be measured using any of a variety of appropriate functional assays in which activation of the receptor results in an observable change in the level of some second messenger system, such as adenylate cyclase, guanylylcyclase, calcium mobilization, or inositol phospholipid hydrolysis.
  • the polypeptide or fragment employed in such a test is either free in solution, affixed to a solid support, bome on a cell surface or located infracellularly.
  • One method of drag screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant nucleic acids expressing the polypeptide or fragment. Drugs are screened against such transformed cells in competitive binding assays. Such cells, either in viable or fixed form, are used for standard binding assays.
  • Measured for example, is the formation of complexes between CCKBR and the agent being tested.
  • the present invention provides methods of screening for drag canditates, drags, or any other agents which affect signal transduction.
  • These methods comprise contacting such an agent with CCKBR polypeptide or a fragment thereof and assaying (i) for the presence of a complex between the agent and CCKBR polypeptide or fragment, or (ii) for the presence of a complex between CCKBR polypeptide or fragment and the cell, h such competitive binding assays, the CCKBR polypeptide or fragment is typically labeled.
  • free CCKBR polypeptide or fragment is separated from that present in bound form, and the amount of free or uncomplexed label is a measure of the ability of the particular agent to bind to CCKBR or to interfere with the CCKBR-agent complex.
  • Another technique for drag screening provides high throughput screening for compounds having suitable binding affinity to CCKBR polypeptides. Briefly stated, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid subsfrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. The peptide test compounds are reacted with CCKBR polypeptide and washed. Bound CCKBR polypeptide is then detected by methods well lcnown in the art. Purified CCKBR are also coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques, hi addition, non-neutralizing antibodies are used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on the solid support.
  • This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drag screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding CCKBR specifically compete with a test compound for binding to CCKBR polypeptides or fragments thereof. In this manner, the antibodies are used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with CCKBR.
  • Example 11 Rational Drug Design
  • the goal of rational drug design is to produce structural analogs of biologically active polypeptides of interest or of small molecules with which they interact, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors. Any of these examples are used to fashion drags which are more active or stable forms of the polypeptide or which enhance or interfere with the function of a polypeptide in vivo.
  • the three-dimensional structure of a protein of interest, or of a protein-inhibitor complex is determined by x-ray crystallography, by computer modeling or, most typically, by a combination of the two approaches. Both the shape and charges of the polypeptide must be ascertained to elucidate the structure and to determine active site(s) of the molecule. Less often, useful information regarding the structure of a polypeptide is gained by modeling based on the structure of homologous proteins. In both cases, relevant structural information is used to design efficient inhibitors. Useful examples of rational drag design include molecules which have improved activity or stability or which act as inhibitors, agonists, or antagonists of native peptides.
  • a target-specific antibody selected by functional assay, as described above, and then to solve its crystal structure.
  • This approach in principle, yields a pharmacore upon which subsequent drug design is based. It is possible to bypass protein crystallography altogether by generating anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) to a functional, pharmacologically active antibody. As a minor image of a minor image, the binding site of the anti-ids is expected to be an analog of the original receptor. The anti-id is then used to identify and isolate peptides from banks of chemically or biologically produced peptides. The isolated peptides then act as the pharmacore.
  • anti-ids anti-idiotypic antibodies
  • the inventive purified CCKBR is a research tool for identification, characterization and purification of interacting G or other signal fransduction pathway proteins. Radioactive labels are inco ⁇ orated into a selected CCKBR domain by various methods lcnown in the art and used in vifro to capture interacting molecules. A prefe ⁇ ed method involves labeling the primary amino groups in CCKBR with 125 I Bolton-Hunter reagent. This reagent has been used to label various molecules without concomitant loss of biological activity.
  • Labeled CCKBR is useful as a reagent for the purification of molecules with which it interacts, hi one embodiment of affinity purification, membrane-bound CCKBR is covalently coupled to a chromatography column.
  • Cell-free extract derived from synovial cells or putative target cells is passed over the column, and molecules with appropriate affinity bind to CCKBR.
  • CCKBR- complex is recovered from the column, and the CCKBR-binding ligand disassociated and subjected to N-terminal protein sequencing. The amino acid sequence information is then used to identify the captured molecule or to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes for cloning the relevant gene from an appropriate cDNA library.
  • antibodies are raised against CCKBR, specifically monoclonal antibodies.
  • the monoclonal antibodies are screened to identify those which inhibit the binding of labeled CCKBR. These monoclonal antibodies are then used therapeutically.
  • Example 13 Use and Administration of Antibodies, Inhibitors, or Antagonists
  • LSTs are formulated in a nontoxic, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous ca ⁇ ier medium preferably at a pH of about 5 to 8, more preferably 6 to 8, although pH may vary according to the characteristics of the antibody, inhibitor, or antagonist being formulated and the condition to be treated. Characteristics of LSTs include solubility of the molecule, its half-life and antigenicity/- immunogenicity. These and other characteristics aid in defining an effective carrier. Native human proteins are prefe ⁇ ed as LSTs, but organic or synthetic molecules resulting from drag screens are equally effective in particular situations.
  • LSTs are delivered by known routes of adminisfration including but not limited to topical creams and gels; fransmucosal spray and aerosol; transdermal patch and bandage; injectable, infravenous and lavage formulations; and orally administered liquids and pills particularly formulated to resist stomach acid and enzymes.
  • routes of adminisfration including but not limited to topical creams and gels; fransmucosal spray and aerosol; transdermal patch and bandage; injectable, infravenous and lavage formulations; and orally administered liquids and pills particularly formulated to resist stomach acid and enzymes.
  • the particular formulation, exact dosage, and route of adminisfration is determined by the attending physician and varies according to each specific situation.
  • Such determinations are made by considering multiple variables such as the condition to be treated, the LST to be administered, and the pharmacokinetic profile of a particular LST. Additional factors which are taken into account include severity of the disease state, patient's age, weight, gender and diet, time and frequency of LST adminisfration, possible combination with other drags, reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long acting LST formulations might be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular LST.
  • Normal dosage amounts vary from 0.1 to 10 5 ⁇ g, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of adminisfration.
  • Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,657,760; 5,206,344; or 5,225,212.
  • Those skilled in the art employ different formulations for different LSTs.
  • Adminisfration to cells such as nerve cells necessitates delivery in a manner different from that to other cells such as vascular endothelial cells.
  • abnormal signal fransduction, trauma, or diseases which trigger CCKBR activity are treatable with LSTs. These conditions or diseases are specifically diagnosed by the tests discussed above, and such testing should be performed in suspected cases of viral, bacterial or fungal infections, allergic responses, mechanical injury associated with trauma, hereditary diseases, lymphoma or carcinoma, or other conditions which activate the genes of lymphoid or neuronal tissues.
  • Animal model systems which elucidate the physiological and behavioral roles of the CCKBR are produced by creating nonhuman transgenic animals in which the activity of the CCKBR is either increased or decreased, or the amino acid sequence of the expressed CCKBR is altered, by a variety of techniques.
  • these techniques include, but are not limited to: 1) Insertion of normal or mutant versions of DNA encoding a CCKBR, by microinjection, electroporation, refroviral transfection or other means well known to those skilled in the art, into appropriately fertilized embryos in order to produce a transgenic animal or 2) homologous recombination of mutant or normal, human or animal versions of these genes with the native gene locus in transgenic animals to alter the regulation of expression or the structure of these CCKBR sequences.
  • the technique of homologous recombination is well known in the art. It replaces the native gene with the inserted gene and hence is useful for producing an animal that cannot express native CCKBRs but does express, for example, an inserted mutant CCKBR, which has replaced the native CCKBR in the animal's genome by recombination, resulting in underexpression of the transporter. Microinjection adds genes to the genome, but does not remove them, and the technique is useful for producing an animal which expresses its own and added CCKBR, resulting in overexpression of the CCKBR.
  • One means available for producing a transgenic animal is as follows: Female mice are mated, and the resulting fertilized eggs are dissected out of their oviducts. The eggs are stored in an appropriate medium such as cesiumchloride M2 medium. DNA or cDNA encoding CCKBR is purified from a vector by methods well known to the one skilled in the art. Inducible promoters may be fused with the coding region of the DNA to provide an experimental means to regulate expression of the fransgene. Alternatively or in addition, tissue specific regulatory elements may be fused with the coding region to permit tissue-specific expression of the fransgene.
  • microinjection needle which may be made from capillary tubing using a piper puller
  • the egg to be injected is put in a depression slide.
  • the needle is inserted into the pronucleus of the egg, and the DNA solution is injected.
  • the injected egg is then fransfe ⁇ ed into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant mouse which is a mouse stimulated by the appropriate hormones in order to maintain false pregnancy, where it proceeds to the utems, implants, and develops to term.
  • microinjection is not the only method for inserting DNA into the egg but is used here only for exemplary pu ⁇ oses.

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne un récepteur B humain de la cholecystokinine (CCKBR) qui est associé aux maladies cardiovasculaires, aux maladies dermatologiques, aux maladies gastroentérologiques, au cancer, à l'inflammation, aux maladies hématologiques, aux maladies respiratoires, aux maladies neurologiques, aux maladies urologiques et aux troubles de la reproduction. Cette invention concerne également des dosages permettant d'identifier des composés utilisés pour traiter ou prévenir les maladies cardiovasculaires, les maladies dermatologiques, les maladies gastroentérologiques, le cancer, l'inflammation, les maladies hématologiques, les maladies respiratoires, les maladies neurologiques, les maladies urologiques et les troubles de la reproduction. Cette invention concerne en outre des composés qui se lient au récepteur CCKBR et/ou qui activent ou inhibent l'activité du récepteur CCKBR ainsi que des compositions pharmaceutiques renfermant ces composés.
PCT/EP2005/000341 2004-01-28 2005-01-15 Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees au recepteur b humain de la cholecystokinine (cckbr) Ceased WO2005075672A1 (fr)

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