Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
  • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
  • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
  • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
  • F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
  • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
  • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
  • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
  • F01N13/0093—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are of the same type
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
  • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
  • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
  • F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
  • F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
  • F01N3/0892—Electric or magnetic treatment, e.g. dissociation of noxious components
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
  • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
  • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
  • F01N3/26—Construction of thermal reactors
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
  • F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
  • F23G7/06—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases
  • F23G7/061—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases with supplementary heating
  • F23G7/063—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases with supplementary heating electric heating
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
  • F23K5/00—Feeding or distributing other fuel to combustion apparatus
  • F23K5/002—Gaseous fuel
  • F23K5/007—Details
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
  • F01N2240/02—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat exchanger
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
  • F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2202/00—Combustion
  • F23G2202/10—Combustion in two or more stages
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2206/00—Waste heat recuperation
  • F23G2206/10—Waste heat recuperation reintroducing the heat in the same process, e.g. for predrying
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
  • F23G2900/50213—Preheating processes other than drying or pyrolysis
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
  • F23J2217/00—Intercepting solids
  • F23J2217/10—Intercepting solids by filters
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
  • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to the field of combustion processes, and more particularly to combustion processes ignited by radiant heat (also referred to as radiant combustion processes) . More specifically, the invention relates to a radiant combustion reactor for the use in radiant combustion processes.
• radiant combustion is a process of combustion of a substance that is ignited by a heat source not involving the presence of a flame, but irradiating the substance, e. g. a gas or a mix of gases, to be combusted to electromagnetic radiating energy, particularly in the range of range of wavelengths from InfraRed (IR) to Ultraviolet (UV) .
• a radiant combustion reactor consists of an enclosure within which the substance (s) to be combusted are fed. Associated with the enclosure walls, which are made of suitable materials, are heating means adapted to heat the enclosure walls up to a temperature at which the material making up the enclosure walls starts radiating electromagnetic radiation (in the way that approximates the black-body radiation) , in a range of wavelengths and with an energy sufficient to cause the heating of the substance (s) to be combusted. Provided the radiated energy is sufficiently high, the substance (s) to be combusted is heated up to a temperature sufficient to ignite the combustion thereof.
• the combustion reactors typically take the form of tubes (also referred to as radiant tubes) of suitable material, within which the substance (s) to be combusted, typically gases, are caused to flow.
• the heating means are associated with the tubes and cause heating thereof, so that the gases flowing therethrough are also heated up to the desired temperature.
• Typical heating means used in radiant combustion reactors are based on the Joule effect, and comprise electrical resistors, for example spiral resistors wound around radiant tubes, or embedded in heat-radiating panels between which the radiant tubes are sandwiched. Other known heating means are based on the combustion
• the radiant combustion reactor comprises a combustion chamber delimited by walls which, when properly heated, radiate electromagnetic energy, particularly in a wavelength range from infrared to ultraviolet; a heating arrangement is operatively associated with the heat- radiating walls for heating the walls up to a prescribed, radiating temperature.
• the heating arrangement comprises at least one optical radiation source generating an optical radiation that is caused to invest the hea -radiating walls and is adapted to cause heating thereo .
• Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing, partly in terms of functional blocks, an apparatus exploiting a radiant combustion reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention
• Figure 2 depicts quite schematically a radiant combustion reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention, used in the apparatus of Figure 1;
• Figure 3 schematically shows, in axonometric view, a first possible implementation of the radiant combustion reactor of Figure 2, in an embodiment of the present invention;
• Figure 4 schematically shows, in axonometric view, a second possible implementation of the radiant combustion reactor of Figure 2, in another embodiment of the present invention;
• Figure 5 shows rather schematically,
• FIG. 1 a schematic diagram is provided showing,, partly in terms of functional blocks, an apparatus implementing a process of reduction of combustion residues, particularly for reducing pollutants such as carbon oxide (CO) , carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) , uncombusted hydrocarbons (HC) , various nitrogen oxides (NO x ) , and Particulate Matter (PM) , in particular carbon particulate, normally present in exhaust gases generated by apparatuses whose operation involves the combustion of a fuel, and in which a radiant combustion reactor according to an embodiment of the present in-vention can be used.
• pollutants such as carbon oxide (CO) , carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) , uncombusted hydrocarbons (HC) , various nitrogen oxides (NO x ) , and Particulate Matter (PM) , in particular carbon particulate, normally present in exhaust gases generated by apparatuses whose operation involves the combustion of a fuel, and in which a radiant combustion reactor according to an embodiment of the present in-vention can be used.
• pollutants such as carbon oxide
• the pollutants-reduction apparatus denoted globally as 100, is schematically depicted as placed downstream a block 105, representative of a generic apparatus of any type whose operation involves the combustion of fuels, particularly fossil fuels such as hydrocarbon fuels or hydrocarbon containing fuels such as petroleum, including natural gas, coal, or wood and the like, in general any fuel that can be combusted; for example, the apparatus 105 may be an internal-combustion engine of a vehicle, particularly but not limitatively of the Diesel type, or a burner of a heating system for buildings.
• a block 110 is provided, schematically representing an exhaust system of any conventional type, for example a simple muffler of a vehicle.
• the pollutants-reduction apparatus 100 has an input manifold 115i, for receiving combustion exhaust gases from the apparatus 105; the received exhaust gases are treated by the apparatus 100 before being released in the environment; the pollutants-reduction apparatus 100 has an output manifold 115o for delivering treated exhaust gases to the exhaust system 110 (it is however observed that the exhaust system 110 might also not be provided for, and the treated exhaust gases be released directly into the environment) .
• the input manifold 115i leads the exhaust gases to be treated to a gases pre-heating chamber 120, where the exhaust gases, received from the apparatus 105 at a relatively low temperature, are submitted to a preliminary heating process.
• the temperature of the exhaust gases should in theory be around 400 - 450 °C; however, experimental trials conducted by the Applicant ⁇ have revealed that the exhaust gases temperature is normally lower, falling in the range from approximately 150 °C to approximately 300 °C.
• the preliminary heating process in the pre-heating chamber 120 brings the exhaust gases temperature to a suitably high value, preferably a value higher than 400 °C, for example a value in the range from approximately 400 °C to 700 °C and, preferably, from approximately 550 °C or 600 °C to approximately 700 °C.
• the pre-heating chamber 120 comprises means adapted to submit the incoming exhaust gases to a compression, thereby the gases temperature rises.
• the pre-heating chamber 120 may comprise means adapted to imparting a suitable acceleration to the exhaust gases, and particularly one or more among a fan (or an arrangement of fans) , a turbine (or an arrangement of turbines) , a turbocompressor; these elements are schematically indicated in Figure 1, and identified therein by 121.
• the acceleration imparted to the exhaust gases is preferably such that the gas temperature is raised to approximately 500 °C - 600 °C.
• a Venturi tube (schematically represented in Figure 1 and identified therein as 123) is provided, for further compressing the exhaust gases and thus causing a further increase of the temperature thereof, for example up to a temperature of approximately 700 °C.
• the radiant combustion reactor 125 comprises an enclosure or chamber with walls made of suitable material, which are heated by a heat source to a prescribed temperature, thereby the chamber walls radiate electromagnetic energy within the chamber (in the way that approximate the black-body radiation) .
• the temperature of the exhaust gases is raised further and rather quickly from the pre-heating temperature, for example the initial approximately 700 °C, to a temperature in the range from approximately 900 °C to approximately 1200 °C, preferably from approximately 900 °C to approximately 1100 °C, suitable to determine a combustion (post-combustion) of the exhaust gases; more generally, the upper limit of the temperature of the exhaust gases is determined by the requirement that, at such a temperature, the creation of nitrogen oxides is not relevant; thus, the maximum temperature of the gases within the combustion reactor 125 may reach 1300 - 1400 °C.
• the increase in temperature is achieved by radiant energy, particularly in the wavelength range from IR to UV, radiating from the walls of the radiant combustion reactor 125.
• the exhaust gases post-combustion process that is automatically induced allows substantially reducing or even eliminating the harmful, uncombusted particulates present in the exhaust gases.
• the exhaust gases typically a mix of oxygen, uncombusted hydrocarbons, carbon particulate, self-combustion is automatically ignited, because the gaseous fluid in the reactor 125 travels in an environment at a temperature which is higher than the self-combustion temperature (the specific value of which depend on the substances present in the exhaust gases) , and the combustion is carried out exploiting the radiant energy irradiating from the walls of the reactor 125.
• the gas temperature in the radiant combustion reactor 125 is sufficiently high, in particular higher than approximately 450 °C, preferably in the range from approximately 900 °C to approximately 1200 °C, and more preferably from approximately 900 °C to approximately 1100 °C, i.e. below the temperature at which nitride oxides start forming, nitride oxides already present in the exhaust gases are reduced.
• the post-combustion process of the exhaust gases may be combined with known reduction processes, such as the Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction
• NSCR Selective Catalytic Reduction
• SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction
• a noble catalyst e. g. , platinum
• the NSCR and the SCR processes may be exploited in alternative to one another, or in combination, depending in particular on the structure, e. g. on the geometry, of the radiant combustion reactor 125. It is also observed that, in the radiant combustion reactor 125, the post-combustion of the exhaust gases takes place at a constant pressure.
• the radiant combustion reactor 125 is shown very schematically and it is depicted as a substantially ⁇ "C'-shaped duct; it is pointed out that this is not to be intended as a limitation to the present invention; in the following of the present description, the radiant combustion reactor 125 will be described in greater detail, and several possible embodiments thereof will be presented and discussed.
• the structure of the radiant combustion reactor 125, particularly the geometry thereof, shall be such that it is ensured that the exhaust gases are submitted to the radiating energy for a time sufficient to reach the desired temperature, for example a temperature in the above-mentioned temperature range, adapted to induce the post-combustion of the pollutants.
• the radiant combustion reactor 125 is preferably thermally insulated, for example by means of refractory silicon-ceramic materials, or other suitable materials.
• a first filtering element 130a is arranged along the radiant combustion reactor 125 (for example, the radiant combustion reactor 125 may be made up of two parts in cascade, and the filtering element 130a may be arranged between the first and the second part) .
• the exhaust gases are led to a second filtering element 130b.
• Each one or both of the filtering elements 130a and 130b may comprise active filters, particularly selective filters, preferably active nanofilters in ceramic/zeolite material, and are used for trapping residual dust and Particulate Material (hereinafter, shortly, PM) still present in the exhaust gases after the post-combustion process in the radiant combustion reactor 125.
• the first filtering element 130a if provided, allows trapping the residual, uncombusted dust and PM present in the exhaust gases after a first post-combustion phase
• the second filtering element 130b positioned at the output of the radiant combustion reactor 125, serves for trapping the uncombusted dust and PM still remaining in the exhaust gases after the post-combustion.
• the filtering elements may act both as hot catalysts, and as pure filters. It is pointed out that the specific arrangement, the number and the dimensions of the nanofilters making up the filtering elements 130a and 130b will depend on the specific type of apparatus 105 to which the pollutant-reduction apparatus 100 is intended to be associated with. However, as a general rule, nanofilters resistant to high temperatures should be used. It is also observed that more than one intermediate filtering element 130a may be provided along the radiant combustion reactor. Preferably, the filtering elements 130a and 130b are removable from the apparatus 100 and, even more preferably, they are also reconditionable or recyclable.
• means suitable to favor the exit of the post-combusted gases fro the radiant combustion reactor 125 are provided, as shown in phantom and indicated by 127 in Figure 1; for example, such means may comprise another Venturi tube, or any other device capable of determining a depression downstream the reactor 125.
• the treated exhaust gases After being passed through the second filtering element 130b, the treated exhaust gases (substantially freed of the harmful pollutants) are led to a heat exchange arrangement 135.
• the temperature of the treated exhaust gases is lowered from the 900 °C - 1200 °C to values suitable to avoid thermal shocks, such as a temperature value of approximately 100 °C - 150 °C.
• the heat exchange arrangement 135 is arranged in such a way that at least part of the heat released by the treated exhaust gases is exploited for preheating the incoming gases to be treated in the pre-heating chamber 120, thereby alleviating the burden of the exhaust gases acceleration means.
• the heat exchange arrangement 135 is made of materials resistant to high temperatures, particularly sodium, lithium, titanium, etc) , and it may be of the molded metal type, of the liquid metal type, of the plate type, of the spiral type; in case the apparatus 100 is intended to be installed on a vehicle, the heat exchanger shall have a compact design.
• a control unit 140 is provided in the apparatus 100 for controlling the various components thereof (as schematized by the dash-and-dot lines in the drawing) .
• the control unit 140 comprises electronic control means, preferably programmable, particularly microprocessor-based control means, adapted to execute suitable microprograms for implementing a predefined control flow, and sensors, such as pressure sensors and temperature sensors for detecting the operating temperature in the different parts of the apparatus 100, such as the pre—heating chamber 120, the radiant combustion reactor 125, the heat exchange arrangement 135.
• control unit 140 The specific controls operated by the control unit 140 depend largely on the structure of the radiant combustion reactor 125, but in general the control unit 140 shall at least ensure that a correct temperature is maintained within the reactor 125.
• the Applicant has found that the apparatus described in the foregoing, when used in any system wherein combustion of fuels is provided for, such as for example internal- combustion engines, using Diesel fuel, gasoline, methanol, mix of alcohols, natural gas, LPG, Kerosene, fuel oil, hydrocarbons mixed with water, GECAM, BLUDIESEL, fuel for planes with additives, masut for marine engines, allows eliminating approximately 90% of the carbon monoxide, carbon particulate, uncombusted hydrocarbon (C x H y ) from the exhaust gases, and reducing nitrogen oxides (NO x ) of up to 90%.
• Diesel fuel gasoline, methanol, mix of alcohols, natural gas, LPG, Kerosene, fuel oil, hydrocarbons mixed with water, GECAM, BLUDIESEL, fuel
• FIG. 2 shows schematically a radiant combustion reactor 125 according to an embodiment of the present invention, exploiting as a heating means optical radiation generated by a suitable optical radiation source, particularly a highly coherent, monochromatic, intense optical radiation of the type generated by a laser.
• the radiant combustion chamber 125 comprises a radiant combustion reactor enclosure 1000; the spatial configuration of the radiant combustion reactor enclosure is not limitative to the present invention, depending for example on the specific application: thus, in Figure 2 the radiant combustion reactor 10O0 is schematically depicted as generically elliptical.
• the radiant combustion reactor enclosure 1000 has walls 1005 made of suitable material, for example INCONEL steel, a composite material having a ceramic matrix, or special alloys, adapted to radiate heat when properly heated, and receives thereinside the exhaust gases to be treated (in general, any substance to be submitted to radiant combustion) .
• suitable material for example INCONEL steel, a composite material having a ceramic matrix, or special alloys, adapted to radiate heat when properly heated, and receives thereinside the exhaust gases to be treated (in general, any substance to be submitted to radiant combustion) .
• optical radiation reflecting/deflecting elements 1010 is provided, such as mirrors and/or optical prisms, schematically depicted in the drawing as the internal faces of walls of a box-shaped casing 1007 containing the radiant combustion reactor 1000.
• optical radiation reflecting/deflecting elements 1010 reflects/deflects optical radiations 1015 which are generated by one or more optical radiation sources, particularly lasers, schematically indicated in the drawing at 1020. It is observed that the number and the arrangement of the lasers 1020 is not limitative to the present invention, depending for example on the shape of the radiant combustion reactor enclosure 1000; in the drawing, just by way of example, four lasers 1020 are shown, each one located at a respective corner of the box 1007; the lasers 1020 may be fixed or movable, for example they can be partially rotated and/or angularly oriented.
• the optical radiation emitted by the laser (s) 1020, controlled by the control unit 140, is reflected/deflected by the optical radiation reflecting/deflecting elements 1010, and hits the external side of the walls of the radiant combustion reactor 1000, causing a substantially uniform heating thereof.
• the walls of the radiant combustion reactor are brought to the radiative temperature, i.e. to a temperature such that a sufficient electromagnetic energy, in the prescribed range of wavelengths (approximately from infrared to ultraviolet) is radiated from the walls of the radiant combustion reactor into the enclosure 1000.
• the radiant combustion reactor 125 comprises a radiant tube 1100, of suitable material, arranged so as to be traversed by the substance to be submitted to radiant combustion, for example the exhaust gases coming from the pre-heating chamber 120.
• a light reflecting arrangement 1105 is provided, schematically depicted as an outer tube, coaxial and coextensive to the radiant tube 1100 and having internal optical radiation (particularly, light) reflecting walls (in the drawing, the outer tube is depicted as transparent, for the sake of clarity) .
• the light reflecting tube 1105 reflects the laser radiation 1110, generated by a laser 1120, onto the external surface of the radiant tube 1100, thereby causing the heating thereof to the required temperature.
• the laser 1120 is shown schematically as moving along the axis of the radiant tube; for example, and as depicted schematically in the drawing, the laser (s) 1120 may be mounted to a carriage.
• the laser 1120 might also be caused to revolve around the tube 1100, particularly as it moves along the axis thereof. It is observed that in Figure 3 (and in the following drawings) a supply of oxygen (O2) and ammonia (NH 4 ) into the tube 1100, i.e., into the radiant combustion reactor, is schematically shown; this supply, which is not essential to the present invention, serves for enabling an NSCR process for reducing nitrogen oxides during the post-combustion of the exhaust gases .
• O2 oxygen
• NH 4 ammonia
• the radiant combustion reactor 125 comprises a lined radiant tube 1200 having an inner hollow body 1200a surrounded by an outer hollow body 1200b (both of which depicted as transparent, for the sake of clarity) , and wherein the exhaust gases (more generally, the substance to be submitted to radiant combustion) are made to pass in the space 1203 between the inner and the outer hollow bodies, whilst a laser (s) 1220 is arranged inside the inner hollow body 1200a, and the latter preferably has reflecting walls, adapted to reflect the laser radiation.
• the laser 1220 is schematically depicted as movable along the axis of the inner hollow body 1200a, and the laser 1220 might also be rotatable about the hollow body axis.
• Figure 5 shows quite schematically a still different embodiment of the radiant combustion reactor 125, comprising a reaction chamber in the form of a hollow body 1300 having a substantially spherical shape, within which the exhaust gases to be treated (the substances to be submitted to radiant combustion) are conveyed.
• the laser (s) 1320 is arranged externally to the spherical reaction chamber, and is for example movable so as to hit different areas of the surface thereof.
• the laser (s) is associated to moving means suitable to cause the laser to revolve around the reaction chamber, so that the laser radiation hits different points of the chamber external surface and causes a substantially uniform heating thereof.
• the substantially spherical shape of the radiant combustion reactor 125 in the embodiment of Figure 5 allows achieving a high effectiveness in the heating of the exhaust gases conveyed thereinto.
• the incoming exhaust gases at a lower temperature, force the gases already undergone to the post-combustion process to leave the combustion chamber.
• an optical radiation reflecting/deflecting arrangement may also in this case be provided for.
• the use of one or more lasers for heating the radiant combustion reactor has the advantage of allowing a substantial reduction in the dimensions of the combustion reactor, because, when turned on, the laser (s) cause the reactor walls to almost instantly reach the desired operating temperature (necessary for inducing self- combustion of the exhaust gases and, in general, of the substances to be combusted), and, similarly, the laser (s) can be turned off almost instantaneously. Additionally, using lasers as a heating means for the radiant combustion reactor involves a lower power consumption than using Joule-effect heaters such as electrical resistors, because only relatively high peak energies are required.
• the laser (s) may be operated in Continuous Wave (CW) mode or, preferably, in pulsed mode, also, the laser (s) may be of rotating type, or a laser (s) emitting multiple beams properly out of phase.
• CW Continuous Wave
• the laser (s) may be of rotating type, or a laser (s) emitting multiple beams properly out of phase.
• a suitable number of sensors may be associated with the walls of the radiant combustion reactor such as to enable the control unit 140 to cause the laser radiation hit the desired areas of the radiant combustion reactor walls, scanning the surface according to prescribed patterns in such a way as to cause the surface be homogeneously hit by the optical radiation .
• a specific control software may be executed by the control unit 140, according to which the surface to be hit by the laser radiation is subdivided according to several different parameters, such as the temperature of the areas already hit by the optical radiation, the difference in temperature between these areas and those not yet hit (the cold areas) , the target temperature.
• a dynamic temperature map can thus be built, and such a temperature map, in addition to being used by the control unit to control the laser (s) (and the positioning thereof) , might also be displayed, on suitable display devices, to an operator, so as to enable constantly control the operation of the apparatus.
• the control software may be based on variation calculations or on perturbation calculation, or on a simpler "fork shoot” (a term derived from the navy jargon and indicating a successive approximation process) .
• the control software in conjunction with the reflecting/deflecting arrangement, may allow to hit in a substantially random manner different areas of the walls of the radiant combustion reactor. Moreover, the use of lase (s) allows a better controllability of the whole radiant combustion process.
• the post-combustion process of the exhaust gases can be controlled finely in dependence of the density of the exhaust gases and their velocity, which in turn depend on the engine' s RPMs and on the engine operating temperature.
• the further embodiments shown schematically in Figures 6A, 6B and 6C, in Figure 7 and in Figure 8 relates to radiant combustion reactors within which movable means are provided for propelling the gases during the post-combustion process, and/or for varying the internal geometry of the radiant combustion chamber during operation, particularly by determining a dynamic partition of the radiant combustion chamber.
• FIGS 6A, 6B and 6C there is schematically shown, in axonometric and cross-sectional views, a substantially cylindrical, hollow radiant combustion reactor 1400 with a tri-lobe rotor 1405 (depicted as transparent, for the sake of clarity) rotatably inserted therein, constituted by a generically cylindrical body coaxial to the reactor 1400 and having lobes 1405a, 1405b, 1405c angularly spaced of approximately 120° from each other; the rotor 1405 may have different possible cross- sectional areas, as in the two examples shown in the cross- sectional views of Figures 6B and 6C.
• a suitable drive arrangement is also provided, not shown in the drawings, for causing the rotor 1405 to rotate about its axis inside the radiant combustion reactor during the operation.
• the laser radiation generated by the laser source provided for heating the radiant combustion reactor hits the reactor from the outside thereof.
• the exhaust gases to be treated are conveyed into the combustion chamber through an inlet 1410i; within the chamber, the rotation of the rotor 1405 causes a dynamic partition of the internal space of the chamber into three dynamically-varying portions, and facilitates the flow of the gases towards an outlet 1410o or 1400o' ; while flowing from the inlet to the outlet, the gases undergoes a post- combustion process due to the radiant energy that is irradiated by the walls of the radiant combustion reactor, heated by the laser radiation.
• inlet 1410i and the outlet 1410o or 1400o' to/from the radiant combustion reactor can either be axially aligned or not, and either the inlet or the outlet 1410o or 1400o' or both may even be perpendicular to the chamber axis.
• a rotor 1505 constituted by an endless screw is rotatably arranged within and extends coaxially to the cylindrical, hollow radiant combustion reactor 1400 (depicted again as transparent, for clarity) ; again, a suitable drive arrangement, not shown in the drawing, is provided for rotating the rotor 1505 about its axis.
• the cross-sectional shape of the rotor can vary so as to vary the internal volume of the post-combustion chamber, in dependence of the specific application.
• the radiant combustion reactor comprises a spherical combustion chamber 1600, and an internal rotor 1605 is rotatably arranged within the spherical combustion chamber 1600.
• the rotor 1605 has a generically spherical shape, with three substantially hemispherical depressions 1605a, 1605b and 1605c; the rotor 1605 is thus shaped so as to define three post-combustion chambers within the chamber 1600, of suitable volumes.
• the efficiency of the radiant combustion reactor heating by the laser radiation pulses may be optimized. It is observed that the combustion process carried out in the radiant combustion chamber may be either continuous, partially continuous or discontinuous (intermittent) .
• a partially continuous post-combustion process is one in which there is a certain separation in time (for example, of the order of 10 ⁇ seconds) between the cold and the hot phases, i.e.
• a discontinuous or intermittent post- combustion process is instead one in which the post- combustion chamber is loaded with gases, then the chamber is closed, the post-combustion process is carried out, the chamber is opened to discharge the treated gases, and then the process is re-started.
• the radiant combustion reactor may be a mix of the solutions presented in the foregoing.

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• 2003
  • 2003-11-12 IT IT002179A patent/ITMI20032179A1/it unknown
  • 2003-12-30 WO PCT/EP2003/051115 patent/WO2005050091A1/en not_active Ceased
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