WO2004004019A2 - Current limiting device with improved heat dissipation - Google Patents
Current limiting device with improved heat dissipation Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004004019A2 WO2004004019A2 PCT/DE2003/001971 DE0301971W WO2004004019A2 WO 2004004019 A2 WO2004004019 A2 WO 2004004019A2 DE 0301971 W DE0301971 W DE 0301971W WO 2004004019 A2 WO2004004019 A2 WO 2004004019A2
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- limiting device
- current limiting
- heat
- carrier substrate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
- H10N60/30—Devices switchable between superconducting and normal states
Definitions
- the invention relates to a current limiting device for resistively limiting a current with a carrier substrate consisting of an insulating material and a conductor composite arranged on the carrier substrate, which has a superconducting layer which can be converted into a superconducting state by a coolant and a commutation layer, and with a ceramic insulator layer in thermal Contact to the conductor assembly, which is arranged on the side of the conductor assembly facing away from the carrier substrate.
- Such a current limiting device is from the
- the current limiting device disclosed there has a conductor assembly made of a polycrystalline superconductor and a commutation layer arranged on a carrier substrate, a ceramic insulator layer being provided as a heat store on the conductor assembly.
- the superconducting layer of a current limiting device of the aforementioned type In order to convert the superconducting layer of a current limiting device of the aforementioned type into the superconducting state, these are arranged in a cryostat filled with liquid helium or liquid nitrogen and electrically connected via appropriate connections, for example to an energy distribution network. If the current density of the superconducting layer exceeds a so-called critical density, it increases Temperature of the superconducting layer due to the Joule heat generated by the power line above the transition temperature of the superconductor material and converts it to the normal conductive state. The power line of the composite conductor then essentially takes place through the commutation layer. Depending on the level of the flowing current densities, there can be considerable heat development within the composite conductor.
- an insulator layer is provided on the composite conductor. Due to its good thermal conductivity, the insulator layer reduces the thermal load on the composite conductor by absorbing the Joule heat generated when there is a high current flow and thus relieving the composite conductor.
- the current limiting devices described above have the disadvantage that the effect of the insulator layer is essentially limited to heat storage due to poor heat transfer between the insulator layer and the cooling medium adjacent to it, so that damage to the composite conductor can occur in particular in the case of longer-lasting short-circuit currents.
- the invention has for its object to provide a current limiting device of the type mentioned, in which thermal damage to the composite conductor is avoided even with longer short-circuit currents.
- the invention solves this problem in that an outer metallic heat conductor layer is provided on the insulator layer, which is set up to dissipate heat from the insulator layer to the coolant.
- a metallic heat-conducting layer which is in thermal contact with the insulator layer acting as a heat store, the heat conduction from the composite conductor into the coolant can be considerably improved. It must be taken into account here that the superconductor generally does not quench completely, but rather with the formation of so-called “hot spots” only at certain points.
- the improved heat conduction according to the invention is primarily a distribution of the Joules formed at certain points
- the insulator layer represents the necessary insulation between the metallic heat-conducting layer and the composite conductor.
- the heat-conducting layer thus provides a further heat sink in addition to the insulator layer, whereby it consists of a material that is related to the material of the insulator layer on the one hand and the liquid nitrogen on the other hand has a high thermal conductivity to the extent that the heat for the transition into the coolant is distributed over a larger heat exchange surface.
- the commutation layer is advantageously arranged between the superconducting layer and the insulator layer. Since when the superconductor is quenched, that is to say during the transition from the superconducting to the normally conductive state, the current is essentially carried out by the commutation layer, a strong heat development can be observed in this layer in particular. This heat development in the case of quenching can thus be given off directly to the insulator layer with its high thermal conductivity and from there reaches the coolant in an efficient manner via the heat-conducting layer.
- the ceramic insulator consists of A1 2 0 3
- the metallic heat-conducting Layer is made of copper.
- Other ceramic materials are, for example, magnesium oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitrite or aluminum nitrite.
- the carrier substrate consists of Al 2 0 3 .
- the ceramic insulator layer and the carrier substrate are therefore made of the same material, so that a heat sink is also formed on the carrier substrate side.
- the heat dissipation layer is arranged on both sides of the carrier substrate.
- Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a current limiting device according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of the current limiting device 1 according to the invention, which has a carrier substrate 2 which is formed with two flat sides and which is produced from thermally highly conductive aluminum oxide.
- a superconducting layer 3 is applied flatly on the ceramic carrier substrate 2.
- it is also possible within the scope of the invention to apply 2 further intermediate layers between the superconducting layer and the carrier substrate Are advantageous with regard to the respective present application.
- a commutation layer 4 is provided on the superconductor layer 3 and, in the case of quenching the superconductor layer, carries out the current flow of a composite conductor consisting of the superconductor layer 3 and the commutation layer 4.
- an insulator layer 5 made of a ceramic material and in the selected exemplary embodiment made of aluminum oxide is provided on the commutation layer 4, which is arranged adjacent to an outer heat dissipation layer 6.
- An additional heat dissipation layer 6 is provided on the side of the carrier substrate 2 facing away from the superconducting layer 3.
- the heat-conducting layer 6 is likewise limited by liquid nitrogen. Because of its high thermal conductivity, the thermal conductive layer is made of copper, for example, the heat generated in the composite conductor 3, 4 can be dissipated more efficiently to the surrounding coolant. The heat that is initially generated only at certain localized points is distributed over a larger area for heat exchange with the liquid nitrogen.
- the heat-conducting layer can be applied by any method, for example by vapor deposition, inexpensive joining methods or the like.
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- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Containers, Films, And Cooling For Superconductive Devices (AREA)
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Beschreibungdescription
Strombegrenzungseinrichtung mit verbesserter WärmeableitungCurrent limiting device with improved heat dissipation
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Strombegrenzungseinrichtung zur resistiven Begrenzung eines Stromes mit einem aus einem Isolierstoff bestehenden Trägersubstrat und einem an dem Trägersubstrat angeordneten Leiterverbund, der eine durch ein Kühlmittel in einen supraleitenden Zustand überführbare Supra- leitschicht sowie eine Kommutierungsschicht aufweist, und mit einer keramischen Isolatorschicht in thermischem Kontakt zum Leiterverbund, die auf der vom Trägersubstrat abgewandten Seite des Leiterverbundes angeordnet ist .The invention relates to a current limiting device for resistively limiting a current with a carrier substrate consisting of an insulating material and a conductor composite arranged on the carrier substrate, which has a superconducting layer which can be converted into a superconducting state by a coolant and a commutation layer, and with a ceramic insulator layer in thermal Contact to the conductor assembly, which is arranged on the side of the conductor assembly facing away from the carrier substrate.
Eine solche Strombegrenzungseinrichtung ist aus derSuch a current limiting device is from the
DE 199 58 727 bereits bekannt. Die dort offenbarte Strombegrenzungseinrichtung weist einen auf einem Trägersubstrat angeordneten Leiterverbund aus einem polykristallinen Supraleiter sowie aus einer Kommutierungsschicht auf, wobei auf dem Leiterverbund eine keramische Isolatorschicht als Wärmespeicher vorgesehen ist .DE 199 58 727 is already known. The current limiting device disclosed there has a conductor assembly made of a polycrystalline superconductor and a commutation layer arranged on a carrier substrate, a ceramic insulator layer being provided as a heat store on the conductor assembly.
Weitere Strombegrenzungseinrichtungen mit einer wärmeleitenden Isolatorschicht sind in der DE 199 09 266 sowie der DE 199 29 277 beschrieben.Further current limiting devices with a heat-conducting insulator layer are described in DE 199 09 266 and DE 199 29 277.
Um die Supraleitschicht einer Strombegrenzungseinrichtung der vorgenannten Art in den supraleitenden Zustand zu überführen, sind diese in einem mit flüssigem Helium oder flüssigem Stickstoff gefüllten Kryostaten angeordnet und über zweckmäßige Anschlüsse, beispielsweise mit einem Energieverteilernetz elektrisch verbunden. Überschreitet die Stromdichte der Supraleitschicht eine sogenannte kritische Dichte, steigt die Temperatur der Supraleitschicht aufgrund der durch die Stromleitung erzeugten Jouleschen Wärme über die Sprungtemperatur des Supraleitermaterials an und überführt dieses in den normal leitenden Zustand. Die Stromleitung des Verbundleiters erfolgt dann im Wesentlichen durch die Kommutierungsschicht . In Abhängigkeit der Höhe der fließenden Stromdichten kann es zu einer beträchtlichen Wärmeentwicklung innerhalb des Verbundleiters kommen. Zur Vermeidung einer wärmebedingten Zerstörung ist auf dem Verbundleiter eine Isolatorschicht vorge- sehen. Die Isolatorschicht verringert aufgrund ihrer guten Wärmeleitfähigkeit die thermische Belastung des Verbundleiters, indem sie die bei hohem Stromfluss entstehende Joulsche Wärme aufnimmt und den Verbundleiter somit entlastet.In order to convert the superconducting layer of a current limiting device of the aforementioned type into the superconducting state, these are arranged in a cryostat filled with liquid helium or liquid nitrogen and electrically connected via appropriate connections, for example to an energy distribution network. If the current density of the superconducting layer exceeds a so-called critical density, it increases Temperature of the superconducting layer due to the Joule heat generated by the power line above the transition temperature of the superconductor material and converts it to the normal conductive state. The power line of the composite conductor then essentially takes place through the commutation layer. Depending on the level of the flowing current densities, there can be considerable heat development within the composite conductor. To prevent heat-related destruction, an insulator layer is provided on the composite conductor. Due to its good thermal conductivity, the insulator layer reduces the thermal load on the composite conductor by absorbing the Joule heat generated when there is a high current flow and thus relieving the composite conductor.
Den vorbeschriebenen Strombegrenzungseinrichtungen haftet der Nachteil an, dass die Wirkung der Isolatorschicht aufgrund eines schlechten Wärmeüberganges zwischen der Isolatorschicht und dem an diese angrenzenden Kühlmedium im Wesentlichen auf eine Wärmespeicherung beschränkt bleibt, so dass insbesondere bei länger andauernden Kurzschlussstromen eine Beschädigung des Verbundleiters eintreten kann.The current limiting devices described above have the disadvantage that the effect of the insulator layer is essentially limited to heat storage due to poor heat transfer between the insulator layer and the cooling medium adjacent to it, so that damage to the composite conductor can occur in particular in the case of longer-lasting short-circuit currents.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Strombegrenzungseinrichtung der eingangs genannten Art bereitzustellen, bei der auch bei längeren Kurzschlussstromen eine thermische Beschädigung des Verbundleiters vermieden wird.The invention has for its object to provide a current limiting device of the type mentioned, in which thermal damage to the composite conductor is avoided even with longer short-circuit currents.
Die Erfindung löst diese Aufgabe dadurch, dass auf der Isolatorschicht eine äußere metallische Warmeleiterschicht vorge- sehen ist, die zum Abführen von Wärme aus der Isolatorschicht zum Kühlmittel hin eingerichtet ist. Durch das Vorsehen einer metallischen Wärmeleitschicht, die im thermischen Kontakt zu der als Wärmespeicher wirkenden I- solatorschicht steht, kann die Wärmeleitung von dem Verbundleiter in das Kühlmittel beträchtlich verbessert werden. Da- bei gilt zu berücksichtigen, dass der Supraleiter in der Regel nicht vollständig, sondern unter Ausbildung von sogenannten „Hot spots" nur an bestimmten Stellen quenscht . Die erfindungsgemäß verbesserte Wärmeleitung ist in erster Linie in einer Verteilung der an bestimmten Punkten entstehenden Joul- sehen Wärme auf eine vergrößerte das Kühlmittel begrenzenden Fläche zu sehen. Die Isolatorschicht stellt die notwendige Isolierung zwischen der metallischen Wärmeleitschicht und dem Verbundleiter dar. Die Wärmeleitschicht stellt somit eine weitere Wärmesenke zusätzlich zur Isolatorschicht bereit, wo- bei sie aus einem Material besteht, das bezogen auf das Material der Isolatorschicht einerseits sowie dem flüssigen Stickstoff andererseits insofern eine hohe Wärmeleitfähigkeit aufweist, dass die Wärme zum Übergang in das Kühlmittel auf eine größere Wärmeaustauschfläche verteilt wird.The invention solves this problem in that an outer metallic heat conductor layer is provided on the insulator layer, which is set up to dissipate heat from the insulator layer to the coolant. By providing a metallic heat-conducting layer which is in thermal contact with the insulator layer acting as a heat store, the heat conduction from the composite conductor into the coolant can be considerably improved. It must be taken into account here that the superconductor generally does not quench completely, but rather with the formation of so-called “hot spots” only at certain points. The improved heat conduction according to the invention is primarily a distribution of the Joules formed at certain points The insulator layer represents the necessary insulation between the metallic heat-conducting layer and the composite conductor. The heat-conducting layer thus provides a further heat sink in addition to the insulator layer, whereby it consists of a material that is related to the material of the insulator layer on the one hand and the liquid nitrogen on the other hand has a high thermal conductivity to the extent that the heat for the transition into the coolant is distributed over a larger heat exchange surface.
Vorteilhafterweise ist die Kommutierungsschicht zwischen der Supraleitschicht und der Isolatorschicht angeordnet. Da beim Quenchen des Supraleiters, also beim Übergang vom supraleitenden in den normal leitenden Zustand, die Stromführung im Wesentlichen durch die KommutierungsSchicht übernommen wird, ist insbesondere in dieser Schicht eine starke Wärmeentwicklung zu beobachten. Diese Wärmeentwicklung im Quenchfall kann somit unmittelbar an die Isolatorschicht mit ihrer hohen Wärmeleitfähigkeit abgegeben werden und gelangt von dieser über die Wärmeleitschicht auf effiziente Weise zum Kühlmittel.The commutation layer is advantageously arranged between the superconducting layer and the insulator layer. Since when the superconductor is quenched, that is to say during the transition from the superconducting to the normally conductive state, the current is essentially carried out by the commutation layer, a strong heat development can be observed in this layer in particular. This heat development in the case of quenching can thus be given off directly to the insulator layer with its high thermal conductivity and from there reaches the coolant in an efficient manner via the heat-conducting layer.
Gemäß einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel besteht der keramische Isolator aus A1203, wobei die metallische Wärmeleit- Schicht aus Kupfer gefertigt ist. Bei den so bestimmten Materialien konnten die effizientesten Wärmeübergänge beobachtet werden. Andere keramische Materialien sind beispielsweise Magnesiumoxid, Siliziumkarbid, Siliziumnitrit oder Aluminium- nitrit .According to a preferred exemplary embodiment, the ceramic insulator consists of A1 2 0 3 , the metallic heat-conducting Layer is made of copper. The most efficient heat transfers could be observed with the materials determined in this way. Other ceramic materials are, for example, magnesium oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitrite or aluminum nitrite.
Gemäß einer diesbezüglichen Weiterentwicklung besteht das Trägersubstrat aus Al203. Bei dieser erfindungsgemäßen Weiterentwicklung sind somit die keramische Isolatorschicht und das Trägersubstrat aus dem gleichen Material gefertigt, so dass auch seitens des Trägersubstrats eine Wärmesenke ausgebildet ist.According to a further development in this regard, the carrier substrate consists of Al 2 0 3 . In this further development according to the invention, the ceramic insulator layer and the carrier substrate are therefore made of the same material, so that a heat sink is also formed on the carrier substrate side.
Gemäß einer diesbezüglichen Weiterentwicklung ist die Wärme- ableitschicht beidseitig des Trägersubstrats angeordnet.According to a further development in this regard, the heat dissipation layer is arranged on both sides of the carrier substrate.
Weitere Vorteile und Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der nachfolgenden Beschreibung unter Bezug auf die Figur der Zeichnung, wobeiFurther advantages and embodiments of the invention are the subject of the following description with reference to the figure of the drawing, wherein
Figur 1 eine Querschnittsansicht eines Ausführungsbeispiels einer erfindungsgemäßen Strombegrenzungseinrichtung zeigt .Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a current limiting device according to the invention.
Figur 1 zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel der erfindungsgemäßen Strombegrenzungseinrichtung 1 die ein mit zwei Flachseiten ausgebildetes Trägersubstrat 2 aufweist, das aus thermisch gut leitendem Aluminiumoxid hergestellt ist. Auf dem keramischen Trägersubstrat 2 ist flächig eine Supraleitschicht 3 aufgebracht. Selbstverständlich ist es im Rahmen der Erfindung auch möglich, zwischen der Supraleitschicht und dem Trägersubstrat 2 weitere Zwischenschichten aufzubringen, die im Hinblick auf den jeweils vorliegenden Anwendungsfall vorteilhaft sind.FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of the current limiting device 1 according to the invention, which has a carrier substrate 2 which is formed with two flat sides and which is produced from thermally highly conductive aluminum oxide. A superconducting layer 3 is applied flatly on the ceramic carrier substrate 2. Of course, it is also possible within the scope of the invention to apply 2 further intermediate layers between the superconducting layer and the carrier substrate Are advantageous with regard to the respective present application.
Auf der Supraleitschicht 3 ist eine Kommutierungsschicht 4 vorgesehen, die im Quenchfall der Supraleitschicht die Stromführung eines aus der Supraleitschicht 3 und der Kommutierungsschicht 4 bestehenden Verbundleiters übernimmt. Um im Quenchfall hohe Temperaturgradienten innerhalb des Leiterverbundes zu vermeiden, ist auf der Kommutierungsschicht 4 eine Isolatorschicht 5 aus einem keramischen Material und in dem gewählten Ausführungsbeispiel aus Aluminiumoxid vorgesehen, die einer äußeren Wärmeableitschicht 6 benachbart angeordnet ist. An der von der Supraleitschicht 3 abgewandten Seite des Trägersubstrats 2 ist eine zusätzliche Wärmeableitschicht 6 vorgesehen.A commutation layer 4 is provided on the superconductor layer 3 and, in the case of quenching the superconductor layer, carries out the current flow of a composite conductor consisting of the superconductor layer 3 and the commutation layer 4. In order to avoid high temperature gradients within the conductor assembly in the event of a quench, an insulator layer 5 made of a ceramic material and in the selected exemplary embodiment made of aluminum oxide is provided on the commutation layer 4, which is arranged adjacent to an outer heat dissipation layer 6. An additional heat dissipation layer 6 is provided on the side of the carrier substrate 2 facing away from the superconducting layer 3.
Nach dem Eintauchen der Strombegrenzungseinrichtung in beispielsweise flüssigen Stickstoff, der bei einer als Hochtemperaturleiter ausgebildeten Supraleitschicht ausreichend tie- fe Temperaturen erzeugt, um die Supraleitschicht 3 in den supraleitenden Zustand zu überführen, wird die Wärmeleit- schicht 6 ebenfalls von flüssigem Stickstoff begrenzt. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Wärmeleitfähigkeit, die Wärmeleitschicht ist beispielsweise aus Kupfer hergestellt, kann in dem Ver- bundleiter 3, 4 entstehende Wärme effizienter an das umgebende Kühlmittel abgeführt werden. Dabei wird die zunächst nur an bestimmten örtlich begrenzten Stellen entstehende Wärme zum Wärmeaustausch mit dem flüssigen Stickstoff auf eine größere Fläche verteilt.After immersing the current limiting device in, for example, liquid nitrogen, which generates sufficiently low temperatures in a superconducting layer designed as a high-temperature conductor in order to convert the superconducting layer 3 into the superconducting state, the heat-conducting layer 6 is likewise limited by liquid nitrogen. Because of its high thermal conductivity, the thermal conductive layer is made of copper, for example, the heat generated in the composite conductor 3, 4 can be dissipated more efficiently to the surrounding coolant. The heat that is initially generated only at certain localized points is distributed over a larger area for heat exchange with the liquid nitrogen.
Die Wärmeleitschicht kann durch beliebige Verfahren, beispielsweise durch Aufdampfen, kostengünstige Fügeverfahren oder dergleichen, aufgebracht werden. The heat-conducting layer can be applied by any method, for example by vapor deposition, inexpensive joining methods or the like.
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10230083A DE10230083B3 (en) | 2002-06-27 | 2002-06-27 | Current limiting device with improved heat dissipation |
| DE10230083.6 | 2002-06-27 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004004019A2 true WO2004004019A2 (en) | 2004-01-08 |
| WO2004004019A3 WO2004004019A3 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2003/001971 Ceased WO2004004019A2 (en) | 2002-06-27 | 2003-06-10 | Current limiting device with improved heat dissipation |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE10230083B3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004004019A2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005114758A1 (en) * | 2004-05-18 | 2005-12-01 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Fault current limiter |
| EP1898475A1 (en) * | 2006-09-05 | 2008-03-12 | Nexans | Resistive high temperature superconductor fault current limiter |
| WO2009080156A1 (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-07-02 | Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh | High-temperature superconducting ribbon conductor composite provided with a cooling layer |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102017221129A1 (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2019-05-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Superconducting band conductor with flat protective layer |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0730161A (en) * | 1993-07-14 | 1995-01-31 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Laminated film of an insulator thin film and an oxide superconducting thin film, and a manufacturing method |
| CA2315081A1 (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-01 | Gunter Ries | Superconductor construction with high tc superconductor material, process for producing the construction, and current limiter device having such a construction |
| DE19909266A1 (en) * | 1999-03-03 | 2000-09-07 | Abb Research Ltd | Thin film high temperature superconductor arrangement |
| DE19929277A1 (en) * | 1999-06-25 | 2000-12-28 | Abb Research Ltd | High temperature superconductor arrangement |
| DE19958727A1 (en) * | 1999-12-06 | 2001-06-07 | Abb Research Ltd | High temperature superconductor arrangement comprises electrical bypass and conductor composite in contact with ceramic heat dissipating device |
| DE10040935C2 (en) * | 2000-08-19 | 2003-05-15 | Adelwitz Technologie Zentrum G | Process for the galvanic coating of high-temperature superconductors with Cu connections |
-
2002
- 2002-06-27 DE DE10230083A patent/DE10230083B3/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-06-10 WO PCT/DE2003/001971 patent/WO2004004019A2/en not_active Ceased
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005114758A1 (en) * | 2004-05-18 | 2005-12-01 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Fault current limiter |
| JP2007538486A (en) * | 2004-05-18 | 2007-12-27 | ロールス・ロイス・ピーエルシー | Fuel current limiter |
| US7522393B2 (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2009-04-21 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Fault current limiter |
| JP4845141B2 (en) * | 2004-05-18 | 2011-12-28 | ロールス・ロイス・ピーエルシー | Fuel current limiter |
| EP1898475A1 (en) * | 2006-09-05 | 2008-03-12 | Nexans | Resistive high temperature superconductor fault current limiter |
| US7800871B2 (en) | 2006-09-05 | 2010-09-21 | Nexans | Resistive high temperature superconductor fault current limiter |
| WO2009080156A1 (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-07-02 | Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh | High-temperature superconducting ribbon conductor composite provided with a cooling layer |
| US20110045988A1 (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2011-02-24 | Karlsruher Institut Fuer Technologie | High-temperature superconducting ribbon conductor composite provided with a cooling layer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2004004019A3 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
| DE10230083B3 (en) | 2004-02-05 |
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