WO2004059151A1 - Method and device for adjusting the fuel/ air ratio in an internal combustion engine - Google Patents
Method and device for adjusting the fuel/ air ratio in an internal combustion engine Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004059151A1 WO2004059151A1 PCT/EP2003/014968 EP0314968W WO2004059151A1 WO 2004059151 A1 WO2004059151 A1 WO 2004059151A1 EP 0314968 W EP0314968 W EP 0314968W WO 2004059151 A1 WO2004059151 A1 WO 2004059151A1
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- Prior art keywords
- control signal
- catalytic converter
- characteristic curve
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1439—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the position of the sensor
- F02D41/1441—Plural sensors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
- F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/0295—Control according to the amount of oxygen that is stored on the exhaust gas treating apparatus
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1477—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the regulation circuit or part of it,(e.g. comparator, PI regulator, output)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1493—Details
- F02D41/1495—Detection of abnormalities in the air/fuel ratio feedback system
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
- F01N2430/06—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics by varying fuel-air ratio, e.g. by enriching fuel-air mixture
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
- F02D41/38—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type
- F02D2041/389—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type for injecting directly into the cylinder
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1454—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio
- F02D41/1456—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio with sensor output signal being linear or quasi-linear with the concentration of oxygen
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for setting a fuel / air ratio for an internal combustion engine according to the preambles of the independent claims.
- a method for lambda control for an internal combustion engine with a downstream catalytic converter is known from published patent application DE 40 24 212 A1, in which the oxygen fractions in the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine are detected by means of oxygen sensors upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter.
- a control signal with a controllable amplitude is generated by coupling in an external signal with a controllable amplitude. With increasing catalyst aging, the amplitude is reduced.
- the method can be used to determine the functional state of the catalytic converter in the exhaust line of the internal combustion engine and to determine the time for replacing an aged catalytic converter.
- DE 43 37 793 A1 discloses a method for setting the fuel / air ratio for an internal combustion engine with a downstream catalytic converter is known in which the oxygen fractions in the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine are detected by means of oxygen sensors upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter. Both sensors influence the regulation of the fuel / air ratio.
- an amplitude evaluation is used to determine whether the catalytic converter has already reached a certain state of aging.
- the actual control variable is output by the sensor upstream of the catalytic converter.
- the system then switches to frequency evaluation or frequency control, with the sensor delivering the actual control variable downstream of the catalytic converter.
- Such evaluations are sensitive per se, but have a relatively strong influence on the operating behavior of the internal combustion engine.
- the object of the invention is to improve the method for setting the fuel / air ratio for an internal combustion engine with a downstream catalytic converter according to the prior art and thus to enable greater dynamics, and to provide a device for carrying out the method.
- An advantage of the invention is that the time course of the target specification of the lambda value of the exhaust gas upstream of a catalytic converter connected downstream of the engine is automatically adapted to the operating states of the catalytic converter, in which the conversion is otherwise not optimal. This leads to better use of the catalytic converter and increased safety when it comes to compliance with emission values.
- Another advantage of the invention is that the driving dynamics are improved by the improved dynamics of the exhaust system in a vehicle in which the device according to the invention is implemented. Furthermore, the catalytic converter is operated in favorable operating ranges during its service life and operated with high efficiency, so that in comparison with conventionally regulated catalytic converters, precious metal can be saved in the catalytic converter and / or the catalytic converter itself can be downsized. This saves costs and resources.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a preferred device for carrying out the method according to the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a first preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention with a rectangular course and different jump heights
- FIG. 6 shows a fourth preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention, also with a degressive curve
- FIG. 7 shows a fifth preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention with a rectangular shape and a progressive runout
- Fig. 8 shows a sixth preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention with a rectangular course and sawtooth-like runout.
- the invention is particularly suitable for catalytic converters in which the air portion of an air / fuel mixture supplied to an internal combustion engine is by means of a Control signal is set, which is periodically set between a minimum value and a maximum value of the air fraction and is switched back and forth between a rich operating state with a lack of oxygen and a lean operating state with an excess of oxygen.
- the oxygen supply in the exhaust gas is sufficient to oxidize its HC and CO components, while in the rich operating state, NOx components in the exhaust gas oxidize existing HC and CO components.
- a common control strategy for a three-way catalytic converter provides for a lambda control, in which a control signal with a constant frequency is applied to a lambda probe.
- oxygen is stored in the catalytic converter 2, in the rich operating state at ⁇ ⁇ 1 this oxygen is consumed for oxidation processes.
- NOx storage catalytic converter which can be operated as a three-way catalytic converter at higher lambda values.
- Fig. 1 shows schematically a preferred device for performing the method according to the invention.
- An internal combustion engine 1 is followed by a catalytic converter 2 in the exhaust tract 3.
- the internal combustion engine 1 is supplied in the usual manner with a fuel / air mixture by means not shown in detail; the air is preferably supplied via an intake tract 7.
- a sensor 4 is arranged in the exhaust tract 3 upstream of the catalytic converter 2 and detects the composition of the exhaust gas.
- the sensor 4 is preferably an oxygen sensor which detects the oxygen content in the exhaust gas.
- the sensor 4 is particularly preferably a broadband lambda probe with a constant control characteristic.
- Downstream of the catalytic converter 2, a further sensor is arranged in the exhaust tract 8 there, which can detect the composition of the exhaust gas cleaned in the catalytic converter 2.
- An oxygen sensor is also preferably used here, particularly preferably a two-point lambda probe with a jump characteristic.
- the invention also includes devices with more than one downstream catalytic converter 2.
- conventional lambda probes are suitable as sensors 4, 5, such as broadband lambda probes, two-point lambda probes or NOx sensors with a lambda probe function.
- a two-point lambda probe upstream of the catalyst 2 and / or a broadband lambda probe downstream of the catalyst 2 can be used as sensors 4, 5. It is also conceivable that the lambda value upstream of the catalytic converter 2 from other measured variables such as, for. B. to determine the amount of fuel injected and the intake air mass flow.
- the oxygen storage capacity of the catalytic converter 2 changes over the life of the catalytic converter 2.
- the characteristics of a lambda probe, in particular a broadband lambda probe, can also change. This can be compensated for by adapting the frequency of the control signal to the state of aging.
- the sensor 4 is expediently acted upon by a control signal upstream of the catalytic converter 2.
- the sensor 5 downstream of the catalytic converter 2 reports to the sensor 4 upstream as soon as a breakdown of a rich exhaust gas or a lean exhaust gas is observed behind the catalytic converter 2.
- a lean exhaust gas is made available via the internal combustion engine 1 until an oxygen breakthrough is detected by the sensor 5 downstream of the catalytic converter 2.
- the catalyst 2 is then switched to the rich operating state until a breakthrough of the rich components is observed.
- the system is then switched back to the lean operating state and the sequence is repeated.
- the lambda control thus adapts to the aging state of the catalytic converter 2.
- Such regulation is also referred to as natural frequency regulation.
- the sensors 4, 5 are connected to a control device 6, which receives their signals and feeds them into an evaluation.
- This control unit 6 is expediently part of a conventional engine control unit which is used for the operation of the internal combustion engine 1.
- Operating parameters of the internal combustion engine 1 or a vehicle which is driven by the internal combustion engine 1 are preferably available in this control device 6 or via this. These operating parameters are preferably stored as characteristic curve fields in a corresponding storage medium.
- Such operating parameters are, for example, an exhaust gas temperature upstream of the catalytic converter 2 and / or in the catalytic converter 2, an exhaust gas temperature downstream of the catalytic converter, an oxygen storage capacity of the catalytic converter 2, an exhaust gas mass flow, and a rotational speed of the Internal combustion engine 1, an exhaust gas recirculation rate, a position of a camshaft actuator, a charge movement flap, an ignition timing and / or a boost pressure and the like.
- Information about the operating parameters can be linked to the sensor signals and the control can thus be carried out depending on the operating parameters. This is indicated by arrows on the control unit 6. Individual operating parameters or different operating parameters can be used in combination with one another.
- FIG. 2 shows two characteristic curves of a conventional control signal according to the prior art for a fresh three-way catalytic converter (FIG. 2a) and an aged three-way catalytic converter (2b).
- the frequency of the control signal of the fresh catalytic converter 2 is significantly lower than that of the aged catalytic converter 2. Otherwise, however, the characteristic curve of the control signal is unchanged since the characteristic curve shape and in particular the amplitude shape are retained.
- a characteristic curve shape of the characteristic curve can be set depending on the accumulation and / or desorption of an oxidizing agent in the catalytic converter 2.
- a characteristic curve shape can e.g. relate to a transition from one operating state to another and / or a course of the characteristic curve within an operating state of the catalytic converter 2.
- the oxidizing agent can be oxygen or NOx.
- the frequency of the control signal is not simply tracked according to the aging state of the catalytic converter 2, as described in the prior art, but the characteristic curve shape of the characteristic curve is changed by the amplitude and / or the characteristic, in particular a steepness, changeover times and / or a course is changed in an operating state.
- This adaptation takes place within a control cycle and can change as the operating time of the catalytic converter 2 increases.
- the aging behavior of the catalytic converter 2 can be different in rich and lean operating states, so that taking into account the different behavior in the two operating states via a corresponding catalytic converter state-dependent setting of the control signal enables the catalytic converter 2 to be used more efficiently.
- the amplitude of the characteristic curve can be adapted for a rich and lean operating state of the catalytic converter. This is shown in FIG. 3.
- a step-like control signal with variable amplitude is shown there.
- the frequency can also be modulated.
- the system can be accelerated by varying the amplitude. If the sensor 5 detects, for example, a strongly emaciated exhaust gas downstream of the catalytic converter 2, a stronger enrichment can be used to quickly control it. In the case of overfat, you can lose weight quickly. The system can therefore balance more quickly.
- the amplitudes for the transition from the rich operating state to the lean operating state and from the lean to the rich operating state can be different.
- Such a control strategy is advantageous for catalysts 2 which have been used for some time but can still be used over a longer period.
- increased oxygen storage in the catalytic converter 2 can be temporarily achieved, up to the limit of the regenerative capacity of the catalytic converter 2.
- an internal combustion engine 1 that is operated with overrun fuel cutoff.
- the internal combustion engine 1 In this state, for example on downhill gradients, the internal combustion engine 1 is temporarily not supplied with fuel, and the internal combustion engine 1 rotates at idle. The exhaust gas leans quickly. It is favorable here to set the control signal such that the internal combustion engine 1 is initially acted upon by a fuel / air mixture which, on average over time, causes more rich components in the exhaust gas, which is recognizable by the larger amplitudes in the rich operating state. The internal combustion engine 1 is then operated more in the lean area. This enables improved dynamics of the system and correspondingly better driving dynamics of a vehicle operated in this way.
- the characteristic curve of the control signal can run like a saw tooth. This is shown in FIG. 4.
- the transitions between a lean operating state and a rich operating state therefore do not proceed abruptly, as in the previous example, but the transitions take place more gently with a finite slope of the flanks.
- Such a course of the control signal is such.
- the edges of the control signal can have different slopes as well as different amplitudes.
- the characteristic curve of the control signal is a rectangular curve or another characteristic with different amplitudes and / or dwell times in the respective operating state, so that the proportions of rich operating states and lean operating states are matched to the current state of catalytic converter 2 as required can.
- control characteristic 5 shows a control characteristic which is non-linear and shows a degressive course. A transition from one operating state to another takes place quickly with a relatively steep edge, then the characteristic curve increases slightly to a maximum or minimum value.
- the control signal can also show a progressive course.
- FIG. 6 shows a control characteristic which is non-linear and shows a progressive course. A transition from an operating state occurs quickly at first, but then with a relatively flat edge.
- control signals are shown as an example, in which different curve shapes are superimposed.
- the transitions between the operating states are abrupt, but the lean and / or fat content in the exhaust gas is increased nonlinearly or linearly in the operating state.
- Further superimpositions and combinations of curve shapes of the control signal which follow one another in time are also conceivable and can be set as required.
- Catalyst 2 can wear off. If the exhaust gas recirculation is varied, the changes
- Fatness of the fuel / air mixture If the amount of recirculated exhaust gas increases, the NOx content in the exhaust gas decreases.
- the ignition timing influences the system in a similar way to the exhaust gas recirculation. By influencing the combustion process, the pollutant and oxygen concentrations change with the same lambda. With low raw emissions or a shift towards more easily convertible pollutants (e.g. more CO, less
- Influences of operating parameters can be adjusted by adjusting the
- the catalyst state and / or a state of a sensor 4, 5, in particular sensor 5 downstream of the catalytic converter 2, can be determined from a change in the characteristic of the control signal in an advantageous embodiment of the invention.
- the invention also enables the noble metal content of the catalyst 2 to be reduced.
- the catalyst 2 is mainly operated in areas in which the conversion is improved.
- the catalyst volume can be reduced accordingly and / or the noble metal content of the catalyst 2 can be reduced in order to achieve the same efficiency as in a conventional control system.
- the catalytic converter (2) has a noble metal content of ⁇ 80 g / ft 3, in particular ⁇ 60 g / ft 3 .
- a three-way catalyst is a precious metal content of ⁇ 60g / ft 3, in particular ⁇ 40 g / ft 3, preferably ⁇ 30 g / ft 3, optimally ⁇ 20 g / ft 3, ideal ⁇ 10g / ft3 provided.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Einstellung eines Kraftstoff-/Luftverhältnisses für eine Brennkraftmaschine Method and device for setting a fuel / air ratio for an internal combustion engine
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Einstellung eines Kraftstoff-/ Luftverhältnisses für eine Brennkraftmaschine nach den Oberbegriffen der unabhängigen Ansprüche.The invention relates to a method and a device for setting a fuel / air ratio for an internal combustion engine according to the preambles of the independent claims.
Zur Reinigung von Abgasen einer Brennkraftmaschine wird üblicherweise ein Katalysator eingesetzt, der in dem Abgassystem einer Brennkraftmaschine angeordnet ist. Dieser konvertiert schädliche Komponenten, wie etwa Kohlenwasserstoffe CH, Kohlenmonoxid CO und Stickoxide NOx weitgehend in ungiftige Gase. Entscheidend für den sogenannten Konvertierungsgrad des Katalysators ist, dass der Sauerstoffgehalt des Abgases innerhalb optimaler Werte liegt. Für einen sogenannten Dreiwegekatalysator liegen diese optimalen Werte in einem engen Bereich um den Wert, der einem Kraftstoff/Luft-Gemisch von λ = 1 entspricht. Um diesen engen Bereich einhalten zu können, ist es üblich, das Kraftstoff/Luft- Verhältnis für eine Brennkraftmaschine mittels Sauerstoffsensoren zu regeln, die im Abgassystem einer Brennkraftmaschine angeordnet sind.To purify exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine, a catalyst is usually used, which is arranged in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. This largely converts harmful components such as hydrocarbons CH, carbon monoxide CO and nitrogen oxides NOx into non-toxic gases. It is crucial for the so-called degree of conversion of the catalyst that the oxygen content of the exhaust gas is within optimal values. For a so-called three-way catalytic converter, these optimal values are in a narrow range around the value which corresponds to a fuel / air mixture of λ = 1. In order to be able to maintain this narrow range, it is common to regulate the fuel / air ratio for an internal combustion engine by means of oxygen sensors which are arranged in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine.
Aus der Offenlegungsschrift DE 40 24 212 A1 ist ein Verfahren zur Lambdaregelung für eine Brennkraftmaschine mit einem nachgeschalteten Katalysator bekannt, bei dem die Sauerstoffanteile im Abgas der Brennkraftmaschine mittels Sauerstoffsensoren stromauf und stromab des Katalysators erfasst werden. In vorgegebenen Betriebsbereichen wird ein Regelsignal mit steuerbarer Amplitude durch Einkoppeln eines Fremdsignals mit steuerbarer Amplitude erzeugt. Mit zunehmender Katalysatoralterung wird die Amplitude verringert. Mit dem Verfahren kann mittels einer Lambdaregelung der Funktionszustand des Katalysators im Abgasstrang der Brennkraftmaschine bestimmt und der Zeitpunkt zum Austauschen eines gealterten Katalysators festgelegt werden.A method for lambda control for an internal combustion engine with a downstream catalytic converter is known from published patent application DE 40 24 212 A1, in which the oxygen fractions in the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine are detected by means of oxygen sensors upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter. In predetermined operating ranges, a control signal with a controllable amplitude is generated by coupling in an external signal with a controllable amplitude. With increasing catalyst aging, the amplitude is reduced. By means of a lambda control, the method can be used to determine the functional state of the catalytic converter in the exhaust line of the internal combustion engine and to determine the time for replacing an aged catalytic converter.
Aus der Offenlegungsschrift DE 43 37 793 A1 ist ein Verfahren zur Einstellung des Kraft- stoff-/Luftverhältnisses für eine Brennkraftmaschine mit einem nachgeschalteten Katalysator bekannt, bei dem die Sauerstoffanteile im Abgas der Brennkraftmaschine mittels Sauerstoff sensoren stromauf und stromab des Katalysators erfasst werden. Beide Sensoren beeinflussen die Regelung des Kraftstoff-/Luftverhäitnisses. Zunächst wird mit einer Amplitudenauswertung festgestellt, ob der Katalysator bereits einen bestimmten Alterungszustand erreicht hat. Die Ist-Regelgröße wird hierbei vom Sensor stromauf des Katalysators ausgegeben. Dann wird auf eine Frequenzauswertung bzw. Frequenzregelung umgeschaltet, wobei der Sensor stromab des Katalysators die Ist-Regelgröße liefert. Solche Auswertungen sind an sich empfindlich, beeinflussen jedoch relativ stark das Betriebsverhalten der Brennkraftmaschine. Dies wird vermieden, indem die Umschaltung auf die Frequenzauswertung erst erfolgt, wenn der Katalysator bereits einen bestimmten Alterungszustand erreicht hat. Mit zunehmender Betriebsdauer nimmt die Sauerstoffspeicherfähigkeit des Katalysators ab. Daher steigt mit zunehmender Katalysatoralterung die Regelfrequenz an, so dass sich die Lambdaregelung dem Alterungszustand des Katalysators anpaßt. Sobald die ermittelte Regelfrequenz stromab des Katalysators höher als ein Frequenz-Schwellwert ist, kann die Alterung des Katalysators zuverlässig erkannt und der Katalysator erneuert werden.DE 43 37 793 A1 discloses a method for setting the fuel / air ratio for an internal combustion engine with a downstream catalytic converter is known in which the oxygen fractions in the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine are detected by means of oxygen sensors upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter. Both sensors influence the regulation of the fuel / air ratio. First, an amplitude evaluation is used to determine whether the catalytic converter has already reached a certain state of aging. The actual control variable is output by the sensor upstream of the catalytic converter. The system then switches to frequency evaluation or frequency control, with the sensor delivering the actual control variable downstream of the catalytic converter. Such evaluations are sensitive per se, but have a relatively strong influence on the operating behavior of the internal combustion engine. This is avoided by switching to frequency evaluation only when the catalytic converter has already reached a certain state of aging. The oxygen storage capacity of the catalytic converter decreases with increasing operating time. Therefore, the control frequency increases with increasing catalyst aging, so that the lambda control adapts to the aging state of the catalyst. As soon as the determined control frequency downstream of the catalytic converter is higher than a frequency threshold value, the aging of the catalytic converter can be reliably recognized and the catalytic converter can be replaced.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist, das Verfahren zur Einstellung des Kraftstoff-/Luftverhältnisses für eine Brennkraftmaschine mit einem nachgeschalteten Katalysator nach dem Stand der Technik zu verbessern und damit eine größere Dynamik zu ermöglichen, sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens zu schaffen.The object of the invention is to improve the method for setting the fuel / air ratio for an internal combustion engine with a downstream catalytic converter according to the prior art and thus to enable greater dynamics, and to provide a device for carrying out the method.
Die Aufgabe wird bei einem Verfahren durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 und bei einer Vorrichtung durch Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 15 gelöst.The object is achieved in a method by the features of patent claim 1 and in a device by features of patent claim 15.
Ein Vorteil der Erfindung besteht darin, dass der zeitliche Verlauf der Soll-Vorgabe des Lambdawertes des Abgases stromauf eines dem Motor nachgeschalteten Katalysators automatisch den Betriebszuständen des Katalysators angepasst wird, bei denen die Konvertierung ansonsten nicht optimal ist. Dies führt zu einer besseren Nutzung des Katalysators und zu einer erhöhten Sicherheit bei der Einhaltung von Emissionswerten.An advantage of the invention is that the time course of the target specification of the lambda value of the exhaust gas upstream of a catalytic converter connected downstream of the engine is automatically adapted to the operating states of the catalytic converter, in which the conversion is otherwise not optimal. This leads to better use of the catalytic converter and increased safety when it comes to compliance with emission values.
Ein weiterer Vorteil der Erfindung besteht darin, dass durch die verbesserte Dynamik des Abgassystems bei einem Fahrzeug, in dem die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung implementiert ist, die Fahrdynamik verbessert wird. Weiterhin wird der Katalysator während seiner Lebensdauer in günstigen Betriebsbereichen geführt und mit hoher Effizienz betrieben, so dass im Vergleich mit herkömmlich geregelten Katalysatoren Edelmetall im Katalysator eingespart und/oder der Katalysator selbst verkleinert werden kann. Dies spart Kosten und Ressourcen.Another advantage of the invention is that the driving dynamics are improved by the improved dynamics of the exhaust system in a vehicle in which the device according to the invention is implemented. Furthermore, the catalytic converter is operated in favorable operating ranges during its service life and operated with high efficiency, so that in comparison with conventionally regulated catalytic converters, precious metal can be saved in the catalytic converter and / or the catalytic converter itself can be downsized. This saves costs and resources.
Weitere Vorteile und günstige Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind der Beschreibung und den weiteren Ansprüchen zu entnehmen.Further advantages and favorable embodiments of the invention can be found in the description and the further claims.
Die Erfindung ist anhand von Zeichnungen näher beschrieben, wobei die Figuren zeigen;The invention is described in more detail with reference to drawings, the figures showing;
Fig. 1 eine schematische Darstellung einer bevorzugten Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens,1 shows a schematic representation of a preferred device for carrying out the method according to the invention,
Fig. 2 eine Kennlinie eines Regelsignals nach dem Stand der Technik für einen Dreiwegekatalysator mit neuem Katalysator (2a) und mit gealtertem Katalysator (2b),2 shows a characteristic curve of a control signal according to the prior art for a three-way catalytic converter with a new catalytic converter (2a) and with an aged catalytic converter (2b),
Fig. 3 eine erste bevorzugte Kennlinie eines Regelsignals gemäß der Erfindung mit Rechteck-Verlauf und unterschiedlicher Sprunghöhe,3 shows a first preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention with a rectangular course and different jump heights,
Fig. 4 eine zweite bevorzugte Kennlinie eines Regelsignals gemäß der Erfindung mit sägezahnartigem Verlauf,4 shows a second preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention with a sawtooth-like course,
Fig. 5 eine dritte bevorzugte Kennlinie eines Regelsignals gemäß der Erfindung mit degressivem Verlauf,5 shows a third preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention with a degressive curve,
Fig. 6 eine vierte bevorzugte Kennlinie eines Regelsignals gemäß der Erfindung mit ebenfalls degressivem Verlauf,6 shows a fourth preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention, also with a degressive curve,
Fig. 7 eine fünfte bevorzugte Kennlinie eines Regelsignals gemäß der Erfindung mit Rechteck-Verlauf und progressivem Auslauf,7 shows a fifth preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention with a rectangular shape and a progressive runout,
Fig. 8 eine sechste bevorzugte Kennlinie eines Regelsignals gemäß der Erfindung mit Rechteck-Verlauf und sägezahnartigem Auslauf.Fig. 8 shows a sixth preferred characteristic of a control signal according to the invention with a rectangular course and sawtooth-like runout.
Die Erfindung ist besonders für Katalysatoren geeignet, bei denen der einer Brennkraftmaschine zugeführte Luftanteil eines Kraftstoff-/Luftgemisches mittels eines Regelsignals eingestellt wird, welches periodisch zwischen einem Minimalwert und einem Maximalwert des Luftanteils eingestellt wird und so zwischen einem fetten Betriebszustand mit Sauerstoffmangel und einem mageren Betriebszustand mit Sauerstoffüberschuss hin und her geschaltet wird.The invention is particularly suitable for catalytic converters in which the air portion of an air / fuel mixture supplied to an internal combustion engine is by means of a Control signal is set, which is periodically set between a minimum value and a maximum value of the air fraction and is switched back and forth between a rich operating state with a lack of oxygen and a lean operating state with an excess of oxygen.
Besonders günstig ist die Erfindung für einen Dreiwegekatalysator, bei dem Sauerstoff und/oder Stickoxide periodisch als Oxidationsmittel in den Katalysator eingelagert und desorbiert wird und bei dem ein Regelsignal einer Lambdaregelung im wesentlichen periodisch um einen Lambdawert λ = 1 schwankt. Im mageren Betriebszustand ist das Sauerstoffangebot im Abgas ausreichend, um dessen HC- und CO-Anteile zu oxidieren, während im fetten Betriebszustand NOx-Anteile im Abgas als Oxidationsmittel vorhandene HC- und CO-Anteile oxidieren. Eine übliche Regelstrategie für einen Dreiwegekatalysator sieht eine Lambdaregelung vor, bei der eine Lambda-Sonde mit einem Regelsignal mit konstanter Frequenz beaufschlagt wird. Im mageren Betriebszustand bei λ > 1 wird Sauerstoff im Katalysator 2 eingelagert, im fetten Betriebszustand bei λ < 1 wird dieser Sauerstoff für Oxidationsvorgänge verbraucht.The invention is particularly favorable for a three-way catalytic converter in which oxygen and / or nitrogen oxides are periodically stored and desorbed as an oxidizing agent in the catalytic converter and in which a control signal of a lambda control fluctuates substantially periodically around a lambda value λ = 1. In the lean operating state, the oxygen supply in the exhaust gas is sufficient to oxidize its HC and CO components, while in the rich operating state, NOx components in the exhaust gas oxidize existing HC and CO components. A common control strategy for a three-way catalytic converter provides for a lambda control, in which a control signal with a constant frequency is applied to a lambda probe. In the lean operating state at λ> 1, oxygen is stored in the catalytic converter 2, in the rich operating state at λ <1 this oxygen is consumed for oxidation processes.
Es ist allerdings auch möglich, die Erfindung für einen NOx-Speicherkatalysator einzusetzen, der bei höheren Lambdawerten als ein Dreiwegekatalysator betrieben werden kann. Gealterte Speicherkatalysatoren können auch bei niedrigeren Lambdawerten um λ = 1 betrieben werden.However, it is also possible to use the invention for a NOx storage catalytic converter which can be operated as a three-way catalytic converter at higher lambda values. Aged storage catalytic converters can also be operated at lower lambda values around λ = 1.
Fig. 1 zeigt schematisch eine bevorzugte Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens. Einer Brennkraftmaschine 1 ist im Abgastrakt 3 ein Katalysator 2 nachgeschaltet. Die Brennkraftmaschine 1 wird in üblicher Weise über nicht näher dargestellte Mittel mit einem Kraftstoff/Luftgemisch versorgt; die Luftversorgung erfolgt bevorzugt über einen Ansaugtrakt 7. Im Abgastrakt 3 stromauf des Katalysators 2 ist ein Sensor 4 angeordnet, der die Zusammensetzung des Abgases detektiert. Vorzugsweise ist der Sensor 4 ein Sauerstoffsensor, der den Sauerstoffgehalt im Abgas detektiert. Besonders bevorzugt ist der Sensor 4 eine Breitbandlambdasonde mit einer stetigen Regelcharakteristik. Stromab des Katalysators 2 ist ein weiterer Sensor im dortigen Abgastrakt 8 angeordnet, der die Zusammensetzung des im Katalysator 2 gereinigten Abgases detektieren kann. Vorzugsweise wird auch hier ein Sauerstoffsensor verwendet, besonders bevorzugt eine Zweipunktlambdasonde mit Sprungcharakteristik. Die Erfindung umfasst auch Vorrichtungen mit mehr als einem nachgeschalteten Katalysator 2. Prinzipiell sind übliche Lambda-Sonden als Sensoren 4, 5 geeignet, wie Breitbandlambda- Sonden, Zweipunktlambda-Sonden oder NOx-Sensoren mit Lambdasonden-Funktion. Ebenso kann alternativ stromauf des Katalysators 2 eine Zweipunktlambdasonde und/oder stromab des Katalysators 2 eine Breitbandlambdasonde als Sensoren 4, 5 eingesetzt werden. Denkbar ist auch, den Lambda-Wert stromauf des Katalysators 2 aus anderweitigen Messgrößen wie z. B. eingespritzter Kraftstoffmenge und angesaugtem Luftmassenstrom zu ermitteln.Fig. 1 shows schematically a preferred device for performing the method according to the invention. An internal combustion engine 1 is followed by a catalytic converter 2 in the exhaust tract 3. The internal combustion engine 1 is supplied in the usual manner with a fuel / air mixture by means not shown in detail; the air is preferably supplied via an intake tract 7. A sensor 4 is arranged in the exhaust tract 3 upstream of the catalytic converter 2 and detects the composition of the exhaust gas. The sensor 4 is preferably an oxygen sensor which detects the oxygen content in the exhaust gas. The sensor 4 is particularly preferably a broadband lambda probe with a constant control characteristic. Downstream of the catalytic converter 2, a further sensor is arranged in the exhaust tract 8 there, which can detect the composition of the exhaust gas cleaned in the catalytic converter 2. An oxygen sensor is also preferably used here, particularly preferably a two-point lambda probe with a jump characteristic. The invention also includes devices with more than one downstream catalytic converter 2. In principle, conventional lambda probes are suitable as sensors 4, 5, such as broadband lambda probes, two-point lambda probes or NOx sensors with a lambda probe function. Likewise, alternatively, a two-point lambda probe upstream of the catalyst 2 and / or a broadband lambda probe downstream of the catalyst 2 can be used as sensors 4, 5. It is also conceivable that the lambda value upstream of the catalytic converter 2 from other measured variables such as, for. B. to determine the amount of fuel injected and the intake air mass flow.
Über die Lebensdauer des Katalysators 2 verändert sich die Sauerstoffspeicherfähigkeit des Katalysators 2. Ebenso kann sich die Charakteristik einer Lambda-Sonde, insbesondere einer Breitbandlambda-Sonde, verändern. Dies kann ausgeglichen werden, indem die Frequenz des Regelsignals dem Alterungszustand angepasst wird. Zweckmäßigerweise wird der Sensor 4 stromauf des Katalysators 2 mit einem Regelsignal beaufschlagt. Der Sensor 5 stromab des Katalysators 2 meldet an den Sensor 4 stromauf, sobald hinter dem Katalysator 2 ein Durchschlagen eines fetten Abgases oder eines mageren Abgases beobachtet wird. Über die Brennkraftmaschine 1 wird, solange ein mageres Abgas zur Verfügung gestellt, bis von Sensor 5 stromab des Katalysators 2 ein Sauerstoffdurchbruch erkannt wird. Dann wird auf fetten Betriebszustand des Katalysators 2 umgeschaltet, bis ein Durchbruch der fetten Komponenten beobachtet wird. Dann wird wiederum auf mageren Betriebszustand umgeschaltet und die Sequenz wiederholt.The oxygen storage capacity of the catalytic converter 2 changes over the life of the catalytic converter 2. The characteristics of a lambda probe, in particular a broadband lambda probe, can also change. This can be compensated for by adapting the frequency of the control signal to the state of aging. The sensor 4 is expediently acted upon by a control signal upstream of the catalytic converter 2. The sensor 5 downstream of the catalytic converter 2 reports to the sensor 4 upstream as soon as a breakdown of a rich exhaust gas or a lean exhaust gas is observed behind the catalytic converter 2. A lean exhaust gas is made available via the internal combustion engine 1 until an oxygen breakthrough is detected by the sensor 5 downstream of the catalytic converter 2. The catalyst 2 is then switched to the rich operating state until a breakthrough of the rich components is observed. The system is then switched back to the lean operating state and the sequence is repeated.
Mit zunehmendem Alter sinkt die Sauerstoffspeicherfähigkeit des Katalysators 2, Durchbrüche treten schneller ein, und die Regelfrequenz steigt. Damit passt sich die Lambdaregelung dem Alterungszustand des Katalysators 2 an. Eine solche Regelung wird auch als Eigenfrequenzregelung bezeichnet.With increasing age, the oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst 2 decreases, breakthroughs occur faster, and the control frequency increases. The lambda control thus adapts to the aging state of the catalytic converter 2. Such regulation is also referred to as natural frequency regulation.
Die Sensoren 4, 5 sind mit einem Steuergerät 6 verbunden, welches deren Signale aufnimmt und einer Bewertung zuführt. Zweckmäßigerweise ist dieses Steuergerät 6 Bestandteil eines üblichen Motorsteuergeräts, das für den Betrieb der Brennkraftmaschine 1 verwendet wird. In diesem Steuergerät 6 bzw. über dieses sind vorzugsweise Betriebsparameter der Brennkraftmaschine 1 bzw. eines Fahrzeugs, welches durch die Brennkraftmaschine 1 angetrieben wird, verfügbar. Vorzugsweise sind diese Betriebsparameter als Kennlinienfelder in einem entsprechenden Speichermedium hinterlegt. Solche Betriebsparameter sind z.B. eine Abgastemperatur stromauf des Katalysators 2 und/oder im Katalysator 2, eine Abgastemperatur stromab des Katalysators, eine Sauerstoffspeicherfähigkeit des Katalysators 2, ein Abgasmassenstrom, eine Drehzahl der Brennkraftmaschine 1 , eine Abgasrückführrate, eine Stellung eines Nockenwellenstellers, eine Ladungsbewegungsklappe, ein Zündzeitpunkt und/oder ein Ladedruck und dergleichen. Informationen über die Betriebsparameter können mit den Sensorsignalen verknüpft werden und so die Regelung abhängig von Betriebsparametern durchgeführt werden. Dies ist durch Pfeile am Steuergerät 6 angedeutet. Es können einzelne Betriebsparameter oder auch verschiedene Betriebsparameter in Kombination miteinander verwendet werden.The sensors 4, 5 are connected to a control device 6, which receives their signals and feeds them into an evaluation. This control unit 6 is expediently part of a conventional engine control unit which is used for the operation of the internal combustion engine 1. Operating parameters of the internal combustion engine 1 or a vehicle which is driven by the internal combustion engine 1 are preferably available in this control device 6 or via this. These operating parameters are preferably stored as characteristic curve fields in a corresponding storage medium. Such operating parameters are, for example, an exhaust gas temperature upstream of the catalytic converter 2 and / or in the catalytic converter 2, an exhaust gas temperature downstream of the catalytic converter, an oxygen storage capacity of the catalytic converter 2, an exhaust gas mass flow, and a rotational speed of the Internal combustion engine 1, an exhaust gas recirculation rate, a position of a camshaft actuator, a charge movement flap, an ignition timing and / or a boost pressure and the like. Information about the operating parameters can be linked to the sensor signals and the control can thus be carried out depending on the operating parameters. This is indicated by arrows on the control unit 6. Individual operating parameters or different operating parameters can be used in combination with one another.
In Fig. 2 sind zwei Kennlinien eines üblichen Regelsignals nach dem Stand der Technik für einen frischen Dreiwegekatalysator (Fig. 2a) und einen gealterten Dreiwegekatalysator (2b) dargestellt. Die Frequenz des Regelsignals des frischen Katalysators 2 ist deutlich geringer als die des gealterten Katalysators 2. Ansonsten ist die Kennlinie des Regelsignals jedoch unverändert, da die charakteristische Kurvenform und insbesondere die Amplitudenform erhalten bleiben.2 shows two characteristic curves of a conventional control signal according to the prior art for a fresh three-way catalytic converter (FIG. 2a) and an aged three-way catalytic converter (2b). The frequency of the control signal of the fresh catalytic converter 2 is significantly lower than that of the aged catalytic converter 2. Otherwise, however, the characteristic curve of the control signal is unchanged since the characteristic curve shape and in particular the amplitude shape are retained.
Gemäß der Erfindung sind Mittel vorgesehen, um eine Kennlinie des Regelsignals an einen aktuellen Katalysatorzustand so anzupassen, dass eine charakteristische Kurvenform der Kennlinie abhängig von der Anlagerung und/oder Desorption eines Oxidationsmittels im Katalysator 2 einstellbar ist. Eine solche charakteristische Kurvenform kann z.B. einen Übergang von einem Betriebszustand zum anderen und/oder einen Verlauf der Kennlinie innerhalb eines Betriebszustands des Katalysators 2 betreffen. Das Oxidationsmittel kann Sauerstoff oder auch NOx sein.According to the invention, means are provided in order to adapt a characteristic curve of the control signal to a current catalytic converter state such that a characteristic curve shape of the characteristic curve can be set depending on the accumulation and / or desorption of an oxidizing agent in the catalytic converter 2. Such a characteristic curve shape can e.g. relate to a transition from one operating state to another and / or a course of the characteristic curve within an operating state of the catalytic converter 2. The oxidizing agent can be oxygen or NOx.
Dabei wird nicht einfach wie im Stand der Technik beschrieben die Frequenz des Regelsignals dem Alterungszustand des Katalysators 2 entsprechend nachgeführt, sondern die charakteristische Kurvenform der Kennlinie wird verändert, indem die Amplitude und/oder die Charakteristik, insbesondere eine Flankensteilheit, Umschaltzeitpunkte und/oder ein Verlauf in einem Betriebszustand verändert wird. Diese Anpassung erfolgt innerhalb eines Regelzyklus und kann sich mit steigender Betriebsdauer des Katalysators 2 verändern. Das Alterungsverhalten des Katalysators 2 kann in fetten und mageren Betriebszuständen unterschiedlich sein, so dass eine Berücksichtigung des unterschiedlichen Verhaltens in den beiden Betriebszuständen über eine entsprechende katalysatorzustandsabhängige Einstellung des Regelsignals eine effizientere Ausnutzung des Katalysators 2 ermöglicht.The frequency of the control signal is not simply tracked according to the aging state of the catalytic converter 2, as described in the prior art, but the characteristic curve shape of the characteristic curve is changed by the amplitude and / or the characteristic, in particular a steepness, changeover times and / or a course is changed in an operating state. This adaptation takes place within a control cycle and can change as the operating time of the catalytic converter 2 increases. The aging behavior of the catalytic converter 2 can be different in rich and lean operating states, so that taking into account the different behavior in the two operating states via a corresponding catalytic converter state-dependent setting of the control signal enables the catalytic converter 2 to be used more efficiently.
Je nach Alterungszustand des Katalysators 2 kann die Amplitude der Kennlinie für einen fetten und mageren Betriebszustand des Katalysators angepasst werden. Dies ist in Fig. 3 dargestellt. Dort ist ein sprungartiges Regelsignal mit variabler Amplitude dargestellt. Zusätzlich kann auch die Frequenz moduliert werden. Durch eine Variation der Amplitude kann das System beschleunigt werden. Stellt der Sensor 5 stromab des Katalysators 2 etwa ein stark abgemagertes Abgas fest, kann durch ein stärkeres Anfetten schnell dagegen geregelt werden. Bei Überfettung kann wiederum schnell abgemagert werden. Das System kann somit schneller ins Gleichgewicht gelangen. Die Amplituden für den Übergang vom fetten Betriebszustand zum mageren Betriebszustand und vom mageren zum fetten Betriebszustand können unterschiedlich sein.Depending on the aging state of the catalytic converter 2, the amplitude of the characteristic curve can be adapted for a rich and lean operating state of the catalytic converter. This is shown in FIG. 3. A step-like control signal with variable amplitude is shown there. The frequency can also be modulated. The system can be accelerated by varying the amplitude. If the sensor 5 detects, for example, a strongly emaciated exhaust gas downstream of the catalytic converter 2, a stronger enrichment can be used to quickly control it. In the case of overfat, you can lose weight quickly. The system can therefore balance more quickly. The amplitudes for the transition from the rich operating state to the lean operating state and from the lean to the rich operating state can be different.
Eine solche Regelstrategie ist vorteilhaft für Katalysatoren 2, die zwar bereits einige Zeit eingesetzt aber noch über längere Zeit verwendbar sind. Hier ist es günstig, über mehrere Regelperioden stärker im Fetten zu arbeiten, dann eine Phase mit überwiegend mageren Anteilen anzuschliessen und wieder mehr im Fetten zu arbeiten und dies zu wiederholen. Dadurch kann temporär eine erhöhte Sauerstoffeinlagerung im Katalysator 2 erreicht werden, bis zur Grenze der Regenerationsfähigkeit des Katalysators 2.Such a control strategy is advantageous for catalysts 2 which have been used for some time but can still be used over a longer period. Here it is beneficial to work more in fat over several control periods, then to connect a phase with predominantly lean proportions and to work more in fat again and to repeat this. As a result, increased oxygen storage in the catalytic converter 2 can be temporarily achieved, up to the limit of the regenerative capacity of the catalytic converter 2.
Ein Verlauf gemäß Fig. 3 kann weiterhin sehr vorteilhaft für eine Brennkraftmaschine 1 sein, die mit Schubabschaltung betrieben wird. In diesem Zustand, etwa auf Gefällstrecken, wird der Brennkraftmaschine 1 zeitweise kein Kraftstoff zugeführt, und die Brennkraftmaschine 1 dreht im Leerlauf. Das Abgas magert schnell ab. Hier ist es günstig, das Regelsignal so einzustellen, dass die Brennkraftmaschine 1 zunächst mit einem Kraftstoff/Luftgemisch beaufschlagt wird, das über mehrere Perioden im zeitlichen Mittel gesehen mehr fette Anteile im Abgas verursacht, was durch die größeren Amplituden im fetten Betriebszustand erkennbar ist. Anschliessend wird die Brennkraftmaschine 1 mehr im mageren Bereich betrieben. Dies ermöglicht eine verbesserte Dynamik des Systems und entsprechend eine bessere Fahrdynamik eines dergestalt betriebenen Fahrzeugs.3 can also be very advantageous for an internal combustion engine 1 that is operated with overrun fuel cutoff. In this state, for example on downhill gradients, the internal combustion engine 1 is temporarily not supplied with fuel, and the internal combustion engine 1 rotates at idle. The exhaust gas leans quickly. It is favorable here to set the control signal such that the internal combustion engine 1 is initially acted upon by a fuel / air mixture which, on average over time, causes more rich components in the exhaust gas, which is recognizable by the larger amplitudes in the rich operating state. The internal combustion engine 1 is then operated more in the lean area. This enables improved dynamics of the system and correspondingly better driving dynamics of a vehicle operated in this way.
Über einen Zeitbereich, der zumindest mehrere Perioden des Regelsignals erfasst, kann es demnach vorteilhaft sein, die Amplituden der Kennlinie des Regelsignals unsymmetrisch zu einem vorgegebenen Lambdawert einzustellen.Over a time range that covers at least several periods of the control signal, it can accordingly be advantageous to set the amplitudes of the characteristic curve of the control signal asymmetrically to a predetermined lambda value.
Gemäß einer günstigen Weiterbildung der Erfindung kann die Kennlinie des Regelsignals sägezahnartig verlaufen. Dies ist in Fig. 4 dargestellt. Die Übergänge zwischen einem mageren Betriebszustand zu einem fetten Betriebszustand verlaufen demnach nicht sprungartig, wie im vorigen Beispiel, sondern die Übergänge erfolgen sanfter mit einer endlichen Steigung der Flanken. Ein solcher Verlauf des Regelsignals ist z. B. für einen Katalysator 2 geeignet, welcher nicht oder noch nicht den optimalen Temperaturbereich erreicht hat, insbesondere in einer Phase mit mittlerer Temperatur zwischen Kaltstart und angestrebter Betriebstemperatur. Es zeigt sich, dass der Katalysator 2 mittels des sägezahnartigen Verlaufs des Regelsignals schneller seinen optimalen Temperaturbereich für seinen Normalbetrieb erreichen kann. Dabei können die Flanken des Regelsignals sowohl betragsmäßig unterschiedliche Steigungen als auch unterschiedliche Amplituden aufweisen.According to a favorable development of the invention, the characteristic curve of the control signal can run like a saw tooth. This is shown in FIG. 4. The transitions between a lean operating state and a rich operating state therefore do not proceed abruptly, as in the previous example, but the transitions take place more gently with a finite slope of the flanks. Such a course of the control signal is such. B. suitable for a catalyst 2 which has not or has not yet reached the optimal temperature range, especially in a phase with a medium temperature between a cold start and the desired operating temperature. It shows that the catalytic converter 2 can reach its optimal temperature range for its normal operation more quickly by means of the sawtooth-like course of the control signal. The edges of the control signal can have different slopes as well as different amplitudes.
Es kann vorgesehen sein, dass die Kennlinie des Regelsignals eine Rechteckkurve oder eine andere Charakteristik mit unterschiedlichen Amplituden und/oder Verweildauern im jeweiligen Betriebszustand ist, so dass die Anteile an fetten Betriebszuständen und an mageren Betriebszuständen jeweils bedarfsabhängig auf den aktuellen Zustand des Katalysators 2 abgestimmt werden können.It can be provided that the characteristic curve of the control signal is a rectangular curve or another characteristic with different amplitudes and / or dwell times in the respective operating state, so that the proportions of rich operating states and lean operating states are matched to the current state of catalytic converter 2 as required can.
Ebenso ist es möglich, aufeinanderfolgende Betriebszustände mit unterschiedlicher Dauer einzustellen, je nachdem, wie abhängig von Betriebsparametern der Brennkraftmaschine und/oder vom Lebensalter des Katalysators 2 Anlagerungsvorgänge und/oder Desorptionsvorgänge des Oxidationsmittels im Katalysator 2 ablaufen.It is also possible to set successive operating states with different durations, depending on how, depending on the operating parameters of the internal combustion engine and / or the age of the catalytic converter, 2 accumulation processes and / or desorption processes of the oxidizing agent take place in the catalytic converter 2.
In Fig. 5 ist eine Regelcharakteristik dargestellt, die nichtlinear verläuft und einen degressiven Verlauf zeigt. Ein Übergang von einem Betriebszustand zum anderen erfolgt schnell mit einer relativ steilen Flanke, dann läuft die Kennlinie leicht ansteigend zu einem Maximalwert bzw. Minimalwert aus. Das Regelsignal kann auch einen progressiven Verlauf zeigen.5 shows a control characteristic which is non-linear and shows a degressive course. A transition from one operating state to another takes place quickly with a relatively steep edge, then the characteristic curve increases slightly to a maximum or minimum value. The control signal can also show a progressive course.
In Fig. 6 ist eine Regelcharakteristik dargestellt, die nicht-linear verläuft und einen progressiven Verlauf zeigt. Ein Übergang von einem Betriebszustand erfolgt zunächst schnell, dann jedoch mit relativ flacher Flanke.6 shows a control characteristic which is non-linear and shows a progressive course. A transition from an operating state occurs quickly at first, but then with a relatively flat edge.
In Fig. 7 und Fig. 8 sind beispielhaft Regelsignale dargestellt, bei denen unterschiedliche Kurvenformen überlagert sind. So sind die Übergänge zwischen den Betriebszuständen zwar sprungartig, jedoch wird noch im Betriebszustand jeweils der Mager- und/oder Fettanteil im Abgas nichtlinear oder linear erhöht. Es sind auch weitere Überlagerungen und auch zeitlich aufeinanderfolgende Kombinationen von Kurvenformen des Regelsignals denkbar, die bedarfsabhängig eingestellt werden können.In Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 control signals are shown as an example, in which different curve shapes are superimposed. Thus, the transitions between the operating states are abrupt, but the lean and / or fat content in the exhaust gas is increased nonlinearly or linearly in the operating state. Further superimpositions and combinations of curve shapes of the control signal which follow one another in time are also conceivable and can be set as required.
Mit zunehmendem Alter verschlechtert sich die Tiefenspeicherung von Sauerstoff und/oder NOx im Katalysator 2, so dass die gewünschten katalytischen Prozesse nicht mehr effizient ablaufen können. Das Verhalten des Katalysators 2 kann in mageren Betriebszuständen anders sein als in fetten Betriebszuständen. Daher erlaubt eine Variation bzw. Modulation der Kennlinie des Regelsignals eine Anpassung an diese Randbedingungen bei gleichzeitiger Steigerung der Effizienz der katalytischen Prozesse. Dies ist vorteilhaft für das Einhalten von Emissionsgrenzwerten.With increasing age, the depth storage of oxygen and / or NOx in the catalyst 2 deteriorates, so that the desired catalytic processes can no longer run efficiently. The behavior of the catalytic converter 2 can be in lean operating states be different than in rich operating conditions. Therefore, a variation or modulation of the characteristic of the control signal allows adaptation to these boundary conditions while increasing the efficiency of the catalytic processes. This is advantageous for compliance with emission limit values.
Besonders zweckmäßig ist es, die Anpassung der Kennlinie des Regelsignals abhängig vonIt is particularly expedient to adapt the characteristic of the control signal as a function of
Betriebsparametern der Brennkraftmaschine 1 durchzuführen. Dies kann über Kennfelder von Betriebsparametern, wie sie bei Fig. 1 bereits beschrieben wurden, erfolgen. Damit wird berücksichtigt, dass das Verhalten des Katalysators 2 von den Betriebsparametern derTo carry out operating parameters of the internal combustion engine 1. This can be done via characteristic maps of operating parameters, as have already been described in FIG. 1. This takes into account that the behavior of the catalytic converter 2 depends on the operating parameters of the
Brennkraftmaschine 1 stark beeinflusst wird. So verändert sich die Konvertierungsrate stark mit der Abgastemperatur. Der Katalysator 2 wird bei einem hohen Abgasmassenstrom massiv mit Schadstoffen beaufschlagt, so dass im Extremfall die Reinigungseffizienz desInternal combustion engine 1 is greatly influenced. So the conversion rate changes strongly with the exhaust gas temperature. At a high exhaust gas mass flow, the catalytic converter 2 is subjected to massive amounts of pollutants, so that in extreme cases the cleaning efficiency of the
Katalysators 2 nachlassen kann. Wird die Abgasrückführung variiert, ändert sich dieCatalyst 2 can wear off. If the exhaust gas recirculation is varied, the changes
Fettigkeit des Kraftstoff/Luftgemisches. Steigt die Menge des rückgeführten Abgases, sinkt der NOx-Gehalt im Abgas. Der Zündzeitpunkt beeinflusst das System in ähnlicher Weise wie die Abgasrückführung. Durch Beeinflussung des Brennverlaufes ändern sich die Schadstoff- und Sauerstoffkonzentrationen bei gleichem Lambda. Bei niedrigen Rohemissionen oder einer Verschiebung hin zu leichter konvertierbaren Schadstoffen (z. B. mehr CO, wenigerFatness of the fuel / air mixture. If the amount of recirculated exhaust gas increases, the NOx content in the exhaust gas decreases. The ignition timing influences the system in a similar way to the exhaust gas recirculation. By influencing the combustion process, the pollutant and oxygen concentrations change with the same lambda. With low raw emissions or a shift towards more easily convertible pollutants (e.g. more CO, less
CH4) sinken die Anforderungen an die Genauigkeit der Lambda-Regelung. DerartigeCH 4 ) the requirements for the accuracy of the lambda control decrease. such
Einflüsse von Betriebsparametern können jeweils durch eine entsprechende Anpassung derInfluences of operating parameters can be adjusted by adjusting the
Kennlinie des Regelsignals berücksichtigt werden, so dass die Einhaltung vonCharacteristic of the control signal are taken into account, so that compliance with
Emissionsstandards über weite Betriebsbereiche der Brennkraftmaschine 1 sichergestellt ist.Emission standards over wide operating ranges of the internal combustion engine 1 is ensured.
Neben der Sicherung von Emissionsstandards kann in einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung aus einer Veränderung der Kennlinie des Regelsignals der Katalysatorzustand und/oder ein Zustand eines Sensors 4, 5, insbesondere des Sensors 5 stromab des Katalysators 2, ermittelt werden.In addition to securing emission standards, the catalyst state and / or a state of a sensor 4, 5, in particular sensor 5 downstream of the catalytic converter 2, can be determined from a change in the characteristic of the control signal in an advantageous embodiment of the invention.
Neben der erhöhten Sicherheit bei der Einhaltung von Emissionswerten ermöglicht die Erfindung auch eine Absenkung des Edelmetallgehalts des Katalysators 2. Der Katalysator 2 wird überwiegend in Bereichen betrieben, bei denen die Konvertierung verbessert ist. Dadurch kann das Katalysatorvolumen entsprechend verkleinert werden und/oder der Edelmetallgehalt des Katalysators 2 kann verkleinert werden, um dieselbe Effizienz zu erreichen wie bei einer herkömmlichen Regelung. Es gelingt, den Edelmetallgehalt und/oder das Katalysatorvolumen bei Anwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ohne Überschreiten der ohne Anwendung des Verfahrens entstehenden Schadstoffemissionen um mindestens 10%, insbesondere um mindestens 20% zu verkleinern. Insbesondere weist der Katalysator (2) im Fall eines NOx-Speicherkatalysators einen Edelmetallgehalt von < 80g/ft3 insbesondere < 60g/ft3 auf. Bei einem 3-Wegekatalysator ist ein Edelmetallgehalt von < 60g/ft3, insbesondere < 40g/ft3, bevorzugt < 30g/ft3, optimal < 20g/ft3, ideal < 10g/ft3 vorgesehen. In addition to the increased safety in compliance with emission values, the invention also enables the noble metal content of the catalyst 2 to be reduced. The catalyst 2 is mainly operated in areas in which the conversion is improved. As a result, the catalyst volume can be reduced accordingly and / or the noble metal content of the catalyst 2 can be reduced in order to achieve the same efficiency as in a conventional control system. It is possible to reduce the noble metal content and / or the catalyst volume when using the method according to the invention without exceeding the pollutant emissions which arise without using the method to shrink at least 10%, especially by at least 20%. In particular, in the case of a NOx storage catalytic converter, the catalytic converter (2) has a noble metal content of <80 g / ft 3, in particular <60 g / ft 3 . In a three-way catalyst is a precious metal content of <60g / ft 3, in particular <40 g / ft 3, preferably <30 g / ft 3, optimally <20 g / ft 3, ideal <10g / ft3 provided.
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/169,350 US20060000200A1 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2005-06-29 | Method and device for adjustment of a fuel/air ratio for an internal combustion engine |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10261751 | 2002-12-30 | ||
| DE10261751.1 | 2002-12-30 | ||
| DE10310672.3A DE10310672B4 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-03-12 | Method and apparatus for adjusting an air-fuel ratio for an internal combustion engine |
| DE10310672.3 | 2003-03-12 |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/169,350 Continuation US20060000200A1 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2005-06-29 | Method and device for adjustment of a fuel/air ratio for an internal combustion engine |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004059151A1 true WO2004059151A1 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/EP2003/014968 Ceased WO2004059151A1 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-12-30 | Method and device for adjusting the fuel/ air ratio in an internal combustion engine |
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| WO (1) | WO2004059151A1 (en) |
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| US9157391B2 (en) * | 2013-03-14 | 2015-10-13 | EMIT Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods for controlling a combustion engine |
| KR101713709B1 (en) * | 2014-10-20 | 2017-03-08 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Method for controlling exhaust gas flow in engine system |
| DE102016123426A1 (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2018-06-07 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Method and exhaust system for testing a loading condition of a particulate filter |
| JP6589938B2 (en) * | 2017-06-02 | 2019-10-16 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine |
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| US20060000200A1 (en) | 2006-01-05 |
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