WO2004052122A1

WO2004052122A1 - Producing cholesterolfree meat, egg and milk

Info

Publication number: WO2004052122A1
Application number: PCT/IB2002/005293
Authority: WO
Inventors: Rajeev Vijay Hiremath
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2002-12-10
Filing date: 2002-12-10
Publication date: 2004-06-24
Anticipated expiration: 2005-06-10
Also published as: AU2002361461A1

Abstract

The present invention provides a method of substantially/totally reducing cholesterol in Animals and food products derived from such animals. Further impaired glucose metabolism in animas is prevented, by controlling postprandial glycemic response such that, risk of developing/having diabetes and obesity are prevented. The method includes feeding to the animals a food source containing restricted carbohydrate calories, with sufficient protein and fat calories alongwith phospholipids and Indian gooseberry. Additionally, its use offers economic benefits by reducing (FCR) Feed convertion ratio, thus feeding cost, by increasing Meat yield and enhancing Egg and Milk yield, by increasing protein content in Meat and decreasing deposition of fat in animals alongwith, totally freeing Meat, Egg and Milk of Cholesterol.

Description

DESCRIPTION

Producing Cholesterol Free Meat, Egg and Milk. Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed to the field of animal nutrition.

Specifically the present invention relates to methods of producing cholesterolfree animals and food products derived from such animals.

Background of the Invention

It is widely known that excess intake of food having high cholesterol content increases the amount of cholesterol in serum and that high cholesterol content in serum is significant factor in heart diseases. As public awareness of the dangers of cholesterol has increased in recent years, a number of popular food products like, eggs, meat, milk and their further processed products have drawn criticism for containing high levels of cholesterol. This perception has led to decreased consumption by consumers.

As a result of concern over cholesterol intake, a market has developed for eggs, meat, milk and their further processed products having reduced cholesterol or which are totalling free from cholesterol. Many of these reduced / totally free from cholesterol products are produced using additional processing steps, which add substantial cost to the production process for example U.S. patent No. 5,780,095 to Jackeschky describes such a process.

Attempts have also been made to reduce cholesterol in these food products by modifying phosphrous content of the feed given to the animals for example U.S. patent No. 6,391,348 to stilborn et al. describes such a process.

Further attempts have also been made to reduce cholesterol by modifying the feed given to the animals for example, fibrous feed ingredients, such as barley, and feed additives, such as copper, wood shavings and human cholesterol reducing agents have been utilized in an effort to reduce cholesterol content in animals and food products derived from such animals.

There remains a need in the art for a method of substantially lowering/ totally freeing of cholesterol in animals and food products derived from such animals without requiring substantial additional process steps or requiring expensive feed additives.

Summary of the Invention :

The present invention provides a method of substantially reduced / totally freed of cholesterol in animals and food products derived from such animals. The method includes feeding the animals a food source comprising highly restricted carbohydrate calories, so that the carbohydrate calorie intake of the animals is reduced. Supplying a food source containing highly restricted carbohydrate calories preferably without starch, with medium to high protein and fat calories alongwith added phospholipid and Indian gooseberry, substantially reduces or totally frees, the cholesterol content, in the animal and in the food products, such as eggs, meat, milk and their further processed products, derived from the animal.

As used herein " food source " refers to sources that provide substantial portion of the nutritional and caloric requirements of the animals rather than sources, such as mineral supplements, that provide limited nutritional and caloric value. For example, food sources useful in the present invention include soyabeans Flesh food, milk, cereal grains, oilseeds, nuts, fruits like, Indian gooseberry, processed products derived from the above or mixtures there of.

As used herein, total animal diet refers to the complete animal diet, including the food sources described above as well as one or more supplements, such as vitamin and mineral supplements, added fiber, fat, protein, medications and the like. Specifically the method of substantially reducing or totally freed of cholesterol, in animals and food products derived from such animals, comprises providing a food source, where in the food source comprises carbohydrate calories from 0 to 30 weight percent of the total calorie content of the total animal diet, with medium to high protein and fat calories alongwith added phospholipid and Indian gooseberry, wherein the protein and fat calories are sufficient to meet the requirements of the animals that is, at least about 20% protein and at least about 3-5% fat is present in the total animal diet. The protein content may vary from 20% to 95 % on a dry weight basis and the fat content may vary from 3% to 80% on a dry weight basis. The phospholipid content may vary from 1 to 5% on a dry weight basis and the processed form of Indian gooseberry may vary from 0.5 to 2% of the total animal diet on a dry weight basis. Most preferably the composition of the total animal diet may comprise: a) Proteins in as is basis about 40% b) Fat in as is basis about 20% c) Carbohydrates in as is basis about 30% wherein the available cabohydrates, that is, carbohydrates that may be metabolized and used by animals, is about 8 to 10% of the total animal diet. Further the carbohydrates that are available are free from starch. The food source is fed to the animal such that the cholesterol content of the animal is substantially or totally reduced. The animal maybe any animal that would benefit from a reduction in cholesterol.

Methods of producing eggs, meat & milk having substantially reduced or totally free from cholesterol are also provided. The method includes providing a food source as described above, feeding the food source to an egg- laying animal, milk yielding animal and to an animal raised for meat and collecting the egg and milk produced by the animal and slaughtering the animal raised for meat so as to collect the meat.

The egg yolks produced by the above method have at list about 80% less total cholesterol as compared to a normal egg yolk, preferably at least 90% less total cholesterol and most preferably totally free from cholesterol. The milk yield collected from the animal,produced by the above method have at least about 80%less total cholesterol as compared to a normal full fat milk, preferably at least 90% less total cholesterol and most preferably totally free from cholesterol.

The slaughtered meat collected from the animal produced by the above method have at least about 80% less total cholesterol,as compared to a normal meat, preferably at least 90% less total cholesterol and most preferably totally free from cholesterol.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The present invention now will be described more fully here in after. However the embodiment of the present invention may be in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments setforth herein. Further this embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

The present invention is directed to a method of substantially reducing / totalling freeing of cholesterol, in animals, including non-ruminant and ruminant animals, as well as a method of substantially / totalling reducing the cholesterol level in food products derived from such animals, such as Meat,Milk, Eggs and further products dervied from them. The tern 'non ruminant" animals includes, but is not limited to, dogs, cats, swine and poultry, such as chickens, turkey, duck, geese, etc.The term "Ruminanf'animals includes,but is not limited to cattle and sheep.Macronutrients like protein,Fat and carbohydrates are essential ingredients for maintaining animal health. As these Macronutrients provide the energy required for maintenance, growth, reproduction and lactation.

The major pathway for utilizing these energy sources is the krehs cycle / citricacid cycle wherein molecules of Glucose as pyruvate are broken down in the Mitochondrion to form molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the form of energy which is immediaely available to the muscles and for use in Biosynthetic activities.

When carbohydrate or protein calories as pyruvate enter the krebs cycle at a rate which exceeds the body's immediate needs for energy,the excess calories are removed from the cycle at an early stage to the cell cytosol where, they are converted to cholestrol and fat. It has been discovered that restricting carbohydrate calories along with sufficient protein and fat calories alongwith phospholipids and Indian gooseberry, allows pyruvate to enter the krebs cycle at a rate which does not exceed the body's immediate needs for energy and there is no excees calories entering the krebs cycle for conversion into cholesterol and fat. Hence restricting the available carbohydrate calories, with sufficient protein and fat calories alongwith phospolipids and indian gooseberry in the feed of the animals, allows one to control the production of cholesterol and triglyceride, the storage form of Fat, such that animals can be substantially/totally free of cholesterol, So that, meat, eggs, milk and their byproducts, derived from such animals will also be substantially / totally free from cholesterol.

Further due to restriction of carbohydrate calories. The postprandial glycemic and / or insulin response in the animals is controlled, as there is no surge in blood sugar after a meal. Impaired glucose metabolism in animals is associated with several different conditions like, diabetes, obesity, geriatrics and gestation ( Preagnancy). It is estimated that more than 40% of the livestock/ companion animals like dogs and cats / poultry etc, are in categories associated with risk of having or developing problems with Glucose metabolism who will be benefited from the present invention.

Further, for example The animals raised for meat as per the method of the invention have enchanced meat profile wherein the protein content is increased by about 25 to 30% that is, the conventionally produced animals like, poultry Birds having a protein content of about 18% to 19%, the Fat content of about 10 % to 15 %, moisture content of about 66% to 68 % where as poultry birds fed as per the invention has a protein content of about 24% to 25 %, Fat content of about 0.35 % to 1% and moisture content of about 72% to 73 %, leading to more protein and also better textured protein content of the said meat. All this is achieved at very economical cost, as the FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) is reduced by about 30%, that is conventionally fed poultry birds utilize 1.8 Kg. to 2.2 Kg. feed to gain 1 Kg. of weight, where as poultry birds fed the feed of the invention utilize 1.1 Kg. to 1.2 Kg. feed to gain lKg. of weight. That is conventional poultry birds utilize about 3.6 Kg. to 4.4 Kg. of feed to attain a live weight of about 2Kg. where as the poultry birds fed the feed of the invention utilize about 2.2 Kg. to 2.4 Kg. feed to attain a live weight of about 2 Kg.

This reduced FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) and enhanced protein content alongwith decereased fat diposition is seen across all the animals fed the feed of the invention including Ruminants and non ruminants.

The prefered method of the present invention comprises of the following ingredients for non Ruminants. a) Roasted Full Fat Soyabeans - 50% b) Flesh foods, like fish meat - 43% c) Soyalecithin - 3% d) Indian gooseberry - 1% e) Added Amino Acids Vitamins & Minerals - 1% f) Calcium Carbonate and Salt - 2%

Total - 100% Where in the available Carbohydrates are free from Starch. The prefered method of the present invention comprises of the following ingredients for Ruminant Animals :- a) Roasted Full Fat Soyabeans - 92% b) Soya lecithin - 3% c) Indian gooseberry - 1% d) Added Amino Acids Vitamins & Minerals - 1% e) Calcium Carbonate and Salt - 3%

Total - 100%

Plus a Source of Fibre from silage, greengrass, etc, wherein available carbohydrates do not constitute more than 10 % of the total animal diet on a dry weight basis. Wherein the available carbohydrates are free from starch.

The preferred method of the present invention may also comprise only vegetarian food sources for both ruminant and non ruminant animals.

The method of the present invention includes, providing a food source containing restricted level of carbohydrate calories wherein the carbohydrate calories are free from starch, with sufficient protein and fat calories alongwith phospholipids, Indian gooseberry, added vitamins, minerals, Aminoacids, Fat and medications wherever necessary as described above and feeding that food source to the animals. The method of feeding may be any method known in the art.

The present invention is also directed to an egg having substantially reduced/totally free from cholesterol as compared to a normal egg. In this regard, a 'normal egg ' is defined as an egg produced by an animal fed conventional food sources containing conventional forms and amounts of macronutrients. By substantially / totally reduced cholesterol is meant a cholesterol concentration reduced by atleast 80% to 100 % as compared to the actual amount of cholesterol in a normal egg. As an example, on day 45 of the study described in Example 1, the egg collected from the animals being fed the feed of the invention, had nil cholesterol as compared to 190mg per 50 gram of the egg collected from the control group on the same day. These reductions in cholesterol levels are achieved using the method of the present invention without further post-laying processing steps and without expensive feed additives. As a result, the term egg, as used herein, is intended to mean an egg product substantially free of post-laying treatment or processing designed to reduce the cholesterol level of the egg.

The present invention is also directed towards milk having substantially/ Totally reduced cholesterol as compare to normal milk. In this regard ' Normal Milk' is defined as whole milk yielded by an animal such as a cow, Buffalo, sheep etc, which is fed a conventional feed from conventional food sources. By substantialling/Totally reduced cholesterol is meant, a reduced cholesterol concentration in whole milk wherein at least 80% total cholesterol is reduced as compared to normal whole milk most preferably 100% of total cholesterol is absent from the whole milk fed the feed of the invention as compared to normal whole milk. The term "Whole Milk" refers to Milk yielded from an animal without addition or deletion of the contents of the Milk.

Experimental Example - 1

Six hundred pullets (18 weeks of age) of a commercial strain were obtained, randemly selected, wingbanded and assigned to two equal groups of Three hundred pullets each and housed seperately in cages. They were observed daily for signs of production and /or behaviour changes. Daily temperature was recorded, with a temperature goal of 75 degree F. The control group was fed a diet formulated, using Breeder-recommended nutrient requirements in order to meet or exceed the ISI nutrient recommendations and simulate commercial and breeder conditions. Feed and water were supplied ad-libitum.

The feed formulated comprised per metric Ton

Table -1.

Control Group Feed of the Invention

Maize (corn) 609.00 Toasted Full fat Soyabean 510.00

Soyabean Meal 200.00 Toasted Fish Meal (Chingri) 457.00

Groundnut Meal 70.00 Soyalecithin (Fluid) 30.00

Fish Meal 70.00 Indian Gooseberry 10.00

Soya Oil 10.00 Calcium Carbonate 15.00

Salt 5.00 Salt 5.00

DL-Methiomine 2.50 Layer Vitamin mix 2.00

Layer Vitamin Mix 2.00 Trace mineral mix 1.00

Trace mineral mix 1.00

Bone Meal 10.00

BMD-50 Bacitracin mix 0.50

Dicalcium Phosphate 20.00

Total Kilogram 1000.00 Total kilogram 1000.00

Table -2

Macro Nutrient Composition of feed

Control Group Feed of the Invention

Protein 22.19% Protein 44.24%

Fat 4.21% Fat 14.10%

Carbohydrate 44.71% Carbohydrate 8.96%

Fibre 5.76% Fibre 12.50%

Calories 305.49 Calories 339.70 The control group of pullets consumed on average 115 grams/ day /hen where as the pullets fed the feed of the invention consumed on average 90grams/day/hen over a period of 55 weeks.

Measurements of egg yolk total cholesterol were taken on days 15, 45, 60, 75, 90, 180, 240, 270 Table - 3 displays the measurements taken of cholesterol concentration in milligrams / egg.

Table - 3

Effect of feed of the invention on cholestrol concentration in milligrams / egg. tested on days 15 45 60 75 90 180 240 270

Control Group 190 190 195 203 203 207 207 213 ^"

Feed of the

InventionGroup 30 NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

Example - 2

A trail was conducted where broiler chicks (cobb), and piglets and turkey chicks of a commercial strain, were fed experimental diets from day 1 to day 49 for broiler chicks, from day 12 to day 75 for piglets and from day 2 to day 180 for Turkery chicks. The experimental diets included a control diet and a diet formulated from the feed of the invention as described in Example -1 . The animals were maintained in floor pens and grouped seperately for the control diet and the diet of the invention.

Body weight and feed consumption were determined when the Broiler chicks were 15, 30 and 49 days of age. The piglets were 30,55, & 75 days of age and the Turkey Birds were 45, 105 and 180 days of age.

The body weights of the control animals and the animals fed the feed of the invention were significantly different when the body fat content of the control animals was discounted, in that the Broiler chicks attained an average of 2.2 Kg. while the control animals attained an average weight of 2.4 Kg. on 49 days of age. The control chicks had on average a body Fat percentage of 9 % where as the chicks fed the feed of the invention had a body fat percentage of 0.50 % on average, on an as is basis.

The chicken broilers on the control diet consumed on average 4.6 Kg. feed/Bird/49 days and the birds fed the feed of the invention consumed on average 2.7 Kg. feed/ Bird / 49 days.

Table - 4.

Effect of feed of the invention on cholesterol concentration in milligrams per 100 grams of Raw Meat with skin. cholesterol concentration mg/ 100 gms.

Control Animals Animals fed the feed of the invention

Days 15 45 75 180 15 45 75 180

Broiler chicks 60 71 Nil Nil

Piglets 75 59 68 - 30 Nil Nil -

Turkey 51 51 59 63 Nil Nil Nil

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains having the benefit of the contents presented in the foregoing discriptions, examples and Tables. Therefore it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and discriptive sense only and not for the purposes of limitation.

Claims

CLAIMSThat which is claimed :

1. A method of reducing cholesterol in meat /egg/milk, the method comprising feeding to an animal raised for meat /an egg laying animal/ a milk yielding animal, a total animal diet comprising a food source containing restricted carbohydrate calories, with sufficient protein and fat calories alongwith phospholipid and Indian gooseberry, for a time sufficient to reduce total cholesterol of said meat/egg/milk, wherein said meat/egg/milk contains atleast 80 percent less total cholesterol as compared to a normal meat/egg/milk.

2. A Method according to claim 1, wherein said meat/egg/milk contains at least 90 % less total cholesterol as compared to a normal meat /egg/ milk.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein said Meat egg/milk is cholesterol free as compared to a normal meat/egg/milk.

4. A method according to claim 1, wherein said animal raised for meat is a bird that is a chicken/Turkey/ Goose /Duck.

5. A method according to claim 1, wherein said animal raised for meat is a Bison/Steer/Buffalo/Cow/Goat/Hog/Dog.

6. A method according to claim 1, wherein said egg-laying animal is a chicken laying either Brown white egg.

7. A method according to claim 1, wherein said milk yielding animal is a milk yielding cattle/Sheep.

8. A method according to claim 1, wherein said food source is selected from Soyabeans, Fleshfoods, milk, oilseeds, cereals, fodder, Indian gooseberry, processed products derived from the same and combinations thereof.

9. A method according to claim 1, wherein said food source comprises less than 10 weight percent of available carbohydrates.

10. A method according to claim 1, wherein said food source comprises from zero to 30 weight percent of total carbohydrates.

11. A method according to claiml, wherein said food source comprises from 20 percent to 90percent of protein on an as is basis.

12. A method according to claim 1, wherein said food source comprises from 3 percent to 80 percent of Fat on an as is basis.

13. A meat/egg/milk produced by the method of claims 1.

14. A method according to claim 1, wherein said food source containing restricted carbohydrate calories is starch free.

15. A method of reducing feed conversion ratio in animals, wherein the production cost of meat/egg/milk is reduced, the method comprising feeding to an animal, a total animal diet comprising of a food source containing restricted carbohydrate calories, with sufficient protein and fat calories alongwith phospholipids and Indian gooseberry wherein the said feed conversion ratio is reduced by at least 15 percent as compared to normal standards.

16. A method according to claim 15, wherein said feed conversion ratio is reduced by at least 25 percent as compared to normal standards.

17. A method according to claim 15, wherein said feed conversion ratio is reduced by at least 30 percent as compared to normal standards.

18. A method according to claim 15, wherein said animal is an animal raised for commercial gain.

19. A method according to claiml5, wherein said food source comprises less than 10 weight percent of availabe carbohydrates on an as is basis.

20. A method according to claim 15, wherein said food source comprises from 0 to 30 weight percent of totalcarbohydrates.

21. A method according to claim 15, wherein said food source comprises at least 20 percent protein.

22. A method according to claim 15, wherein said food source is selected from Soyabeans, fleshfoods, milk, oilseeds, Indian gooseberry, fodder, processed products derived from the same and combinations there of.

23. A method to increase the yield of meat and decrease the deposition of the fat in animals, the method comprising feeding to the said animal, a total animal diet comprising a food source containing restricted carbohydrate calories, with sufficient protein and fat calories alongwith phospholipids and Indian gooseberry, wherein said increase in the yield of meat is at least 10 weight percent as compared to a normal animal.

24. A method according to claim 23, wherein said decrease in deposition of fat in animals is between about 5% to 15%.

25. A method according to claim 23, wherein said decrease in deposition of fat in animals is between about 15 % to 30 % as compared to a normal animal.

26. A method according to claim 23, wherein said food source comprises from 0% to 30 % of total carbohydrates.

27. A method according to claim 23, wherein said food source comprises from 20% to 90 % of total proteins.

28. A method according to claim 23, wherein said food source comprises from 3% to 80 % of total fat.

29. A method according to claim 23, wherein said food source comprises less than 10 weight percent of total available carbohydrates on an as is basis.

30. A method according to claim 23, wherein said total available carbohydrates is starch free.