WO2004048446A2 - Modification of drawn films - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a drawn polymer film comprising (A) a polymer or a polymer blend, and at least (B) one additional component which has an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 15µm and is processed in (C) one or several aftertreatment steps following drawing so as to form a membrane. The average particle diameter of component (B) ranges between 0.002 and 15µm. The inventive membranes are used in alkene-alkane separation, electrodialysis, sea water desalination, fuel cell applications, and other membrane applications.

Description

Modifϊka ion of stretched foils

1. State of the art

Stretched foils have been used in technology for more than 20 years. Polypropylene or polyethylene films formed by extrusion are widely used in applications such as food packaging, food containers and the like. Stretched polypropylene films, particularly biaxially stretched polypropylene films, are widely used in packaging materials because of their excellent mechanical and optical properties. They are generally made by sequential biaxial stretching using a jig.

In recent times, stretched films with inorganic fillers have been used as breathable films for diaper films. The pore diameter of the very inexpensive foils used here is, however, by orders of magnitude too large for these foils to be used for applications that require dense membranes, e.g. could be used in the fuel cell.

2. Object of the present invention

It is the object of the following invention to produce membranes inexpensively on the basis of stretched films.

3. Description of the invention

The present invention relates to membranes based on stretched films.

According to the invention, the above object can be achieved by a stretched polymer film comprising (A) a polymer or polymer blend, and at least (B) a further component with an average particle diameter of 2 nm to lSμm, which by (C) one or more after-treatment steps the stretching is processed into a membrane.

It was found that without the stretching, the film consisting of the polymer (A) and the particulate component (B), the same post-treatment steps (C) cannot be used to process a membrane with the same properties.

The average particle diameter of component (B) is in the range from 0.1 to 15 μm. It is preferably 0.5-8.0 μm, and the range of 1.0-7.0 μm is particularly preferred. If the diameter is less than 0.1 μm, secondary agglomeration occurs, and the resulting particles sometimes have large diameters, which usually cause the film to tear in the stretching process. There is no particular limitation on the shape of the particles. However, spherical particles are preferred.

Before stretching, the proportion of component (B) in the undrawn film is 2 to 80 percent by weight, 10 to 70 percent by weight is preferred, and 20 to 60 percent by weight is particularly preferred. The proportion by weight of polymeric component (A) is correspondingly 98 to 20 percent by weight before stretching, 90 to 30 percent by weight is preferred, and 80 to 40 percent by weight is particularly preferred. There is no particular limitation on the method by which the particulate component (B) is incorporated into the polymeric component (A). The process comprises a simple mixing process. The mixing process can be done by adding component (B) into the molten component (A). The mixing process can take place using a screw extrusion kneading device (for example an extruder with a screw or an extruder with twin screws), a Banbury mixer, a continuous mixer and a mixing roller or the like. If component (A) cannot be melted or is not desired, it is dissolved in a suitable solvent or solvent mixture. Any solvent in which component (A) dissolves and which at the same time is not a solvent for component (B) is suitable. Preferred solvents are water and aprotic solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), sulfolane and dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The component (B) is then finely divided in the dissolved component (A).

In each case of the mixing process, a composite is created.

If solvents are used, they have to be removed in a drying or precipitation process after being drawn into a film on a suitable surface. This is state of the art and is described, for example, in PCT / EP 00/03910 and WO 01/87992. The film obtained is a composite film or composite membrane. Component (B) is distributed in the matrix of component (A).

If the crystallinity of the polymers used in the undrawn film is so great that the film cannot be stretched in the dried state, the solvent is not completely removed. It was surprisingly found that films consisting of components (A) and (B), which were produced by a solvent process with a subsequent drying process and which in the dried state cannot be stretched without being destroyed, can very well be stretched with a residual solvent content. The stretching then takes place in a temperature range which is above the melting point of the solvent remaining in the membrane and below the boiling point of the solvent. This stretching process can be followed by another solvent-free stretching process.

The residual solvent content of the undrawn film is between two and thirty percent by weight, the range between five and twenty percent by weight of solvent in the undrawn film being particularly preferred.

The stretched composite film according to the invention can be subjected to surface treatments, such as corona discharge, plasma treatment and the like, on one or both sides, before or after the aftertreatment (C), as required. The stretched composite film according to the invention can be coated or laminated on one or both sides with a layer of a polymer or polymer mixture which optionally carries functional groups, solvent or solvent-free before or after the aftertreatment (C). Suitable functional groups are described further below in the text under functionalizing hydrophobizing agents those of the general formula I and / or II may be mentioned. These include anion exchange groups, cation exchange groups, basic groups and amphoteric groups.

In the event that component (A) can be melted indestructibly, the stretched film which has not yet been post-treated with process (C) and contains components (A) and (B) be made by any known method without any limitation. A stretched composite film can be produced, for example, by a process which comprises the following stages: melt extrusion according to a T-die process, a composition of a meltable component (A) containing a particulate component (B) which is not meltable at the same temperature, and loading the extrudate by a chill roll, combined with an air knife or by slit rolls with film formation. The production of a biaxially stretched film by subsequent biaxial stretching using a tensioner is preferably carried out according to a method which comprises forming a film or a film from the above-described composition according to a T-nozzle method or according to an inflation method or the like, and then the The film or the film is fed into a longitudinal stretching device for longitudinal stretching by 0.5 to 10 times (in terms of mechanical drawing ratio) with a heating roller temperature of 100 to 380 ° C, preferably 120 to 350 ° C and particularly preferably 130 ° to 250 ° C. The monoaxially stretched film is then subjected to transverse stretching 0.5 to 15 times using a tensioner at a tensioner temperature of 100 to 380 ° C, preferably 120 to 350 ° C, and most preferably 130 ° to 250 ° C. The resulting biaxially stretched film is further subjected, if necessary, to a heat treatment at 80 to 380 ° C (a transverse relaxation of 0-25% is permitted with this heat treatment). Of course, a further stretching can take place after the stretching above. With longitudinal stretching, it is possible to combine multi-stage stretching, rolling, drawing, etc. Monoaxial stretching can be used alone to obtain a stretched film.

The particulate component (B) can be organic or inorganic. The condition for the particulate component (B) is that a gap or a free space is formed in the subsequent stretching process around the preferably spherical particle (Fig. 1). The preferably spherical particle is located in a cavity after the stretching process, or if the film has an appropriate thickness, a pore has formed around the particulate component (B). If enough voids are adjacent to each other and their cross-sections intersect, a continuous path or path is created from one side of the film to the other side, which ultimately also represents a pore. Component (B) remains in the film after stretching.

A second path is created in the film by stretching. The first path or the first phase is the polymer (A) from which the film is made. The second path or phase is the voids that have been created by the stretching process. The particulate component (B) is located in the cavities. A path should be understood as a continuous phase from one side to the other. A real percolation must be possible so that the path or phase is continuous. This means that a permitting substance, a liquid (e.g. water), a gas or ion must be able to penetrate from one side to the other. If the cavity is filled, the properties of the new path depend on the "filling material". If the filling material is ion-conducting, the entire path is ion-conducting. It is important that the path is continuous.

Particularly preferred as the particulate component (B) are all inorganic substances which form layer structures or framework structures. Layered and or framework silicates are particularly preferred. All synthetic and natural zeolites are preferred among the framework silicates. If the inorganic component (B) is a layered silicate, it is based on montmorillonite, smectite, illite, sepiolite, palygorskite, muscovite, allevardite, amesite, hectorite, talc, fluorochemical, saponite, beidelite, nontronite, stevensite, bentonite, mica , Vermiculite, fluor vermiculite, halloysite, fluorine-containing synthetic talc or mixtures of two or more of the sheet silicates mentioned. The layered silicate can be delaminated or pillarted. Montmorillonite is particularly preferred. The protonated form of the layered and or framework silicates is also preferred.

In one embodiment of the invention, component (B), which contains layer and / or framework structures, is functionalized before stretching and / or after stretching. If the functionalization occurs after stretching, it is part of the aftertreatment (C). In a preferred embodiment, the layered and / or framework silicates are functionalized before or after stretching.

Description of the functionalized layered silicate:

Layered silicate is generally understood to be silicates in which the SiO ₄ tetrahedra are connected in two-dimensional infinite networks. (The empirical formula for the anion is (Si ₂ O ₅ ^{2 "} ) n). The individual layers are connected to each other by the cations between them, with Na, K, Mg, Al or / and Ca being the most common in the course occurring layered silicates.

A functionalized layer or framework silicate is to be understood as meaning layer or framework silicates in which the layer spacings are initially increased by incorporation of molecules by reaction with so-called functionalizing agents.

The layer thicknesses of such silicates, before delamination of the layers by the

The inclusion of functional group-carrying molecules is usually from 5 to

100 angstroms, preferably 5 to 50 and in particular 8 to 20 angstroms.

For functionalization, the layered or framework silicates (before or after the production of the composites according to the invention) are so-called functionalizing

Hydrophobing agents implemented, which are often referred to as onium ions or onium salts. The incorporation of organic molecules often has one

Hydrophobization of the silicates. Hence the term functionalizing here

Water repellents used.

The cations of the layered or framework silicates are functionalized by organic ones

Hydrophobing agent replaced, the desired chemical functionalization inside and / or on the surface of the silicate can be determined by the nature of the organic residue. The chemical functionalization depends on the type of functionalizing molecule, oligomer or polymer that is to be incorporated into the layered silicate.

The cations, mostly metal ions or protons, can be exchanged completely or partially. A complete exchange of the cations, metal ions or protons is preferred. The

Amount of exchangeable cations, metal ions or protons is usually in

Milliequivalents (meq) per 1 g of framework or layered silicate stated and as

Ion exchange capacity (IEC) designated. Layered or framework silicates with a cation exchange capacity of at least 0.5, preferably 0.8 to 1.3 meq / g are preferred.

Suitable organic functionalizing water repellents are derived from oxonium,

Ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium ions from which one or more organic

Can carry leftovers.

Suitable functionalizing hydrophobizing agents are those of the general formula I and or π:

II

The substituents have the following meaning:

R1, R2, R3, R4 independently of one another are hydrogen, a straight-chain branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 20, carbon atoms.

Atoms which optionally carry at least one functional group or 2 of the radicals are connected to one another, in particular to form a heterocyclic radical with 5 to 10 carbon atoms.

Atoms particularly preferably with one and more N atoms,

X for phosphorus, nitrogen or carbon,

Y for oxygen, sulfur or carbon, n for an integer from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3 and

Z stands for an anion.

In the event that Y is carbon, one of the radicals Rl, R2 or R3 is double to the

Carbon bound.

Suitable functional groups are hydroxyl, nitro, phosphonic or

Sulfonic acid groups, carboxyl and sulfonic acid groups being particularly preferred.

Sulfonic acid chloride and carboxylic acid chlorides are also particularly preferred.

Suitable anions Z are derived from proton-providing acids, in particular mineral acids, with halogens such as chlorine, bromine, fluorine, iodine, sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphite and carboxylate, in particular acetate, being preferred.

The layered and or framework silicates used as starting materials are usually in

Implemented in the form of a suspension. The preferred suspending agent is water, optionally in a mixture with alcohols, in particular lower alcohols with 1 to 3

Carbon atoms. If the functionalizing water repellent is not water-soluble, the solvent is preferred by dissolving. This is particularly an aprotic one

Solvent. Other examples of suspending agents are ketones and hydrocarbons.

A water-miscible suspending agent is usually preferred. When the hydrophobizing agent is added to the layered silicate, an ion exchange takes place, as a result of which

Layered silicate usually precipitates out of solution. The metal salt formed as a by-product of the ion exchange is preferably water-soluble, so that the hydrophobicized layered silicate can be separated as a crystalline solid by, for example, filtering off. If the functionalization is found in the film after stretching, the layered or framework silicate is naturally present as a solid before the functionalization. The cation exchange takes place by post-treatment of the stretched film in a solution containing the functionalizing substances. The cations originally bound to the silicate are removed either using the same solvent or a suitable different solvent in a second step. It is also possible to fix the cations originally bound to the silicate as a solid, in particular as a sparingly soluble salt in and on the silicate surface. This is often the case when the cation originally bound to the silicate is a divalent, trivalent or tetravalent cation, in particular a metal cation. Examples of these are Ti ⁴⁺ , Zr ⁺ , ZrO ²⁺ and Ti0 ²⁺ .

The ion exchange is largely independent of the reaction temperature. The temperature is preferably above the crystallization point of the medium in which the functionalizing substances are located and below its boiling point. In aqueous systems, the temperature is between 0 and 100 ° C, preferably between 40 and 80 ° C. Alkylammonium ions are preferred as functionalizing agents, especially when a carboxylic acid chloride or sulfonic acid chloride is additionally present as the functional group on the same molecule. The alkylammonium ions can be obtained via conventional methylation reagents, such as methyl iodide. Suitable ammonium ions are alpha-omega-aminocarboxylic acids, particularly preferred

Aminoalkylaryl sulfohalide R ₃ N-alkyl-aryl-Sθ2X X = C1; Br; J; F

R

| + Aminoalkylarylsulfonic acids, N-alkyl-aryl-SO ₃ Me ^{+ 1 / + 2 / + 3 +4}

/ \

^RR Me = metal or H or ZrO ²⁺ or Ti0 ²⁺ and the omega-alkylamino sulfonic acids. R ₃ N-alkyl-S0 ₃ H / Me ^{+1 + 2 / + 3 / + 4}

+ The alpha-omega-aminoarylsulfonic acids RjN-aryl-Sθ ₃ Me ^{+ l +2 + 3 / + 4}

Me = metal or H or ZrO ²⁺ or Ti0 ²⁺ and the alpha-omega-alkylaminosulfonic acid halides

+ R ₃ N-alkyl-SO ₂ XX = F; Cl; Br; J

Other preferred ammonium ions are pyridine and laurylammonium ions.

After the functionalization, the layered silicates generally have a layer spacing of

10 to 50 angstroms, preferably from 13 to 40 angstroms.

The hydrophobized and functionalized layered silicate is freed of water by drying.

In general, the layered silicate treated in this way contains one more

Residual water content of 0-5% by weight of water. Then the functionalized

Layered silicate as a suspension in a water-free suspending agent with the mentioned polymers are mixed and processed into a film. In the event that the extrusion is chosen to display the non-hidden film, the functionalized layered or framework silicate can be added to the melt. Preference is given to adding unmodified layered or framework silicates to the melt and functionalizing the silicates after stretching. This is particularly preferred if the extrusion temperature is above the destruction temperature of the functionalizing substances.

A specially preferred functionalization of the framework and / or layered silicates is carried out with modified dyes or their precursors, especially with triphenylmethane dyes. They have the general formula:

that differ from the following

The radicals R can independently of one another be hydrogen, a group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably a branched or unbranched alkyl, cycloalkyl or an optionally alkylated aryl group which optionally contain one or more fluorine atoms. The radicals R can also independently of one another correspond to the radicals Rl, R2, R3 or R4 with the functional groups from the above-mentioned general formulas (I) and (II) for functionalizing hydrophobizing agents. For the functionalization of the layered silicate, the dye or its reduced precursor is placed in an aprotic solvent (eg tetrahydrofuran, DMAc, NMP) together with the

Silicate implemented. After about 24 hours, the dye or precursor is in the cavities of the

Layered silicates intercalated. The intercalation must be of the type that is ion-conducting

Group is on the surface of the silicate particle.

The following figure shows the process schematically

The layered silicate thus functionalized is added as an additive to the polymer solution as described in application DE 10024575.7. The functionalization of the layered or framework silicates can also be carried out again via a cation exchange in the stretched film. It has proven to be particularly advantageous to use the precursor of the dyes. Only in a subsequent oxidation by an acidic aftertreatment are the actual dyes formed by the elimination of water. In the case of triphenylmethane dyes, it was surprisingly found that a

Protonenleitung, in den daraus hergestellten Membranen unterstutzt wird. Ob es sich sogar um eine wasserfreie Protonenleitung handelt kann nicht mit ausreichender Sicherheit gesagt werden. Sind die Farbstoffe nicht an das Silikat gebunden, liegen sie also in freier Form in einer verstreckten Membran vor, so werden sie bereits nach kurzer Zeit mit dem Reaktionswasser in der Brennstoffzelle ausgetragen.

Proton conduction is supported in the membranes made from it. It cannot be said with sufficient certainty whether it is even a water-free proton line. If the dyes are not bound to the silicate, ie if they are in free form in a stretched membrane, they are removed with the water of reaction in the fuel cell after a short time.

According to the invention, the polymer mixtures containing sulfate groups from the parent application mentioned above, particularly preferably the thermoplastic functionalized polymers (ionomers), are added to the suspension of the hydrophobized sheet silicates. This can be done in already dissolved form or the polymers themselves are brought into solution in the suspension. The proportion of layered silicates is generally between 1 and 70% by weight. Especially between 2 and 40% by weight and especially between 5 and 15% by weight.

Another improvement over the parent application is the additional mixing of zirconyl chloride (ZrOCl ₂ ) in the membrane polymer solution and in the cavities of the layer and / or framework silicates. If the aftertreatment of the membrane is carried out in phosphoric acid, then sparingly soluble zirconium phosphate precipitates in the immediate vicinity of the silicate grain. Zirconium phosphate shows its own proton conductivity during operation of the fuel cell. Proton conductivity functions as intermediate steps via the formation of the hydrogen phosphates and is state of the art. The targeted introduction in the immediate vicinity of a water reservoir (silicates) is new.

According to the invention, the stretched, microporous film containing a particulate component (B) is subjected to one or more post-treatments (C). In a special embodiment of the invention, the microporous film contains layered and / or framework silicates. These are now functionalized in one or more steps.

If the functionalized filler, especially zeolites and representatives of the Beidelith series and bentonites, is the only ion-conducting component, its weight fraction is generally between 5 and 80%, particularly between 20 and 70% and especially in the range of 30 to 60% by weight.

The polymeric components of component (A) of the composite membranes according to the invention are defined as follows:

(1) Main chains (backbones) of the polymers according to the invention:

All polymers are actually possible as main polymer chains. However, the following are preferred as main chains:

Polyols such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polynorbomene,

Polymethylpentene, poly (l, 4-isoprene), poly (3,4-isoprene), poly (l, 4-butadiene), poly (l, 2-butadiene) styrene (co) polymers such as polystyrene, poly (methylstyrene), Poly (α, ß, ß-trifluorostyrene), poly (pentafluorostyrene) perfluorinated ionomers such as Nation® or the SC ^ Hal precursor of Nafton® (Hal = F, Cl, Br, I), Dow® membrane, GoreSelect®- Membrane.

N-based polymers such as polyvinylcarbazole, polyethyleneimine, poly (2-vinylpyridine), poly (3-vinylpyridine), poly (4-vinylpyridine)

(Het) aryl backbone polymers containing the assemblies shown in Fig. 1. (Het) aryl main chain polymers such as:

Polyether ketones such as polyether ketone PEK Victrex®, polyether ether ketone PEEK Victrex®,

Polyether ether ketone ketone PEEKK, polyether ketone ether ketone ketone PEKEKK Ultrapek®

Polyether sulfones such as polysulfone Udel®, polyphenyl sulfone Radel R®,

Polyether ether sulfone Radel A®, polyether sulfone PES Victrex®

Poly (benz) imidazoles such as PBI Celazol® and others containing the (benz) imidazole building block

Oligomers and polymers, where the (benz) imidazole group in the main chain or in the

Polymer side chain can be present

Polyphenylene ethers such as B. Poly (2,6-dimethyloxyphenylene), poly (2,6-diphenyloxyphenylene)

Polyphenylene sulfide and copolymers

Poly (l, 4-phenylene) or poly (l, 3-phenylene), which in the side group may contain benzoyl,

Naphtoyl or o-phenyloxy-l, 4-benzoyl groups, m-phenyloxy-l, 4-benzoyl groups or p-

Phenyloxy-1,4-benzoyl groups can be modified.

Poly (benzoxazoles) and copolymers

Poly (benzothiazoles) and copolymers Poly (phthalazinone) and copolymers polyaniline and copolymers polythiazole polypyrrole

(2) Type A polymers (polymers with cation exchange groups or their non-ionic precursors): Polymer type A includes all polymers that are derived from the above. Main polymer chains (!) And the following cation exchange groups or their nonionic precursors:

S0 ₃ H, S0 ₃ Me; P0 ₃ H ₂ , P0 ₃ Me ₂ ; COOH, COOMe

S0 ₂ X, POX ₂ , COX with X = Hal, OR _2> N (R ₂ ) ₂₎ anhydride residue, N-imidazole residue

N-pyrazole residue \ /)

S ^ H, S0 ₃ Me; P0 ₃ H ₂ , P0 ₃ Me ₂ or S0 ₂ X, POX _{2 are} preferred as functional groups. The strongly acidic sulfonic acid groups or their nonionic precursors are particularly preferred as functional groups. Aryl main chain polymers are preferred as polymer main chains. Poly (ether ketones) and poly ether sulfones are particularly preferred)

(3) Type B polymers (polymers with N-basic groups and / or anion exchange groups):

Polymer type A includes all polymers that are derived from the above. Main polymer chains (1) exist and the following

Anion exchange groups or their nonionic precursors (with primary, secondary, tertiary basic

N) can wear:

NCR ^^ ^" , P (R ₂ ) ₃ ⁺ Y ^" , where the R ₂ radicals may be the same or different from one another;

N (R ₂ ) ₂ (primary, secondary or tertiary amines);

Polymers with the N-basic (het) aryl and heterocycle groups listed in Fig. 2.

The main polymer chains are (het) aryl main chain polymers such as poly (ether ketones), poly (ether sulfones) and

Poly (benzimidazoles) preferred. Primary, secondary and tertiary are preferred as basic groups

Amino groups, pyridyl groups and imidazole groups.

(4) Type C polymers (polymers with crosslinking groups such as sulfinate groups and / or unsaturated groups):

Polymer type C includes all polymers that are derived from the above. Main polymer chains (1) and crosslinking groups exist. Networking groups are for example:

oder R44a) alkene groups:

or R4

4b) polymer-Si (Ri ₆ Rπ) -H with R _{) 6)} Rιτ = R ₂ or R,

4c) Polymer-COX, polymer-S0 ₂ X, polymer-POX ₂

4d) Sulfinate groups polymer-S0 ₂ Me

4e) Polymer-N (R ₂ ) ₂ with R ₂ ≠ H. One or more of the crosslinking groups mentioned can lie on the main polymer chain. The crosslinking can be carried out by the following reactions known from the literature:

(I) group 4a) by addition of peroxides;

(II) group 4a) with group 4b) under Pt catalysis via hydrosilylation;

(III) Group 4d) with dihaloalkane or dihaloaryl crosslinkers (e.g. Hal (CH ₂ ), Hal, x = 3-20) with S-alkylation of the sulfinate group;

(IV) Group 4e) with dihaloalkane or dihaloaryl crosslinkers (for example HaHCH ^ -Hal, x = 3-20) with alkylation of the tertiary basic N group

(V) Group 4d) and Group 4e) with dihaloalkane or dihaloaryl crosslinkers (e.g. Hal- (CH ₂ ) _X -Hal, x = 3-20) with S-alkylation of the sulfinate group and alkylation of the tertiary basic N -Group

(VI) Group 4c) by reaction with diamines.

The crosslinking reactions (III) and (IV) and (V) are preferred, in particular the crosslinking reaction (III).

(5) Type D polymers (polymers with cation exchange groups and anion exchange groups and / or basic N groups and / or crosslinking groups): The polymer type (5) includes polymers which can contain the main chains from (1) and can carry different types of groups : the cation exchange groups listed in (2) or their nonionic precursors and the anion exchange groups listed in (3) or primary, secondary or tertiary N-basic groups and / or the crosslinking groups listed in (4). The following combinations are possible: Polymer Dl: polymer with cation exchanger groups or their nonionic precursors and with

Anion exchanger groups and / or N-basic groups Polymer D2: Polymers with cation exchanger groups or their nonionic precursors and with

Crosslinking groups polymer D3: polymers with anion exchange groups and / or N-basic groups and with

Crosslinking groups polymer D4: polymer with cation exchanger groups or their nonionic precursors and with

Anion exchanger groups and / or N-basic groups and with crosslinking groups

The following describes how stretched films that have an inorganic particulate

Component (B) are treated in such a way that membranes for them

Fuel cell applications, alkene-alkane separation, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, dialysis,

Pervaporation, electrolysis and other membrane applications are available.

A meltable stretchable polymer e.g. Polypropylene is compounded with an inorganic particulate component (B), preferably a component containing layer and / or framework structures, in particular a layer and / or framework silicate with an average particle size of 5-10μ. Composing should be understood to mean that the polymer becomes intimate in the melt with the inorganic component, here the

Silicate, mixed. A common method is to mix the components in the

Twin-screw extruder. The result is a composite, here silicate in polypropylene.

Bentonite montmorillonite is used as a silicate component as an example. However, this does not mean any special restriction to bentonites.

The film is now stretched as described above using known methods.

The stretched film now represents a microporous membrane. The pore size is dependent on the grain size, elongation properties of the polymer and on the tensile forces that occur during the

Stretching was applied. As a dense membrane, it is completely unusable. Gases e.g. penetrate almost unhindered.

An organically modified clay or zeolite is used in the membranes according to the invention. Bentonites are clays and montmorillonite is a special bentonite. Montmorillonite is preferred. However, all other substrates into which low-molecular compounds can intercalate can also be used. Montmorillonite is able to bind molecules by intercalation. Montmorillonite is modified so that a strongly basic component protrudes from the particle or is on the particle surface.

This organic modification is state of the art. The organic component preferably contains nitrogen. Heterocycles are particularly preferred, and imidazoles and

Guanidine derivatives. This is not meant to be a limitation to these two classes of substances. Any other class of substance that contains a strong terminal base is also possible.

This organically modified montmorillonite is compounded with the polymer, extruded into a film and then stretched. In the case of polypropylene, up to 70%

(Gew.) Are incorporated. 50-60% by weight are particularly preferred. The result is a microporous stretched film with clay particles that have imidazole groups on their surface. This film is then treated with phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid penetrates into the

Film and forms a connection with the imidazole groups. In addition, existing voids fill, both in the inorganic particle and outside with the

Phosphoric acid. The film has now become a dense proton-conducting membrane and can already be used as such in a fuel cell in this state.

In order to further seal the membrane against the "bleeding" of the phosphoric acid, the membrane is immersed in zirconium oxide chloride solution according to the invention. insoluble

Zirconium phosphate precipitates at the phase boundary with the membrane and in the membrane itself. The

This process further seals the membrane. Zirconium phosphates support the

Proton conduction. This membrane is suitable for use in the fuel cell.

When using thermoplastics as a polymer component, e.g. Polysulfone or Vectra

950® (from Ticona) the membrane formed from it can be used for the PEM fuel cell.

Also for temperatures above 80 ° C.

The advantage of the method according to the invention is that the film is extruded and is not pulled out of a solvent. The above-mentioned process with polymer stretched to form a film, organically modified clay, imidazole, phosphoric acid and subsequent partial precipitation to zirconium phosphate is only one exemplary specific example of the basic invention.

A second path is created in the film by stretching. The first path is the polymeric component (A) from which the film itself is made up. The second path is the honing spaces or the pores which have arisen from the stretching process. A path should be understood as a continuous path from one side to the other. A real percolation must be possible so that the path is continuous. That is, water vapor e.g. must be able to penetrate from one side to the other. If the cavity is filled, the properties of the new path depend on the "filling material". If the filling material is ion-conducting, the entire path is ion-conducting. It is important that the path is continuous. The film before stretching can be produced by extrusion. However, it is also possible to produce the film from a solvent.

The production of the film with the modified or unmodified filler from a solvent is state of the art.

Extrusion requires the polymer to melt. Most functionalized polymers cannot be extruded without significant disadvantages. If the polymer contains sulfonic acid groups or chemical precursors such as sulfochlorides, the polymer degenerates before it melts. In such cases, production using a solvent-containing process is preferred.

The properties of the two paths can be modified over almost any area. It is a problem in fuel cell technology that proton conductivity below 80 ° C works particularly well with water-containing membranes (e.g. Nation®). Above this temperature, water is increasingly discharged and as a result, the proton conductivity and thus the output decrease. According to the prior art, attempts have been made to solve this problem by producing composite materials from a polymer and an inorganic filler, which is also proton-conducting or supports proton-conduction. The problem here is that the individual paths, that is to say inorganic filler or organic ionomer, are not independent of one another from one side of the membrane to the other side of the membrane. According to the invention, a membrane is now produced based on this prior art. This contains a water-dependent polymeric proton conductor, for example a polymeric sulfonic acid and an inorganic component that may have been organically modified beforehand. This film is now stretched and the resulting second path is filled with a proton-conducting substance at a higher temperature (T> 80 ° C). This filling can be made possible, for example, by the aftertreatment of the microporous membrane alternately in phosphoric acid and zirconium oxide chloride (ZrOCl ₂ ). This process can be repeated until no more zirconium phosphate fails in the membrane. Precipitation of zirconium phosphate is only one possibility. For example, a sulfonated polyether ketone or polysulfone is used as the polymer.

The result is a membrane that has two continuous proton-conducting paths. For the temperature range below 80 ° C, the proton line mainly works via the polymeric sulfonic acid swollen in water and over the temperature range above it via the inorganic proton conductor. A smooth transition takes place.

In a further modification, the concept of the two paths is reduced to an unfinished microporous membrane, which is adapted to the desired application in a second modification step. There are two membranes that are put together to form one membrane without disturbing their membrane function. Another vivid picture is a textile material that was woven from two yarns of different colors. Where you can choose the yarns in a very wide range. However, one yarn was subsequently inserted into the finished homogeneous fabric.

The process is again described schematically as an example for the particularly preferred case that component (A) is a meltable polymer without degradation and that particulate component (B) is a layered or framework silicate with an average size of 0.1 to 15 μm.

A microporous film is obtained by extrusion of a composite containing components (A) and (B) with subsequent stretching. This microporous film is post-treated in a solution that contains molecules that have at least two functional groups in the same molecule. One of the functional groups in the molecule has a positive charge, preferably a positive nitrogen atom. The positive nitrogen intercalates into the layer or framework structures of the silicate. A cation exchange takes place. By protonating a primary, secondary or tertiary nitrogen e.g. The acidic silicate also creates a nitrogen cation that intercalates into the silicate. As already mentioned above, the cation exchange on the silicate can take place completely or partially. The resulting membrane is already sufficiently sealed for certain membrane applications, such as alkene-alkane separation. The remaining functional group, which is not intercalated in the layered or framework silicate, can be a preliminary stage of an ion-conducting group. For example sulfonic acid chlorides, carboxylic acid chloride or phosphonic acid chlorides. Further examples of precursors of cation or anion exchanger groups are mentioned further above. In a further post-treatment, these precursors are converted into a group that supports selective permeation. This is e.g. in the case of sulfonic acid halides, hydrolysis takes place in an acidic, neutral or alkaline medium. In order to further seal the film, the stretched film is alternately coated with a polyvalent metal salt e.g. Ti4 +, Zr4 +, Ti3 +, Zr3 +, Ti02 +, ZrO2 + and an acid, which can be low or high molecular weight. Particularly preferred acids are phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid diluted with water. The phosphoric acid has a concentration of 1-85% by weight. A concentration of 20 to 80% by weight is preferred. The sulfuric acid has a concentration of 1 to 80% by weight. A concentration of 20 to 50% by weight is preferred. The process of depositing a sparingly soluble proton conductor in the membrane can be repeated several times.

Any substance can be used as an inorganic component which, when stretched, results in free spaces being formed around this substance (see Fig. 1: Process of cavity formation by stretching). It is also not absolutely necessary that the component must be inorganic. As already mentioned, the only condition is that a free space has formed around the particle after stretching. The stretching can be mono or biaxial. Biaxial stretching is preferred. However, monoaxial stretching is also sufficient for use in hollow fibers.

In addition, stretching over the third spatial direction is also possible, i.e. triaxial. For this purpose, for example, the composite extruded into the film is held in the plane by means of vacuum nozzles and a plate is placed from above, which can also draw a vacuum through small pores. The film is now fixed between two plates. If you now pull the two plates apart, with a vacuum, and choose the distance so that the film does not tear but only stretches, you get a film that has been stretched over the thickness. The invention is also used in electrodialysis.

The microporous stretched membrane consists of a cation exchanger and the second path consists of an anion exchanger, optionally with proton leaching, for example described in DE 19836514 AI (Fig. 3; drawings on page 2). If this membrane is held in an electric field, the water dissociates into protons and hydroxyl ions. According to the electric field, the protons migrate via the cation exchanger path to the cathode and the hydroxyl ions (OH ^" ) via the anion exchanger path to the anode. In this way, membranes for electrodialysis can be produced very cheaply and easily.

The paths can also be swapped. Then first an anion exchange membrane or a chemical precursor of the anion exchange group is stretched and the second path is now a cation exchange membrane. The modification of the inorganic component must be chosen accordingly.

An advantage of the invention has only been mentioned briefly before. As a rule, ionomers cannot be extruded. So Nation® cannot be extruded without plasticizers. The plasticizer (aid for extrusion) is very difficult to remove from the membrane later. However, this is necessary for the functionality of the membrane.

According to the invention, organically modified particles (e.g. montmorillonite) can be processed into films in meltable and thus extrudable polymers. In the second step, the continuous path is formed by stretching and then filled with the ion conductor. Component (B), which contains particulate inorganic layer or framework structures, turns a chemical substance of the general formula for hydrophobizing functionalizing agents (I) or (II) that is otherwise mobile or volatile under the conditions of use of a membrane over a technically applicable period in the micro-porous film fixed so that it can be used in membrane applications.

This allows an enormous reduction in production costs. Large areas of a "raw" membrane can be produced in large existing systems, which are modified in a second step depending on the application. Using this method, membranes for desalination can be produced very inexpensively. Here the basic polymer is e.g. Polypropylene used. The inorganic component e.g. Montmorillonite is previously organically modified so that a charged group remains on the surface. This can e.g. done with an alpha-omega aminosulfonic acid. After stretching, the result is a charged microporous membrane. This is suitable for reverse osmosis. In addition, crosslinking reactions can still be carried out within the pores via terminally crosslinkable groups of the functionalizing agents. This can be covalent and / or ionic crosslinking.

Another application is the use in alkene-alkane separation.

Nitrogen in heterocycles with a lone pair of electrons forms with silver ions e.g.

Silver nitrate solution is a poorly soluble complex. It has now surprisingly been found that when this complex is located in a membrane, it is capable of reversibly binding alkenes to it.

If you make a film from polybenzimidazole and put it over a period of 24

Hours up to two weeks in dilute to concentrated silver salt solution is preferred

Silver nitrate, a, this membrane surprisingly has a separation performance on alkene

Alkane mixtures. Water or an aprotic solvent can be used as the solvent for the silver salt Solvents are used. Alkenes and olefins permit water-free through such a membrane with a technically applicable flow rate. An improvement in the flow numbers is achieved by inserting organically modified montmorillonite with heterocyclic nitrogen on the surface, which has at least one lone pair of electrons, for example a terminal imidazole group. The membrane is carefully stretched and then placed in silver salt solution. Stretching creates channel structures in the membrane that facilitate transport.

A significant cost reduction is achieved if an unmodified polymer e.g. Polypropylene is stretched with organically modified montmorillonite. The montmorillonite again carries terminal imidazole or pyridine groups on its surface. After stretching, the microporous membrane is placed in a solution containing silver ions. The membrane is then suitable for the alkene-Akan separation. The membrane is suitable for the separation of low molecular weight substances in which one component of the mixture contains a double bond, which form a reversible complex with silver ions. The separation of low molecular weight olefin / alkane mixtures is particularly preferred. The montmorillonite need not necessarily be modified. Polypropylene is composed with montmorillonite and stretched. The porous film is then aftertreated in a solution which contains aromatic nitrogen with at least one lone pair of electrons. The solvent can be any suitable solvent or solvent mixture. Water and aprotic solvents are preferred. It is only important that the corresponding nitrogen-containing molecule penetrates the clay cavities and fills the pores. In the subsequent step, the membrane is post-treated in a solution containing silver or copper ions. Anything that keeps silver or copper ions in solution is suitable as a solvent. Water and aprotic solvents such as DMSO, NMP and THF are particularly preferred. As a result, the nitrogen-silver ion complex or the nitrogen-copper ion complex fails in the membrane. This process can be repeated several times if necessary. The membrane is now suitable for water-free alkene-alkane separation.

Claims

Expectations 1. Film which has been mono or biaxially stretched, comprising 20 to 98% by weight of a polymeric component (A), and 2 to 80% by weight of a layered and / or framework silicate, characterized in that after the stretching by an aftertreatment ( C), the layer and / or framework silicate has been chemically modified and, if appropriate, a sparingly soluble salt has been precipitated in the film. 2. Film according to claim 1 containing layered and / or framework silicates functionalized with imidazole groups or pyridine groups, which have formed a poorly soluble complex with silver and or copper ions. 3. A method for producing a film according to claim 1, characterized in that an unmodified polymer is composed as the polymer component (A) with 2 to 80% by weight of an organically unmodified layered and / or framework silicate, then extruded to a film and stretched , wherein the layered and or framework silicate is organically modified after stretching in a post-treatment (C) by cation exchange, and after the last step, sparingly soluble salts, in particular zirconium phosphate, are precipitated in the remaining cavities of the film. 4. Use of a film according to claim 1 in membrane fuel cells, (electro) membrane processes such as dialysis, diffusion dialysis, gas separation, pervaporation, perstraction, micro, ultra and nanofiltration and in reverse osmosis. 5. Use of a film according to claim 2 for the separation of alkene-alkane mixtures.