WO2004045942A1 - Single-track, two-wheeled vehicles which have been optimised to have the lowest possible centre of gravity - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to single-track, motor or non-motor landborne vehicles (1). The inventive vehicles are characterised in that the centre of gravity of a maximum number of material elements (motor(s), tank(s), etc.) and corporeal elements (user(s)) is disposed as low as is possible with a determined ground clearance, thereby enabling the optional use of at least one third dynamic support point (PAD) (20, 21) when the vehicle is turning. Said dynamic support points (20, 21) can be fixed or comprise a variable geometry.

Description

 VEHICLE WITH TWO SINGLE-TRACE WHEELS, OPTIMIZE TO HAVE A CENTER OF GRAVITY AS LOW AS POSSIBLE

The present invention. relates to two-wheeled vehicles, single-track, preferably motorized.

Traditionally these types of vehicles are generically called "two wheels", and more particularly according to their sizes and their powers, motorcycles, or scooters or mopeds.

Coming straight from the bike, which had its balance bike ancestor, these vehicles give the user a typical riding position, where the saddle placed relatively high, means that the feet are always much lower than the seat cushion; the feet according to the style of driving, sport or tourism, are appreciably plumb with the knee or slightly behind or in front of the point of the knee; but still far from the rear or front wheel axles.

This position astride very high above the engine (or its accessories: battery, air filter ...) generates a high center of gravity.

In this traditional type of configuration, the use of lateral stabilizing rollers would require a large width of the V formed by the line of the main wheels and the support of the stabilizers in a curve. This is why being far too bulky, unsightly and even dangerous, this type of device is currently only used on vehicles intended for road-holding tests by test pilots from motorcycle or tire manufacturers on private, closed tracks. . In any event, this type of device (stabilizing rollers) does not, in any way, affect the design of these vehicles.

A Swiss manufacturer, markets a completely faired motorcycle which uses stabilizing rollers allowing the stopping and starting of the said motorcycle; without having to take out at least one leg to dismount._L.es said casters retracting completely (like that of an airliner) as soon as the speed reaches that of a pedestrian.

In no case, two traditional or fully shrouded wheels, the driver cannot voluntarily and deliberately, come and place his vehicle on at least a third dynamic fulcrum, especially when negotiating a turn at high speed, in optimum conditions. adhesions inducing a considerable angle of inclination of the vehicle. Therefore, no vehicle provides preventive (passive) and active security for the driver and his potential passenger against the risk of losing control of his two wheels, especially when cornering.

The vehicle according to the invention makes it possible to remedy this lack of passive and active safety, it indeed comprises, according to a first characteristic, a global center of gravity (CoG), material (machine more possibly baggage contained or stowed according to spaces or defined recommendations) and body (pilot and possible passenger) optimized to be as low as ground clearance allows. By ground clearance (which induces the V of accommodation) I mean and I mean the necessary free distance under the machine (tires apart) so as not to strike or rub an obstacle in a straight line (climb to a sidewalk for example), but also and above all, the necessary free distance (safety margin included) on the sides of the machine coming face to face with the road when the latter is inclined to negotiate a turn, at an angle defined as maximum (adhesion limit angle) depending on the type of tire selected on a clean and dry type of road (bitumen or asphalt or concrete ...).

To minimize the height of the global center of gravity (CoG) above the ground, and in particular in a given wheelbase depending on the type of vehicle you want to make (competition, sport, tourism, utility ...) , a maximum of elements and especially and in priority the heaviest (user (s), engine (s), battery (s), fuel tank ...) will approach their. - lateral projecting parts as close as possible to two planes (Pd3 and Pg3) defined by the maximum tilt angles (adhesion limit angle) considered (Id and Ig) preferentially identical and increased by a safety margin, variable according to the types of use These two planes (Pd3, Pg3) form a V whose tip is coincident (or almost) with the ground and with the vertical longitudinal median plane (PI) of said vehicle. This V is tangent at (Za and Zb) to the right and left faces of the front and rear tires (Figure 10A)

Knowing that the balance of a two-wheel inclined in a curve is governed (fιg.4) by the equality of the moments: Px = Fcy, or: P: is the overall weight of the machine plus users), applied to (CdG). x: is the horizontal distance from the CoG to the point of contact of the wheels (Za) or (Zb) Fc. is the centrifugal force. y: is the vertical distance from the CoG to the point of contact of the tires (Za) or (Zb).

It appears that the speed of passage in curve is proportional to the tangent of the inclination (Tg Id or Tg Ig). It is therefore the quality of the tires chosen and recommended which determines the ground clearance V and consequently the position of the various elements such as engine (s), seat (s) ... which, including the safety margin, will come tangent with the V for accommodation.

For the example Id and Ig in tourism and utility will have a value of approximately 45 °, in sport of approximately 50 ° and in competition of approximately 55 °.

In these conditions of optimization of lowering of the global center of gravity, at least third lateral support points (at least one on the right and at least one on the left) will operate in a voluntary, deliberately chosen and desired manner, or on the contrary involuntary and therefore back-up, constant (fixed by construction, or fixed after chosen adjustment) or episodic or occasional, in contact with the road (according to a defined pressure) or at constant or non-constant distance from said road (preferably controlled and controlled by sensor (s) and control means (s)) to allow voluntary control of the angle by this third dynamic fulcrum, and / or to prevent and secure losses of grip and therefore loss of vehicle control, especially when negotiating any turn, whatever the grip conditions. --- * _. The analysis of the results of competitions (Grands Prix) motorcycles and sidecar (as long as they raced the same day, on the same circuit and under identical conditions (dry ground)), demonstrates the superiority of sidecars at the level the speed of the curve, this being mainly due to better stability, better balance in the grip limit situation.

It is largely this observation which has led the present invention to produce vehicles which are mainly “two wheels” in a straight line and sidecars when cornering, in particular when the said vehicles approach or reach the limit angle d grip, whatever the turn and the grip conditions.

The vehicle according to the invention may use traditional engines, or those particularly studied according to the invention. The vehicle according to the invention will benefit from a one-piece bodywork and / or from roll bar (s) for fixed or mobile protection (s) particularly studied according to the invention.

According to particular embodiments, the third dynamic support points (“PAD”) will be:

- in competition and to meet the regulations of motorcycle racing

- Sliding pads, or free rotating spheres, suspended or not so as not to constitute a third lateral retention point in a curve. The purpose of these third support points is to replace the driver's knees as a third support point (Nb: drivers today have knee pads fitted with "SLIDER") but also possibly to hold the vehicle on the angle , during sudden grip recoveries which “catapult” the pilot out of the turn in a spectacular fashion, but even more often dangerous and traumatic.

- in sport, tourism or utility: small diameter wheels (castors), suspended or not, driving or not,

(self) directing or not, brakable or not.

The attached drawings illustrate the invention: Nb: The third support point is named in the text "PAD" for: Dynamic Support Point In general, identical or identical elements will bear the same references. The symbolized pilot is of medium size (about 1.75 m).

Figures 1 to 21 show according to the invention an embodiment where the driver is seated in a vehicle (machine) according to the invention in a position similar to that of a kart driver.

Figures 22 to 35 show according to the invention an embodiment where the driver is on his knees in a vehicle (machine) according to the invention in a position similar to that of a competition sidecar driver (basset hound). A vehicle (1) according to the invention, travels on a road (A) controlled by a pilot (B) of medium size (about 1.75 m). This vehicle (1) is a two-wheel single-track, its front wheel (2) steering (and possibly driving) is mainly equipped with a system of braking. Scooter type wheels from 10 to 14 inches are perfectly suitable for example. This front wheel (2) is carried by a front fork (4) ensuring or not a suspension. This fork (4) will be traditional or single-arm. Directly or not integral with the fork (4) a handlebar (7) is most often carrying comfort handles and control members such as accelerator handle, front brake lever and rear brake lever or clutch . Said handlebar (7) is most often integral with a bracket (6) which preferably will be adjustable in length, or movable relative to the upper triple tree (5) of fork (4), in a direction of movement (G) ( Fig. 2) which allows the handlebars to be moved forward or backward (7), but also, preferentially, this longitudinal displacement (G) will be accompanied by a displacement in height, this to allow small riders to reverse and lower the handlebars (7), and large riders to advance and raise the handlebars (7) preferably in a single maneuver.

Preferably rapid clamping means (13) will guarantee speed and safety in this maneuver.

Advantageously, the fork (4) will optionally have a means for adjusting the caster and / or the caster angle and / or the wheelbase; in particular for competition or rental vehicles (1).

A frame (8) (or chassis) which can act as a fuel tank, for example by means of a filler cap (9), will preferably be perimeter in the horizontal longitudinal plane in order to constitute a bumper if optimum protection is sought. of the pilot (B).

Said frame (8) will preferably be simple, light and rigid in the case of a sport / competition vocation. It can be reduced to its simplest expression, if the engine (10) has been specially designed to be directly carrying the rear axle and / or the front axle. And / or the "PAD" (20) and (21).

The engine (s) (10) (thermal and / or electric, in the case of a hybrid engine for example) preferably incorporates automatic clutch and gearbox (or torque converter) or mechanical with several reports. At the outlet of the gearbox, at least one final transmission (11) (chain or belt or shaft cooperates with a transmitting pinion and a receiving crown) links the motor (s) to at least one of the wheels (2) and / or (3). For reasons of ground clearance among others, the final transmission can be done via at least one intermediate shaft. The most salient elements in width will define the height of the engine opposite the desired ground clearance.

Depending on the circumstances, the geometry, the type of motor (lθ) or for any other need, the chain or belt line (the stretched strand in particular) or the shaft line may therefore be direct in a single segment or indirect in several segments, in the same plane or not (intermediate shaft or not) parallel (s) or not between them and / or to the plane (PI) in particular to be able to pass on the side of the pilot (B), or under the pilot ( B).

The receiving crown of the final transmission (11) is directly or indirectly secured to a carrier shaft of the rear wheel (3). This rear wheel (3) is rotatably mounted on bearings arranged on either side of the vertical longitudinal median plane (in a straight line) (PI) of the vehicle (1); or on bearings placed on the same side, thus authorizing an automotive type cantilever mounting. This rear wheel (3) will most often be fitted with a braking system, it may or may not be suspended.

According to the invention, in the case of a heat engine (10), the exhaust system (12) which is a fairly light element with a relatively low density will advantageously be placed relatively high, thus freeing up space in lower part to house elements with higher density (or heavier). Particular attention will therefore be paid to the protection of said exhaust (12), with regard to users (burns, etc.).

The pilot (B) whether seated or on his knees, will have his feet held, either by footrests / toe clips (16) supporting when he sits perfectly his heels, which will preferably be slightly in front of the front wheel axle, either when it is on its knees through the particularly ergonomic rear ends of the gutters (16) which straddle the rear wheel (3) longitudinally and in which the lower legs rest (knees, shins, ankles). The tiptoe may be behind, or above, or in front of the rear wheel axle (3), mainly depending on whether the wheel rear either suspended or not and / or more or less significant wheelbase value.

In either case, the support of the foot (heel) or instep will preferably be adjustable at least lengthwise. If necessary, the footrests (16) or the ends of the gutters (16) will be articulated to allow the operation of a gear selector and / or a rear and / or front brake pedal.

When the vehicle (1) is in the driver (1) seated configuration, a front bumper (15) will complete the protection provided by the perimeter frame (8).

When the vehicle (1) is intended to accommodate a driver (B) in a seated position, a seat (17 A) preferably of bucket type substantially identical to those used in karting will be mounted fixed or possibly mobile and adjustable, at least in the direction of the length.

In general and to standardize the construction, it is the normal extra large "XL" model which will be used as a reference to define the seat height of the seat (17A) coming close to or almost with the ground clearance V (logeability) defined. Centered as close as possible to the plane (PI), said seat (17 A) will preferably have the motor (10) positioned in front of it, substantially between the thighs and the driver's knees (B).

When the vehicle (1) is intended to. accommodating, a pilot (B) in kneeling position, a saddle (17B) preferably equipped with a backrest, will most often overlap the upper front part of the rear tire (3). Axis as close as possible to the plane (PI), said saddle (17B) will preferably have the motor (10) positioned in front of it, substantially under the thorax and the forearms of the pilot (B). In this position, as before, it is a pilot (B) (and / or his passenger) of size "XL" who will determine the points of tangency (or almost) of the knees and / or feet with the V on guard at ground (housing).

The use of a small motor (10) which can be accommodated behind or under the seat (17A) or (17B) or more particularly in the rim of the rear wheel (3) (or possibly in the rim of the front wheel (2) ), is also an object of the said invention, since the aim sought is identical; reminder: Optimize the height of the center of global gravity (CoG) so that it is as low as possible, in order to allow the possible use of the third support point "PAD" in the best possible conditions of size, efficiency, aesthetics and therefore design but also and above all security. For vehicles (1) intended particularly for the general public, protections such as a fixed roll bar (s) or removable (s) and possibly mobile roll bar (s) (19) fitted with 'absorbent elements (foam) will finish "caging" the pilot (B) opposite the perimeter frame (8). In association or not with these safety devices which keep the pilot as well as possible (B) out of the risk of impact in the event of a collision or loss of control and which are; a perimeter frame (8), a fixed hoop (18), a movable hoop (preferably liftable to allow the seat or saddle), a seat belt per user, front bumpers (15) (side and rear possible); the vehicle (1) may be equipped with an open or closed body (32), total or partial, monobloc or assembled, possibly with movable parts, in particular to follow the possible movements of the "PAD". This bodywork (32) particularly suitable for use in competition or sport or leisure or tourism or utility, will fair all (except the area of contact of the front (2) and rear (3) tires with the ground (A)) or part of the "PAD" (20) and (21); the projecting parts, protruding in width from „.. this. - bodywork (32) will receive according to the invention, advantageously indicators and / or mirrors and / or lighting and / or signaling means and / or small (s) storage box (s) ...

(The support means, also called dynamic support point "PAD" and which are at least one on the right (20) and one on the left (21) could also be called "anti-fall system on the angle" ( or cornering), or even anti-lost control on angle system, which would give in English "System anti-lost control on angle" which could be abbreviated as "System ALCA").

This parenthesis does not have the essential aim of name protection, but rather to emphasize the advantages of the vehicles according to the invention: making two wheels safer and less dangerous especially when they are motorized. The invention which aims to optimize the lowering of the center of gravity in particular by new driving positions for a two-wheeler and by a systematic search for the different elements making up a two-wheeler, to bring the overall center of gravity into the lowest in the ground clearance V (accommodation), will make it possible to enhance the image of two-wheeled vehicles more and to encourage a larger segment of the population to become users who are confident, secure and protected. This protection is as well against the risks of falls as against the bad weather, since the reduction of the overall height, to its achievable minimum favors a roof bodywork.

According to the invention the "PAD" can be of different natures or forms and function in different ways, depending on the desired result and the degree of sophistication and therefore of cost accepted. a) The “PADs” (20), (21) are quite simply sliders made of slippery material (Teflon or silicone for example) mounted fixed or in rotation directly on elements of the frame (8) for example. b) The “PAD” (20), (21) are free spheres in rotation, for example by a mounting supported on three tangential bearings (30) (fig. 14 to 18). A device (31) for the flange (fig. 15) or fingers (fig. 14-16-17-18) keeps the sphere flat on its three tangential bearings (30). c) The “PAD” (20), (21) are small wheels (casters. inflatable or not), they can be: Free to rotate on their axes

And / or drive synchronized with at least one of the main wheels (2) or (3)

And / or brakable simultaneously or not, independently or not of the main wheels (2) and / or (3) And / or free in direction (idle wheels)

And / or limited in direction by possibly adjustable stops.

And / or controlled in direction proportionally or not opposite the front steering wheel (2). Whatever their natures, shapes, functions,

"PAD" have holding means (fixings), which are preferably: a) either directly on the frame b) either on arms (22) on the right and (23) on the left or plates (29) fig.20-21, more or less articulated and / or formed (profiles) in order to meet the requirements for bypassing elements; for example engine (10), exhaust (12), transmission (11) ..., and the trajectory requirements limiting or accompanying the angle (Id) or (Ig) taken in turns and therefore sought in the movement so-called “PAD”; for example trajectory in an arc of a circle (pendulum), or longitudinal or transverse or rectilinear (ramp) or in a spline (set (s) of rods ...). Whether the method of fixing the "PAD" is direct on the frame or by means of arms, the "PAD" may possibly be mobile and adjustable longitudinally (R) fig.2 in order to modify the shape of the support polygons (Za / 20 / Zb) fig.10 B and (Za / 21 / Zb) and therefore to be able to play on the dynamic support qualities of the so-called "PAD" (20) and (21).

Whatever the type of arm (22) and (23) or of plate (29), the mobility of the “PAD” is controlled humanly by a more or less rapid blocking system on the desired setting, and / or controlled automatically by at at least one detection means (angle and / or centrifugal force sensor (s)) which orders according to an established program (data processing) to at least one control means (electric and / or mechanical and / or pneumatic motor and / or hydraulic) the lifting or lowering movement of the “PAD”.

According to the control means (s), at least one means. - transmission (25) of the control means (s) may be necessary (sprockets, chain (s) or toothed belt (s) for example).

Whatever the type of arm (22) and (23) or of plate (29) the "PAD" can be suspended either directly by the bending of the arms (22), (23), or by a damping system in a hinge pin, either by interposition between the “PAD” (20) or (21) and its arm (22) or (23) with a suspension link (24) on the right and (25) on the left provided with 'a damping element (26) of the' ROSTA 'type for example.

The advantage of a “ROSTA” type shock absorber (elastic element), especially when the “PAD” is a caster (20) (21) is that it can perform three functions, since it is active in the three cardinal planes . - Vertical longitudinal plane: absorption and damping by its radial movement, of the shocks encountered by the "PAD" in its longitudinal trajectory.

- Horizontal transverse plane: by this movement the "ROSTA" allows the self-direction of the "PAD" according to the radius of the turn, the "PAD" can thus naturally and without opposition of strong resistance of the "ROSTA" automatically find its trajectory and in particular orient yourself alone towards the outside of the turn (therefore opposite to the direction of the front wheel (2)).

- Front plane: by this movement of the "ROSTA" the "PAD" is in optimum contact surface with the ground (A).

Nb preferably according to the invention the arms (22), (23) or the plates (29) or the suspension system (26), and therefore the "PAD" will have:

- compression displacement stops (and possibly expansion)

- steering stops, because in fact the trajectory of a “PAD” in a curve shows that for minimum acceptable, realistic turning radii of around 5 meters and for a vehicle (1) with a wheelbase about 1.20 meters, the angle necessary for the "PAD" to register perfectly. in the sketch of trajectories. is approximately 3 ° opposite the steering angle of the front wheel (2). Steering stops of the “PAD” casters at about 3 ° from the axis in no way prevent self-steering, but guarantee lateral retention limiting the skidding of the vehicle (1), which is one of the sought-after goals.

According to a first preferred embodiment (fig. 1 to 13), the vehicle (1) after having defined or chosen:

- a wheelbase of approximately 1.20 meters corresponding to the desired use, namely a recreational vehicle intended to be rented to the public on go-kart tracks (indoor or outdoor)

- a geometry of the front axle: caster, caster angle.

- a type of wheel: - front wheel (2) of scooter; 10 inch rim

- rear wheel (3) of scooter type; rim with a diameter of 13 inches. - a type of tire, the coefficient of grip of which makes it possible to take a tilt angle (Id), (Tg) of 50 ° in complete safety. (suspension (26) in abutment) - An additional 5 ° safety margin The ground clearance retained is therefore 55 °, it emerges (fig.10 A) that the V of ground clearance and therefore of accommodation (Pd3 / Pg3) material and bodily is 35 ° on either side of the plane (PI) or 70 ° in all (since preferentially the planes (Pd3) and (Pg3) are symmetrical with respect to the plane (PI)). The widest seat selected (XL) not shown, (the one shown is a medium (M) for pilot (B) of average size and weight (1.75 meters / 70 kg)) is positioned tangential (or almost ) to V (Pd3 / Pg3).

The motor (10) will come tangent (or almost) with (Pd3) and (Pg3) even if it is to be slightly off center.

A perimeter frame (8) optimizes pilot protection (B), low center of gravity, ground clearance, maintains mechanical elements ...

A central beam of the frame (8) connects the steering column to the rear wheel shaft bearing (s) (3). Preferably it acts as a fuel tank thanks to a filling cap.

(9).

The transmission (1 1) for reasons of fairly wide engine output uses an intermediate shaft which allows to register the transmission line (11) in the V (Pd3 / Pg3) despite a significant gear ratio.

A handlebar adjustable in position (Gl) fig. 2 for example and / or toe clips (16) with notches of multiple heels (not shown) ensure good ergonomics for the pilot (B). Safety and protection devices: fixed roll bar (18), mobile roll bar (19) preferentially locked by an immobilizer system if it is not locked, and a front bumper (15) completes the protection of the pilot (B) . The relatively light element exhaust pipe (12) is positioned behind the bucket seat (17 A), above the rear wheel (3).

In this embodiment the "PAD" (20) and (21) are casters with solid tires with a diameter of 125 mm for a width of 45 mm made of adhesive plastics or rubbers.

These “PAD” are mounted suspended at the end of suspension links (24), (25).

The other end of the links (24), (25) is provided with a “ROSTA” type damping element anchored for its fixed part to an arm (22) on the right and (23) on the left.

The arms (22) and (23) are arms oscillating around axes (33) fig. 8 rotating on plates (34) fixed directly or not to the beam of the frame (8). The arm (22) but also (23) consists in its lower central part of a square tube driven in rotation by the axis (33) which is also square.

The square end of the arm (22) and (23) can slide (R) fig.2 to be fixed adjusted on the axis (33). The axes (33) are integral:

- An adjustment system, immobilizing the arms (22) and (23) on a chosen angle of inclination value.

- Or are integral with a control means (27) controlled by a detection means (sensor (s)) of angles and / or-of. centrifugal force 'preferably integrated in the control means (27) and / or ground pressure (A).

- Or the axes (33) are one, in this case the arms (22) and (23) preferably constitute a single element, a sort of pendulum, which turns under the centrifugal force and / or the thrust of the inner wheel in contact with the ground (A) could cause the outer wheel to cause the inner wheel to rise and / or vice versa. The axle (33) being equipped with a mechanical and / or electronic system aimed at detecting an abnormally rapid movement (due to a skid in particular) of the ascent of the inner wheel, this detection. would block the axis (33) temporarily in its position in order to limit the angle taken and therefore limit by effect induces the loss of control of the vehicle (1).

This system together (27) which is at least one means of detecting angle (sensor (s)) and / or centrifugal force (sensor (s)) and / or soil pressure (A) on the "PAD" (sensor (s)), will pilot through a computer program at least one control means which will act on at least one of the "PAD".

According to the invention, other situations controlled by said system (27) are possible and does not constitute an exhaustive list below.

Fig. 9: ignition off (engine stopped therefore)

- the "PAD" (20) or (21) is lowered on the side stand.

- the "PAD" (21) is raised in abutment to limit the size. Not shown: ignition off, the "PAD" (20) and (21) are lowered in the center stand.

Fig. 10 A: when running, in a straight line the “PADs” (20) and (21) are raised in abutment to limit the size.

Fig. 11: running at the start of the curve (on the right for example) on

Interior “PAD” (20) follows at a distance (or in slight contact) the ground (A), the “PAD” (21) symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the plane (PI) lowers close to intervening in the event of a slip more or less unexpected of the vehicle (1), which would immobilize the arm

(22) to prevent the vehicle (1) from "collapsing" to the side.

Fig. 12: or else the “PAD” would remain on its picked up position. that a skid is not detected by the system (27).

Fig. 13: on the other hand, a sudden resumption of grip with risk of violent tilting of the vehicle (1) will be prevented by the "PAD"

(21) which will have lowered to the ground (A) at the same time or not.

Sudden movements and / or excessive pressure on one or the other “PAD” having disappeared, the order to unlock the arms (22) and

(23) would be given by the system (27).

Figure 13 highlights the crushing of the right suspension (26), in fact the right link (24) is horizontal while the left link (25) is tilted since the "PAD" wheel (21) does not touch the ground (A).

According to a variant of the model described above, and illustrated in fig. 20 and 21, the suspension links (24) and (25) are secured to plates (29) provided with stops (35) preferably adjustable. The plates (29) fixed to the frame can rotate to adjust and fix the height of the “PAD” at will, as shown in fig. 21 or the "PAD" (20) is set higher than the "PAD" (21), a particular situation not impossible but above all illustrated to express the difference in height of the right and left "PAD".

In the same way as before, the plates (29) could be controlled by the system (27).

According to another variant fig.14 to 18 more intended for sport or competition use, the frame (8) is reduced to its simplest expression, the footrests (16) are movable supports which hold both the heel while allowing a rotational movement (tilting) around an axis (36) to actuate a gear selector (S) or a rear brake pedal (F).

A system of automatic pedal and shoes with “cleats” type bike would also be perfectly suitable to maintain the feet of the pilot.

Preferably, said foot rests (16) or their supports (37) are movable in length (L) and locked on a chosen setting, by at least one more or less rapid clamping means (14). In this variant the "PAD" are spheres (20) and (21) free to rotate on three bearings (30) and retained by fingers (31) to remain in tangential contact with the bearings (30).

In this variant the system (27) can be separated or be integrated with the damping elements (26) and the transmission means (28) of the control means (27). It could for example be a kind of screw or hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders which would be controlled by the system (27) which could therefore be integrated into the cylinder element.

Advantageously, this type of jack would provide the suspension (24) and (25).

According to another preferred embodiment and with requirements similar to those stated for the previous embodiment, with the major difference that this time the pilot (B) is on his knees (fig. 22 to 35). In this embodiment, the “PADs” (20) and (21) are preferably small inflatable wheels, quite wide and fixed directly on the frame, preferably on a tube having an open V or U shape so that the angle of the branches equal to the defined ground clearance angle (Pd2 / Pg2). which is therefore the maximum angle of inclination, at the travel stop of the "PAD" or when the "PAD" have no suspension.

As this type of vehicle is intended to run on perfectly flat tracks, the safety margin between the V of the limit angle of inclination and the V of the accommodation is reduced to the strict minimum. The bodywork (32) illustrated for this embodiment shows to what extent (fig. 22 -24-28-30-32 for example), the invention opens up new avenues in design for a two-wheeler. The integration of the “PAD” (20) and (21) into the bodywork (32) shows all the advantage of the invention which aims to optimize so that the overall center of gravity (CoG) is as low as possible. which allows an extremely reduced "lane" (overall width) of "PAD" and therefore perfectly consistent with the vocation of a two wheeler to be cumbersome.

For example, the overall width of the vehicles according to the invention is not more important than a BMW motorcycle with a Flat-Twin engine (about 0.80 m) but with better ground clearance, therefore an increased possibility. to take the angle. To summarize or to perfect the description:

According to the invention, land vehicles (1), motorized (10) or not with two wheels of identical or different sizes, monotrace, suspended or not, equipped with at least one braking system, the front wheel (2) being preferably steering (and possibly driving) constitutes a first dynamic bearing point (Za), the rear wheel (3) being preferentially driving (and possibly steering) constitutes a second dynamic bearing point (Zb), these vehicles are characterized:

In that the maximum of material elements (for example: engine (s) (10), battery (s), fuel tank, brake (s), exhaust system (12), (functionally indivisible) constituting the vehicle (1) proper (but also possibly luggage) and corporal (s) pilot (B) (but also possibly passenger), are preferably ordered according to a hierarchy, going from the heaviest to the lightest in order to preferentially define a priority d location (from heaviest to lightest) in the arrangement of said vehicle (1); thus their centers of gravity are as low as the hierarchy of weights, the vehicle construction geometry (in particular the wheelbase) and the ground clearance necessary, particularly for turning at an incline at the limit of stall (skidding) without risk of catching the ground (A) (road); in optimum grip conditions according to recommended tires (2) and (3) and a dry and clean road (A) (asphalt, bitumen, concrete ...).

In that the pilot (B) rests mainly, seated in a seat (17A) preferably bucket type; the said seat (17A) is in its widest version (XL) tangential or almost to the V (Pd3 / Pg3) of ground clearance and located preferentially (and primarily if the pilot is heavier than the engine (10)) just behind said motor (10), (The pilot (B) could also be just in front of and / or above a particularly small and compact motor (10)), (the pilot (B) could have the (s) engine (s) in front and / or behind him (thermal and / or electric for example) housed in the front rim (2) and / or rear (3)) The pilot's buttock support (17 A) is between the wheels (2) and (3), substantially at the height of the center of gravity of the engine (10); for a pilot (B) of average size (about 1.75 m), the legs of said pilot (B), at knee height pass above and on each side of the engine (10), the feet of the pilot (B ) passing on either side of a front fork (4), with the heels substantially at the height of the gluteal support and slightly in front of the axis of the front wheel (2), the hands hold a handlebar ( 7) (or a steering wheel) positioned substantially above and-slightly above. back of pilot's knees. j (B). the set of vehicle (1) and pilot (B) (plus passenger if necessary) sits in a binomial which optimizes as much as possible the reduction in the height of the overall center of gravity (CoG) with the ground (A).

In that the driver (B) rests partially, astride a saddle (17B) preferably provided with a backrest and which (the driver (B) and / or his passenger) more or less overhangs the rear wheel (3) , the pilot (B) also partly resting on the front end of the legs going from the knees to the instep (possibly tiptoe). These parts of the legs (knees, shins, ankles) are substantially horizontal, preferably slightly bent forward, the point of the knees being substantially at the height of the center of gravity of the engine (10) (which can also occupy any position described in claim 2) and behind said motor (10) preferably. Hands hold handlebars (7) (strap type for example) possibly adjustable in ergonomics and fixed more or less directly to the fork (4). The possible passenger can also be kneeling behind the pilot (B) substantially in shape, with the said pilot (B) or sitting behind the pilot (B) with the buttocks above the calves of the pilot (B) and his legs forward, in a position quite similar to that of the pilot (B) of the preceding claim, the pilot assembly (B) and its passenger therefore substantially forming an X. The machine (1) and pilot (B) assembly ( and possibly passenger, kneeling or sitting behind the pilot (B)) constitutes a binomial which optimizes the reduction of the height of the center of gravity (CoG) with the ground A as much as possible.

In that the transmission line (11) (stretched strand for a chain or belt line, or shaft line) consists of one or more segment (s) located in one or more planes ρarallèle ( s) or not to the plan (PI) and / or between them. This in order to allow the possible bypass of the seat (s) (17A) and / or (17B), while respecting the search for optimization of the height of the center of gravity as low as possible (CoG), without affecting the necessary ground clearance.

In that a system can allow said vehicle (1) to have (constantly or occasionally or occasionally) at least a third dynamic support point "PAD" (at least one on the right and at least one on the left ) when tilted..in a turn. These third dynamic fulcrum, "right PAD" (20) and left "PAD" (21) depending on the orientation of the turn, together with the dynamic fulcrums (Za) and (Zb) of the front wheels (2) and rear (3) with the ground (A), a support polygon (Za / 20 / Zb) to the right or (Za / 21 / Zb) to the left in which the overall center of gravity (CoG) of the vehicle is registered (1) and user (s) whatever the angle taken by the vehicle (1), whatever the turn negotiated by the driver (B).

In that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21) are sliders in sliding material.

In that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21) are free spheres in rotation.

In that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21) are wheels (casters). In that the wheels (20) and (21) are free in rotation and in direction.

In that the wheels (20) and (21) are free in rotation and in direction, but limited in directional movement (adjustable or not) symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to their longitudinal axis.

In that the wheels (20) and (21) are motorized preferably synchronized with the driving wheel (3) (or (2) possibly) and / or controlled in the direction to more or less respect a sketch of trajectory which means that the said rollers (20) and (21) orient slightly towards the outside of the negotiated turn; and / or braked preferably synchronized with the rear wheel (3).

In that the “PADs” (20) and (21) are preferably suspended by connecting rods (24), (25) integrating elastic elements (26) of the “ROSTA” type allowing, in addition to suspension possibilities, by swiveling a perfect support of said wheels (20) and (21) with the ground (A) and perfect self-steering according to the profile of the road and the radius of the negotiated turn.

In that the "PAD" (20) and (21) directly or through their supports, arms (22) and (23) or plate (29) can be moved along substantially the longitudinal axis (1) so to satisfy the best balance of the machine (1) when it is supported on one of its "PAD" (20) or (21).

In that the "PAD" (20) and (21) are movable in height symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the longitudinal plane (PI) the "PAD" (20) and (21) can therefore be ordered together or individually according to the desired result.

In that at least one angle detection means (inclination and / or centrifugal force sensor (s)) and / or soil pressure (A) on the "PAD", act (s) according to a program establishes at least one control means (27) (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical) and at least one transmission means (28) of the control means (27) to meet the desired action requirements of the "PAD" (20) and or (21). The “PAD” (20) and (21) will act constantly with a determined contact pressure with the ground (A); or maintains the desired distance from the ground (A) depending on the angle of inclination, or the situation (vehicle (1) stationary or in motion).

In that an open or closed bodywork (32), partial or total, monobloc or multi-room, articulated or not particularly suitable for sport or competition or leisure use, or tourism or utility vehicles will cover all (except the area of contact of the front and rear tires with the ground (A)) or part of the “PAD” (20) and (21); the parts extending in width from this bodywork (32) will advantageously receive indicators and / or rear view mirrors and / or lighting and / or signaling means and / or small storage compartment (s).

In that the foot rests (16) or the rear ends of the gutters (16) are movable in the direction of movement of the foot in order to allow the control of a speed selector preferably on the left and the control on the right of the rear brake preferably .

In that a safety system, fixed roll bar (18) and movable roll bar (19) and possibly seat belt (s) keep the pilot (B) and possibly his passenger as well as possible, out of the risk of impact by collision, or loss of control.

In that said vehicle adapts best to the driver's morphology (B) in particular by a handlebar (7) adjustable in height and / or in length and possibly in width; and / or by footrests (16) also adjustable in length and / or in height, and possibly also in width, and / or a seat (17 A) or a saddle (17B) adjustable in length and / or in height and / or possibly also in width.

In that the frame (8) (or frame) will be according to the perimetrical use _^ horizontally, thus supporting and protective and possibly can make fuel tank office preferably in its central portion, or that said frame (8), will reduced to its simplest expression by the use of a motor specifically intended to carry the front axle and / or the rear axle and / or the "PAD" (20) and (21) directly or through their supports (22-23-24-25-26).

The vehicles according to the invention are intended to be “two-wheelers” that are safe, secure, aesthetic and functional.

Claims

1) Land vehicles (1), motorized (10) or not with two wheels of identical or different sizes, monotrace, suspended or not, equipped with at least one braking system, the front wheel (2) being preferably steered (and possibly driving) constitutes a first dynamic bearing point (Za), the rear wheel (3) being preferentially driving (and possibly steering) constitutes a second dynamic bearing point (Zb), characterized in that the maximum of elements materials (for example: engine (s) (10), battery (s), fuel tank, brake (s), exhaust system (12), (functionally indivisible) constituting the vehicle (1) proper ( but also possibly luggage) and corporal (s) pilot (B) (but also possibly passenger), are preferably ordered according to a hierarchy, going from the heaviest to the lightest in order to preferentially define a priority of location (from heaviest to lighter) in the arrangement of said vehicle (1); Thus their centers of gravity are as low as the hierarchy of weights allows, the geometry of construction of the vehicle (in particular the wheelbase) and the ground clearance necessary, particularly to turn inclined to the limit of stall (skid) without risk of '' hang the floor (A) (road); in optimum grip conditions according to recommended tires (2) and (3) and a road. (A) (asphalt, bitumen, concrete ...) dry and clean .. ..... -,. .,. 2) Vehicle according to claim (1) characterized in that the driver (B) rests mainly, seated in a seat (17A) preferably bucket type; the said seat (17 A) is in its widest version (XL) tangential or almost to the V (Pd3 / Pg3) of ground clearance and preferentially located (and primarily if the pilot is heavier than the engine (10)) just behind said motor (10), (The pilot (B) could also be just in front and / or above a particularly small and compact motor (10)), (the pilot (B) could have (s) ) engine (s) in front and / or behind him (thermal and / or electric for example) housed in the front rim (2) and / or rear (3)) The pilot's gluteal support (17 A) is between the wheels (2) and (3), substantially at the height of the center of gravity of the engine (10); for a pilot (B) of average size (approximately 1.75 m), the legs of said pilot (B), at knee height pass above and on each side of the engine (10), the driver's feet (B) passing on either side of a front fork (4), with the heels substantially at the height of the gluteal support and slightly in front of the axis of the front wheel (2), the hands hold a handlebar (7) (or a steering wheel) positioned substantially above and slightly behind the pilot's knees (B), the machine (1) and pilot (B) assembly (possibly more passenger ) seated constitutes a binomial which optimizes as much as possible the reduction in the height of the overall center of gravity (CoG) with the ground (A). 3) vehicle (1) according to claim (1) characterized in that the pilot (B) rests partially, astride a saddle (17B) preferably provided with a backrest and which (the pilot (B) and / or its passenger) more or less overlooks the rear wheel (3), the driver (B) also partly resting on the front end of the legs going from the knees to the instep (possibly tiptoe). These parts of the legs (knees, shins, ankles) are substantially horizontal, preferably slightly bent forward, the point of the knees being substantially at the height of the center of gravity of the engine (10) (which can also occupy any position described in claim 2) and behind said motor (10) preferably. The hands hold a handlebar (7) (of the bracelet type for example) possibly adjustable in ergonomics and fixed more or less directly to the fork (4). The possible passenger can also be on his knee behind the pilot (B) substantially in shape, with the said pilot (B) or seated behind the pilot _r (B) with the buttocks above the pilot's calves (B) and its jarnbes in front, in a position quite similar to that of the pilot (B) of the preceding claim, the pilot assembly (B) and its passenger therefore substantially forming an X. The machine (1) and pilot (B) assembly (and possibly passenger, kneeling or sitting behind the pilot (B)) constitutes a binomial that optimizes as much as possible the reduction in the height of the center of gravity (CoG) with the ground A. 4) Vehicles according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 characterized in that the transmission line (11) (stretched strand for a chain or belt line, or shaft line) consists of one or more segment (s) ) located in one or more planes parallel or not to the plane (PI) and / or between them. This is to allow possible circumvention of the seat (s) (17 A) and / or (17B), in the respect for the search for optimization of the height of the center of gravity (CdG) as low as possible, without detriment to the ground clearance essential. 5) Vehicles (1) according to claims 1 or 2 or 3, characterized in that a system can allow said vehicle (1) to have (constantly or occasionally or occasionally) at least a third fulcrum dynamic “PAD” (at least one on the right and at least one on the left) when it is inclined in a turn. These third dynamic fulcrum, "right PAD" (20) and left "PAD" (21) depending on the orientation of the turn, together with the dynamic fulcrums (Za) and (Zb) of the front wheels (2) and rear (3) with the ground (A), a support polygon (Za / 20 / Zb) to the right or (Za / 21 / Zb) to the left in which the overall center of gravity (CoG) of the vehicle is registered (1) and user (s) whatever the angle taken by the vehicle (1), whatever the turn negotiated by the driver (B). 6) Vehicles (1) according to claim (5) characterized in that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21) are pads of slippery material. 7) Vehicles (1) according to claim (5) characterized in that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21) are free spheres in rotation. 8) Vehicles (1) according to claim (5) characterized in that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21) are wheels (casters). 9) Vehicles (1) according to claim (8) characterized in that the wheels (20) and (21) are free in rotation and in direction. 10) Vehicles (1) according to claim (8) characterized in that the wheels (20) and (21) are free in rotation and in direction, but limited in directional movement (adjustable or not) symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to their longitudinal axis. 11) Vehicles (1) according to claim (8) characterized in that the wheels (20) and (21) are motorized preferably synchronized with the drive wheel (3) (or (2) possibly) and / or controlled in the direction to more or less respect a sketch of trajectory which means that said rollers (20) and (21) are oriented slightly towards the outside of the negotiated turn; and / or braked preferably synchronized with the rear wheel (3). 12) Vehicles (1) according to any one of claims 5 to 10 characterized in that the “PADs” (20) and (21) are preferably suspended by connecting rods (24), (25) integrating elastic elements (26) of the “ROSTA” type allowing, in addition to the possibility of suspension, by swiveling perfect support of said wheels (20) and (21) with the ground (A) and perfect self-steering according to the profile of the road and the radius of the negotiated turn. 13) Vehicles (1) according to any one of claims 5 to 11 characterized in that the “PAD” (20) and (21) directly or by means of their supports, arms (22) and (23) or plate (29) can be moved along substantially the longitudinal axis (1 ) in order to satisfy the best balance of the machine (1) when it is supported on one of its “PAD” (20) or (21). 14) Vehicles (1) according to any one of claims 5 to 12 characterized in that the "PAD" (20) and (21) are movable in height symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the longitudinal plane (PI) " PAD ”(20) and (21) can therefore be ordered together or individually depending on the desired result. 15) Vehicles (1) according to the preceding claim characterized in that at least one angle detection means (inclination sensor (s) and / or centrifugal force) and / or soil pressure (A) on the “PAD” acts according to a program established on at least one control means (27) (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical) and at least one transmission means (28) for the control means (27) ) to meet the desired action requirements of the “PAD” (20) and / or (21). The “PAD” (20) and (21) will act constantly with a determined contact pressure with the ground (A); or maintains the desired distance from the ground (A) depending on the angle of inclination, or the situation (vehicle (1) stationary or in motion). 16) Vehicles (1) according to claim 5 characterized in that an open or closed bodywork (32), partial or total, monobloc or multi-room, articulated or not particularly suitable for the use of sport or competition or leisure, or tourism or utilities will fair all (except the area of contact of the front and rear tires with the ground (A)) or part of the "PAD" (20) and (21); the parts projecting in width from this bodywork (32) will advantageously receive indicators and / or mirrors and / or lighting and / or signaling means and / or small storage chest (s). 17) Vehicle (1) according to claims 2 or 3 characterized in that the foot rests (16) or the rear ends of the gutters (16) are movable in the direction of movement of the foot so as to allow the control of a selector gear to the left preferably and the control to the right of the rear brake preferably. 18) Vehicle (1) according to claims 2 or 3 and 16 characterized in that a safety system, fixed hoop (18) and movable hoop (19) and possibly seat belt (s) keep the driver (B) and possibly his passenger as well as possible, out of the risk of impact in the event of a collision, or loss of control. 19) Vehicle (1) according to claims 2 or 3 characterized in that said vehicle adapts best to the morphology of the driver (B) in particular by a handlebar (7) adjustable in height and / or in length and possibly in width ; and / or by foot rests (16) also adjustable in length and / or in height, and possibly also in width, and / or a seat (17A) or a saddle (17B) adjustable in length and / or in height and / or possibly also in width. 20) Vehicle (1) according to claims 2 or 3 characterized in that the frame (8) (or chassis) will be according to the perimeter use horizontally, therefore carrier and protective and possibly may act as a fuel tank preferably in its part central, or this said frame (8), will be reduced to its simplest expression by the use of a motor specifically intended to carry the front axle and / or the rear axle and / or the "PAD" ( 20) and (21) directly or through their supports (22-23-24-