WO2003018819A1 - Procede d'obtention de plants de maïs transformes a caracteristiques de digestibilite ameliorees, plants de maïs obtenus par le procede et utilisations - Google Patents
Procede d'obtention de plants de maïs transformes a caracteristiques de digestibilite ameliorees, plants de maïs obtenus par le procede et utilisations Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003018819A1 WO2003018819A1 PCT/FR2002/002982 FR0202982W WO03018819A1 WO 2003018819 A1 WO2003018819 A1 WO 2003018819A1 FR 0202982 W FR0202982 W FR 0202982W WO 03018819 A1 WO03018819 A1 WO 03018819A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
- C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
- C12N15/8255—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving lignin biosynthesis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
- C12N9/1003—Transferases (2.) transferring one-carbon groups (2.1)
- C12N9/1007—Methyltransferases (general) (2.1.1.)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of improving the digestibility characteristics of corn, by modifying the composition and content of lignins.
- Corn silage is an interesting food from several points of view.
- the yield in the field of corn is relatively high, harvesting and storage are easy.
- the nutritional qualities of ensiled corn are stable and can easily be supplemented with proteins by other forage silage or by soybean meal. These nutritional qualities allow the persistence of milk production.
- a mixture of corn silage and fodder silage makes it possible to enhance the use of fodder proteins whose solubility (50%) is very high and very fast at the level of the cow's rumen (Léonard, 1996) .
- corn silage makes it possible to dilute the important content of these elements in forage silage, in particular those of legume silage and to obtain an almost perfect balance between energy and protein from start to finish of lactation.
- Silage is often an element that helps the breeder to control energy-protein synchronism.
- the cultivation of this type of fodder is widespread and covers more than 3 million hectares in the European Union.
- Optimizing the qualities of corn silage consists in increasing the net energy provided by this type of food by improving its digestibility.
- lignins An important factor in reducing the digestibility of fodder corn is linked to the presence in the walls of plant cells of phenolic compounds, in particular lignins. Lignins establish different types of link with the other parietal constituents to form a tight mesh which hinders the accessibility of carbohydrates with digestive enzymes, the main source of energy for herbivores. Depending on their stage of maturity, plants would not have the same type of lignins deposited on their cell walls. The increase in lignification during the maturation of the plant causes a decrease in the digestibility of this plant (Bentley, 1959 and Grabber et al., 1992).
- Brown midrib corn in particular bm3 corn, has a greatly increased digestibility compared to conventional corn and significantly improves milk production.
- These bm3 maize differ from “normal” maize in a greatly reduced lignin content (up to 40%) and modified S (sinapyl alcohol) / G units (coniferyl alcohol) unit ratios.
- modified S sinapyl alcohol
- G units coniferyl alcohol
- the drawbacks of bm3 maize such as a reduced field yield, an increased susceptibility to lodging, a lack of growth and vigor at the start of vegetation and a delay in flowering prevent their exploitation (Barrière and Argillier ( 1993)).
- Lignin is a major compound in the cell wall of sclerenchyma and the xylem of vascular plants. It plays an important role in the conductive functions of xylem by reducing the water permeability of cell walls. In lignified tissues, it acts as an intercellular liaison officer. It is responsible for the rigidity of cell walls and the upright growth of plants and participates in the resistance of plants to mechanical attack (wind, injury, etc.) or infection by pathogens, tolerance to thermal and water stress.
- lignin is an insoluble polymer of 3 monomers of alcohols or monolignols: p-coumaryl alcohol (units H), coniferyl alcohol (units G) and sinapylic alcohol (units S) .
- p-coumaryl alcohol units H
- coniferyl alcohol units G
- sinapylic alcohol units S
- Each type of precursor can form a variety of bonds with other precursors and thus constitute lignin.
- Other links can also be established with other wall compounds (polysaccharides and proteins) to form a complex three-dimensional network.
- the content and composition of lignins vary between the major groups of higher plants and between species.
- the two major classes are gymnosperm lignins which mainly contain G units and a small proportion of H units, and angiosperm lignins which contain both S, G units and only a small proportion of H units (Whetten and al., 1998).
- Monocotyledon lignins, and more particularly cereals, are the most complex. They consist of the 3 units H, G, S to which are added in a significant proportion of hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic and coumaric acid) linked by ethers or esters bonds. This structural heterogeneity is also found within the same plant, depending on the organ considered but also according to the stage of development and the location in the wall (Lewis and Yamamoto, 1990)).
- the lignin biosynthesis pathway is shown in Figure 1. Although the lignin biosynthesis pathway is much studied, many steps are still not understood, especially those involved in methoxylation.
- the current hypothesis of the monolignol biosynthetic pathway considers that the metabolic network leading to the formation of the S and G units involves successive reactions of hydroxylation and O-methylation.
- the phenylpropanoides biosynthesis pathway begins with the conversion of phenylalanine to cinnamic acid under the action Phenylalanine-Ammonia-Lyase (PAL).
- PAL Phenylalanine-Ammonia-Lyase
- the product of PAL activity on phenylalanine is trans-cinnamic acid which is a substrate for cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), a P450-hydroxylase.
- C4H hydroxylates the 4 position of cinnamate to produce p-coumaric acid.
- p-coumaric acid results from the action of Tyrosine-Ammonia-Lyase (TAL) on tyrosine.
- TAL Tyrosine-Ammonia-Lyase
- COAMT Caféoyl coenzyme A 3-O-methyltransferase
- 4CL hydroxycinnamate coenzyme A ligases
- F5H hydroxycinnamate coenzyme A ligases
- C3H p-coumarate hydroxylase
- CCR Cinnamoyl Co A reductase
- Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD).
- the final stage of polymerization of the monolignols probably involves parietal enzymes, peroxidases and / or laccases.
- the enzymes catalyzing the methylation steps are O-methyltransferases.
- O-methyltransferases (S-adenoxyl-L-methionine O-methyltransferases, EC 2.1.1.6) play an important role in the biosynthesis of monolignols. It is currently accepted that COMT would preferentially intervene in the synthesis of S units and CCoAOMT in the synthesis of G units.
- COMT would allow the methylation of the free forms of hydroxycinnamic acids: caffeic acid and 5-hydroxyferulic acid by introducing one or two methoxy groups respectively into the lignin monomers (Davin and Lewis, 1992). Recently, it has been shown in poplar that COMT is in fact a 5-hydroxyconiferyl aldehyde O-methyltransferase (AldOMT). In fact, 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde is the preferred substrate for AldOMT. Thus, for Li et al.
- COMT The involvement of COMT in the biosynthesis of lignin S units is supported by strong reduction in lignin in S units but not of G units in transgenic plants under-expressing COMT such as tobacco (Atanassova et al., 1995), alfalfa (Guo et al., 2001) and poplar (Van Doorselaere and al., 1995).
- the S and G units are therefore important components of lignins and therefore play a role in the digestibility of the wall of plant cells.
- the impact on digestibility of the increase or decrease in S and / or G units varies according to the studies.
- studies on the mutant bm3 have shown that the increased digestibility of the walls is associated with a strong alteration in the structure of lignins: low S / G ratio with substantial incorporation of 5-hydroxyguaiacyl (5-OH G) units (Lapierre et al., 1988) and a lower lignin content. If the correlation results between the digestibility and the lignin content of the plant are always negative, the correlation results between the S / G ratio and the lignin content and the digestibility are not always identical.
- Wild corn is understood to mean a corn having digestible characteristics, a ratio between the S units and the G units of the lignin, as well as a content of lignin in the plant similar, or even identical, to those of the line.
- WT corn designated "WT” in the examples, which is a line available from the National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA) under the name I 2 .
- the improved digestibility characteristics of corn, or of these derivative products are obtained by the modulation of the synthesis of methyltransferase COMT, which modulation of synthesis induces:
- the modulation of the synthesis of methyltransferase COMT can be supplemented by the simultaneous modulation of the synthesis of a second enzyme involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, preferably a second enzyme involved in the pathway biosynthesis of lignin in corn as described in the prior art and in particular illustrated in the diagram of the
- the decrease in the synthesis of methyltransferase COMT can be obtained by the transformation of maize plants, in particular wild maize plants, by an antisense polynucleotide inhibiting the translation of the corresponding messenger RNA. This reduction can also be obtained by a co-suppression phenomenon, as described for example by Napoli et al. (1990) or Carvalho Niebel et al. (1995).
- the increase in the synthesis of methyltransferase COMT can be obtained by transformation of corn plants, in particular wild corn plants, with a polynucleotide encoding this enzyme.
- Whichever polynucleotide is used, it preferably comprises at least one regulatory sequence allowing its expression in a corn cell.
- a reduction in the ratio S units / G units is obtained at least by specific inhibition of the COMT activity. It can be supplemented by increasing or reducing the synthesis of other enzymes involved in the biosyrithesis of S units and G units of corn lignin, increase or reduction of activity obtained mainly by overexpression or on the contrary inhibition of expression of genes encoding these other enzymes.
- An inhibition of the COMT activity of maize is mainly obtained according to the invention by the use of oligonucleotides which specifically inhibit the transcription or the translation of the gene coding for this enzyme.
- the nucleic acid encoding the COMT of maize is referenced as the sequence SEQ ID No. 1 of the sequence listing.
- the subject of the invention is the use of a polynucleotide modulating the synthesis of corn COMT methyltransferase encoded by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 1, in a process for obtaining corn plants with improved digestibility characteristics having a ratio between the units S and G of the modified lignin and / or having a modified lignin content remaining compatible with the normal development of the plant. It also relates to a process for obtaining maize plants having improved digestibility characteristics, having a ratio between the units S and G of the modified lignin and / or whose lignin content is modified and compatible with normal development.
- said method comprising a step of transforming a corn host cell with a polynucleotide chosen from the following polynucleotides: a) an antisense polynucleotide specifically inhibiting the expression of the gene encoding COMT methyltransferase corn; b) a polynucleotide encoding COMT methyltransferase from corn.
- the antisense polynucleotide is the polynucleotide of sequence SEQ ID No. 2.
- the polynucleotide encoding corn COMT methyltransferase is the polynucleotide of sequence SEQ ID No. 1.
- the antisense polynucleotide or the polynucleotide encoding corn methyltransferase COMT are preferably inserted into an expression cassette allowing their functional expression in corn.
- Such an expression cassette is advantageously introduced into an expression vector suitable for transforming corn cells. According to the method of the invention, it is possible to use a second polynucleotide modulating the activity of an enzyme involved in the pathway for biosynthesis of the S and G units of lignin, other than the methyltransferase COMT.
- the invention also relates to a corn plant transformed according to the above process, which has improved digestibility characteristics, as well as to any part of the transformed corn plant, in particular root, seed, leaf, flower and stem.
- the "metabolic network” described in the diagram includes the results of recent studies suggesting unexpected substrate specificities of the enzymes F5H and COMT (Humphreys et al. 1999; Osakabe et al. 1999; Li et al. 2000).
- the framed pathway represents the main reactions leading to lignins G.
- the framed pathway represents the preferred biosynthetic pathway for lignins S, 4CL, 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; CCR, cinnamyl coenzyme A reductase.
- Figure 2 Principle of the method used to assess the impact of the transformation targeting COMT activity on the structure of lignins.
- silylation BSTFA
- CPG-SM electroactive impact
- FIG. 3 Chromatographic profiles in CPG-SM of the control lines and under-expressing the COMT: profiles reconstructed on the specific ions of each type of monomer.
- FIG. 4 HPLC analysis of products from mild alkaline hydrolysis (1 M NaOH, 2.5h, 40 ° C) of extracted corn samples (stems + leaves).
- P-coumaric acid E and Z peaks 1 and 2.
- Ferulic acid E and Z peaks 3 and 4.
- Standard (ethylvanillin) peak 5.
- Figure 5 Schematic representation of the constructions of the plasmids described in Example 1.
- Figure 6A shows a Northern blot analysis of the 20-day C-OMT 225 corn line.
- Figure 6B shows a comparative Southern blot analysis between the antisense line 225 and the line, using four separate restriction enzymes, respectively: AcoRV, Kpnl, EcoRI and SacI.
- Figure 7 Screening of a population of transgenic maize plants, transformed respectively with the plasmids pProsper + pBar, pProsper-Bar, pJim + pBar2 and pALIX + pBar2.
- the ordinate axis represents the COMT activity found in the corn plants analyzed, expressed in cpm / mg of protein.
- the histogram bars each represent a tested transgenic plant.
- Figure 8 cribro-vascular bundles of adult control corn leaves (I 2 ) and C-OMT antisense (225) stained according to Ma ⁇ le's method. We see that the coloration is less intense in the sclerenchyma and in the xylem of 225; this observation suggests a decrease in S units in the lignins of line 225.
- the induction of the modulation of the synthesis of an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis pathway of corn lignin, methyltransferase COMT, also designated COMT causes a modification of the S units / G units ratio in the composition of lignin and / or of the lignin content, compared to that found in wild corn, and that the modification of the S units / G units ratio and / or of the content Lignin gave the corn plant, as well as its transformation products, improved digestibility characteristics.
- improved digestibility characteristics of a corn plant according to the invention, it is meant that, compared with a variety of wild corn plant, for example the aforementioned variety of corn I 2 , the corn plant obtained according to the invention has a higher digestibility index value "dndf" than the digestibility index value calculated from a corn plant of the wild variety.
- the material used for the establishment of the ndf is a lyophilized powder of whole plants harvested at the flowering stage.
- a corn plant obtained according to the invention has improved digestibility characteristics if the value of the “dndf” index is at least 80.
- a corn plant according to the invention has a Klason lignin content, measured from the stems and leaves, which is less than 8.5, preferably less than 8, 7.5, to, 7.0 , at 6.9 or 6.8, and preferably less than 6.7.
- a preferred corn plant according to the invention has a Klason lignin content of between 6.1 and 6.6.
- Example 9 To measure the Klason lignin content, a person skilled in the art can advantageously refer to the technique described in Example 9. It is shown for the first time according to the invention, surprisingly: a) that the inhibition of COMT methyltransferase corn enzyme allowed (i) to reduce the ratio S units / G units of lignin in this plant and (ii) to reduce the lignin content in this plant; and b) that the reduction of the S units / G units ratio of lignin and / or of the lignin content in maize made it possible to obtain maize plants having improved digestibility characteristics, compared to wild maize.
- the applicant has developed a process for transforming corn plants in which the transformed corn plants have a ratio S units / G units of lignin and / or a modified lignin content, relative to that found in wild corn plants.
- the S units / G units ratio is lower than the S units / G units ratio found in a wild corn plant.
- transformed corn plants having improved digestibility characteristics can be obtained using an antisense polynucleotide.
- the subject of the invention is the use of a polynucleotide modulating the synthesis of corn COMT methyltransferase encoded by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 1, in a process for obtaining corn plants with improved digestibility characteristics having a ratio between the units S and G of the modified lignin and / or having a modified lignin content remaining compatible with the normal development of the plant.
- said polynucleotide inhibits the synthesis of COMT methyltransferase from corn in the plant, when it is introduced by transformation into the cells of said plant.
- Said antisense polynucleotide consists of a polynucleotide coding for an antisense RNA hybridizing with the messenger RNA constituting the transcript of the gene coding for methyltransferase COMT in maize.
- a person skilled in the art can synthesize any antisense polynucleotide inhibiting the synthesis of methyltransferase COMT using his general technical knowledge, from a nucleotide sequence coding for COMT, for example the sequence SEQ ID No. 1.
- a sense polynucleotide or of an antisense polynucleotide which specifically inhibits the transcription or translation of a gene coding for an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of lignins in plants, in particular the COMT of certain plant species
- those skilled in the art can advantageously refer to the articles by Baucher et al. (1999), de Zhong et al. (2000), de Pinboc et al. (2001a), de Blee et al. (2001), de Pinboc et al. (2001 b) or Lapierre et al. (1999).
- the antisense polynucleotide can also consist of the cDNA obtained from the mRNA constituting the transcription product of the gene coding for methyltransferase COMT.
- the antisense polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 2.
- the antisense polynucleotide consists of the antisense polynucleotide of sequence SEQ ID No. 2.
- said polynucleotide increases the synthesis of methyltransferase COMT in the plant, when it is introduced by transformation into the cells of said plant.
- a polynucleotide encoding COMT methyltransferase from corn is used, which causes a higher production of this enzyme, when it is introduced by transformation into the plant.
- methyltransferase COMT can be obtained: - (i) either by transforming corn cells with a polynucleotide encoding methyltransferase COMT placed under the control of a functional regulatory sequence in corn, said regulatory sequence being able to include a strong constitutive promoter and, where appropriate, also transcription activator sequences (functional “enhancer” sequences in corn), allowing a high level of expression of the methyltransferase COMT;
- the polynucleotide coding for methyltransferase COMT comprises the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 1.
- the polynucleotide coding for methyltransferase COMT consists of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 1.
- a subject of the invention is also a process for obtaining maize plants having improved digestibility characteristics, having a ratio between the units S and G of the modified lignin and / or the lignin content of which is modified and compatible with the normal development of the plant, said method comprising a step of transforming a corn host cell with a polynucleotide chosen from the following polynucleotides: a) an antisense polynucleotide specifically inhibiting the expression of the gene encoding COMT methyltransferase corn; b) a polynucleotide encoding COMT methyltransferase from corn.
- the modification of the lignin composition of the transformed corn plants capable of being obtained by the above process consists in reducing the content of S units relative to the content of G units in corn lignins, so as to obtain a lower S / G ratio than that of wild corn plants.
- the S / G ratio is less than 40/60.
- said method is characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) transforming a corn host cell with a polynucleotide encoding corn COMT methyltransferase COMT; b) regenerating an entire plant from the recombinant host cell obtained in step a); Preferably, the polynucleotide encoding methyltransferase
- COMT of maize comprises the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID N ° 1.
- the process for obtaining transformed corn plants according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises the following additional step: c) selecting the corn plants having integrated into their genome at least one copy of the antisense polynucleotide or at least one copy of the polynucleotide encoding COMT methyltransferase from maize.
- Expression cassettes comprising an antisense polynucleotide or a polynucleotide encoding COMT methyltransferase from maize
- the antisense polynucleotide or the polynucleotide encoding COMT methyltransferase from corn is integrated into an expression cassette also comprising a nucleotide sequence regulating the expression of said polynucleotide in corn cells.
- the antisense polynucleotide or the polynucleotide coding for methyltransferase COMT is integrated into an expression cassette also comprising a nucleotide sequence with a transcription terminator function.
- the expression cassette defined generally above may also be designated “DNA construct” or “DNA construct” in the present description.
- the antisense polynucleotide or the polynucleotide coding for methyltransferase COMT where also the expression cassette in which is inserted respectively one or the other of these polynucleotides, is artificially inserted into a host cell of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
- the DNA constructs also include a gene promoter sequence and a terminator sequence operably linked to the DNA sequence to be transcribed.
- the gene promoter is generally located at the 5 'end to allow initiation of transcription of the DNA sequence.
- the promoter sequences are located in the 5 'non-coding regions of the genes but also sometimes in the introns (Luehrsen K ,. 1991) or in the coding regions such as, for example, the promoter of the PAL gene in tomatoes (Bloksberg, 1991).
- the construct includes an open sense reading phase, it is necessary to use a full length cDNA so that the protein can be translated.
- the construct comprises an open reading phase in antisense or a non-coding region, it is not essential to use a full length cDNA, a partial sequence may suffice.
- transcription promoters which can be used, mention may be made in particular of the so-called constitutive promoters, the so-called inductive promoters as well as the specific tissue promoters.
- a constitutive promoter allows a strong expression of the transcript in all the tissues of the regenerated plant and will be active in most environmental conditions, and in all the stages of cellular transformation and differentiation.
- the main dual component promoters are:
- 35S promoter or advantageously the double constitutive promoter 35S (pd35S) of CaMV, described in the article by Kay et al., (1987) - the rice actin promoter followed by the rice actin intron contained in the plasmid pAct1-F4 described by Me Elroy et al. (1991)
- PAL phenylalanine ammonia lyase
- HMG HMG-CoA reductase
- promoters which can advantageously be used to carry out the process which is the subject of the invention groups together specific tissue promoters, in particular they may be promoters of genes for the lignin biosynthesis pathway or for example the promoter of the alcohol dehydrogenase which is expressed specifically in vascular tissue.
- the terminator sequence used in the constructions which are the subject of the invention is located at the 3 ′ end of the sequence to be transcribed. It can come from the same gene as the promoter sequence or from a different gene.
- transcription terhninators which can be used, there may be mentioned:
- polyA NOS terminator which corresponds to the 3 ′ non-coding region of the nopaline synthase gene of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline strain.
- the constructs also include a selection marker for selecting the plant cells transformed by these constructs.
- selection markers are well known to those skilled in the art, in particular they confer resistance to one or more toxins, for example resistance to the herbicide BASTA®.
- the transformation of plant cells by the constructions which are the subject of the invention can be controlled by other techniques well known in the art such as Southern and Western Blots.
- DNA constructs of the present invention can be linked to a vector having at least one replication system, for example with E. Coli, after each manipulation, it is possible to clone and sequence the construct obtained in order to verify the correct handling.
- the invention relates to the constructions as described above, and comprising at least one sequence chosen from the sequences SEQ ID No. 1 or 2 linked operatively upstream to a promoter and downstream to a terminator.
- the expression cassette comprises the promoter of the alcohol dehydrogenase specific for the vascular system, the cDNA of methyltransferase (COMT or AldOMT) and the terminator of Nopaline synthase, as shown in FIG. 'example 1.
- the expression cassettes or the DNA constructs as defined above can be included in expression vectors which can be used to transform an Agrobacterium tumefaciens cell or a corn host cell.
- the preferred bacterial vectors according to the invention are for example the vectors pBR322 (ATCC No. 37 017) or also the vectors such as pAA223-3 (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) and pGEM1 (Promega Biotech, Madison, Wl, United States ).
- vectors pQE70, pQE60, pQE9 Quiagen
- psiX174 pBluescript SA
- pNH8A pMH16A
- pMH18A pMH46A
- pWLNEO pSV2CAT
- pOG44 pOG44
- pXTI pSG
- They may also be vectors of the Baculovirus type such as the vector pVL1392 / 1393 (Pharmingen) used to transfect the cells of the line Sf9 (ATCC No. CRL 1711) derived from Spodoptera frugiperda.
- vectors of the Baculovirus type such as the vector pVL1392 / 1393 (Pharmingen) used to transfect the cells of the line Sf9 (ATCC No. CRL 1711) derived from Spodoptera frugiperda.
- vectors specially adapted for the expression of sequence of interest in plant cells such as the following vectors: - vector pBIN19 (BEVAN et al.), Marketed by the Company
- a first very preferred vector is the plasmid pAlix represented in FIG. 5, into which has been inserted the antisense polynucleotide of sequence SEQ ID No. 2 inhibiting the synthesis of methyltransferase COMT from maize.
- a second very preferred vector is the plasmid pProsper represented in FIG. 5, into which has been inserted the polynucleotide of sequence SEQ ID No. 1 coding the methyltransferase COMT of corn. Processing of corn plants
- An increase in the synthesis of the S and / or G units of lignin and / or of the lignin content in the plant can be obtained by integrating in the open reading phase a DNA construct in sense orientation, in particular the sequence SEQ ID # 1.
- the transformation of a target plant with such a construction results in an increase in the number of copies of the transcript and therefore in an increase in the quantity of enzyme.
- an increase in the synthesis of S units can be obtained by integrating into the genome of the target plant the sense sequence of O methyltransferase encoded by SEQ ID No. 1.
- a reduction in the synthesis of S and / or G units of lignin and / or of the lignin content in the plant can be obtained by introducing into the open reading phase a DNA construct in antisense orientation, in particular any or part of the sequence SEQ ID n ° 2.
- the transcribed RNA is complementary to the endogenous mRNA sequence, which will have the consequence of reducing the number of copies of the transcript and therefore of reducing the quantity of enzyme.
- a decrease in the synthesis of S units can be obtained by integrating into the genome of the target plant the antisense sequence of methyltransferase COMT coded by SEQ ID No. 2.
- the DNA constructs can also comprise a nucleotide sequence comprising a non-coding region of the methyltransferase COMT gene.
- non-coding regions which can be used in such constructs include introns and 5 'or 3' non-coding sequences. Transformation of target plants with such DNA constructs can lead to a reduction in the synthesis of S and / or G units of lignin and / or the lignin content by the co-suppression process, as has described for example Napoli et al. (1990) or Carvalho Niebel et al. (1995).
- the regulation of the synthesis of S and / or G units of lignin and / or of the lignin content can also be carried out by inserting said sequences in whole or in part (for example DNA or RNA) in ribozyme constructs (Haseloff and al., 1988).
- the effect of the antisense polynucleotide or of the polynucleotide encoding the methyltransferase COMT of maize can be completed by the insertion in the genome of the same corn plant of a second polynucleotide derived from the gene encoding an enzyme involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, other than the methyltransferase COMT.
- the above method can also be characterized in that in step a), the corn host cell is also transformed with at least one second polynucleotide, specifically modulating the expression of an enzyme involved in the pathway biosynthesis of lignins, other than corn COMT methyltransferase.
- said method is characterized in that the second polynucleotide is chosen from: a) an antisense polynucleotide specifically inhibiting the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway, other than the methyltransferase COMT of But ; b) a polynucleotide encoding the enzyme involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, other than corn COMT methyltransferase.
- the enzyme involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway is chosen from: (a) the CAD enzyme from corn, the sequence of which is referenced in the GenBank database under the access number Y13733, (b) the corn CCR1 enzyme whose sequence is referenced in the GenBank database under access number X98083 and (c) the F5H enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana whose sequence is referenced in the base GenBank data under access number U38416.
- the enzyme involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway can also be chosen from (d) the CCoAOMTI enzyme from corn, the sequence of which is referenced in the GenBank database under the number d access AJ242980 and (e) the corn CCoAOMT2 enzyme whose sequence is referenced in the GenBank database under the access number AJ242981.
- the constructs serve to transform plant cells.
- the transformation of plant cells can be carried out by transferring the above-mentioned vectors into plant protoplasts, in particular after incubation of the latter in a polyethylene glycol solution in the presence of divalent cations (Ca 2+) (Schocher ef al., 1986).
- the transformation of plant cells can advantageously be carried out by electroporation, in particular according to the method described in the article by Fromm et al. (1985).
- the transformation of plant cells can also be carried out by using a particle gun allowing the projection, at very high speed, of metallic particles covered with the DNA sequences of interest, thus delivering the sequences inside the cell nucleus. (Fromm et al. 1990, Finer et al., 1992).
- Another method of transforming plant cells is that of cytoplasmic or nuclear micro-injection (Neuhaus et al., 1987).
- One of the methods of transformation of plant cells which can be used in the context of the invention is the infection of plant cells by a bacterial cell host comprising the vector containing the sequence of interest.
- the abovementioned cell host used is Agrobacte um tumefaciens, in particular according to the method described in the article by An et al. (1986), or even Agrobacterium rhizogenes, in particular according to the method described in the article by Guerche et al. (1987).
- the transformation of plant cells is carried out by the transfer of the T region of the extrachromosomal circular plasmid inducing Ti tumors of Agrobactenum tumefaciens, using a binary system (Watson et al., 1994).
- a binary system Wang et al., 1994.
- two vectors are constructed. In one of these vectors, the T-DNA region was deleted, with the exception of the right and left edges, a marker gene being inserted between them to allow selection in plant cells.
- the other partner of the system binary is a helper Ti plasmid, a modified plasmid which no longer has T-DNA but still contains the vir virulence genes necessary for the transformation of the plant cell.
- This plasmid is maintained in Agrobacterium.
- the method described by Ishida et al. (1996) can be applied for the transformation of monocots, in particular maize.
- the transformation is carried out according to the method described by Finer et al. (1992) using the tungsten or gold particle gun.
- the process for obtaining transformed corn plants according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises the following additional steps: d) crossing between them of two transformed plants as obtained in step b) or in step c) with a second corn plant; e) selection of the plants homozygous for the transgene or the transgenes.
- the process for obtaining transformed corn plants according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises the following additional steps: f) crossing of a transformed corn plant obtained in step c) with a second corn plant; g) selection of the corn plants resulting from the crossing of step f) and having conserved the transgene.
- One of the embodiments of the process which is the subject of the invention relates to obtaining transgenic maize plants from plant cells transformed with a construct comprising at least one sequence chosen from the sequences SEQ ID No. 1 or SEQ ID No. 2 .
- the subject of the invention is also a corn host cell or an Agrobacterium tumefaciens cell transformed with: a) either an antisense polynucleotide inhibiting the synthesis of methyltransferase COMT in a corn cell; b) or a polynucleotide coding for methyltransferase COMT, said polynucleotide (a) or said polynucleotide (b) being preferably placed under the control of a functional regulatory sequence in a corn cell, for example in an expression cassette or else in an expression vector as defined above.
- the present invention relates to the cells of transformed plants thus obtained.
- the corn cells having stably integrated into their genome the constructs comprising all or part of the sequences SEQ ID No. 1 or No. 2.
- the cells transformed by the constructions which are the subject of the present invention are selected by means of the selection marker, for example resistance to BASTA®.
- the transgenic cells are then cultivated on an appropriate medium to regenerate whole plants using methods well known to those skilled in the art.
- the cell wall can reform under the effect of appropriate osmotic conditions.
- a medium favorable to the germination or the initiation of calluses is used.
- the medium used must allow regeneration.
- the principle of in vitro regeneration of corn plant cells is well known to those skilled in the art.
- the plants are regenerated from calluses obtained after culturing anther cells, pollen grains, embryos or protoplasts.
- the cells are cultivated on agar nutritive media adapted to each cell type under sterile conditions in petri dishes or culture tubes in a climatic chamber under favorable environmental conditions (suitable temperature and brightness). After transplanting, the vitroplants are transplanted to the greenhouse.
- the corn plants offering better digestibility and whose content of S and / or G units is modified, in particular having a S / G ratio lower than that of plants whose ratio n is not modified can be obtained after hybridization with an individual whose activity of methyltransferase COMT is modified by the principles of varietal selection well known to those skilled in the art.
- a person skilled in the art can also employ the methods of vegetative multiplication from corn plants whose methyltransferase COMT activity is modified, in particular in order to modify the ratio in S units / G units and / or the lignin content. These methods can advantageously include certain steps in vitro. These can be stages of regeneration of cells having a modified COMT methyltransferase activity. It can be methods of tissue culture, micro-cuttings, culture of meristems, culture of embryos, corn plants having a modified methyltransferase COMT activity. These can be methods of regenerating protoplasts from corn plants having a modified COMT methyltransferase activity or from fusion with protoplasts from corn plants having a modified COMT methyltransferase activity.
- the subject of the invention is also a transformed corn plant, capable of being obtained by the process as defined above, which is characterized by digestibility characteristics. improved.
- a corn plant transformed in accordance with the invention has improved digestibility characteristics and a value of the index “dndf” of at least 80.
- a plant of corn according to the invention has a Klason lignin content, measured from the stems and leaves, which is less than 8.5, preferably less than 8, 7.5, to, 7.0, to 6, 9 or 6.8, and preferably less than 6.7.
- a preferred corn plant according to the invention has a Klason lignin content of between 6.1 and 6.6.
- a corn plant transformed according to the invention has an S / G ratio of lignin of less than 40/60.
- the invention also relates to a part of a transformed corn plant as defined above, for example a root, a seed, a leaf, a stem or a flower.
- the invention also relates to a recombinant expression vector comprising a polynucleotide chosen from: a) an antisense polynucleotide specifically inhibiting the expression of the gene encoding COMT methyltransferase from corn; b) a polynucleotide coding for methyltransferase COMT; said polynucleotide being placed under the control of a functional regulatory sequence in corn.
- the present invention also relates to a DNA construct comprising a sense polynucleotide or an antisense polynucleotide specifically inhibiting the transcription or translation of the COMT gene of sequence SEQ ID No. 1, placed under the control of a functional promoter in maize .
- It also relates to a DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide coding for methyltransferase COMT, placed under the control of a functional promoter in corn to increase the expression of said enzyme.
- the invention also relates to a transformation product obtained from a transformed corn plant or part of a transformed corn plant, as defined above.
- a transformation product is characterized in particular in that the lignin which it contains has a modified ratio between the S units and the G units.
- the S / G ratio is less than 40/60.
- Said transformation product includes animal feed, obtained from corn plants whose contents in S units or in G units are modified and / or whose lignin content is modified.
- the subject of the invention is also a lignin purified from a transformed corn plant or a part of a corn plant as defined above, characterized in that it has in particular a relationship between the units S and the G units which is modified, compared to the S / G ratio found in lignin from wild corn plants.
- the lignin purified above is characterized in that the S / G ratio is less than 40/60.
- PCR amplification is carried out on this plasmid with the oligonucleotides TOM22 (5'-CTGCTGGAGGTGCTGCAGAAG-3 '- SEQ ID N ° 3) and TOM23 (5'-CTCCTTGCCCCCGGGGTTGTG-3 - SEQ ID N ° 4'), allowing respectively to introduce the PstI and Smal sites, 5 ′ and 3 ′ of a 0.85 Kpb fragment between the positions 0.17 and 1.04 Kpb of the cDNA.
- This fragment is then subcloned into the vector pGemT (Promega), and the plasmid obtained is digested with PstI and SmaI.
- the released fragment is cloned into pUC18-Nos at the PstI and SmaI sites, thus generating the plasmid pTMO-Nos.
- the plasmid pBARGUS (Fromm et a /., 1990) contains a CaMV35S-intron Adhl-BAR-Tnos promoter cassette and an AdhI-Intron AdhI-GUS-Tnos promoter cassette. The latter is released by EcoRI and Hindlll digestion. In a second step, partial EcoRI / Pvull digestion of the same fragment makes it possible to release a 1.75 Kpb fragment corresponding to the Adhl promoter coupled to the Adhl intron. This fragment is then subcloned into pTMO-Nos between EcoRI and Smal. The plasmid obtained is pProsper. - pAlix plasmid [ Figure 5]
- the PMC1 plasmid is digested with HindIII and Xbal to release the full length (1.4 Kbp) cDNA from C-OMT.
- the plasmid pActine-BAR (Wu, (Cornell University, New York) consists of the plasmid psP72 containing an actin - Intron actin - BAR - Tnos promoter cassette. This plasmid is digested with Hindlll and Xbal to remove the BAR fragment, then the fragment 1.4 Kbp Hindlll-Xbal of C-OMT is subcloned between these two sites, thus giving the plasmid pAlix.
- the plasmid pBARGUS is digested with HindIII, to release the promoter cassette CaMV35S - Intron Adhl - BAR - Tnos of 2.13 Kpb.
- the cassette thus released is subcloned into pUC18 at the Hindlll site, to give the plasmid pBar2.
- the transformation begins with a co-culture phase where the immature embryos of the corn plants are brought into contact for at least 5 minutes with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404 containing the superbinary vectors.
- the superbinary plasmid is the result of homologous recombination between an intermediate vector carrying the T-DNA containing the gene of interest and / or the selection marker derived from the plasmids described in the previous examples, and the vector pSB1 from Japan.
- Tobacco which contains: the virB and virG genes of the plasmid pTiBo542 present in the supervirulent strain A281 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (ATCC 37349) and a homologous region found in the intermediate vector allowing this homologous recombination.
- the embryos are then placed on LSAs medium for 3 days in the dark and at 25 ° C.
- a first selection is made on the transformed calluses: the embryogenic calluses are transferred to LSD5 medium containing phosphinotricin at 5 mg / l and cefotaxime at 250 mg / l (elimination or limitation of contamination by Agrobacterium tumefaciens). This stage is carried out for 2 weeks in the dark and at 25 ° C.
- the second selection step is carried out by transfer of the embryos which have developed on LSD5 medium, on LSD10 medium (phosphinotricin at 10 mg / l) in the presence of cefotaxime, for 3 weeks under the same conditions as above.
- the third selection step consists in excising the type I calluses (fragments of 1 to 2 mm) and transferring them 3 weeks in the dark and at 25 ° C to LSD 10 medium in the presence of cefotaxime.
- the regeneration of the seedlings is carried out by excising the type I calluses which have proliferated and by transferring them to LSZ medium in the presence of phosphinotricin at 5 mg / l and cefotaxime for 2 weeks at 22 ° C. and under continuous light.
- the regenerated seedlings are transferred to RM + G2 medium containing 100 mg / l of Augmentin for 2 weeks at 22 ° C and under continuous illumination for the development stage.
- the plants obtained are then transferred to the phytotron for their acclimatization.
- Calluses of genotype I 2 , 2 months old, obtained after the cultivation of immature embryos on a callogenesis medium are used for transformation.
- a plasmolyzing treatment makes it possible to reduce the volume of the vacuole and thus limits the cell bursts during firing (pretreatment of 4 hours and a post-treatment of 16 hours on a Sorbitol 0.2M and Mannitol 0.2M medium).
- the plant material is distributed evenly across all of the boxes.
- 15 mg of sterile tungsten microbeads are mixed in 150 ⁇ l of sterile milliQ water.
- a sterile gauze filter is placed on the petri dish which is placed 19 cm in the barrel enclosure.
- the vacuum is pushed inside the enclosure at a pressure of 25 mbar
- the shooting is started.
- the helium pressure in the barrel is 8 bars.
- the bombarded plant material is returned to its original petri dish (Mannitol / Sorbitol).
- the boxes are placed at 26 ° C and in the dark for 16 hours for a post-bombardment plasmolyzing treatment (mannitol / sorbitol).
- the selection pressure is applied 16 hours after firing and is maintained at the same concentration of the selective agent (bialaphos at 5 mg / L) during all the regeneration steps.
- the seedlings are then transplanted into potting soil (small pots) for 1 week then transferred to 20-liter pots (peat-pozzolan mixture) in the transgenic greenhouse or in an air-conditioned room (temperature 24 ° C day / 20 ° C night; photoperiod 16h day / 8h night, humidity 80%).
- the plants are self-fertilized or crossed.
- RNAs are isolated by the Extract-all solution (Eurobio), according to the supplier's protocol. Additional precipitation with 0.2 M NaCl with 2 volumes of absolute ethanol is carried out. 10 ⁇ g of RNA are separated on formaldehyde gels (Sambrook et a /., 1989). Total genomic DNA is extracted from 1 g of leaves by the method described in Dellaporta et al. (1983). After a phenol-chloroform purification step, 10 ⁇ g of DNA are digested with 40 units of restriction enzyme (Promega), and separated on TAE agarose gel at 1% (m / v).
- RNAs or DNAs are transferred onto nylon membranes (Hybond-N +, Amersham), and hybridized with DNA probes labeled with 32 P-dCTP by the "prime-a-gene labeling system" kit from Promega.
- the hybridization signal is determined by contacting the membranes with Kodak Biomax-MS films in an autoradiography cassette.
- Figure 6A shows a Northern blot analysis of the 20-day C-OMT 225 corn line. RNAs from roots (r), collar (c), and coiled leaves (H) of line 225 and control line I2 were deposited on agarose electrophoresis gel.
- rRNA ribosomal RNAs
- Figure 6B shows a comparative Southern blot analysis between the antisense line 225 and the line I2, using four distinct restriction enzymes, respectively: EcoRV, Kpnl, EcoRI and Sac1.
- the probe used is a 1.2 Kb fragment located in the 3 ′ region of the corn C-OMT cDNA.
- the bands revealed on the line I 2 are due to the endogenous gene C-OMT.
- the supernumerary bands present for the line 225 correspond to the transgenic sequences: the enzymes EcoRV, Kpnl and Sacl do not cut in the transgene.
- An EcoRI site is present in the 5 'part of the transgenic construct.
- 3 supernumerary bands (EcoRI, EcoRV) or 2 bands (Kpnl, Sacl) appear for the line 225.
- reaction mixture (Caffeic acid 3 mM, 3 H-SAM 0.1 ⁇ Ci, SAM 50 ⁇ M, DTT 10 mM, Na 2 HP0 4 buffer / NaH 2 P0 4 0.1 M pH 7.5 qs 960 ⁇ L) and the whole is incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C.
- the reaction is stopped with 100 ⁇ L of 9N sulfuric acid and 5 ml of organic scintillant (OCS, Amersham) are added to the mixture.
- OCS organic scintillant
- the whole is homogenized to pass the tritiated ferulic acid, product of the reaction, through the organic scintillant.
- the radioactivity of ferulic acid is quantified with a Beckman scintillation counter.
- the proteins are assayed according to the method of Bradford (1976) with the reagent of Biorad.
- the plants were harvested at a young stage (20 days old after sowing), which implies a short time between sowing and analysis, and which makes it possible to cultivate a large number of plants simultaneously.
- the stem and the coiled young leaves were used as a mixture for this work.
- the ligulate leaves have been eliminated.
- the mutant corn line bm3 was used for the comparison. It was interesting to validate the protocol for measuring C-OMT activity, used for the first time on corn, using the mutant bm3, which exhibits zero C-OMT activity. Three bm3 plants were analyzed, and we observe a very low activity level corresponding to the background noise. The crude protein extracts from bm3 plants therefore constitute excellent negative controls in this work.
- Ma ⁇ le staining The sections are incubated in a 1% (m / v) KMn ⁇ 4 solution for 5 minutes, rinsed in distilled water, discolored with a 15N HCl solution for 3 minutes, rinsed in distilled water, and incubated in a solution of NaHCO 3 to 5% (m / v).
- Phloroglucinol staining The sections are immersed in a solution of phloroglucinol in hydrochloric solution (Prolabo). The photographs are taken with a camera. B. Results
- FIG. 8 represents photon microscopy pictures of cribovascular bundles of adult leaves of corn, respectively of the line I 2 of control corn and of the line of corn 225, which was transformed with a antigen polynucleotide inhibiting methyltransferase COMT.
- This method makes it possible to estimate a potential digestibility by the activity of cellulolytic enzymes on the plant wall.
- the samples are placed in sealed bags and immersed in the enzyme solutions.
- the reactions take place in a DAIZY incubator which can contain four 2-liter bottles, shaken by rotation, maintained at 40 ° C and which can contain from 20 to 80 sachets.
- the lyophilized powder samples are incubated overnight at 70 ° C in a crystallizer. Then, 0.5 g of powder (initial mass) is placed in a sachet (F57, Ankom) which is closed by welding, incubated for 24 h at 70 ° C and then weighed after cooling (P1).
- the sachet is then incubated in a pepsin solution (Merck) at 20 g / L of 0.1 N HCL, at 40 ° C for 24 h, then at 80 ° C for Vz hour. The whole is then rinsed with water at 35 ° C and wrung. This step is repeated once.
- a pepsin solution Merk
- the sachet is then incubated in a cellulase solution (Onozuka R10 Yakult, Biochemical Co, Ltd.) At 1 g / L with amyloglucosidase (Merck) at 0.1 g / L in a sodium acetate / acetic acid buffer (2.95 mL of 96% acetic acid and 6.8 g of sodium acetate in 1L of demineralized water), at 40 ° C for 24 h, then rinsed and wrung twice, before being dried at the oven at 70 ° C for 24 hours. The bag is weighed (P2). The solubility (in% of the dry mass) is equal to (P1-P2) / (initial mass x 100).
- index ndf represents the percentage of non-digestible fraction measured from lyophilized powder of whole plants harvested at the flowering stage.
- the dndf index represents the digestibility index calculated from the value of ndf (neutral detergent fiber) and dms (enzymatic solubility Aufrère) according to the formula of Struik (1985).
- Table 1 show the higher digestibility of the two transgenic corn lines 225 (1) and 225 (2) which were transformed with an antisense construct according to the invention, compared to the control “WT” corn variety, the corn line I 2 .
- the fairly high extractable content is due to the presence of the leaves.
- the Klason lignin assay was carried out on the extracted samples. It is expressed as a percentage by weight of these samples (Table 3).
- Table 3 Klason lignin content of the corn samples (stems + leaves) extracted. Results expressed in% by weight of the walls extracted
- the lignin contents are lower than in the case of stems harvested at maturity: the samples extracted come from (leaves + stems) harvested at the flowering stage.
- the two lines transgenic have a lower lignin content (25 to 30% less) than the control line.
- the p-hydroxycinnamic esters bound to the walls were released by alkaline hydrolysis (1 M NaOH, 2.5 h, 40 ° C, 20 mg of sample extracted treated with 2 ml of sodium hydroxide, in the presence of 0.2 mg internal standard ethylvanillin, with stirring magnetic and under N 2 ).
- the hydrolyzate was acidified with 2 M HCl (1.5 ml), ultrafiltered through Millex H25 NS (Millipore).
- the phenolic compounds were extracted by solid phase extraction on Sep-Pak C1.8 (Classic, Waters Millipore), according to a protocol adapted from Beveridge et al. (2000, Food Res. Internat., 33, 775-783).
- the Sep-pak cartridge was packaged with 2 * 5 ml MeOH, 2 * 5 ml water (milliQ), 2 * 5 ml formate buffer pH 3, before passage of the acidified hydrolyzate, followed by washing with 3 ml formate buffer.
- the elution of the phenolic compounds retained in full on the cartridge (we have verified it) was carried out with 1 ml CH 3 CN.
- the collected sample was diluted v / v with the HPLC solvent before being ultrafiltered again and analyzed by reverse phase HPLC (20 ⁇ l injected).
- Ferulic esters are associated with polysaccharides and can be linked to lignins by ether linkages (Jacquet et al., 1995).
- the lower lignin content of transgenic maize limits this stowage and probably accounts for the fact that more ferulic acid is released by alkaline hydrolysis of the transgenic lines, compared to the control.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002459076A CA2459076A1 (fr) | 2001-08-31 | 2002-08-30 | Procede d'obtention de plants de mais transformes a caracteristiques de digestibilite ameliorees, plants de mais obtenus par le procede et utilisations |
| EP02774893A EP1425401A1 (fr) | 2001-08-31 | 2002-08-30 | Procede d'obtention de plants de ma s transformes a caracteristiques de digestibilite ameliorees, plants de ma s obtenus par le procede et utilisations |
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| FR01/11326 | 2001-08-31 | ||
| FR0111326A FR2829151A1 (fr) | 2001-08-31 | 2001-08-31 | Procede d'obtention de plants de mais transformes a caracteristiques de digestibilite ameliorees, plants de mais obtenus par le procede et utilisations |
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| WO2003018819A1 true WO2003018819A1 (fr) | 2003-03-06 |
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| PCT/FR2002/002982 Ceased WO2003018819A1 (fr) | 2001-08-31 | 2002-08-30 | Procede d'obtention de plants de maïs transformes a caracteristiques de digestibilite ameliorees, plants de maïs obtenus par le procede et utilisations |
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| EP (1) | EP1425401A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2459076A1 (fr) |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8129588B2 (en) | 2004-04-20 | 2012-03-06 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Regulatory sequences for expressing gene products in plant reproductive tissue |
| US9238818B2 (en) | 2004-04-20 | 2016-01-19 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Methods and genetic constructs for modification of lignin composition of corn cobs |
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Cited By (4)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8129588B2 (en) | 2004-04-20 | 2012-03-06 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Regulatory sequences for expressing gene products in plant reproductive tissue |
| US8597913B2 (en) | 2004-04-20 | 2013-12-03 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Method of constructing an expression cassette comprising regulatory sequences of a target gene of a plant for expressing gene products |
| US8679844B2 (en) | 2004-04-20 | 2014-03-25 | Syngenta Participations Ag | MADS gene regulatory sequences for expressing gene products in plant reproductive tissue |
| US9238818B2 (en) | 2004-04-20 | 2016-01-19 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Methods and genetic constructs for modification of lignin composition of corn cobs |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2459076A1 (fr) | 2003-03-06 |
| FR2829151A1 (fr) | 2003-03-07 |
| EP1425401A1 (fr) | 2004-06-09 |
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