WO2003006639A1 - Cellule et animal transgenique modelisant la presentation antigenique humaine et leurs utilisations - Google Patents
Cellule et animal transgenique modelisant la presentation antigenique humaine et leurs utilisations Download PDFInfo
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- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
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- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
- C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
- C07K14/70539—MHC-molecules, e.g. HLA-molecules
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- A01K2217/072—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination maintaining or altering function, i.e. knock in
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
- A01K2267/035—Animal model for multifactorial diseases
- A01K2267/0381—Animal model for diseases of the hematopoietic system
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- A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
- A61K2035/124—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells the cells being hematopoietic, bone marrow derived or blood cells
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of biology and more particularly the field of animal transgenesis and immunology.
- the invention relates to an isolated animal cell comprising at least one transgene comprising at least one nucleotide sequence coding for at least one human polypeptide involved in the antigenic recognition and / or in the cellular activation of T cells, characterized in that that said cell, or a descendant of said cell, expresses at least all or part of said human polypeptide (s), and characterized in that the endogenous homologous animal gene coding for an animal polypeptide homologous to said human polypeptide is invalid .
- the invention also relates to the corresponding transgenic animal.
- the cell and the transgenic animal according to the invention can be used in a method for screening for compounds which modulate an immune reaction in humans.
- the invention also relates to the use of the cell according to the invention as an autologous cell or one tolerated by the immune system for the preparation of a medicament intended for the treatment of patients requiring a cell and / or tissue transplant.
- Recognition of an antigen by T cells involves a tripartite complex composed of the molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) located on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC), the antigenic peptide and the T cell receptor (TCR).
- MHC major histocompatibility complex
- APC antigen presenting cells
- TCR T cell receptor
- the peptide is correctly primed by the APCs, then associated with the molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (called H-2 in mice, HLA in humans) and finally expressed on the surface of the APCs, so that the peptide-MHC complex presented can be recognized by the specific TCR.
- MHC major histocompatibility complex
- MHC molecules are made up of two chains ⁇ and ⁇ . Each of these chains can be encoded by different alleles present on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21.3) in humans.
- the loci encoding the genes for class II molecules are centromeric and are located in the HLA-D region (approximately 900 kb).
- HLA-A contains at least 20 class II genes, 9 of which are functional: DPB1, DPA1, DQB1, DQB2, DRB1, DRB2, DRB4, DRB5, DRA.
- the class I region (approximately 1600 kb) contains approximately 20 class genes
- MHC class I molecules are formed from an ⁇ chain associated noncovalently with a polypeptide, beta 2 microglobulin ( ⁇ 2m).
- the HLA polymorphism represents variations within a locus in a population. Each variation represents an HLA allele. For example, the association of an ⁇ chain with a ⁇ chain allows the expression of a functional MHC class II protein, having a peptide binding site where the majority of the polymorphic variations will be concentrated.
- mice This phenomenon, defined as gene restriction, influences peptide-MHC interactions and partly explains why certain individuals respond or not to a given antigen.
- Animal models initially made it possible to study the nature of the immune response implemented (for example, Thl versus Th2, cellular response versus humoral, etc.). However, they have shown their limits, particularly in studies looking for a "vaccine candidate" that can be extrapolated to humans.
- transgenic mice expressing a given allele of the MHC were used. In most cases, these models were obtained by conventional transgenesis. This means that the gene coding for the HLA molecule is randomly integrated into the mouse genome, the effect of the integration site on the biological activity of the transgene cannot be ignored.
- transgene encoding human HLA is randomly integrated into the genome, such integration necessarily having consequences on the regulation and expression of endogenous genes at the integration site as well as on the fine regulation of the expression of the transgene.
- multi-transgenic animals mice or other
- these animals would constitute tools of considerable value for a pre-evaluation of the capacity of certain molecules to trigger an immune response in humans. This is the technical problem which the present invention proposes to solve.
- the inventors intend to introduce several human HLA alleles into the genome of laboratory animals, preferably in mice, and thus cover a wide range of human gene restriction linked to MHC.
- the multigene HLA mouse models developed by the inventors express one to two HLA class I and / or class II molecules.
- the association of a class I HLA molecule and one to two class II HLA molecules in the same model would be an appreciable tool for vaccinology studies.
- the MHC class I molecules will present the exogenous peptides to CD8 T lymphocytes, responsible for a CTL type response (cytotoxic T lymphocytes).
- HLA class II molecules will present peptides to CD4 T lymphocytes which, following their activation, will produce cytokines and thus allow the development of a cellular and / or humoral immune response.
- a transgenic animal for human class I and II molecules the two components necessary for the study of an immune response will be combined, and the model obtained will make it possible to study an antigen (restricted class I) in association with a peptide (restricted class II) which promotes the development of an overall T response.
- an antigen restricted class I
- peptide restricted class II
- the inventors propose to suppress the expression of murine MHC in order to allow only the human HLA genes to be expressed, thereby increasing the quality of the model.
- Targeted insertion technology Knock-In
- Knock-In is used for this purpose and avoids the drawbacks of random insertion of the transgene obtained by conventional transgenesis by microinjection of DNA into the pronucleus, for example.
- the murine MHC molecules will be invalidated at the same time as the human HLA molecules will be introduced.
- These human genes in place of their murine equivalents benefit from the endogenous regulation exerted normally on the expression of MHC molecules during the development of an immune response.
- the inventors propose to humanize the ⁇ 2m molecule to eliminate the possibilities of association between human HLA class I molecules and murine ⁇ 2m.
- the presentation of antigen restricted to MHC class I molecules will then be as close as possible to that observed in human cells.
- the inventors propose to humanize, in addition to the MHC molecules, other molecules playing an important role in the recognition of antigens as CD4 and CD8 co-receptors.
- the CD4 and CD8 molecules have been shown to associate in the form of a quaternary complex with the TCR-MHC-peptide complex. This association does not take place under satisfactory conditions between xenogenic molecules, this was highlighted in the first models of transgenic mice carrying a human HLA incapable of interacting with the murine CD4
- CD8s involved in conjunction with the TCR in binding MHC-peptide complexes can stimulate intracellular signals essential in the lymphocyte activation process.
- the invention also relates to a multi-transgenic mouse model HLA into which is introduced by targeted insertion into the murine locus CD4 and CD8 corresponding, a chimeric gene preferably coding for the extracellular part of the molecule CD4 or Human CD8 and for the transmembrane and intracellular part of the murine molecule; MHC / CD4 or CD8 recognition is therefore, in such an animal, human model, while signal transduction within the T lymphocyte is murine.
- the present invention therefore proposes to provide animal models, preferably mouse, multi-transgenic HLA humanized for all molecules playing a key role in the initiation of an immune response, while preserving signaling in the murine T lymphocyte .
- the invention therefore aims to provide a collection of multi-transgenic HLA laboratory animals in different genetic backgrounds which will be as many experimental models for a pre-evaluation of molecules of interest (antigens or others). The evaluation thus carried out will be very relevant insofar as the presentation of the antigen will be done in a humanized context in an optimal manner.
- the models according to the invention constitute refined models useful for the study of antigenic tolerance (induction or rupture), vaccinology, allergic and / or inflammatory phenomena
- the multi-transgenic HLA animals according to the invention will also make it possible to reproduce experimental models of autoimmune pathologies described in humans and associated with one or more given HLAs: for example by expressing HLAs which are observed in linkage disequilibrium in populations and associated with phenotypes of autoimmune pathology.
- the invention relates to an isolated animal cell comprising at least one transgene comprising at least one nucleotide sequence coding for at least one human polypeptide involved in the antigenic recognition and / or in the cellular activation of T cells, characterized in that said cell, or a descendant of said cell, expresses at least all or part of said human polypeptide (s), and characterized in that said nucleotide sequence is stably integrated into the genome of said cell by targeted insertion by homologous recombination (“Knock-In”) at at least one, preferably two alleles of said endogenous animal gene, the integration of said sequence invalidating said homologous endogenous animal gene.
- Knock-In homologous recombination
- homologous polypeptide within the meaning of the present invention is intended to denote polypeptides of different animal species, one being human, optionally having substantial sequence homology and coding for functionally equivalent polypeptides in the two animal species.
- human polypeptide involved in the antigenic recognition and / or in the cellular activation of T cells is intended to denote all of the molecules involved in the antigenic recognition and / or in the cellular activation of the T lymphocytes. intends to designate the presentation of the antigen to T cells by a MHC molecule causing activation of said T cells and therefore the initiation and development of an immune response.
- T lymphocytes By cellular activation of T lymphocytes is meant the entire reaction cascade, induced following priming of the immune or pathological response.
- the human polypeptide involved in the recognition and / or antigenic activation by T cells is selected from the group consisting of antigens of the major histocompatibility complex.
- HLA ⁇ 2-microglobulin
- T cell receptor chains TCR
- CD3 complex polypeptides CD4 and CD8 co-receptors
- costimulatory molecules ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, LFA- 1, CD28, CD80, CD86, CD40, CD40L, CD5, CD72, CTLA-4, CD2, LFA-3.
- said major histocompatibility complex antigen is selected from the group consisting of HLA type I, type II, type III antigens.
- said human polypeptide is a human HLA class I antigen which is preferably chosen from functional human HLA class I antigens, more preferably from the group consisting of HLA-A2, HLA- A24, HLA-A1, HLA-A3, HLA-B7, HLA-B27, HLA-B44, HLA-B8, HLA-B35, HLA-Cw7, HLA-Cw3 and said invalidated homologous animal polypeptide is an MHC I animal antigen which is preferably a functional animal MHC class I molecule. More preferably, the animal is the mouse.
- the murine antigen of the major invalidated class I histocompatibility complex is therefore chosen according to the murine genetic background. So the H2K and H2D antigens are preferably inactivated in mice of strain 129 or C57 / B16, and the H2L antigen in Balb / c mice.
- said human polypeptide is a human HLA class II antigen which is preferably chosen from functional human HLA class II antigens, more preferably from the group consisting of HLA-DR4, HLA- DR1, HLA-DRU, HLA-DR7, HLA-DR2, HLA-DR3, HLA-DQ8, HLA-DQ3, HLA-DP4 and said invalidated homologous animal polypeptide is an animal CMHII antigen which is preferably a MHC molecule of class II functional animal.
- the animal preferably being an inbred mouse ("In bred")
- the murine MHC II antigen to be invalidated is chosen according to the murine genetic background; thus, the IE beta antigen, which is not expressed and therefore non-functional in the murine strain 129, is not chosen when the targeted transgenesis is carried out in the strain 129.
- the antigens IA alpha, IA beta and IE alpha are disabled in mice 129.
- the invention can be carried out in any mammalian cell competent for homologous recombination.
- these are rodent cells, in particular mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs.
- these are mouse cells.
- these are primate cells - including human cells -, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, macaques, baboons. It can also be cells of cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, in particular mini-pigs, equines such as the horse, lagomorphs such as the rabbit.
- the cells according to the invention can be defined functionally as being capable of carrying out the homologous recombination of the fragment (s) of exogenous DNA which contains at least one, preferably two, region (s) having sequence homologies with a endogenous cellular DNA sequence.
- Such cells naturally contain endogenous recombinases or have been genetically modified to contain them or to contain the compounds necessary for carrying out the recombination of DNA.
- the cells according to the invention Preferably, among the cells according to the invention, mention should be made of all cell types naturally expressing specific proteins involved in the recognition and / or activation of antigen by T cells. It is worth mentioning cells of the immune system , professional and non-professional antigen presenting cells, hematopoietic stem cells.
- T lymphocytes a subset of T lymphocytes
- thymocytes dendritic cells
- intraepithelial lymphocytes NK cells
- B lymphocytes basophils
- mast cells macrophages, eosinophils, monocytes, platelets, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, professional and non-professional antigen presenting cells.
- the cells according to the invention can also be for example neuronal cells. Mention should also be made of cells which, under certain culture conditions, or after genetic differentiation or manipulation, are capable of expressing specific proteins involved in the recognition and / or antigenic activation by T cells.
- stem cells hematopoietic, totipotent embryonic stem cells (ES cells) or pluripotent. These stem cells can differentiate into a cell expressing the specific proteins according to the invention.
- stem cells is intended to denote all the types of undifferentiated multipotent or pluripotent cells, which can be cultivated in vitro for a long time without losing their characteristics, and which are capable of differentiating into one or more cell types when they are placed under conditions of defined culture.
- the cell according to the invention is an ES cell or a hematopoietic cell
- T cells such as for example cells of the immune system, and more precisely mast cells, basophils, monocytes, eosinophils, mature and immature T lymphocytes, thymocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells , B lymphocytes, Langerhans cells, platelets, monocytes, dendritic cells, professional and non-professional antigen presenting cells.
- an ES cell cell line can be used or embryonic cells can be obtained fresh from a host animal according to the invention, generally a mouse, a rat, a hamster, a guinea pig. Such cells are cultured on a layer of suitable nourishing fibroblasts or on gelatin, in the presence of appropriate growth factors such as leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF).
- LIF leukemia inhibitor factor
- the cells according to the invention correspond to all animal cells, preferably mammalian cells, with the exception of human cells.
- mammalian cells competent for recombination therefore include fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, cells usually cultivated in the laboratory such as Hela cells, CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells, Dorris, AE7, D10. .64, DAX, Dl.l, CDC25 for example.
- transgenic is intended to denote a cell comprising a transgene.
- the expression “transgene” or by exogenous nucleic acid sequence or by exogenous gene is intended to denote genetic material which has been or which is going to be inserted artificially in the genome of a mammal, particularly in a mammalian cell cultivated in vitro or in a living mammalian cell, or one which will remain in said cell in episodic form.
- the transgene according to the The present invention comprises at least one sequence capable of being transcribed or transcribed and translated into protein.
- the transgenic or transgenes according to the invention or their expression does not affect (s) the functioning of the biological network of the immune system, nor more generally the functioning of the biological network of the cell.
- the transgene can be cloned into a cloning vector which makes it possible to ensure its propagation in a host cell, and / or optionally in an expression vector to ensure the expression of the transgene.
- the recombinant DNA technologies used for the construction of the cloning and / or expression vector according to the invention are those known and commonly used by those skilled in the art.
- the vectors include plasmids, cosmids, phagemids, bacteriophages, retroviruses and other animal viruses, artificial chromosomes, such as YAC, BAC, HAC and the like.
- transgenic cells according to the invention are well known to those skilled in the art (Gordon et al., 1989). Various techniques for transfecting mammalian cells have been described (for review, see Keon et al., 1990).
- the transgene according to the invention optionally included in a linearized vector or not, or in the form of a vector fragment, can be introduced into the host cell by standard methods such as for example micro-injection into the nucleus (US 4,873,191), transfection by calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, electroporation (Lo, 1983), thermal shock, transformation with cationic polymers (PEG, polybrene, DEAE-
- the transgenic cell according to the invention is obtained by gene targeting (“gene targeting”) of the transgene (s) at the level of one or more sequences of the genome of the host cell . More specifically, the transgene is stably inserted by homologous recombination at the level of homologous sequences in the genome of the host cell.
- the host cell is preferably an embryonic stem cell (ES cell) (Thompson et al., 1989).
- Gene targeting represents the directed modification of a chromosomal locus by homologous recombination with an exogenous DNA sequence having a sequence homology with the targeted endogenous sequence.
- gene targeting can be used to modify, in general increase the expression of one or more endogenous gene (s), or to replace an endogenous gene with an exogenous gene, or to place an exogenous gene under the control of regulatory elements gene expression of a particular endogenous gene which remains active.
- gene targeting is called “Knock-in” (Kl).
- Kl gene targeting
- gene targeting can be used to decrease or suppress the expression of one or more genes. This then involves gene targeting called “Knock-Out” (KO) (see Bolkey et al., 1989).
- the integration into the genome of said cell of said transgene coding for at least one human polypeptide involved in the recognition and / or antigenic activation by T cells constitutes a "knock-in”; it is carried out at the level of said endogenous gene or genes coding for a homologous animal coding for an or said animal polypeptide (s) so that said transgene invalidates the expression of said endogenous gene.
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that the transgene is stably integrated into the genome of said cell, and in that its expression is controlled by the regulatory elements of the endogenous gene.
- stable integration is meant the insertion of the transgene into the genomic DNA of the cell according to the invention.
- the transgene thus inserted is then transmitted to the cell descendants. Integration of the transgene is carried out upstream, downstream or in the middle of the target endogenous gene.
- the cell according to the invention expresses one or more transgenes, each coding for at least one human polypeptide involved in the antigenic recognition and / or the cellular activation of T cells.
- the transgene to contain at least one DNA sequence comprising all or part of at least the gene coding for the human polypeptide involved in the antigenic recognition and / or the activation of T cells, with possibly the desired genetic modifications and optionally one or more positive or negative selection genes, and also DNA regions of homology with the target locus, preferably two in number, located on either side of the portion of the reporter gene.
- homologous DNA regions or “homologous or substantially homologous DNA sequences” is intended to denote two DNA sequences which, after optimal alignment and after comparison, are identical for approximately at least approximately 75% of the nucleotides, at least about 80% of the nucleotides, usually at least about 90% to 95% of the nucleotides and, more preferably, at least about 98 to 99.5% of the nucleotides.
- percentage of identity between two nucleic acid sequences within the meaning of the present invention is meant a percentage of identical nucleotides between the two sequences to be compared, obtained after the best alignment, this percentage being purely statistical and the differences between the two sequences being distributed randomly and over their entire length.
- sequence comparisons between two nucleic acid sequences are traditionally carried out by comparing these sequences after having optimally aligned, said comparison being performed by segment or by “comparison window” in order to identify and compare the local regions of sequence similarity.
- the optimal alignment of the sequences for comparison can be achieved, besides manually, by means of the local omology algorithm of Smith and aterman (1981), by means of the local homology algorithm of Neddleman and unsch (1970 ), using the similarity search method of Pearson and Lip an (1988), using computer software using these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST P, BLAST N, FASTA and TFASTA in the isconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, WI).
- the BLAST program is preferably used with the BLOSUM 62 matrix.
- the PAM or PAM250 matrices can also be used.
- the percentage of identity between two nucleic acid sequences is determined by comparing these two optimally aligned sequences, the nucleic acid or amino acid sequence to be compared being able to comprise additions or deletions with respect to the sequence of. benchmark for optimal alignment between these two sequences.
- the percentage of identity is calculated by determining the number of identical positions for which the nucleotide or the amino acid residue is identical between the two sequences, by dividing this number of identical positions by the total number of positions compared and by multiplying the result obtained by 100 to obtain the percentage of identity between these two sequences.
- nucleic acid sequences presenting a percentage identity of at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, 95%, 98% and 99% after optimal alignment with a reference sequence
- nucleic sequences having, with respect to the sequence reference nucleic acid, certain modifications such as in particular a deletion, a truncation, an elongation, a chimeric fusion, and / or a substitution, in particular point, and whose nucleic sequence has at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, 95 %, 98% and 99% identity after optimal alignment with the reference nucleic sequence.
- the length of the regions of homology is partially dependent on the degree of homology.
- the DNA fragments are of any what size.
- the minimum size required is subject to the need to have at least one region of homology long enough to facilitate homologous recombination.
- the DNA fragments are at least about 2 kb in size, preferably at least about 3 kb, 5 kb, ⁇ kb in size.
- the transgene is not limited to a particular DNA sequence.
- the DNA sequences of homology present in the transgene may be of a purely synthetic origin (for example routinely produced from a DNA synthesizer), or may be derived from mRNA sequences by reverse transcription, or can be derived directly from genomic DNA sequences.
- the DNA sequence of homology derives from RNA sequences by reverse transcription, this may or may not contain all or part of non-coding sequences such as introns, depending on whether the corresponding RNA molecule has been subjected or not, partially or totally, splicing.
- the homologous DNA sequences used to carry out the homologous recombination comprise genomic DNA sequences rather than cDNA .
- genomic DNA sequences include a sequence encoding a transcript of RNA.
- the RNA transcript encodes all or part of a polypeptide; preferably, they are human polypeptides involved in antigenic recognition and / or cellular activation of T cells.
- the transgene codes for a part of the polypeptide, it is preferably one or more exons; thus, in the context of the humanization of the murine gene for beta-2 ⁇ microglobulin, the transgene preferably comprises an exon; in this case, the Knock-in is preferably an exchange of exons.
- the same transgene can code for several human genes.
- the human genes are preferably in the form of cDNA and are placed under the control of human promoter regions. When several human genes are thus contiguously linked, they are either arranged in the form of multiple distinct gene entities, each comprising at least one promoter, regulatory sequences, a coding sequence, the termination signals, or the coding sequences are dispersed.
- the IRES are selected from the IRES of the myocardial encephalitis virus (EMCV), of the cardiovirus, of the aphtovirus, of the enterovirus, of the rhinovirus, in particular of the human rhinovirus (HCV), of the virus. hepatitis A, poliovirus type I, foot and tongue disease virus (FMDV), ECHO virus, murine leukemia virus (MLV) from cMyc.
- EMCV myocardial encephalitis virus
- EMCV myocardial encephalitis virus
- cardiovirus of the aphtovirus
- HCV human rhinovirus
- HCV human rhinovirus
- HCV human rhinovirus
- hepatitis A poliovirus type I
- FMDV foot and tongue disease virus
- ECHO virus murine leukemia virus
- MMV murine leukemia virus
- the transgene comprises at least one nucleotide sequence coding for at least all or part of a human polypeptide involved in the antigenic recognition and / or the cellular activation of T cells, a framed positive selection cassette or no sites-specific to the action of recombinases, for example a Lox / Neo-TK / Lox or lox / Neo / lox or FRT / Neo-TK / FRT or FRT / Neo / FRT cassette which may also be present in position 5 'of the said nucleotide sequence, and characterized in that a negative selection cassette containing for example the gene or genes DTA and / or TK is present at at least one of the ends of the transgene.
- a negative selection cassette containing for example the gene or genes DTA and / or TK is present at at least one of the ends of the transgene.
- the transgene may be as small as a few hundred DNA base pairs or c as large as hundreds of thousands of basepairs of a gene locus comprising the coding sequence exonique- intronic and regulatory sequences necessary for the '' obtaining a spatio-temporally controlled expression.
- the recombinant DNA segment has a size of between 2.5 kb and 1000 kb. In any case, the recombined DNA segments can be less than 2.5 kb and more than 1000 kb.
- the transgene of the present invention is preferably in native form, that is to say derived directly from an exogenous DNA sequence naturally present in an animal cell.
- This DNA sequence in native form can be modified for example by insertion of restriction sites necessary for cloning and / or by insertion of site-specific recombination sites (lox and flp sequences).
- the transgene of the present invention may have been created artificially in vitro by recombinant DNA techniques, for example by combining portions of genomic DNA and / or cDNA . These are chimeric transgene.
- the DNA sequence according to the invention, in native or chimeric form can be mutated using the techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For coding sequences, these mutations can affect the amino acid sequence.
- the cells When the cells have been transformed by the transgene, they can be cultured in vitro or else used to produce transgenic animals. After transformation, the cells are seeded on a feeder layer and / or in an appropriate medium. Cells containing the construct can be detected using a selective medium. After sufficient time to allow the colonies to grow, they are collected and analyzed to determine if a homologous recombination event and / or integration of the construct has occurred. In order to screen the clones capable of satisfying homologous recombination, positive and negative markers, also called selection genes, can be inserted into the homologous recombination vector.
- selection gene is intended to denote a gene which allows the cells which possess it to be selected specifically for or against the presence of a corresponding selective agent.
- an antibiotic resistance gene can be used as a positive selection marker gene which allows a host cell to be positively selected in the presence of the corresponding antibiotic.
- positive and negative markers are known to those skilled in the art (for review see US Patent 5,627,059). This selection gene can be found either inside or outside the linearized transgene.
- the selection gene When the selection gene is located inside the transgene, that is to say between the 5 ′ and 3 ′ ends of the transgene, this can be present in the form of a gene entity distinct from the coding gene. for at least one human polypeptide involved in antigenic recognition and cell activation of T cells according to the invention.
- the selection gene is operably linked with DNA sequences making it possible to control its expression; alternatively, the selection gene can be placed under the control of the sequences for regulating the expression of said human gene.
- sequences known to those skilled in the art, correspond in particular to promoter sequences, optionally to activator sequences and to transcription termination signals.
- the selection gene can constitute a gene for fusion with the human gene.
- the selection gene is located at the 5 ′ or 3 ′ ends of the transgene so that if a homologous recombination event occurs, the selection gene is not integrated into the Cellular genomic DNA; in this case, the selection gene is a negative selection gene (for a review, see US Pat. No. 5,627,059).
- Said positive selection gene according to the invention is preferably chosen from the antibiotic resistance genes.
- antibiotics non-exhaustive mention should be made of neomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, kanamycin, phleomycin, bleomycin, hygromycin, chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, geneticin, puromycin.
- the resistance genes corresponding to these antibiotics are known to those skilled in the art; for example, the neomycin gene makes cells resistant to the presence of the antibiotic G418 in the culture medium.
- the positive selection gene can also be selected from the HisD gene, the corresponding selective agent being histidinol.
- the positive selection gene can also be selected from the guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (GpT) gene, the corresponding selective agent being xanthine.
- the positive selection gene can also be selected from the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene, the corresponding selective agent being hypoxanthine.
- Said negative selection gene according to the invention is preferably chosen from the 6-thioxanthine or thymidine kinase (TK) gene (Mzoz et al., 1993), the genes coding for bacterial or viral toxins such as, for example, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, diphtheria toxin (DTA), cholera toxin, Bacillus anthrox toxin, Pertussis toxin, Shiga toxin Shiga, toxin related to Shiga toxin, Escherichia coli toxins, colicin A, d-endotoxin.
- TK 6-thioxanthine or thymidine kinase
- cytochrome p450 and cyclophosphophamide Mention may also be made of rat cytochrome p450 and cyclophosphophamide (Wei et al., 1994), purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 6-methylpurine deoxyribonucleoside (Sorscher et al., 1994), cytosine deaminases (Cdase) or uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPRTase) which can be used with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC).
- E. coli E. coli
- 6-methylpurine deoxyribonucleoside Sorscher et al., 1994
- cytosine deaminases Cdase
- UPRTase uracil phosphoribosyl transferase
- the selection marker (s) used to identify homologous recombination events can subsequently affect gene expression, and can be eliminated, if necessary, by the use of site-specific recombinases such as specific Cre recombinase. Lox sites (Sauer, 1994; Rajewsky et al., 1996; Sauer, 1998) or specific FLP for FRT sites (Kilby et al., 1993).
- Positive colonies that is to say containing cells in which at least one homologous recombination event has occurred, are identified by analysis by southern blotting and / or by PCR techniques.
- the level of expression, in the isolated cells or cells of the transgenic animal according to the invention, of the mRNA corresponding to the transgene can also be determined by techniques including analysis by northern blotting, analysis by hybridization in si tu, by RT-PCR. Also animal cells or tissues expressing the transgene can be identified using an antibody directed against the reporter protein. The positive cells can then be used to carry out the manipulations on the embryo and in particular the injection of the modified cells by homologous recombination into the blastocysts.
- the blastocysts are obtained from 4 to 6 week old superovulated females.
- the cells are trypsinized and the modified cells are injected into the blastocele of a blastocyst.
- the blastocysts are introduced into the uterine horn of pseudo-pregnant females.
- the females are then allowed to go to term and the resulting litters are analyzed to determine the presence of mutant cells having the construct.
- Analysis of a different phenotype between cells of the newborn embryo and cells of the blastocyst or ES cells makes it possible to detect chimeric newborns.
- the chimeric embryos are then reared until adulthood.
- Chimeras, or chimeric animals are animals in which only a subpopulation of cells has an altered genome.
- the chimeric animals presenting the modified gene or genes are generally crossed with each other or with a wild type animal in order to obtain heterozygous or homozygous progeny.
- the male and female heterozygotes are then crossed to generate homozygous animals.
- the transgenic animal according to the invention comprises stable changes in the nucleotide sequence of cells of the germ line.
- the non-human transgenic cell according to the invention can serve as a nucleus donor cell in the context of a nuclear transfer or nuclear transfer.
- nuclear transfer is intended to denote the transfer of the nucleus of a living vertebrate donor cell, from an adult organism or from the fetal stage, into the cytoplasm of an enucleated recipient cell of the same or a different species.
- the transferred nucleus is reprogrammed to direct the development of cloned embryos which can then be transferred into carrier females to produce fetuses and newborns, or used to produce cells from the cultured internal cell mass.
- gene targeting according to the present invention constitutes a "Knock-In" (KI).
- the transgene or the exogenous gene or the nucleotide sequence according to the invention coding for at least all or part of a human polypeptide involved in the recognition and / or in the antigenic activation of T cells according to the invention is targeted by homologous recombination in the organism's genome.
- the nucleotide sequence is stably integrated into the genome of said cell by targeted insertion by homologous recombination ("Knock-In”) at the level of at least one allele of said animal gene, and its integration invalidates said homologous endogenous animal gene.
- Knock-In homologous recombination
- the transgene or the nucleotide sequence is devoid of regulatory elements for gene expression and is operably linked to sequences for regulating the expression of said homologous endogenous animal gene.
- the transgene or the nucleotide sequence comprises elements for regulating gene expression and is operably linked to exogenous sequences for regulating expression.
- said sequences for regulating exogenous expression are the sequences for regulating the expression of said human gene coding for the human polypeptide.
- the transgene comprises at least one gene, human, which codes for the human polypeptide involved in antigenic recognition and / or in the cellular activation of T cells.
- Said human gene comprises either all of the sequences containing the information for production regulated the corresponding RNA
- Said human gene can be a "wild type" gene exhibiting a natural polymorphism or a genetically manipulated DNA sequence, for example having deletions, substitutions or insertions in the coding or non-coding regions.
- the human gene (s) lack the regulatory sequences necessary to direct and control their expression in an appropriate cell type (s); in fact, they are placed after homologous recombination under the control of endogenous animal sequences for regulating the expression of the target animal endogenous gene which preferably remains active following the event of homologous recombination and the integration of the human gene.
- the transgene according to the invention may contain regulatory sequences suitable for directing and controlling the expression of said human protein or proteins involved in recognition and / or in antigenic activation by T cells in the cell.
- the transgene is integrated in a targeted or random manner in the genome, or is present in episomal form in the cell.
- the appropriate regulatory sequences are sequences inducible by one or more proteins.
- elements for regulating gene expression is intended to denote all the DNA sequences involved in the regulation of gene expression, that is to say essentially the regulatory sequences for transcription, splicing, the translation.
- DNA sequences which regulate transcription mention should be made of the minimum promoter sequence, the upstream sequences (for example, the SP1 box, the IRE for “interferon responsive element”, etc.), the activator sequences ( “Enhancers”), possibly the inhibitor sequences ("silencers”), the insulator sequences (“insulator”), the splicing sequences.
- These expression regulation sequences are operably linked to the human gene (s).
- a nucleic acid sequence is "operably linked” when it is placed in a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence.
- a promoter or activator is operably linked to a coding sequence, if it affects the transcription of said coding sequence.
- "operably linked” means that the linked DNA sequences are contiguous, and when it comes to linking two regions coding for proteins, contiguous and in reading phase.
- the transgenic cell and / or the non-human transgenic animal according to the invention is obtained by introducing at least one transgene coding for a human polypeptide involved in the antigenic recognition and / or in the cellular activation of T cells, in a cell, a zygote or early embryo of the non-human animal.
- the introduction of different transgenes into the cell according to the invention can also be carried out simultaneously or in a time-delayed manner.
- the cell contains several transgenes, it can be obtained directly by simultaneous introduction of the DNA fragments necessary for homologous recombination in said cell using methods promoting the co-transformation of multiple DNA molecules.
- the cells are then selected for the multiple recombination events expected using a suitable selection system.
- the multi-cell transgenic can be achieved by performing homologous recombination events separately and time-shifted.
- the cell after introduction of a first homologous recombination vector, is selected for the first homologous recombination event, using a suitable selection system; this newly transgenic cell is then transformed with a second homologous recombination vector, then selected for the second homologous recombination event using an identical or different selection system.
- this double transgenic cell can then be transformed with a third homologous recombination vector, then selected for the third homologous recombination event using the same or different selection system, and so on.
- the double, triple or multitransgenic cell according to the invention can be obtained by successive crossing of transgenic animals.
- a double transgenic cell can be obtained by crossing two single homozygous transgenic animals; it can be obtained by crossing and then selecting two simple heterozygous transgenic animals, or by crossing and selecting a single homozygous transgenic animal and a single heterozygous transgenic animal.
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that it further comprises at least one transgene comprising at least all or part of a nucleotide sequence coding for at least all or part of 'a human polypeptide involved in antigenic recognition and / or cellular activation of T cells present in episomal form in said cell, and in that said homologous endogenous animal gene is invalidated in said cell.
- said homologous endogenous animal gene is invalidated by targeted homologous recombination ("knockout"). It is within the capacity of a person skilled in the art to define the nature and the characteristics of the expression vector used to allow the maintenance and the expression in episomal form of the transgene in the cell of the invention.
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that it further comprises at least one transgene comprising at least all or part of a nucleotide sequence coding for at least all or part of a human polypeptide involved in antigenic recognition and / or cellular activation of T cells randomly integrated into the genome; in this case, the transgene is preferably integrated into a non-coding region of the genome, under the dependence of response elements on proteins involved in the recognition and / or activation of antigen by T cells.
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that the said nucleotide sequence (s) encode all or part of a human HLA class I antigen and is or are inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination (“Knock-In”) at the level of the homologous animal gene (s) encoding the animal antigen (s) of the major histocompatibility class I complex (MHC I).
- Knock-In homologous recombination
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that the said nucleotide sequence (s) encode all or part of the HLA class II molecules and is or are inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination ("Knock-In ”) At the level of the homologous animal gene (s) encoding the animal antigens of the major class II histocompatibility complex (MHC)
- Knock-In homologous recombination
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that the said nucleotide sequence (s) encode all or part of the HLA class I and class II molecules and is or are inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination (“Knock-In”) at the level of the homologous animal gene (s) encoding the animal antigen (s) of the major histocompatibility complex of class I (MHC I) and of class II (MHC II).
- Knock-In homologous recombination
- Said human HLA class I antigen is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A2, HLA-A24, HLA-Al, HLA-A3, HLA-B7, HLA-B27, HLA-B44, HLA-B8, HLA-B35 , HLA-Cw7, HLA-Cw3, and said MHC I animal antigen is selected from H2K, H2D and H2L.
- Said human HLA class II antigen is chosen from the group consisting of HLA-DR4, HLA-DR1, HLA-DRU, HLA-DR7, HLA-DR2, HLA-DR3, HLA-DQ8, HLA-DQ3, HLA-DP4, and said MHC II animal antigen is selected from IA alpha, IA beta, IE alpha and IE beta.
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that said nucleotide sequence codes for all or part of the ⁇ 2-human microglobulin, and is inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination ("Knock-In") at the level of the homologous animal gene coding for ⁇ 2-microglobulin.
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that the said nucleotide sequence (s) encode all or part of at least one of the polypeptides of the human CD3 complex and is or are inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination (“Knock-In”) at the level of the homologous animal gene (s) coding for the polypeptide (s) of the CD3 complex.
- Knock-In homologous recombination
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that said nucleotide sequence codes for all or part of the human CD4 polypeptide and is inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination ("Knock-In”) at the level of the gene homologous animal coding for the CD4 polypeptide.
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that said nucleotide sequence codes for all or part of the human CD8 polypeptide and is inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination ("Knock-In”) at the gene level homologous animal coding for the CD8 polypeptide.
- the cell according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises (a) said nucleotide sequence coding for all or part of human ⁇ 2-microglobulin, inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination ("Knock- In ”) at the level of the homologous animal gene encoding ⁇ 2- microglobulin; and / or (b) said nucleotide sequence coding for all or part of the human CD4 polypeptide, inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination ("Knock-In”) at the level of the homologous animal gene coding for the CD4 polypeptide; and / or (c) said nucleotide sequence coding for all or part of the human CD8 polypeptide, inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination ("Knock-In”) at the level of the homologous animal gene coding for the CD8 polypeptide.
- Knock- In homologous recombination
- the cell according to the invention further comprises said nucleotide sequence (s) coding for all or part of at least one of the polypeptides of the human CD3 complex, inserted by targeted insertion by homologous recombination
- the present invention also relates to the non-human transgenic animal comprising at least one cell according to the invention.
- the term “transgenic animal” is intended to denote a non-human animal, preferably a mammal chosen from the group of rodents, and in particular mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. The mouse is particularly appreciated because its immune system has been studied in depth.
- the transgenic animal is chosen from farm animals and in particular pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, especially horses, lagomorphs, especially rabbits.
- the transgenic animal according to the invention can also be chosen from primates, in particular monkeys, such as the macaque, the chimpanzee, the baboon.
- mice according to the invention can be selected from inbred murine lines ("inbred”) 129Sv, 12901a, C57B16, BalB / C, DBA / 2, but also from non-inbred lines ("outbred”) or lines hybrids.
- inbred inbred murine lines
- 129Sv inbred murine lines
- 12901a C57B16
- BalB / C BalB / C
- DBA / 2 non-inbred lines
- the transgenic animal according to the invention comprises at least one cell whose genome comprises at least one transgene or nucleotide sequence according to the invention integrated by targeted insertion ("knock-in”), and optionally at least one transgene or nucleotide sequence present either as an extra-chromosomal element, or randomly integrated into chromosomal DNA.
- knock-in targeted insertion
- transgenes according to the invention are integrated by targeted homologous recombination (“Knock-In”) into the genome of the cell according to the invention.
- Knock-In targeted homologous recombination
- all of the animal's cells and in particular its cells of the germ line are transgenic.
- the transgenic animal according to the invention is characterized in that the cells of its immune system express at least one functional human HLA antigen; cells in his immune system can also express humanized and functional co-receptor and co-stimulatory molecules.
- the invention also relates to the use of a cell and or of an animal according to the invention for the screening of compounds modulating the human immune response. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for screening for compounds which modulate, that is to say inducing, stimulating, inhibiting, suppressing an immune reaction in humans, characterized in that it comprises steps of (a) bringing a cell and / or an animal according to the invention into contact with an immunogen responsible for triggering an immune response, (b) bringing a cell into contact and / or of an animal according to the invention with an immunogen responsible for triggering an immune response and, simultaneously or delayed in time, with said compound, (c) the determination and qualitative evaluation, optionally quantitative, if an immune reaction occurs, (d) then the identification of the compound which selectively modulates the immune reaction.
- the determination and / or evaluation of said immune reaction is carried out according to a technique chosen from (a) determining the production of soluble factors such as chemokines and cytokines, (b) determining the presence of receptors on the cell surface, (c) determining cell proliferation, (d) determining the effector functions of T cells (CTL, Helper, etc.), (e) determining the production of antibodies by B cells.
- said determination and / or evaluation of said immune reaction is carried out by measuring the level of expression of a reporter gene.
- reporter gene is intended to denote a gene which allows cells containing this gene to be detected specifically following the expression of the latter, that is to say to be distinguished other cells that do not carry this marker gene.
- Said reporter gene according to the invention codes for a reporter protein preferably chosen from the group composed of auto-fluorescent proteins, such as the Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP), the augmented Green Fluorescence Protein (EGFP), yellow fluorescence protein (YFP for “Yellow Fluorescence Protein”), blue fluorescence protein (CFP, for “Cyan fluorescence protein”), red fluorescence protein (RFP for “Red Fluorescence Protein”), as well as variants of these fluorescence proteins obtained by mutagenesis to generate fluorescence of a different color.
- GFP Green Fluorescence Protein
- EGFP augmented Green Fluorescence Protein
- YFP yellow fluorescence protein
- CFP blue fluorescence protein
- RFP red fluorescence protein
- Said "reporter” gene also codes for any enzyme detectable in a fluorescent, phosphorescent or visible manner by a histochemical process on living cells or any other methods of cell analysis, or by microscopy.
- ⁇ -galactosidase ⁇ -GAL
- ⁇ -glucoronidase ⁇ -GAL
- ⁇ -GUS alkaline phosphatase, especially placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), alcoholic dehydrogenase, especially dehydrogenase Drosophila alcoholic (DHA), luciferase, in particular "Firefly Luciferase", chloramphenicol-acetyl-transferase (CAT), growth hormone (GH).
- PLAP placental alkaline phosphatase
- DHA dehydrogenase Drosophila alcoholic
- luciferase in particular "Firefly Luciferase", chloramphenicol-acetyl-transferase (CAT), growth hormone (GH).
- the invention also relates to the use of a composition comprising a compound modulating the immune reaction and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle as a medicament for the preventive and / or curative treatment of a man or an animal requiring a such treatment, characterized in that the ability of said compound to modulate, that is to say to inhibit, activate, selectively annihilate the immune response is determined by (a) bringing a cell into contact and / or an animal according to the invention with an immunogen responsible for triggering an immune response, (b) bringing a cell and / or an animal according to the invention into contact with an immunogen responsible for triggering an '' an immune response and, simultaneously or staggered in time, with said compound, (c) the qualitative determination and evaluation, optionally quantitative, if an immune reaction occurs, (d) then the identification of the compound which modulates the immune reaction.
- antigen within the meaning of the present invention is intended to denote a compound capable of triggering an immune response and / or to be recognized by an antibody or a T lymphocyte.
- immunogen is meant to denote a compound capable of triggering an immune response.
- allergens mitogens, pathogens, or one of their constituents, of viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal, mycoplasmic origin, vaccines and vaccine compositions, adjuvants, drugs, chemical compounds or agents.
- the contacting of a specific antigen with a cell or an animal according to the invention can be done by various routes such as for example a conventional infection by a pathogenic microorganism, or via a biological delivery vector (mosquito, tick, bacterium, virus and parasites or recombinant commensal agent, naked DNA ...), by inhalation, in aerosol, by food.
- the immunogen can be brought into contact with the animal by administration by the systemic route, in particular by the intravenous route, by the intramuscular, intradermal route, skin contact or by oral route.
- the compounds obtained by the screening methods of the invention and which induce an immune reaction in humans constitute excellent vaccines. These compounds thus identified can for example be vaccines with a minimal epitope for diseases of viral origin such as the human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by an HIV infection.
- AIDS human immunodeficiency syndrome
- hepatitis B human immunodeficiency virus
- hepatitis C for diseases of bacterial origin such as tuberculosis, or of parasitic origin such as malaria.
- the compound obtained by the screening method according to the invention or the composition according to the invention can be used not only in preventive treatment, but also in curative treatment of a number of pathologies for which there is a dysfunction of antigenic recognition and / or cellular activation of T cells. This is particularly the case in the context of a bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infection or in the case of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
- autoimmune diseases mention should be made in a non-exhaustive manner of uveitis, Bechet's disease, Sarcoidosis, Sjôgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile polyarthritis, Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome, gout, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, myocarditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases, aplastic anemia, essential thrombocytopenic purpura , multiple myeloma and B-cell lymphoma, Simmonds panhypopituitarism, Graves 'disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy, subacute thyroiditis and Hashimoto's disease, Addison's disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1).
- pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle is intended to denote any type of vehicle usually used in the preparation of pharmaceutical and vaccine compositions, that is to say a diluent, synthetic or biological vector, a suspending agent such as an isotonic or buffered saline solution.
- these compounds will administered systemically, in particular intravenously, intramuscularly, intradermally or orally.
- Their optimal methods of administration, dosages and dosage forms can be determined according to the criteria generally taken into account in establishing a treatment adapted to a patient such as for example the patient's age or body weight, the severity of his general condition, tolerance to treatment and side effects observed, etc.
- the agent when the agent is a polypeptide, an antagonist, a ligand, a polynucleotide, for example an antisense composition, a vector, for example an antisense vector, it can be introduced into host tissues or cells by a number of ways , including viral infection, microinjection, or fusion of vesicles. Jet injection can also be used for intramuscular administration.
- the invention relates to the use of a cell or an animal according to the invention for the purposes of experimental research for the analysis, study and modeling of molecular, biological, biochemical, physiological and / or physiopathological mechanisms. of the immune reaction in humans and in particular of the antigenic recognition and / or the cellular activation of T cells.
- These cells can either be isolated freshly from the animal or can be immortalized in culture, either by multiplying the passages, or by transforming the cells with viruses such as the virus. SV40 or the Epstein-Bahr virus.
- viruses such as the virus. SV40 or the Epstein-Bahr virus.
- the cells and animals according to the invention are particularly useful for studying the molecular bases necessary for the establishment and development of autoimmune diseases, allergic or inflammatory phenomena, rejection of grafts.
- the invention relates to the use of a cell or an animal according to the invention for the screening of therapeutically active biological or chemical compounds, in particular of compounds modulating the human immune response.
- the invention also relates to the use of a genetically modified cell ex vivo according to the invention for the preparation of a cell and or tissue graft for the preventive and curative treatment of a man or an animal requiring such treatment. , characterized in that, when an allogenic host is transplanted with said cell, the latter is less strongly rejected or tolerated than the same cell which has not been genetically modified, by the immune system of said host.
- said cell is a mouse, pig, bovine, primate cell.
- it is a pig cell.
- Such cells are capable of constituting universal and / or personalized donor cells by the nature of the human HLA molecules expressed.
- the cells of particular interest are Langerhans cells, cells of the adrenal medulla which can secrete dopamine, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, neurons, glial cells, ganglion cells, kidney cells, retinal cells, embryonic stem cells, liver cells, bone marrow cells and myoblasts.
- Said cell also expresses at least one protein intended for the preventive and curative treatment of a man or an animal in need of such treatment, said protein preferably being selected from the group composed of cytokines, interleukins, chemokines, factors growth hormones, antibodies.
- IL2 interleukin 2
- GM-CSF granulocytes-macrophages colonies stimulating factor
- the gene coding for beta 2 microglobulin in mice is composed of 4 exons, exon 2 coding for almost all of the protein. Its humanization is carried out by knocking in the second exon coding for the human protein in place of the second murine exon.
- the homologous recombination vector corresponds to a fragment of genomic DNA at the level of the gene beyond beta 2 murine microglobulin in which exon 2 is replaced by its human counterpart by enzymatic digestion at the level of intronic sites.
- the CD8 molecule is a heterodimer formed from an alpha subunit and a beta subunit. The two genes coding for these proteins are located on a region of 60 Kb.
- Hybridization with probes specific to each of the constructs or by any other discriminative method (for example, chromosomal segregation).
- the two CD8 alpha and CD8 beta genes are invalidated by targeted insertion into the first coding exon of a chimeric cDNA molecule comprising the human extracytoplasmic part associated with a cDNA sequence coding for the transmembrane and intracytoplasmic parts of the murine molecule.
- the two homologous recombinations are carried out at the same time by co-electroporation of the two vectors to avoid two successive stages of homologous recombination.
- the selection cassettes are flanked by site-specific recombinases, allowing their elimination once the homologous recombination event has been selected.
- H2-K is invalidated by deletion of exons 1 and 2.
- the H2-D gene is invalidated by insertion of a selection cassette flanked by specific sites of the Cre recombinase so as to carry out an exchange.
- the insertion of one or more selected HLA genes into the H2-D locus is carried out by simple exchange of a cassette containing the human cDNA. Initially, the inventors introduced the cDNA of the HLA-A1 molecule.
- the ES cells of genetic background 129Sv / J or C57BL / 6J are cultured on layers of feeder cells (embryonic fibroblasts of mouse MEFs) as described previously (Fraîchard et al., 1997).
- ES cells are trypsinized, washed and resuspended at a concentration of 6.25.10 ES / ml in culture medium without serum and electroporated in the presence of 25 to 50 ⁇ g / ml linearized homology vector.
- a voltage of 260V associated with a capacitance 500 ⁇ F is optimal for a 4 mm thick electroporation tank.
- 1 ⁇ 10 6 to 5 ⁇ 10 6 electroporated ES cells are then seeded on irradiated neo-resistant MEFs. 36 hours after culturing the electroporated ES cells, the selection of the resistant clones begins by adding geneticin (G418 at 250 ⁇ g / ml) to the culture medium.
- the ES cells are resuspended by adding 10 ⁇ l of sterile H2O. After thermal shock to burst the cells (2 minutes at 65 ° C), 4 ⁇ l are used for the PCR reaction. The recombinant clones isolated by PCR are confirmed by Southern blot.
- Blastocysts are isolated from female donors C57BL / 6J (Charles River Iffa Credo) 3.5 days after fertilization.
- the blastocysts are recovered by rinsing the uterine horns with 1 ml of M2 medium. Some blastocysts are deposited in the injection chamber, in a drop of M2 covered with mineral oil. 3 to 5 ES cells are injected into the blastocoel. 4 hours after the injection, 5 to 9 blastocysts are reimplanted in each of the uterine horns of pseudogestant females mated with a vasectomized male 2.5 days previously.
- the 129Sv / J genetic background ES cells as well as all the mice derived from these ES cells carry the markers characteristic of the strain, that is to say homozygous for the agouti locus A / A giving an agouti colored fur.
- non-agouti can be quickly assessed at the coat level.
- the mice obtained have an agouti and black chimeric coat which is very easily identifiable from small, entirely black, derived from host embryos not colonized by ES cells.
- the recombinant ES cells C57BL / 6J (black) are injected into genetic background blastocysts BALB / c (albino).
- C57BL / 6J females Males with a high rate of chimerism are mated with C57BL / 6J females.
- chimeras obtained by injection of C57BL / 6 ES cells are also mated with C57BL / 6J females.
- the set of the first generation is screened by PCR for the homologous recombination event. Heterozygous animals positive by PCR are systematically confirmed by Southern blot. DNA for genotyping descendants is obtained from mouse tail biopsies.
- mice expressing human polypeptides involved in the recognition and / or activation of antigen by T cells will be produced independently.
- the homozygotes and / or heterozygotes for each type of transgenic will then be crossed and the progeny will be tested in order to select the animals expressing the two transgenics.
- the genetic background of transgenic animals can also be changed by successive crosses with animals of a different genetic background than that used initially.
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Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002453928A CA2453928A1 (fr) | 2001-07-13 | 2002-07-12 | Cellule et animal transgenique modelisant la presentation antigenique humaine et leurs utilisations |
| US10/483,569 US20050066375A1 (en) | 2001-07-13 | 2002-07-12 | Cell and transgenic animal modelling human antigenic presentation and their uses |
| EP02784869A EP1414949A1 (fr) | 2001-07-13 | 2002-07-12 | Cellule et animal transgenique modelisant la presentation antigenique humaine et leurs utilisations |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR01/09352 | 2001-07-13 | ||
| FR0109352A FR2827302B1 (fr) | 2001-07-13 | 2001-07-13 | Cellule et animal transgenique modelisant la presentation antigenique humaine et leurs utilisations |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003006639A1 true WO2003006639A1 (fr) | 2003-01-23 |
Family
ID=8865469
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2002/002475 Ceased WO2003006639A1 (fr) | 2001-07-13 | 2002-07-12 | Cellule et animal transgenique modelisant la presentation antigenique humaine et leurs utilisations |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US20050066375A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1414949A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2453928A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2827302B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2003006639A1 (fr) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2453928A1 (fr) | 2003-01-23 |
| EP1414949A1 (fr) | 2004-05-06 |
| US20070209083A1 (en) | 2007-09-06 |
| FR2827302B1 (fr) | 2003-10-10 |
| FR2827302A1 (fr) | 2003-01-17 |
| US20050066375A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
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