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WO2002033317A1 - Method for the stepped combustion of fuel - Google Patents

Method for the stepped combustion of fuel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002033317A1
WO2002033317A1 PCT/EP2001/012029 EP0112029W WO0233317A1 WO 2002033317 A1 WO2002033317 A1 WO 2002033317A1 EP 0112029 W EP0112029 W EP 0112029W WO 0233317 A1 WO0233317 A1 WO 0233317A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
combustion
combustion chamber
catalyst
flue gas
oxygen
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2001/012029
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Christian Wolf
Kai Keldenich
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority to KR10-2003-7005356A priority Critical patent/KR20030046512A/en
Priority to JP2002536463A priority patent/JP2004511750A/en
Priority to AT01983559T priority patent/ATE314613T1/en
Priority to DE50108574T priority patent/DE50108574D1/en
Priority to EP01983559A priority patent/EP1327104B1/en
Publication of WO2002033317A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002033317A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
    • F23C6/045—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
    • F23L7/002—Supplying water
    • F23L7/005—Evaporated water; Steam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L9/00—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel 
    • F23L9/04—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel  by discharging the air beyond the fire, i.e. nearer the smoke outlet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/06041—Staged supply of oxidant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
    • F23G2900/00001—Exhaust gas recirculation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method in which a solid fuel with often heterogeneous properties, preferably waste or biomass, is burned under conditions which reduce or suppress the formation of nitrogen oxides.
  • Nitrogen oxides are an undesirable product in the environment and especially after combustion processes. Therefore, a considerable amount of process engineering effort is usually made to prevent the nitrogen oxides generated in the process by means of a complex flue gas aftertreatment.
  • the method of staged combustion was introduced, especially for liquid, gaseous and dusty fuels. It is achieved by air gradation or targeted air distribution between primary, secondary and possibly tertiary air that in a first combustion section through substoichiometric operation the precursor substances of fuel NOx are reduced to N 2 (see, for example, US Pat. No. 5,626,085 or US Pat. No. 4,704,084). The course of the reaction is very complex and not completely clarified.
  • the unburned substance CO (product of incomplete combustion) also present in this area can also reduce NO to N 2 (simplified: 2 CO 4- 2 NO ⁇ -2 C0 2 + N 2 ) the reacting process gases are mixed intimately to enable the reaction.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method for primarily solid, also inhomogeneous fuels, in which the formation of nitrogen oxides is largely avoided or at least reduced.
  • This object is achieved by the provision of a process which comprises a gradation of the air addition in order to achieve a reaction atmosphere which is first under and then above stoichiometric and the subsequent or accompanying aftertreatment of the flue gases with a catalyst which improves and accelerates the reactions taking place and thus the formation inert nitrogen.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows the air grading and catalyst task in a combustion method according to the present invention on an exemplary combustion system.
  • the invention provides that, on the one hand, the staged combustion previously used for liquid and other homogeneous fuels is also used for heterogeneous fuels such as waste or biomass, which, in addition to the problem that is predetermined by the inhomogeneity, is frequently very heavily loaded with nitrogenous substances are. This should largely avoid or completely suppress the formation of nitrogen oxide.
  • a suitable catalyst to an area of the incineration plant, which, viewed in the direction of flow, does not lie in front of the incineration area with oxygen present in excess of stoichiometry, ensures that, on the one hand, the amount of air provided for the over-stoichiometric incineration from a possible pulse addition in the Combustion chamber is independent and on the other hand there is still enough oxygen to burn out the unburned substances.
  • the gradation of the addition of air ensures that the solid in the combustion chamber is converted to near to clearly under-stoichiometric (controlled gasification through close or under-stoichiometric additions of air in the primary air area).
  • the formation of uncontrolled temperature peaks in the combustion chamber is suppressed. Due to the process, larger amounts of unburned substances (eg CO, C ⁇ H y , aromatics, etc.) are produced.
  • the precursor substances (eg HCN, amines) of the nitrogen oxides also belong to these substances.
  • Already formed NO can react in this area on contact with CO to CO 2 and N 2 , since the oxygen affinity of carbon is greater than that of nitrogen.
  • portions of a catalyst which is present as a solid and which is preferably finely divided and / or has a high surface area are additionally added to the flue gas.
  • the catalyst to be used according to the invention is able to release non-gaseous excess oxygen in contact reactors to gaseous substances and then to regenerate it again.
  • the gaseous substances are preferably oxidizable substances, in particular, for example, C x H y (hydrocarbons), carbon monoxide, but it can also be used to oxidize toxins which are difficult to degrade, such as PCBs, dioxins or furans.
  • Suitable for the purposes of the present invention are, for example, ferro-oxide catalysts, for example finely dispersed iron oxide.
  • the addition can take place together with the secondary air and / or possibly additionally injected tertiary air.
  • the catalyst can also be blown in in other ways, for example with recirculated flue gas or with steam. It is also possible to inject into another area of the combustion chamber or the boiler further back in the flow direction at a lower temperature.
  • the person skilled in the art will readily select the suitable variant taking into account the given process conditions. It is essential that the catalyst only after a certain minimum residence time
  • an additional impulse is impressed on the flue gas in the combustion chamber. This can be done, for example, by feeding recirculated flue gas or pressurized water vapor or similar media through suitably arranged nozzles.
  • Process steps are known for example from DE 196 19 764 AI from Hoechst AG or WO 93/07422 from VAW Aluminum AG. This measure creates turbulence regardless of the introduction of additional oxygen, as a result of which incompletely burned substances such as CO and NO come into better contact with one another and can react to form N 2 and C0 2 .
  • the precursors of nitrogen oxides are also reduced to a high degree to N 2 in this area, which is characterized by a substoichiometric atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides that are still formed can be reduced to N 2 as described above.
  • additional mixing impulses can also be introduced into the combustion gases in the transition from the combustion chamber to the combustion chamber or freeboard, for example by recirculated flue gas or steam. This procedure is also known from the prior art, see e.g. DE 44 02 172 AI.
  • the addition of primary air can be controlled in such a way that certain temperature targets (eg temperature below the ash softening point) are maintained in or on the combustion bed. These temperature targets can be monitored by suitable temperature measuring devices, for example using an infrared ka era. In addition, the gas atmosphere and in particular the oxygen content can be monitored by suitable measuring instruments.
  • temperature targets eg temperature below the ash softening point
  • suitable temperature measuring devices for example using an infrared ka era.
  • the gas atmosphere and in particular the oxygen content can be monitored by suitable measuring instruments.
  • a combustion process is shown in which a fuel such as garbage 1 is added.
  • the fuel is pushed into the combustion chamber 3 by a feed slide 2.
  • the fuel is combusted or gasified under the supply of primary combustion air 4.
  • Temperature monitoring and control of the air distribution is carried out with the help of an infrared camera 5, e.g. on the rear wall of the combustion chamber.
  • the gasification products rising from the solid bed can be intimately mixed by the targeted addition of recirculated flue gas 6 or the like.
  • additional combustion air secondary air 8 or tertiary air 9
  • the afterburning of the unburned substances from the combustion chamber is achieved.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for the combustion of solid, even non-homogeneous, fuel in a furnace. Said method comprises the following steps: (a) solid fuel is subjected to combustion, partial combustion or gasification in the combustion chamber, in an oxygen atmosphere below stoichiometric conditions, (b) additional oxygen is supplied to the combustion space in the transition region between the combustion chamber and the furnace or the freeboard, in a quantity above stoichiometric conditions, and (e) a catalyst is added in order to improve or accelerate the reactions in the region to which the quantity of oxygen above stoichiometric conditions is also supplied, or in a succeeding area.

Description

VERFAHREN ZUR GESTUFTEN VERBRENNUNG VON BRENNSTOFFEN METHOD FOR THE STAGE COMBUSTION OF FUELS

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren, bei dem ein fester Brennstoff mit oftmals heterogenen Eigenschaften, vorzugsweise Abfall oder Biomasse, unter Bedingungen verbrannt wird, die das Entstehen von Stickoxiden verringern bzw. unterdrücken .The present invention relates to a method in which a solid fuel with often heterogeneous properties, preferably waste or biomass, is burned under conditions which reduce or suppress the formation of nitrogen oxides.

Stickoxide sind in der Umwelt und insbesondere nach Verbrennungsprozessen ein nicht erwünschtes Produkt. Daher wird üblicherweise ein erheblicher verfahrenstechnischer Aufwand betrieben, um die prozeßintern entstandenen Stickoxide durch eine aufwendige Rauchgasnachbehandlung zu verhindern.Nitrogen oxides are an undesirable product in the environment and especially after combustion processes. Therefore, a considerable amount of process engineering effort is usually made to prevent the nitrogen oxides generated in the process by means of a complex flue gas aftertreatment.

Bei der Verbrennung von festen Brennstoffen, insbesondere Abfall oder Biomasse, wird Sauerstoff im Übermaß benötigt, um die entsprechenden Verbrennungsreaktionen herbeizuführen. Im Kontaktbereich zwischen gasförmigem Sauerstoff und dem festen Brennstoff wird üblicherweise eine (über-) stöchiometrische Atmosphäre eingestellt, um den Ausbrand der festen Brennstoffe sicher zu stellen. Durch die angewandte (über-) stöchiometrische Betriebsweise wird oftmals bewirkt, daß teilweise Vorläufersubstanzen von Stickoxiden (HCN, Amine, Oxycyane) , die aus dem Brennstoff in der Entgasungs- und Pyrolysezone entstehen, im Nahbereich der Brennkammer zu unerwünschten Stickoxiden (Brennstoff-NOx) aufoxidiert werden. Trotz dieser Verfahrensweise entstehen partiell Zonen mit großem und schnellem BrennstoffUmsatz, in denen ein unter- bzw. nahstochiometrisches Gemisch auftritt. Dort entstehen besonders heiße Zonen, die die Bildung von thermischen oder prompten Stickoxiden begünstigen.When solid fuels, in particular waste or biomass, are burned, excess oxygen is required to bring about the corresponding combustion reactions. A (super) stoichiometric atmosphere is usually set in the contact area between gaseous oxygen and the solid fuel in order to ensure the burnout of the solid fuels. The (over) stoichiometric mode of operation often causes precursor substances of nitrogen oxides (HCN, amines, oxycyans), which arise from the fuel in the degassing and pyrolysis zone, to form undesirable nitrogen oxides (fuel NOx) in the vicinity of the combustion chamber. be oxidized. In spite of this procedure, zones with large and fast fuel conversion are sometimes created, in which an under- or near-stoichiometric mixture occurs. There are particularly hot zones that favor the formation of thermal or prompt nitrogen oxides.

um die Entstehung von Brennstoff-NOx zu vermindern, wurde - vor allem für flüssige, gasförmige und staubförmige Brennstoffe - die Methodik der gestuften Verbrennung eingeführt. Dabei wird durch uftstufung bzw. gezielte Luftverteilunq zwischen Primär-, Sekundär- und ev. Tertiärluft erreicht, daß in einem ersten Verbrennungsabschnitt durch unterstöchiometrische Betriebsweise die Vorläufersubstanzen von Brennstoff-NOx zu N2 reduziert werden (vgl. z.B. US-Patent 5,626,085 oder US-Patent 4,704,084). Der Reaktionsablauf ist dabei sehr vielschichtig und nicht vollständig geklärt.In order to reduce the formation of fuel NOx, the method of staged combustion was introduced, especially for liquid, gaseous and dusty fuels. It is achieved by air gradation or targeted air distribution between primary, secondary and possibly tertiary air that in a first combustion section through substoichiometric operation the precursor substances of fuel NOx are reduced to N 2 (see, for example, US Pat. No. 5,626,085 or US Pat. No. 4,704,084). The course of the reaction is very complex and not completely clarified.

Durch die in diesem Bereich ebenfalls vorhandene unverbrannte Substanz CO (Produkt der unvollständigen Verbrennung) kann zudem NO zu N2 reduziert werden (vereinfacht: 2 CO 4- 2 NO→-2 C02 + N2) Dabei ist aber darauf zu achten, daß die reagierenden Prozeßgase innig vermischt werden, um die Reaktion zu ermöglichen.The unburned substance CO (product of incomplete combustion) also present in this area can also reduce NO to N 2 (simplified: 2 CO 4- 2 NO → -2 C0 2 + N 2 ) the reacting process gases are mixed intimately to enable the reaction.

Bei der Verbrennung von festen Brennstoffen, insbesondere Abfall, ist dieses Verfahren bisher nicht erfolgreich einsetzbar, da die Nachverbrennung der unverbrannten Bestandteile (z.B. CO, CxHy) erfahrungsgemäß große Schwierigkeiten mit sich bringt. Große Mengen an Unverbranntem werden nicht zur Reaktion gebracht, da zumeist nur eine unzureichende Vermischung mit Sauerstoff geschieht, die Temperatur z.B. durch die Eindüsung von Sekundärluft deutlich abgesenkt wird und somit die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit zum schnellen Abbau nicht mehr ausreicht.This method has so far not been successfully used for the combustion of solid fuels, in particular waste, since experience has shown that the afterburning of the unburned constituents (for example CO, C x H y ) is very difficult. Large quantities of unburned materials are not reacted, since in most cases there is only insufficient mixing with oxygen, the temperature is significantly reduced, for example by injecting secondary air, and the reaction speed is therefore no longer sufficient for rapid degradation.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren für vor allem feste, auch inhomogene Brennstoffe bereitzustellen, bei dem die Bildung von Stickoxiden weitgehend vermieden oder zumindest reduziert wird.The object of the present invention is to provide a method for primarily solid, also inhomogeneous fuels, in which the formation of nitrogen oxides is largely avoided or at least reduced.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Bereitstellung eines Verfahrens gelöst, das eine Stufung der Luftzugabe zur Erzielung einer erst unter- und dann überstochiometrischen Reaktionsatmosphäre sowie die anschließende bzw. begleitende Nachbehandlung der Rauchgase mit einem Katalysator umfaßt, der die ablaufenden Reaktionen verbessert und beschleunigt und somit die Bildung inerten Stickstoffs unterstützt.This object is achieved by the provision of a process which comprises a gradation of the air addition in order to achieve a reaction atmosphere which is first under and then above stoichiometric and the subsequent or accompanying aftertreatment of the flue gases with a catalyst which improves and accelerates the reactions taking place and thus the formation inert nitrogen.

Figur 1 zeigt schematisch die Luftstufung und Kataiysatoraufgabe in einem Verbrennungsverfahren gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung an einer beispielhaften Verbrennungsanlage. Die Erfindung sieht vor, daß einerseits die bisher für flüssige und andere homogene Brennstoffe eingesetzte, gestufte Verbrennung auch für heterogene Brennstoffe wie Abfall oder Biomasse eingesetzt wird, welche zusätzlich zu der Problematik, die durch die Inhomogenität vorgegeben ist, häufig sehr stark mit stickstoffhaltigen Substanzen belastet sind. Dadurch soll die Entstehung von Stickoxid weitgehend vermieden oder völlig unterdrückt werden. Weiterhin soll durch die Zugabe eines geeigneten Katalysators in einen Bereich der Verbrennungsanlage, der in Strömungsrichtung gesehen nicht vor dem Bereich der Verbrennung mit überstöchiometrisch vorhandenem Sauerstoff liegt, erreicht werden, daß einerseits die vorgesehene Luftmenge für die überstöchiometrische Verbrennung von einer ggf. erfolgenden Impulszugabe in der Brennkammer unabhängig ist und andererseits trotzdem genügend Sauerstoff zum Ausbrand der noch unverbrannten Substanzen vorliegt.FIG. 1 schematically shows the air grading and catalyst task in a combustion method according to the present invention on an exemplary combustion system. The invention provides that, on the one hand, the staged combustion previously used for liquid and other homogeneous fuels is also used for heterogeneous fuels such as waste or biomass, which, in addition to the problem that is predetermined by the inhomogeneity, is frequently very heavily loaded with nitrogenous substances are. This should largely avoid or completely suppress the formation of nitrogen oxide. Furthermore, the addition of a suitable catalyst to an area of the incineration plant, which, viewed in the direction of flow, does not lie in front of the incineration area with oxygen present in excess of stoichiometry, ensures that, on the one hand, the amount of air provided for the over-stoichiometric incineration from a possible pulse addition in the Combustion chamber is independent and on the other hand there is still enough oxygen to burn out the unburned substances.

Durch die Stufung der Luftzugabe wird zunächst erreicht, daß sich im Bereich der Brennkammer der Feststoff nah- bis deutlich unterstöchiometrisch umsetzt (kontrollierte Vergasung durch nah- bzw. unterstochiometrische Luftzugäbe im Primärluftbereich). Dabei wird die Bildung von unkontrollierten Temperaturspitzen im Bereich der Brennkammer unterdrückt. Verfahrensbedingt entstehen dabei größere Mengen an unverbrannten Substanzen (z.B. CO, CκHy, Aromaten usw.) . Die Vorläufersubstanzen (z.B. HCN, Amine) der Stickoxide zählen ebenfalls zu diesen Substanzen. Bereits entstandenes NO kann in diesem Bereich bei Kontakt mit CO zu C02 und N2 abreagieren, da die Sauerstoffaffinität des Kohlenstoffs größer ist als die des Stickstoffs.The gradation of the addition of air ensures that the solid in the combustion chamber is converted to near to clearly under-stoichiometric (controlled gasification through close or under-stoichiometric additions of air in the primary air area). The formation of uncontrolled temperature peaks in the combustion chamber is suppressed. Due to the process, larger amounts of unburned substances (eg CO, C κ H y , aromatics, etc.) are produced. The precursor substances (eg HCN, amines) of the nitrogen oxides also belong to these substances. Already formed NO can react in this area on contact with CO to CO 2 and N 2 , since the oxygen affinity of carbon is greater than that of nitrogen.

Im nachfolgenden Bereich (dem Übergang der Brennkammer, in der die festen Bestandteile des Brennstoffs brennen, zum sogenannten Feuerraum oder Freibord, in dem vor allem Gase brennen, und ggf. zusätzlich an einer in Rauchgasstromungsrichtung nachfolgenden Stelle) erfolgt eine Einspeisung von weiterer Verbrennungsluft (Sekundär- und evtl. Tertiärluft), um die unverbrannten Substanzen nachzuverbrennen . Hierdurch wird eine überstöchiometrische Atmosphäre geschaffen. Die restlichen unverbrannten Substanzen werden weitgehend abreagiert. Eine deutliche Reduktion der Entstehung von thermischem und promptem N0κ ist die Folge der gestuften Betriebsweise.In the subsequent area (the transition of the combustion chamber, in which the solid components of the fuel burn, to the so-called combustion chamber or freeboard, in which primarily gases burn, and possibly also at a point following in the direction of the flue gas flow), further combustion air is fed in (secondary - and possibly tertiary air) to burn the unburned substances. This creates an over-stoichiometric atmosphere. The remaining unburned substances are largely reacted. A significant reduction in the generation of thermal and prompt N0 κ is the result of the staged mode of operation.

Um diese Prozesse zu intensivieren bzw. zu optimieren, werden dem Rauchgas zusätzlich Anteile eines als Feststoff vorliegenden Katalysators hinzugefügt, der vorzugsweise feinteilig ist und/oder eine hohe Oberfläche aufweist. Der erfindungsgemäß einzusetzende Katalysator ist in der Lage, nicht-gasförmigen Überschuß-Sauerstoff in Kontaktreaktonen an gasförmige Substanzen abzugeben und sich anschließend auch wieder zu regenerieren. Bei den gasförmigen Substanzen handelt es sich dabei vorzugsweise um oxidierbare Substanzen, insbesondere beispielsweise um CxHy (Kohlenwasserstoffe) , Kohlenmonoxid, es können mit ihm aber auch schwer abbaubare Giftstoffe wie PCB's, Dioxine oder Furane oxidiert werden.In order to intensify or optimize these processes, portions of a catalyst which is present as a solid and which is preferably finely divided and / or has a high surface area are additionally added to the flue gas. The catalyst to be used according to the invention is able to release non-gaseous excess oxygen in contact reactors to gaseous substances and then to regenerate it again. The gaseous substances are preferably oxidizable substances, in particular, for example, C x H y (hydrocarbons), carbon monoxide, but it can also be used to oxidize toxins which are difficult to degrade, such as PCBs, dioxins or furans.

Geeignet für die Zwecke der vorliegenden Erfindung sind z.B. ferro-oxidische Katalysatoren, z.B. feindisperses Eisenoxid. Die Zugabe kann zusammen mit der Sekundärluft und/oder ggf. zusätzlich eingedüster Tertiärluft erfolgen. Alternativ kann der Katalysator auch auf anderen Wegen, z.B. mit rezirkuliertem Rauchgas oder mit Dampf, eingeblasen werden. Eine Eindüsung in einen anderen, in Strömungsrichtung weiter hinten liegenden Bereich des Feuerraums bzw. des Kessels bei einer niedrigeren Temperatur ist ebenfalls möglich. Der Fachmann wird die geeignete Variante ohne weiteres unter Berücksichtigung nach den gegebenen Prozeßbedingungen auswählen. Wesentlich ist, daß der Katalysator erst nach einer gewissen Minimal-Verweilzeit des Suitable for the purposes of the present invention are, for example, ferro-oxide catalysts, for example finely dispersed iron oxide. The addition can take place together with the secondary air and / or possibly additionally injected tertiary air. Alternatively, the catalyst can also be blown in in other ways, for example with recirculated flue gas or with steam. It is also possible to inject into another area of the combustion chamber or the boiler further back in the flow direction at a lower temperature. The person skilled in the art will readily select the suitable variant taking into account the given process conditions. It is essential that the catalyst only after a certain minimum residence time

Verfahrens so gering, daß keine weiteren additiven Maßnahmen (z.B. SNCR - selektive nichtkatalytische Reduktion, SCR - selektive katalytische Reduktion) notwendig sind, um die Stickoxide auf ein Maß zu reduzieren, das durch die Genehmigung vorgeschrieben ist. Als weiterer Effekt wird die Neubildung von Dioxinen und Furanen unterdrückt, da die entsprechenden Vorläufersubstanzen für die de-novo-Synthese in geringerer Menge anfallen bzw. die Zersetzung von Dioxinen und Furanen und dergleichen katalytisch ermöglicht wird, und zwar auch noch in kälteren Regionen des Feuerraums.The process is so small that no further additive measures (e.g. SNCR - selective non-catalytic reduction, SCR - selective catalytic reduction) are necessary to reduce the nitrogen oxides to a level that is prescribed by the approval. As a further effect, the formation of new dioxins and furans is suppressed, since the corresponding precursors for de novo synthesis are produced in smaller quantities or the decomposition of dioxins and furans and the like is made possible catalytically, even in colder regions of the combustion chamber ,

In einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird dem Rauchgas in der Brennkammer zusatzlich ein Impuls aufgeprägt. Dies kann beispielsweise durch die Aufgabe von rezirkuliertem Rauchgas oder gespanntem Wasserdampf oder ähnlichen Medien durch geeignet angeordnete Düsen erfolgen. DerartigeIn a preferred embodiment of the invention, an additional impulse is impressed on the flue gas in the combustion chamber. This can be done, for example, by feeding recirculated flue gas or pressurized water vapor or similar media through suitably arranged nozzles. such

Verfahrensschritte sind beispielsweise aus der DE 196 19 764 AI der Hoechst AG oder der WO 93/07422 der VAW Aluminium AG bekannt. Durch diese Maßnahme wird Turbulenz unabhängig von der Einbringung zusätzlichen Sauerstoffs erzeugt, wodurch unvollständig verbrannte Substanzen wie CO und NO besser miteinander in Kontakt kommen und zu N2 und C02 abreagieren können. Die Vorläufersubstanzen von Stickoxiden werden in diesem Bereich, der sich durch eine unterstöchiometrische Atmoshäre auszeichnet, ebenfalls in hohem Maße zu N2 reduziert. Trotzdem noch entstehende Stickoxide können wie voranstehend beschrieben zu N2 reduziert werden.Process steps are known for example from DE 196 19 764 AI from Hoechst AG or WO 93/07422 from VAW Aluminum AG. This measure creates turbulence regardless of the introduction of additional oxygen, as a result of which incompletely burned substances such as CO and NO come into better contact with one another and can react to form N 2 and C0 2 . The precursors of nitrogen oxides are also reduced to a high degree to N 2 in this area, which is characterized by a substoichiometric atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides that are still formed can be reduced to N 2 as described above.

Ergänzend kann auch im Übergang von der Brennkammer zum Feuerraum oder Freibord zusätzlicher Vermischungsimpuls in die Brenngase eingebracht werden, beispielsweise durch rezirkuliertes Rauchgas oder Dampf. Auch diese Verfahrensführung ist aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt, siehe z.B. DE 44 02 172 AI.In addition, additional mixing impulses can also be introduced into the combustion gases in the transition from the combustion chamber to the combustion chamber or freeboard, for example by recirculated flue gas or steam. This procedure is also known from the prior art, see e.g. DE 44 02 172 AI.

Die Zugabe von Primärluft kann so gesteuert werden, daß bestimmte Temperaturziele (z.B. Temperatur unterhalb Ascheerweichungspunkt) im oder auf dem Brennbett eingehalten werden. Diese Temperaturziele können durch geeignete Temperaturmeßeinrichtungen überwacht werden, beispielsweise mit Hilfe einer Infrarot ka era . Ergänzend kann die Gasatmosphäre und insbesondere der Sauersto fgehalt durch geeignete Meßinstrumente überwacht werden.The addition of primary air can be controlled in such a way that certain temperature targets (eg temperature below the ash softening point) are maintained in or on the combustion bed. These temperature targets can be monitored by suitable temperature measuring devices, for example using an infrared ka era. In addition, the gas atmosphere and in particular the oxygen content can be monitored by suitable measuring instruments.

Alternativ ist es möglich, den Katalysator auch erst im weiteren Verlauf des Feuerraums bzw. des Kessels dem Rauchgas hinzuzufügen. Der Fachmann wird die geeignete Variante ohne weiteres unter Berücksichtigung nach den gegebenen Prozeßbedingungen auswählen .Alternatively, it is possible to add the catalyst to the flue gas only in the further course of the combustion chamber or the boiler. The person skilled in the art will readily select the suitable variant taking into account the given process conditions.

Nachstehend soll die Erfindung anhand eines Beispiels und der beigefügten Figur 1 näher erläutert werden.The invention will be explained in more detail below using an example and the attached FIG. 1.

Es wird ein Verbrennungsprozeß dargestellt, bei dem ein Brennstoff wie Müll 1 aufgegeben wird. Durch einen Aufgabeschieber 2 wird der Brennstoff in die Brennkammer 3 geschoben. Dort wird der Brennstoff unter Zuführung von primärer Verbrennungsluft 4 unterstόchiometrisch verbrannt bzw. vergast. Eine Temperaturüberwachung und die Steuerung der Luftverteilung erfolgt unter Zuhilfenahmen einer Infrarotkamera 5 z.B an der Rückwand der Brennkammer. Die aus dem Feststoffbett aufsteigenden Vergasungsprodukte können durch die gezielte Zugabe von rezirkuliertem Rauchgas 6 oder dgl. innig vermischt werden. Nach der Vermischung erfolgt im Übergang von Brennkammer zum Feuerraum 7 eine Eindüsung von weiterer Verbrennungsluft (Sekundärluft 8 bzw. Tertiärluft 9) . Hier wird die Nachverbrennung der unverbrannten Substanzen aus der Brennkammer erreicht. Durch eine zusätzliche Dotierung der Sekundär- oder Tertiärluft mit einem feinteiligen Katalysator bei 8 und/oder bei 9 wird im nachfolgenden Feuerraum 7 ein sehr guter Ausbrand erzielt. Alternativ oder zusätzlich kann der Katalysator auch erst im weiteren Verlauf des Feuerraums bzw. des Kessels 10 dem Rauchgas hinzugefügt werden, wenn die Prozeßbedingungen dies vorteilhaft erscheinen lassen . A combustion process is shown in which a fuel such as garbage 1 is added. The fuel is pushed into the combustion chamber 3 by a feed slide 2. There, the fuel is combusted or gasified under the supply of primary combustion air 4. Temperature monitoring and control of the air distribution is carried out with the help of an infrared camera 5, e.g. on the rear wall of the combustion chamber. The gasification products rising from the solid bed can be intimately mixed by the targeted addition of recirculated flue gas 6 or the like. After mixing, additional combustion air (secondary air 8 or tertiary air 9) is injected in the transition from the combustion chamber to the combustion chamber 7. Here the afterburning of the unburned substances from the combustion chamber is achieved. An additional doping of the secondary or tertiary air with a finely divided catalyst at 8 and / or at 9 results in a very good burnout in the subsequent combustion chamber 7. Alternatively or additionally, the catalytic converter can also be added to the flue gas only in the further course of the combustion chamber or the boiler 10 if the process conditions make this appear advantageous.

Claims

Ansprüche : Expectations : 1. Verfahren zur Verbrennung auch inhomogener, fester Brennstoffe in einer Feuerungsanlage, das die folgenden Schritte aufweist:1. A process for the combustion of inhomogeneous, solid fuels in a combustion plant, which comprises the following steps: (a) Verbrennung, Teilverbrennung bzw. Vergasung der festen Brennstoffe in der Brennkammer unter unterstöchiometrischer Sauerstoffatmosphäre,(a) combustion, partial combustion or gasification of the solid fuels in the combustion chamber under a substoichiometric oxygen atmosphere, (b) Zuführung zusätzlichen Sauerstoffs in den Brennraum im Übergangsbereich von Brennkammer zu Feuerraum oder Freibord in einer überstochiometrischen Menge,(b) supplying additional oxygen to the combustion chamber in the transition region from the combustion chamber to the combustion chamber or freeboard in a superstoichiometric amount, (c) Zugabe eines Katalysators zur Verbesserung bzw. Beschleunigung der ablaufenden Reaktionen in dem Bereich, in dem auch die überstöchiometrische Sauerstoffmenge zugeführt wird, oder in einem nachfolgenden Bereich.(c) Adding a catalyst to improve or accelerate the reactions taking place in the area in which the superstoichiometric amount of oxygen is also supplied or in a subsequent area. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Katalysator ausgewählt ist unter Materialien, die bei den herrschenden Umgebungsbedingungen Sauerstoff in Kontaktreaktionen an gasförmige Substanzen abzugeben und insbesondere Kohlenwasserstoffe und Kohlenmonoxid zu oxidieren vermögen.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the catalyst is selected from materials which are able to give off oxygen in contact reactions to gaseous substances under the prevailing ambient conditions and in particular are capable of oxidizing hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Katalysator ein ferro-oxidischer Katalysator eingesetzt wird, insbesondere feindisperses Eisenoxid.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a ferro-oxidic catalyst is used as the catalyst, in particular finely dispersed iron oxide. 4. Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in Rauchgasrichtung der Zugabe der Sekundärluft nachfolgend Tertiärluft eingebracht wird.4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that tertiary air is subsequently introduced in the flue gas direction after the addition of the secondary air. 5. Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Katalysator zusammen mit der Sekundärluft eingebracht wird. 5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the catalyst is introduced together with the secondary air. 6. Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Katalysator ausschließlich oder zusätzlich in einem in Rauchgasrichtung weiter hinten liegenden Teil des Feuerraums oder im Kesselbereich der Feuerungsanlage zugegeben wird6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the catalyst is added exclusively or additionally in a part of the combustion chamber lying further back in the flue gas direction or in the boiler area of the combustion system 7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß dem in der Brennkammer befindlichen Gas zusätzlich Mischimpuls aufgeprägt wird.7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the gas located in the combustion chamber is additionally mixed pulse. 8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Mischimpuls durch Eindüsung von rezirkuliertem Rauchgas oder gespanntem Wasserdampf aufgeprägt wird.8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that the mixed pulse is impressed by injecting recirculated flue gas or compressed water vapor. 9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mischimpulsaufgabe im Brennraum erfolgt.9. The method according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the mixing pulse task takes place in the combustion chamber. 10. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mischimpulsaufgabe im Übergangsbereich zwischen Brennkammer und Feuerraum bzw. Freibord oder in Rauchgasrichtung dahinter erfolgt.10. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the mixing pulse task takes place in the transition area between the combustion chamber and the combustion chamber or freeboard or in the flue gas direction behind it. 11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Katalysator zusammen mit rezirkuliertem Rauchgas oder gespanntem Wasserdampf eingedüst wird.11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the catalyst is injected together with recirculated flue gas or pressurized water vapor. 12. Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sauerstoffgehalt im Brenn- und/oder im Feuerraum kontrolliert und geregelt wird. 12. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the oxygen content in the combustion and / or in the combustion chamber is controlled and regulated.
PCT/EP2001/012029 2000-10-18 2001-10-17 Method for the stepped combustion of fuel Ceased WO2002033317A1 (en)

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JP2002536463A JP2004511750A (en) 2000-10-18 2001-10-17 Stepwise combustion of fuel
AT01983559T ATE314613T1 (en) 2000-10-18 2001-10-17 METHOD FOR STAGED COMBUSTION OF FUELS
DE50108574T DE50108574D1 (en) 2000-10-18 2001-10-17 METHOD FOR THE GASIFIED COMBUSTION OF FUELS
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