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WO2002079798A1 - Altimetre radar doppler a retard bistatique - Google Patents

Altimetre radar doppler a retard bistatique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002079798A1
WO2002079798A1 PCT/US2002/009124 US0209124W WO02079798A1 WO 2002079798 A1 WO2002079798 A1 WO 2002079798A1 US 0209124 W US0209124 W US 0209124W WO 02079798 A1 WO02079798 A1 WO 02079798A1
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Prior art keywords
bistatic
satellite
ocean surface
radar altimeter
altimeter
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Ceased
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PCT/US2002/009124
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English (en)
Inventor
Russell Keith Raney
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Johns Hopkins University
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Johns Hopkins University
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Priority to US10/473,107 priority Critical patent/US20040145514A1/en
Publication of WO2002079798A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002079798A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/003—Bistatic radar systems; Multistatic radar systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/882—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for altimeters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
    • G01S13/904—SAR modes
    • G01S13/9058—Bistatic or multistatic SAR
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/95—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for meteorological use
    • G01S13/955—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for meteorological use mounted on satellite
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
    • Y02A90/10—Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation

Definitions

  • the present invention is related to oceanographic altimetry. More specifically, the present invention is related to oceanographic altimetry using a constellation of satellite-based altimeters capable of both nadir and off-nadir measurements of ocean surface heights.
  • the present invention provides a satellite-based means of oceanic altimetry that can virtually double the coverage of an oceanic altimetry system while at the same time satisfying high accuracy.
  • TOPEX The TOPography Experiment for ocean circulation (TOPEX), a radar altimeter on TOPEX/Poseidon, a cooperative project between the United States and France, was a mission designed to develop and operate an advanced satellite-based radar altimeter to provide global ocean level measurements with an unprecedented accuracy.
  • TOPEX was launched into an orbit 1,336 kilometers (830 miles) above the Earth's surface.
  • the ocean level data from TOPEX are used to determine global ocean circulation and to increase the knowledge of the interaction of the oceans and the atmosphere.
  • TOPEX generates "natural" altimetric ocean level measurements at nadir using either the dual-frequency NASA TOPEX radar or the CNES single frequency SSALT (Poseidon) radar. Since TOPEX and the SSALT share a common antenna, they cannot be operated simultaneously. TOPEX, the primary mission instrument, is operated about 90% of the time, and the SSALT is operated about 10% of the time. TOPEX provides ocean height measurements from satellite to ocean surface with an accuracy of 2.4 centimeters (0.95 inches) for a one second averaging time. TOPEX is an excellent example of a pulse- limited nadir-sensing radar altimeter for ocean observations.
  • a pulse-limited radar altimeter is that the measurement objective, ocean surface height, is measured directly, subject only to path length corrections and precision orbit determination. That is, the radar range of interest is the minimum range observed in the ensemble of signals reflected back to the radar. There is no need to establish the precise neighborhood giving rise to the reflection, nor to the angle of incidence relative to the radar. Nadir is by definition the closest point to the altimeter, and any change in ocean surface height is manifest as a corresponding change in the minimum range to that point. This may be denoted a "natural" sea surface height measurement.
  • the radar range of interest is the minimum range observed in the ensemble of reflected signals available to the radar.
  • the specular point is by definition at the minimum reflected range between the two satellites. Any change in ocean surface height is manifest as a corresponding change in the minimum range of all rays reflected from the neighborhood of that point.
  • a bistatic radar supports natural height measurement in direct parallel to pulse-limited nadir height measurements.
  • the number of tracks is equivalent to the number of altimeters, if only the nadir viewing geometry is exploited, the so-called monostatic mode.
  • the essential attribute for scientific applications is the number of tracks along which accurate height measurements can be obtained, not the number of satellites. So, if a satellite pair is equipped with bistatic radar altimeters in addition to the monostatic nadir radar altimeter, then another track can be generated mid- way between the nadir tracks of any two neighboring satellites.
  • the measurement accuracies realized in a bistatic mode are comparable to those observed in a nadir mode, because the bistatic heights are derived from minimum range measurements, and thus are naturally accurate in fashion similar to height measurements by a pulse-limited altimeter at nadir. If nadir and bistatic altimeters are combined, then ( ⁇ ) satellites can generate (2 «-l) measurement tracks of accurate sea surface height data along the ocean's surface, almost doubling the effective number of tracks of height data available from a given number of satellites
  • the present invention relates to multiple radar altimeters on two or more individual satellites in the same orbit plane.
  • Earth rotation separates their respective measurement tracks on the earth's surface.
  • each satellite includes a co-located transmitter and receiver and each satellite generates one track, at nadir, as is standard in pulse-limited ocean altimetry.
  • Each nadir altimeter uses two frequencies to mitigate ionospheric path delays, and a three-frequency radiometer to estimate and subsequently mitigate wet atmosphere propagation delays.
  • Delay-Doppler techniques can be used to reduce each instrument's power and mass requirements, increase measurement precision, sharpen along-track resolution, and reduce the minimum stand-off distance from land.
  • each satellite may include a transmitter and receiver located respectively on neighboring satellites.
  • This bistatic altimeter can generate an additional measurement track at the midpoint on the surface between nadir tracks of the two host satellites.
  • the bistatic geometry supports "natural" measurements, in the sense that the ocean surface heights are derived from the minimum of the waveform's range history. This is in distinct contrast to the off-nadir geometry of a wide-swath or multi-beam altimeter, which generate "unnatural" measurements, since in that disadvantageous geometry the off-nadir ocean surface heights must be extracted from triangulation.
  • a bistatic constellation of ( ) satellites can generate (2n-l) surface tracks of accurate height data.
  • the sub-satellite tracks may be separated in proportion to the inter- satellite orbital spacing.
  • Satellite spacing on-orbit can be selected by design to satisfy a variety of beneficial solutions to the time/space sampling trade-off that is inherent to satellite-based altimetry.
  • the surface tracks coincide if all satellite-based altimeters are in the same inertial plane.
  • all altimeters both the nadir-viewing and the bistatic- viewing instruments measure the height of the same patch of sea surface. These height measurements should agree. Any systematic disagreement provides a direct measure of the differential height measurement errors across the set of altimeters.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates a four satellite constellation in which each satellite includes a monostatic nadir altimeter and components of bistatic virtual nadir altimeters.
  • FIGURE 2 illustrates the basic simplified bistatic geometry.
  • FIGURE 3 illustrates an along-track and cross-track surface measurement grid that can be achieved by co-planar satellite-based radar altimeters according to the present invention.
  • FIGURE 4 illustrates a simplified bistatic geometry for explaining clock error correction and height difference correction.
  • the present invention provides a means for nearly doubling the number of ocean surface tracks that can yield "natural" ocean surface height measurements as compared to currently existing systems, such as TOPEX.
  • Currently existing systems can obtain accurate "natural" measurements only at the nadir point directly beneath a satellite housing a radar altimeter.
  • each satellite can only generate data along only one track on the earth's surface. This can be termed a monostatic nadir-sensing altimeter.
  • the present invention in its simplest embodiment, incorporates a bistatic radar altimeter into the system. A minimum of two satellites is required to host the bistatic instrument. Each bistatic altimeter comprises two parts: a transmitter on one satellite, and a receiver on an adjacent satellite.
  • the bistatic altimeter generates a record of ocean surface heights along a surface track midway between the nadir tracks of the satellites.
  • the bistatic surface track in effect is generated by a "virtual nadir-sensing altimeter" located mid-way on-orbit between the two satellites that comprise the bistatic pair.
  • Each satellite would be host to a nadir-sensing altimeter, and its half of the bistatic altimeter.
  • radar altimeters hosted on two satellites can generate three tracks of sea surface height, one from each of the two nadir-sensing altimeters, and one from the bistatic altimeter.
  • the measured sea surface heights are accurate, due primarily to the fact that all three are natural (minimum range) measurements.
  • a bistatic radar altimeter is one in which the transmitter and the receiver are located separately, in this case on different widely spaced satellites.
  • Bistatic-mode ocean surface height measurements can sustain accuracies comparable to those of the nadir mode.
  • Bistatic measurements focus on the specular midpoint between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • the specular point is located at the minimum radar range between the two satellites, and its forward reflection (towards the receiver) is very strong. Knowledge of the precise range or incident angle of the specular point is not required, since the ocean surface height is contained in the minimum range observed in the reflected signal.
  • FIGURE 1 is an illustration of a four-satellite constellation in which each satellite includes a monostatic nadir altimeter and bistatic (virtual nadir) altimeters. The tracks that each altimeter can generate are also illustrated.
  • Four satellites (A,B,C,D) each possess a nadir altimeter (lOa-d), trailing bistatic altimeter components (12a-d), and components of the leading bistatic altimeter (14a-d).
  • Each nadir altimeter is capable of generating an ocean surface height measurement at its nadir point (e.g., Anadir).
  • each trailing bistatic altimeter works in conjunction with the adjacent leading bistatic altimeter to generate an ocean surface height measurement at a virtual nadir point (e.g., ABv-nadir) midway between the satellite pair.
  • a four-satellite constellation can generate ocean surface height measurements along seven quasi- parallel tracks.
  • n satellites equipped with nadir and bistatic altimeters would generate (2/z-l) accurate ocean surface measurement tracks.
  • each satellite, Si and S 2 hosts one and one-half radar altimeters, monostatic and bistatic, respectively.
  • the monostatic altimeter 24 views the nadir points, Sl nad ir and S2 na dir respectively.
  • the bistatic altimeter (22, 26) whose components are shared between the two spacecraft, illuminates the nominal specular point, D/2, on the surface midway between the fore and aft neighboring satellites in the constellation.
  • the nadir altimeters would have two frequencies (to mitigate ionospheric propagation delay) and a microwave radiometer (to mitigate propagation delays through the wet atmosphere).
  • the bistatic instruments typically use one frequency, and do not necessarily include radiometers.
  • the necessary atmospheric and ionospheric path-length corrections to the bistatic legs are extrapolated from the nadir instruments, as there always is sufficient data available from the nadir measurements. Further, each satellite pair maintains knowledge of their spacing, D, to within a few centimeters.
  • D spacing
  • Each satellite is at a height, H, above the earth and spaced a distance, D, from its bistatic partner.
  • Each satellite includes a nadir- sensing altimeter in addition to its portion of a bistatic altimeter.
  • the bistatic altimeter on one satellite illuminates the nominal specular point on the surface in the neighborhood of D/2 in the plane of the two satellites.
  • the bistatic altimeter on the other satellite receives the signal.
  • Three first-order issues arise when considering a bistatic mode of operation.
  • the first issue is the sensitivity to small height variations (dH meters relative to H meters, the measurement objective) on sea surface heights deduced for the specular point, D/2.
  • the second issue is the range (phase) behavior on small departures (x) within the range plane from the specular point, D/2.
  • the third issue is the impact of location knowledge errors of the specular point, D/2, and the parameters H and D on height measurement errors.
  • the bistatic range R(H,x) for this example is:
  • range variation (Equation 3) is quadratic in ⁇ : in response to small departures x from the specular point, just as in the nadir case. For comparison, at nadir, recall that the corresponding quadratic phase term in the monostatic case behaves as
  • the bistatic range estimation is a "natural" measurement, as opposed to a triangulation geometry in which height measurement depends to first order on very accurate knowledge of a second variable, e.g., incident angle in a wide swath back-scattered scenario.
  • a second variable e.g., incident angle in a wide swath back-scattered scenario.
  • Such side-looking back-scattering geometries are unnatural frames in which to derive height measurements that must be accurate to centimeters.
  • the sensitivity of the bistatic height measurement to knowledge of the nadir height, H, of each satellite, is to first order. Since H is measured directly at each satellite, the error introduced by this measurement is minimal. Moreover, the bistatic height measurement can be interpreted as the height at the specular point D/2 relative to heights measured at the respective nadirs. Thus, the impact of systematic height error on the accuracy of the bistatic height measurement is minimal.
  • Errors in the knowledge of satellite separation D can be significant. If D is of the same order of magnitude as the altitude H, then the value of D must be determined to an accuracy on the order of centimeters to sustain sea surface height accuracy of a few centimeters at the bistatic reflection point. This implies that there should be an accurate ranging communication link between each of the two satellites that comprise a bistatic pair. In a coplanar constellation, sensitivity to errors in knowledge of D can be substantially mitigated, according to the method of [0046] and related paragraphs.
  • a two-dimensional geostrophic current can be derived if two orthogonal components of the surface height gradient can be observed.
  • satellite radar altimeters have been limited to measuring only one orthogonal component of the surface height gradient, namely, the along-track component.
  • the present invention overcomes that limitation by using a constellation of co-planar satellite radar altimeters.
  • the satellites are at an altitude of 600 kilometers or more, and they are spaced apart by several hundred kilometers along their common orbit plane. As these satellites progress along their orbit, the Earth rotates beneath them. Consequently, the sub-satellite tracks from both the monostatic (nadir- viewing) and bistatic (virtual nadir-viewing) altimeters are laterally separated.
  • Height measurements along neighboring tracks occur within minutes of each other.
  • these data can be used to estimate the cross-track surface gradient as well as the usual along-track gradient.
  • FIGURE 3 a constellation of three satellites (SI, S2, and S3) are presented spaced apart along their orbital path over a portion of the Earth's surface 32.
  • the record of height measurements from each altimeter follows a track on the Earth's surface that over time is progressively shifted away from the orbit plane by the Earth's rotation.
  • the three- satellite constellation shown in Figure 3 generates five such height measurement tracks, three tracks (A na dir, B na dir 5 and C na dir) that correspond to the monostatic altimeters, and two tracks (AB v -n ad ir and BC v-nad ir) each of which correspond to its associated bistatic (virtual) altimeter 34.
  • Track separation can be adjusted during mission operations through the selection and maintenance of inter-satellite spacing.
  • measurement of the two-dimensional surface gradient can be optimized during a single flight mission.
  • Sea surface height (SSH) data for both the monostatic and the bistatic measurements are natural measurements, and hence they enjoy the accuracy inherent to pulse-limited geometry.
  • FIGURE 4 A simple altimeter constellation is sketched in FIGURE 4.
  • the two nadir-sensing radar altimeters (Ai and A 2 ) deduce their heights from the measured time delays and ⁇ 2 respectively.
  • the bistatic radars deduce the surface height beneath a virtual nadir-sensing radar altimeter located mid-way between the two real satellites.
  • the observed bistatic time delays are
  • the solution is to exercise the bistatic link in both directions, in which case there is no need for perfect agreement between the two clocks.
  • the desired delay measurement 7y is derived from both bistatic measurements by averaging, according to
  • the altimeters in a constellation are co-planar, so their footprints converge with increasing latitude, finally overlapping at the north and south latitudes of the orbit's inclination angle. Therefore, when passing over the ocean at maximal latitude, these altimeters observe essentially the same ocean-surface-to-satellite height. It follows that their respective height measurements should be the same. Data at those points provide a direct estimate of the total delay offsets relative to the reference height.
  • the systematic delay error at A 2 relative to that at Ai is observable, and equal to ⁇ 7.
  • the relative systematic delay offset also is observable, and equal to ( ⁇ ⁇ 2 + ⁇ 7 2 ⁇ )/2.
  • the present invention In contrast to other means of generating wider temporal and spatial coverage by ocean altimeters, the present invention is inherently accurate, and self-calibrating.
  • the present invention offers a flexible, capable, unique, and cost-effective approach that would significantly advance the state-of-the-art of satellite radar altimetry.
  • any means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments, as well as other embodiments, are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Position Fixing By Use Of Radio Waves (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des altimètres multiradars placés sur une constellation de satellites individuels dans le même plan orbital et associés à un système d'altimétrie océanique perfectionné. La rotation terrestre sépare les traces de mesures respectives de chaque satellite sur la surface océanique. Chaque satellite peut loger un altimètre radar monostatique pouvant comporter un émetteur et un récepteur cositués qui génèrent une trace de surface des mesures du niveau de la mer au nadir. De plus, chaque charge utile desdits satellites peut comprendre un altimètre radar bistatique comportant un émetteur et un récepteur situés respectivement sur des satellites voisins. L'altimètre bistatique comprend un altimètre nadiral virtuel qui génère une trace de surface supplémentaire des mesures du niveau de la mer le long des points médians se trouvant sur la surface comprise entre les points nadiraux des satellites. Des techniques Doppler à retard peuvent être employées sur l'altimètre bistatique et sur les altimètres monostatiques afin de réduire les contraintes de puissance et de masse de chaque instrument, accroître la précision des mesures, affiner la résolution longitudinale, et réduire la distance minimale de sécurité par rapport à la terre.
PCT/US2002/009124 2001-03-28 2002-03-25 Altimetre radar doppler a retard bistatique Ceased WO2002079798A1 (fr)

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN100507599C (zh) * 2006-11-10 2009-07-01 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 一种海陆兼容的卫星雷达高度计跟踪器
EP2144085A1 (fr) * 2008-07-11 2010-01-13 Agency Spatiale Europeenne Système et procédé d'altimétrie
CN102508243A (zh) * 2011-10-21 2012-06-20 北京理工大学 一种倾斜地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达的波位设计方法
CN103487798A (zh) * 2013-09-09 2014-01-01 北京理工大学 一种相控阵雷达测高方法
CN103684628A (zh) * 2013-11-18 2014-03-26 航天东方红卫星有限公司 一种目标轨道与星下点轨迹同时捕获方法
CN111505646A (zh) * 2020-04-27 2020-08-07 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 时空谱统一的海洋成像雷达高度计定标检验方法

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100507599C (zh) * 2006-11-10 2009-07-01 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 一种海陆兼容的卫星雷达高度计跟踪器
EP2144085A1 (fr) * 2008-07-11 2010-01-13 Agency Spatiale Europeenne Système et procédé d'altimétrie
US8059025B2 (en) 2008-07-11 2011-11-15 Agence Spatiale Europeenne Altimetry method and system
CN102508243A (zh) * 2011-10-21 2012-06-20 北京理工大学 一种倾斜地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达的波位设计方法
CN103487798A (zh) * 2013-09-09 2014-01-01 北京理工大学 一种相控阵雷达测高方法
CN103684628A (zh) * 2013-11-18 2014-03-26 航天东方红卫星有限公司 一种目标轨道与星下点轨迹同时捕获方法
CN111505646A (zh) * 2020-04-27 2020-08-07 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 时空谱统一的海洋成像雷达高度计定标检验方法
CN111505646B (zh) * 2020-04-27 2023-05-09 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 时空谱统一的海洋成像雷达高度计定标检验方法

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