WO2002058181A2 - Structures de couche active pour electrodes de pile a combustible a electrolyte solide polymere - Google Patents
Structures de couche active pour electrodes de pile a combustible a electrolyte solide polymere Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002058181A2 WO2002058181A2 PCT/FR2002/000133 FR0200133W WO02058181A2 WO 2002058181 A2 WO2002058181 A2 WO 2002058181A2 FR 0200133 W FR0200133 W FR 0200133W WO 02058181 A2 WO02058181 A2 WO 02058181A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- active layer
- sheets
- solid polymer
- fuel cell
- polymer electrolyte
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
- H01M4/8626—Porous electrodes characterised by the form
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to new active layer structures for fuel cell electrodes with a solid polymer electrolyte, characterized in that the active layer consists of an ordered stack of sheets of thickness less than 50 ⁇ m and of at least two different natures. , one of which is always mainly composed of a solid ionic conductor and the other is always mainly composed of an electrocatalytic mixture, said sheets being arranged perpendicular to the membrane separating the anode from the cathode.
- the fuel cell electrodes with solid polymer electrolyte currently consist of two layers.
- One of these layers, called diffusion has a thickness of about 0.5 mm and has a face in contact with the gas flow feeding it; this layer, based on carbon and a binder such as PTFE, is devoid of catalyst.
- the other layer, of smaller thickness ( ⁇ 50 ⁇ m), is constituted inter alia by carbon on which a catalyst such as platinum has been dispersed.
- This last layer, called active since comprising the catalyst has one of its faces fixed on the diffusion layer while on the other face is fixed the ionically conductive membrane (generally proton) separating the anode from the cathode.
- the Applicant After carrying out an in-depth study of the behavior of the cathode, the Applicant has been able to demonstrate that only a very small thickness of the active layer participates effectively in the oxygen reduction reaction. For deeper layers, beyond 5 ⁇ m, the local current densities are increasingly low because the local overvoltage is itself low, this drop in the overvoltage being due to insufficient ionic conduction in the regions the most distant from the inter-electrode membrane.
- the first consists in producing electrodes comprising an active layer of very small thickness, which leads to optimizing the yield of the platinum.
- a second path aims to improve the ionic conduction throughout the thickness of the active layer, thickness which could reach 50 ⁇ m.
- the latter route would have the advantage of increasing the surface power of the electrodes (W / cm 2 ) and, consequently, of reducing the area of the interelectrode membranes and of the bipolar collectors associated with the electrodes.
- W / cm 2 surface power of the electrodes
- the new active layer structures for fuel cell electrodes with solid polymer electrolyte, objects of the present invention are characterized by a completely different approach than those previously described with regard to the objective of improving both the efficiency of the catalyst (W / g) and the power per unit area (W / cm 2 ).
- the active layer has a radically different structure from that of the electrodes known to date.
- the effective layer is that close to the inter-electrode membrane because the content of ionic conductor therein is very high, we have tried to ensure that most of the active layer is constituted by interphase domains with a structure close to that of the surface layers existing in electrodes of conventional design.
- the electrodes are made capable, by improving their ionic conduction, of delivering high current densities, the kinetics of transport of molecular species must also be improved so that these phenomena are not limiting. It is therefore, in all cases covered by the present invention, to give the active layers a laminated structure.
- Such a principle is applicable to both cathodes and anodes and, although all the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells sold are characterized by the use of proton conductors, this same method of structure could advantageously be applied to cells with solid polymer electrolyte fuel operating with an anionic conductor.
- the descriptions which follow result from studies carried out on oxygen reduction cathodes of fuel cell with solid electrolyte, proton-conducting polymer.
- the active layer structures for fuel cell electrodes with polymer electrolyte according to the invention are characterized in that the active layer consists of an ordered stack of sheets of thickness less than 50 ⁇ m, of at least two different natures, one of these sheets always being mainly composed of a solid ionic conductor and the other sheet always composed mainly of an electr ⁇ catalytic mixture, said sheets being arranged perpendicular to the membrane separating the anode from the cathode.
- the sheets mainly composed of the ionic conductor have a content of this ionic conductor greater than 60%.
- the ionic conductor is a solid polymer with proton conduction, for example Na ion® .
- the sheets mainly composed of the electrocatalytic mixture contain, in addition to the carbon on which the catalyst is dispersed, 10 to 50% of a hydrophobic binder and 20 to 60% of a solid ionic conductor, percentages being expressed by mass relative to the mass of carbon supporting the catalyst.
- the active layer structures according to the invention are characterized by the repeated alternation of two kinds of sheets of different composition, arranged perpendicular to the membrane separating the anode from the cathode.
- the sheets mainly composed of the ionic conductor consist of a film of this conductor.
- the sheets mainly composed of the ionic conductor consist of a porous support impregnated with ionic conductor, the content of ionic conductor being greater than 60%.
- the sheets composed mainly of the ionic conductor have a thickness between 5 and 50 ⁇ m, and the sheets mainly composed of the electrocatalytic mixture have a thickness between 5 and 25 ⁇ m.
- the ratio of the thicknesses between the sheets mainly composed of the ionic conductor and the sheets mainly composed by the electrocatalytic mixture must be between 0.5 and 2 and be all the higher as the thickness of the active layer is greater.
- the active layer advantageously comprises sheets of three different natures, arranged perpendicular to the membrane separating the anode from the cathode.
- the third type of sheet ensures the rapid displacement of the molecular species. It is located in the middle position between the sheets mainly consisting of the electrocatalytic mixture and has a thickness of between 2 and 10 ⁇ m. It is made of a very hydrophobic porous material.
- Figure 1 shows in section a membrane-active layer-diffusion layer assembly of a fuel cell electrode with solid polymer electrolyte according to the invention, the sheets the active layer being arranged perpendicular to the membrane separating the anode from the cathode,
- FIG. 2 represents a variant of the assembly represented in FIG. 1, for which the active layer is composed of three types of sheets,
- Figure 3 shows a view of a block formed by the stack of sheets making up the active layer; she corresponds to one of the methods for producing the active layer according to the invention,
- FIG. 4 represents a view of a block consisting of a strip comprising the elementary sheets making up the active layer according to the invention
- Figure 5 shows the strip of previous active layer wound in a spiral and fixed to the inter-electrode membrane.
- the active layers according to the invention comprise at least 2 kinds of sheets.
- sheets (1) mainly composed of ionic conductor, the content of this conductor being greater than 60%
- sheets (2) mainly made up of the electrocatalytic mixture, the composition of which is as follows:
- carbon on which the catalyst is dispersed for example Vulcan XC 72 carbon black powder, loaded with 20 to 40% platinum,
- hydrophobic binder dispersed in the mixture, for example FEP, in a content of between 10 and 50% of the mass of platinum carbon.
- the structuring mode of - the active layer is characterized in that the sheets (1) and (2) are arranged perpendicular to the inter-electrode membrane, as shown in FIG. 1.
- the sheets (1) are formed either by an ionic conductor film produced on the surface of the sheets (2), or by a porous support impregnated with ionic conductor and interposed between 2 sheets (2).
- the active material sheets (2) consist of a carbon agglomerate on which the catalyst is dispersed, a proton conductor and a hydrophobic binder.
- the sheets (2) have a thickness of between 5 and 25 ⁇ m.
- the sheets (1) have a total thickness of between 5 and 50 ⁇ m and they can be produced by coating or spraying the sheet (2) serving as a support, with a solution or suspension containing the ionic conductor. By this method, a film of surface ionic conductor and an interphase domain composed of an active layer rich in ionic conductor are obtained on the sheet (2).
- the thickness of the sheets (1) should be given a value all the greater the thicker the active layer and the higher the current densities, the thickness ratio of the sheets ( 1) / thickness of the sheets (2) being in all cases between 0.5 and 2.
- This sheet (3) can be constituted by an agglomerate of carbon and a hydrophobic binder, or of a porous hydrophobic material.
- An oxygen electrode comprising an active layer consisting of sheets arranged perpendicular to the inter-electrode membrane.
- the constituent layers of the active layer are composed primarily of Nafion ®, is essentially active material, the variant described in this example having no slip to the diffusion of molecular species.
- the implementation of a block comprising a large number of sheets, as shown in FIG. 3, involves, when the sheets are formed one by one, a large number of spraying, coating and drying.
- we reduced the number of operations by performing first of all a sheet dimensions 30 cm x 30 cm, itself constituted by a sheet Nafion ® a thickness of 20 .mu.m. This sheet is obtained by spraying a 10% solution of Nafion ® on a support which does not allow the adhesion of Nafion ® .
- Spray sequences are interrupted by sequences of drying. Was then sprayed a final load of 0.4 mg / cm 2 of Nafion ® (load expressed as dry extract) and before drying, by coating is covered with a layer of active material whose composition is as follows:
- the coated mass is such that the thickness of the active material sheet is close to 20 ⁇ m.
- the 2 sheets are heat treated at a temperature of 180 ° C for 10 hours.
- the sheet thus composed of 2 sheets attached to each other is then cut into squares of 3 cm 2
- the sheet of Nafion ® is the first sheet of the stack.
- the upper sheet of the composite square is therefore made of active material.
- a load of 0.4 mg / cm 2 is projected (in the dry state) of a 1% solution of Nafion ® .
- This face is then pressed by a new composite square with a Nafion ® face .
- These sequences are repeated 249 times.
- Finally on the side in the last active material composite square is sprayed a load of 0.6 mg / cm 2 of Nafion ®. Each sequence is followed by a 1 minute treatment at 140 ° C.
- the inter-electrode membrane (Nafion ® 115) is then fixed after having produced an interphase layer composed of Nafion ® ".
- the pressing of the inter-membrane electrodes is carried out at a temperature of 160 ° C. under a pressure of 70 kg / cm 2 for 90 seconds.
- the thickness of the active layer is about 40 microns, its width being 1 cm and a length of 3 cm.
- a diffusion layer consisting of a carbon cloth (PANEX ® PW 03, supplied by Zoltech ) filled with a mixture of Vulcan XC 72 and PTFE
- the oxygen electrode thus produced therefore has a useful surface of 3 cm 2 (1 cm x 3 cm).
- This cell core is then supplied with 0 2 and H 2 at 4 bar absolute at a temperature of 80 ° C. After stabilization, it is found that the density of the current delivered ' is 1.1 A / cm 2 (at 0.7 V) while the assembly of the same dimensions comprising structural electrodes traditional gives under the same conditions 0.6 A / cm 2 . It can be seen that the gain obtained is close to 100%. It can be deduced that a laminated electrode including sheets of smaller thicknesses (e.g. 10 microns for the active ingredient and 15 .mu.m for the Nafion ®) allow obtaining even greater gains.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR01/00555 | 2001-01-17 | ||
| FR0100555A FR2819639A1 (fr) | 2001-01-17 | 2001-01-17 | Nouvelles structures de couche active pour electrodes de pile a combustible a electrolyte solide polymere |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2002058181A2 true WO2002058181A2 (fr) | 2002-07-25 |
| WO2002058181A3 WO2002058181A3 (fr) | 2003-09-25 |
Family
ID=8858885
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2002/000133 Ceased WO2002058181A2 (fr) | 2001-01-17 | 2002-01-15 | Structures de couche active pour electrodes de pile a combustible a electrolyte solide polymere |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2819639A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2002058181A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4725041B2 (ja) * | 2004-03-01 | 2011-07-13 | アイシン精機株式会社 | 燃料電池 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3786943T2 (de) * | 1986-03-07 | 1994-03-17 | Nagakazu Furuya | Gasdurchlässige Elektrode. |
| US4804592A (en) * | 1987-10-16 | 1989-02-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Composite electrode for use in electrochemical cells |
| JP3245929B2 (ja) * | 1992-03-09 | 2002-01-15 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 燃料電池及びその応用装置 |
| DE19544323A1 (de) * | 1995-11-28 | 1997-06-05 | Magnet Motor Gmbh | Gasdiffusionselektrode für Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzellen |
| JP4023903B2 (ja) * | 1998-04-02 | 2007-12-19 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | 固体高分子型燃料電池用膜・電極接合体 |
| FR2788630B1 (fr) * | 1999-01-14 | 2001-08-03 | Sorapec | Structure pour couche active d'electrodes de piles a combustible a electrolyte solide polymere |
-
2001
- 2001-01-17 FR FR0100555A patent/FR2819639A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-01-15 WO PCT/FR2002/000133 patent/WO2002058181A2/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2819639A1 (fr) | 2002-07-19 |
| WO2002058181A3 (fr) | 2003-09-25 |
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