WO2001094598A2 - Construction d'acide nucleique utile pour l'expression de transgenes notamment dans les cellules souches embryonnaires - Google Patents
Construction d'acide nucleique utile pour l'expression de transgenes notamment dans les cellules souches embryonnaires Download PDFInfo
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- C12N2840/00—Vectors comprising a special translation-regulating system
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- C12N2840/206—Vectors comprising a special translation-regulating system translation of more than one cistron having an IRES having multiple IRES
Definitions
- nucleic acid useful for the expression of transgenes in particular in embryonic stem cells.
- the invention relates to a nucleic acid construct useful for the expression of transgenes, in particular in embryonic stem cells.
- embryonic stem cells also called ES cells
- regenerative obtaining models animals from these cells for the study of pathologies and the development of drugs, etc.
- genes can be mutated or deleted by homologous recombination.
- inactivation of a gene if it is essential for the development of the embryo, will most often cause this development to stop.
- inducible recombination systems have been developed. Feil et al (1996) and Zhang et al (1996) have in particular proposed using a vector comprising the Cre recombinase sequence fused to a mutated estrogen binding domain so as to bind only to tamoxifen, the whole being under the control of a strong promoter (CMV promoter).
- CMV promoter a strong promoter
- gene invalidation is sometimes supplemented by another technique which consists, conversely, in overexpressing a gene.
- This experimental strategy is generally implemented by obtaining transgenic animals (such as mice), by microinjection of an expression plasmid into the oocytes.
- transgenic animals such as mice
- microinjection of an expression plasmid into the oocytes obtaining transgenic animals for a given gene requires that its expression remain compatible with harmonious embryonic development.
- transgenic embryos are interrupted.
- the implementation of these inducible expression systems is cumbersome in view of the low efficiency of manufacturing transgenic animals by the technique of microinjection of DNA into the oocyte.
- the "random" integration of transgenes into the oocyte genome often compromises their expression according to the criteria required by the experimenter.
- the invention more specifically relates to a nucleic acid construction with at least two coding sequences, one for selection, the other which codes for a protein of interest.
- This construction includes: i) a splice acceptor site at the 5 ′ position, ii) a selection sequence, optionally preceded beforehand by a sequence allowing its translation by ribosomes, iii) a sequence coding for a protein of interest distinct from the sequence of selection, said coding sequence being preceded upstream by a sequence allowing its translation by ribosomes, iv) a sequence for terminating transcription in the 3 ′ position, said construction being free of any promoter of transcription of said selection sequence or of said sequence coding for a protein of interest, it being further understood that said protein of interest is not the tTA transactivating protein.
- nucleic acid construction is meant in particular a nucleic acid such as DNA or RNA, linear or circular.
- the nucleic acid construction of the invention can comprise from upstream to downstream, the splice acceptor site, the selection sequence, optionally preceded by a sequence allowing its translation by ribosomes, the sequence coding for a protein of interest, preceded by a sequence allowing its translation by ribosomes, and the transcription termination sequence. This type of construction is preferred.
- the nucleic acid construct of the invention may however comprise, from upstream to downstream, the splice acceptor site, the sequence coding for a protein of interest, preceded by a sequence allowing its translation by the ribosomes, the selection sequence, preferably preceded by a sequence allowing its translation by ribosomes, and the transcription termination sequence.
- sequence allowing translation by ⁇ bosomes is meant for example an IRES sequence (internal ribosome entry site, or “internai ribosomal entry site”). It may especially be a sequence
- Mammalian IRES such as the internal entry site of the ribosomes of the gene coding for the protein GRP79, also known as Bip, which fixes the chain heavy immunoglobulin.
- an IRES sequence of picornavirus such as the IRES sequence of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), (Jackson et al, 1990; Kaminski et al, 1990), preferably nucleotides 163 to 746 of this sequence, poliovirus, preferably nucleotides 18 to 640, or foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), preferably nucleotides 369 to 804.
- EMCV encephalomyocarditis virus
- FMDV foot and mouth disease virus
- IRES derived from retroviruses such as the virus Mouse Moloney (MoMLV).
- selection sequence is meant a sequence which makes it possible to sort between the cells which will have integrated the nucleic acid construction of the invention and those in which the transfection will have failed.
- selection sequences can be “positive” or “negative” and dominant or recessive.
- a “positive” selection sequence refers to a gene coding for a product which only allows cells which carry this gene to survive and / or multiply under certain conditions.
- antibiotic resistance genes such as, for example, neomycin (neo r ), hygromycin, puromycin, zeoycine, blasticidin or phleomycin.
- Another possible selection sequence is hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT). Cells which carry the HPRT gene can grow on HAT medium (containing aminopterin, hypoxanthine and thymidine), while HPRT-negative cells die on HAT medium.
- a "negative" selection sequence refers to a gene encoding a product that can be induced to selectively kill cells that carry the gene.
- Non-limiting examples of this type of selection sequences include herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and HPRT. Cells that carry the HSV-tk gene are killed in the presence of gancyclovir or FIAU (1 (1, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro- ⁇ -D-rabinofuranosyl) -5-iodouracil). Cells that carry the HPRT gene can be killed selectively by 6-thioguanine (6TG).
- the nucleic acid construct of the invention can also comprise a detection sequence.
- detection sequence is meant a sequence encoding a detectable protein, useful as a marker for easily assessing the level of expression of the protein of interest.
- reporter gene may for example be a sequence coding for an enzyme such as ⁇ -galactosidase ( ⁇ -GAL), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), alkaline phosphatase such as human alkaline phosphatase (Aph), fluorescent protein green (GFP), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), luciferase, or any other detectable marker well known to those skilled in the art.
- ⁇ -GAL ⁇ -galactosidase
- ADH alcohol dehydrogenase
- alkaline phosphatase such as human alkaline phosphatase (Aph), fluorescent protein green (GFP), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), luciferase, or any other detectable marker well known to those skilled in the art.
- said detection sequence can be coupled to the selection sequence.
- This coupling can be carried out by means of a sequence allowing translation by the ribosomes, as defined above, or by fusion between the detection sequence and the selection sequence.
- transcription termination sequence is meant any sequence which makes it possible to stop transcription, in particular a STOP site contained in a polyadenylation (polyA) sequence. It may be a polyA originating from viruses, in particular the polyA of "Simian Virus 40" (SV 40), or a polyA originating from a eukaryotic gene, in particular the polyA of the gene coding for Phosphoglycerate Kinase (pgk-1), or polyA of the gene coding for rabbit ⁇ globin.
- polyA polyadenylation
- said protein of interest can be an inducible recombinase.
- the Cre recombinase of bacteriophase P1 (Abremski et al, 1983), or for example the yeast recombinase Flp (Logie et al, 1995) can be used.
- These recombinases are modified or operably linked (in particular by fusion) to a sequence bringing them the property of induction. It is thus possible to use a recombinase fused to the binding domain of the estrogen receptor (ER) ligand, which has been previously mutated so as no longer to bind endogenous estrogens.
- ER estrogen receptor
- the Cre ER T2 sequence can be used (Feil et al, 1997) which is a sequence coding for a protein whose recombinase activity is very easily inducible by tamoxifen or by its analogs. More particularly, the present invention provides a nucleic acid construct as defined above, comprising, from upstream to downstream: i) a splice acceptor site, ii) a neomycin resistance selection sequence, preceded upstream a detection sequence, coding for ⁇ -galactosidase, the whole being designated ⁇ -geo, iii) a Cre-ER T2 sequence, preceded upstream by a sequence
- IRES allowing its translation by ribosomes, iv) at least one polyA sequence containing at least one STOP site, for transcription termination.
- said protein of interest can be a protein of therapeutic interest or a factor of differentiation. Mention may in particular be made, as protein of interest, of proteins of the blood, of hormones, of growth factors, of cytokines, of neurotransmitters, of enzymes, of antibodies, of factors involved in the repair of DNA, of structural proteins. DNA, transcription factors, co-activators or co-repressors of transcription, proteins of the HLA system, proteins of the immune system, membrane receptors, proteins involved in cell division, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, hormone receptors, factors involved in programmed cell death, proteins involved in cell migration, cytoskeleton proteins, viral proteins, proteins from prokaryotic organism, etc.
- said sequence coding for a protein of interest can be replaced by an antisense sequence, so as to block the translation of a protein of interest.
- the subject of the invention is also a nucleic acid construct as defined above, in which recombinase recognition sequences, such as the LoxP sequences, surround the cassette formed by said selection sequence, possibly preceded by a sequence allowing its translation by ribosomes, and followed downstream by at least one additional transcription termination sequence, said cassette being placed upstream of said sequence coding for the protein of interest.
- recombinase recognition sequences such as the LoxP sequences
- said protein of interest can be a detectable marker protein (useful in the context of research protocols), or advantageously, a protein of therapeutic interest or a differentiating factor.
- a detection sequence coding for a detectable marker protein, and optionally preceded by a sequence allowing its translation by ribosomes, can then be inserted into said cassette.
- An object of the invention relates more particularly to a nucleic acid construct as defined above, comprising from upstream to downstream: i) a splice acceptor site, ii) a cassette formed from upstream to downstream by optionally a sequence , such as an IRES sequence, allowing the ribosomes to translate the following selection sequence, a selection sequence, such as a hygromycin resistance sequence, possibly a sequence coding for a detectable marker protein, such a sequence coding for human alkaline phosphatase (Aph), preceded by a sequence, allowing its translation by ribosomes, - a transcription termination sequence, comprising several STOP sites in several polyA, said cassette being framed by sequences LoxP, iii) a sequence coding for a protein of interest, said coding sequence being preceded upstream by a sequence, such as a se quence
- the subject of the invention is also a vector into which a nucleic acid construct as defined above is inserted.
- It can be a plasmid vector of bacterial origin or a recombinant viral vector, such as a modified adenovirus or retrovirus vector such as the ROSA ⁇ GEO vector (Friedrich et al, 1991).
- a recombinant viral vector such as a modified adenovirus or retrovirus vector such as the ROSA ⁇ GEO vector (Friedrich et al, 1991).
- the bacterial plasmid pBSK or the bacterial plasmid plresHyg (Clontech reference 6061) can be used.
- the invention also relates to a host cell into which at least one such vector has been stably transferred.
- host cell includes any mammalian cell or other eukaryotic cell, in culture or in vivo, as part of an organism, said cell possibly being previously fused or genetically modified. These can for example be ES cells ("embryonic stem cells”), EG cell lines (“embryonic germ cells”), tetracarcinoma stem cell lines like F9 cells, immortalized fibroblast lines like NIH 3T3, lymphoblastic cell lines like Jurkat cells, etc.
- At least one nucleic acid construct as defined above comprising a sequence coding for an inducible recombinase, and at least one nucleic acid construct comprising sequences are transferred into the host cell. for recognizing said recombinase and a sequence coding for a protein of interest, so that these two constructs are cointegrated into the genome of said cell.
- the transfer of the vector into the host cell can be carried out using standard techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example by electroporation, precipitation with calcium phosphate (Sambrook et al, 1989), or lipofection.
- the nucleotide vector of the invention can be released in naked form, that is to say free from any agent which facilitates transfection or else in association with such an agent, whether for example a chemical agent which modifies the permeability of cells (such as bupivacaine), of liposomes, of cationic lipids or of microparticles, for example gold, silica or tungsten.
- a chemical agent which modifies the permeability of cells such as bupivacaine
- liposomes such as bupivacaine
- cationic lipids for example gold, silica or tungsten.
- the mode of transfer chosen depends mainly on the host cell, as is well known to those skilled in the art.
- the present invention relates to the case where the host cell is a stem cell, preferably an embryonic stem cell (ES cell).
- ES cells are cells obtained from the cell mass making up a blastocyst stage embryo. They are able to differentiate in all cell types of an adult organism, especially in germ cells. These cells can be cultured so as to develop cell populations which are totipotent, that is to say capable of giving all possible types of differentiated cells, or pluripotent, that is to say capable of giving certain types of cell lines (hematopoietic cells 'i' ethical particular), or which are differentiated or differentiation pathway, depending on the culture conditions chosen (Fraichard et al, 1995; Takahashi et al, 2000; Reubinoff et al, 2000).
- the ES cells of the invention can be human cells or come from a non-human animal, preferably a mammal.
- the invention also relates to a bank of cell lines obtained from host cells as defined above, into the genome of which the said vector or vectors as defined above are functionally integrated.
- the authors of the invention have developed a bank of ES cell lines which have functionally integrated into their genome a vector as described above allowing the expression of a Cre recombinase inducible by tamoxifen, such as Cre -ER T2 . They selected ES cell lines characterized by three criteria:
- inducible recombinase The expression of inducible recombinase is stable during embryonic development, but it can be either ubiquitous or specific tissue.
- the cells thus characterized are used to construct new libraries of ES cell lines in the genome of which is integrated a second vector as described above allowing the expression of a protein of interest by the inducible Cre recombinase.
- ES cells from these different libraries, and therefore carriers of the nucleic acid constructs of the invention can be used to obtain genetically modified animals (also called transgenic animals).
- the techniques conventionally used to obtain transgenic animals from ES cells are the injection technique into the blastocyst and the aggregation technique (Hogan et al, 1994, Manipulating The Mouse Embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). These techniques consist either of injecting ES cells into a recipient embryo at the blastocyst stage (injection technique into the blastocyst) or aggregating ES cells with a recipient embryo at the morula stage (aggregation technique).
- the chimeric embryos obtained are reimplanted in the uterus of a carrier female.
- the chimeric animals obtained consist of a mixture of wild cells and cells carrying the genetic modification. To obtain transgenic animals, it is then advisable to cross the chimeric mice with wild mice. Fertilization occurs either with a wild cell or with a genetically modified cell.
- the invention provides means for generating transgenic animals capable of inducibly or non-inducibly overexpressing a protein of interest.
- the use of nucleic acid vectors as described above in ES cells also has many advantages over the technique of microinjection of DNA into the oocyte.
- the insertion of the transgene into the recipient genome is done at random and without any means of selection.
- its expression is influenced, in general negatively, by the chromosomal environment of the insertion site. This negative influence often results in an extinction of the expression or a mosaic of this expression.
- the level of expression of the transgene proves to be insufficient, or the activity of the promoter which controls its expression is disturbed by endogenous regulatory elements which modify its tissue specificity.
- the application of the system of the invention to ES cells allows the experimenter to select in vitro the line of ES cell which makes it possible to obtain a transgenic animal overexpressing the protein of interest in the expected tissues.
- the selection of the clones is carried out a posteriori according to the level of expression and the domains of expression of the protein of interest.
- the absence of a promoter in the vectors as described above implies that their functioning is strictly dependent on the site of the host genome in which they are inserted.
- the vectors of the invention appropriate the natural expression properties of the site in which they are integrated. This capacity makes it possible to considerably reduce all the problems of expression extinction and mosaicism which are frequent with the expression systems conventionally used such as viral promoters: promoter of the Cyto-Megalo Virus (CMV) promoter of SV40.
- CMV Cyto-Megalo Virus
- the system of the invention therefore provides simpler and more economical means for generating transgenic animals.
- the present invention therefore relates to transgenic non-human animals capable of being obtained from an ES cell as defined above.
- the transgenic animals thus generated can be particularly useful for producing recombinant proteins of interest, such as proteins of therapeutic interest mentioned above. It is also possible for these animals to overexpress functionally defective proteins, as recombinant proteins of interest.
- the transgenic animals obtained are then useful as experimental models of pathologies caused by the expression of these non-functional proteins, for example truncated or mutated proteins. This is particularly the case for the protein CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator), the mutation of which is the cause of cystic fibrosis in humans.
- CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
- negative dominants of certain anti-oncogenic proteins can be expressed, such as p53 or pRb.
- ES cells incorporating the nucleic acid constructs of the invention can also be used as part of a cell transplantation
- the general principle of this strategy is based on the in vitro differentiation of ES cells into neural, hematopoietic stem cells, etc., then the injection of these "predetermined" cells into an animal or a human.
- the invention therefore extends to a process for the preparation of differentiated cells, in which totipotent ES cells are cultured as mentioned above, in the presence of differentiation agents, and if necessary, of a induction agent. recombinase.
- the inducible expression system using a recombinase, as described above, makes it possible more particularly to induce the controlled expression of genes whose activity is responsible for the engagement of the stem cell in a pathway. specific differentiation.
- RA retinoic acid
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
- the differentiated cells thus obtained can serve as a cellular model to replace animal testing. Indeed, the method described above makes it possible to produce a large quantity of differentiated cells in a given cell type. We can then easily test the toxicity of molecules with therapeutic potential on these cells instead of testing it directly on animals.
- the subject of the invention is also a method of therapeutic treatment in which a recipient organism is implanted requiring such treatment of cells previously modified and differentiated in vitro.
- This cell transplantation technology using predetermined cells or cells differentiated in vitro from ES cells then makes very specific metabolic correction strategies possible.
- the transplantation of neuronal cells producing neuromediators is of obvious clinical interest. Thanks in particular to the inducible expression system in ES cells, one can introduce an inactive gene coding for a neuro-transmitter or stimulating its synthesis, then induce the differentiation of ES cells into neural cells, and activate the expression of the gene at when to re-implant the cells in the recipient organism.
- the invention also relates to a method of therapeutic treatment in which cells previously modified and differentiated in vitro are implanted in a recipient organism requiring such treatment, integrating a nucleic acid construct which comprises a sequence coding for a recombinase inducible, and a nucleic acid construct of interest and recombinase recognition sequences, and said recipient organism is administered a quantity of inducing agent sufficient to allow expression of the protein of interest.
- the invention also relates to an in vitro process for the production of recombinant proteins of interest, in which ES cells are cultivated in the genome of which has been integrated a nucleic acid construct as defined above comprising a sequence coding for a recombinant protein of interest, under conditions allowing the expression of said protein of interest, and the protein thus produced is collected.
- ES used are embryonic stem cells, in the genome of which at least one nucleic acid construct as defined above is cointegrated, comprising a sequence coding for a inducible recombinase and at least one nucleic acid construct comprising sequences for recognizing said recombinase, and a sequence coding for a protein of interest, said cells being cultured in the presence of differentiating agents, the differentiated cells thus obtained then being placed in the presence of an agent inducing said recombinase, so as to allow the expression of said protein of interest.
- the invention also relates to the development of animal models for studying genes involved in pathology or genes involved in differentiation processes.
- the invention more particularly relates to a process for obtaining a non-human transgenic animal, in particular useful as a model for the study of genes involved in a pathology, in which a non-human animal is crossed in the genome of which has been integrated at least one nucleotide acid construct as defined above comprising a sequence coding for an inducible recombinase, with a non-human animal in the genome of which a gene of interest is surrounded by two sites recognized by the inducible recombinase, so as to obtain a non-human transgenic animal which, when subjected to an agent inducing said recombinase, undergoes a deletion of said gene of interest.
- the gene flanked by two sites recognized by inducible recombinase is called the "floxed" gene.
- the non-human animal has a wild phenotype, which suggests that the "floxed” gene is functional, the sites recognized by the inducible recombinase being introduced so as to do not disturb its operation. Part of the animals from this cross have in their genome the two genetic modifications previously mentioned.
- the floxed gene can then be destroyed by inducing the activity of the recombinase with an inducing agent. The animal thus acquires a mutant phenotype if the destroyed gene has an important function.
- Non-human transgenic animals such as in particular mice or other animal mentioned above, capable of being obtained by this process, are also included in the invention.
- FIG. 1 represents a block diagram of the operation of a vector according to the invention designed to overexpress the inducible recombinase Cre-ER T2 : the plasmid pGTEV-Cre-ER T2 .
- FIG. 2 represents a restriction map of the vector pGTEV-Cre-ER T2 .
- FIG. 3 A represents a diagram of the vector plGTE2-Aph
- FIG. 3B represents a diagram of the vector plGTE3
- FIG. 3C represents a diagram of the vector plGTE4
- FIG. 3D represents a diagram of the vector pIGTE ⁇ .
- FIG. 4 represents a restriction map of the vector plGTE2-Aph.
- FIG. 5 represents a schematic diagram of the functioning of a vector according to the invention designed to inducibly overexpress Aph: the plasmid plGTE2-Aph.
- FIG. 6 is a photograph of transgenic embryos of 8.5-day-old mice after fertilization. These embryos were obtained in using ES Cre ER T2 cells which have integrated the vector plGTE2-Aph into their genome. Aph activity is detected by histochemical staining. Thus the cells which express Aph are colored brown while the cells which do not express Aph remain white. As can be seen in this figure, the embryos induced in vivo with hydroxy-tamoxifen (right and left) strongly express Aph in all tissues while the negative control (embryo in the center) expresses the Aph only in a few cells.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B represent diagrams showing the induction of eGFP in the ES-Cre-ER T2 clones, by hydroxy-tamoxifen (OHT).
- Figure 7A reports the percentage of cells that express eGFP in the presence or absence of hydroxy-tamoxifen, while Figure 7B highlights the level of induction.
- FIG. 8A is a diagram representing the result of a test for induction of Aph activity in different lines of ES-Cre-ER T2 / plGTE2-Aph mice, in the presence or in the absence of hydroxy-tamoxifen ( OHT).
- FIG. 8B is a photograph showing an induction of the expression of ⁇ -galactosidase using a conventional expression system in ES cells.
- FIG. 9 is a set of photographs representing cells of the ES-Cre-ER T2 / plGTE2-Aph lines after histochemical staining to detect ⁇ -galactosidase (FIG. 9A), after histochemical staining to detect Aph activity, in the absence of hydroxy-tamoxifen (FIG. 9B). and after histochemical staining to detect Aph activity in the presence of hydroxy-tamoxifen (FIG. 9C).
- EXAMPLE 1 Construction of the vector pGTEV-Cre ER T2 The authors of the invention constructed a vector for expression of the Cre ER T2 recombinase inducible by tamoxifen (Feil et al, 1997). This vector does not contain a promoter. Transcription can only be initiated from a cellular promoter located near the integration site. The splice acceptor site (SA) allows correct splicing of the messenger and the formation of a fusion protein when integration has occurred within an intron. The vector also expresses the fusion protein ⁇ -galactosidase-neo r ( ⁇ geo gene). The expression of Cre-ER T2 recombinase is coupled to that of ⁇ -galactosidase through the use of an IRES sequence (internal ribosome entry sequence).
- IRES sequence internal ribosome entry sequence
- This pGTEV vector (cf. FIGS. 1 and 2) was constructed as follows: The SA ⁇ geo sequence was amplified by PCR from the ROSA ⁇ geo vector (Friedrich et al, 1991) using the following oligonucleotides 5'AGA ACC AAT GCA TGC TGA TCA GCG AGG TTT A 3 '(SEQ ID n ° 1) and 5' AAG GAA AAA AGG GGG CGC CTA TGG CTC GTA CTC TAT AG 3 '(SEQ ID n ° 2).
- the 3.7 kilobase (kb) fragment thus amplified was digested with the enzymes Spe I and Nsi I and then introduced by cohesive ligation into the CMV lres-Cre-ER T2 vector previously digested with the same enzymes.
- the CMV lres-Cre-ER T2 vector was obtained by inserting the Cre ER T2 cassette from the pCre-ER T2 vector (Feil et al, 1997) digested with EcoR I. The ends of the fragment thus obtained were made blunt using T4 DNA polymerase.
- the fragment was ligated into the vector plresNeo (Clontech catalog reference 6060-1) digested with Sma I and Xbal and the ends of which were also made blunt using T4 DNA polymerase.
- the vector pGTEV is thus obtained.
- the ES cells are subjected to a treatment with trypsin and then rinsed twice in GMEM medium. They are finally resuspended in GMEM at a concentration of 6.25 x 10 6 cells / ml.
- 40 ⁇ g of plasmid are digested with Sspl then added in an electroporation cuvette (Biorad) to 0.8 ml of the solution of ES cells.
- the cells are then subjected to electroporation at a voltage of 250V for a capacity of 500 ⁇ F. After electroporation, the cells are placed on feeder cells previously irradiated. 48 hours after electroporation, the cells are put in the presence of antibiotic G418.
- the authors of the invention fabricated a library of 110 ES cell lines, each element of the library being characterized by a specific integration site of the vector PGTEV-Cre ER T2 .
- the level of expression as well as the expression domains of the Cre-ER T2 recombinase therefore vary for each line as a function of the integration site of the vector.
- the authors of the invention selected lines characterized by a very high level of expression of the recombinase, so that its activity is easily induced by hydroxy-tamoxifen.
- the authors of the invention have defined three criteria making it possible to select the a priori most efficient lines: 1) the level of expression of the Cre-ER T2 recombinase must be very high, both in ES cells and in differentiated cells (differentiation induced in vitro by formation of embryoid bodies). The level of expression of the recombinase was evaluated according to the level of expression of ⁇ -galactosidase (histochemical staining).
- the activity of the Cre-ER T2 recombinase must be zero in the absence of hydroxy-tamoxifen (absence of background noise) and rapidly induced when hydroxy-tamoxifen is added to the culture medium.
- a reporter vector for the activity of the Cre-ER T2 recombinase was constructed.
- This vector comprises, from upstream to downstream, (1) a CAAG promoter which is a very powerful promoter functioning in ES cells, (2) a gene for resistance to hygromycin and a polyadenylation signal (polyA) making it possible to stop transcription, the assembly formed by the resistance gene and the polyA sequence being surrounded by loxP sequences, (3) a sequence coding for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which confers a gray color on the cells after histochemical staining, and, finally, (4) a polyA sequence.
- a CAAG promoter which is a very powerful promoter functioning in ES cells
- polyA polyadenylation signal
- the vector pCAAG-loxP-STOP-loxP-ADH was constructed as follows: The vector pPHCAAG-BstXI (Niwa et al, 1991) was digested with the enzymes Sal I and Xhol. The 4 Kilo base fragment thus obtained corresponds to the pCAAG promoter. This fragment was introduced by cohesive ligation into the vector pBSK previously digested with Sal I. The new vector obtained is named pBSK pCAGG. The vector pT102 was digested with the Hind III-Not I enzymes.
- the fragment thus obtained corresponds to a loxP-STOP-loxP cassette which was introduced by cohesive ligation into the pBSK vector pCAAG itself digested by the Hind III-Not enzymes. I.
- the new vector obtained is called pCAAG loxP-STOP-loxP.
- the vector pRc / CMV-ADH (Gautier et al, 1996) was digested with the enzyme BamHI. The ends of the fragment thus obtained were made blunt using T4 DNA polymerase.
- the fragment was ligated into the vector ICA loxP-STOP-loxP digested with Not I, the ends of which were also made blunt using T4 DNA polymerase.
- the vector pCAAG-loxP-STOP-loxP-ADH is thus obtained.
- the alcohol dehydrogenase ADH reporter gene only works if the Cre-ER T2 recombinase is active because a transcription stop signal framed by two loxP sites prevents its transcription. Activation of the recombinase by hydroxy-tarnoxifene must make the transcription stop signal disappear by excision at the loxP sites to allow expression of the ADH reporter gene. The authors of the invention were thus able to select the lines meeting the two criteria defined above (zero recombinase activity in the absence of hydroxy-tamoxifen, maximum activity in the presence of hydroxy-tamoxifen). 3) the expression of the Cre-ER T2 recombinase must be preserved after differentiation in vivo in developing embryos.
- ES cell lines that met the first two criteria were injected into recipient embryos at the blastocyst stage (Hogan et al, 1994).
- the chimeric embryos thus obtained were reimplanted in the uterus of a carrier mouse, then dissected at different stages of development in order to determine the domains of expression of ⁇ -galactosidase.
- the ubiquitous or tissue character of the expression of the recombinase could thus be defined.
- ES-Cre-ER T2 lines called ES-Cre-ER T2 were able to be isolated thanks to the use of a new type of vector, pGTEV-Cre ER T2 which allows expression of the transgene at a very high level and with remarkable stability. It should be noted here that the expression plasmids usually used to overexpress genes (plasmids using powerful viral promoters) do not allow such efficiency to be obtained in ES cells.
- EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 4:
- ES-Cre-ER T2 cells One of the uses of ES-Cre-ER T2 cells is the manufacture of an inducible expression system for transgenes in these cells.
- plGTE2-Aph cf. fig. 3A and fig. 4
- the gene can only be expressed if the vector is integrated near a strong cellular promoter.
- its transcription is blocked by a loxP-STOP-loxP cassette which stops the synthesis of mRNA.
- the Cre-ER 12 recombinase is activated, the loxP-STOP-loxP cassette is excised and the Aph gene can be expressed.
- the authors of the invention isolated ES-Cre-ER T2 cell subclones also containing a copy of this vector plGTE2-Aph integrated into their genome. These subclones were placed in the presence of hydroxy-tamoxifen (OHT), 1 ⁇ M, to induce the expression of Aph. After 48 hours, the activity of Aph was measured following the Biolabs protocol (Ref 172-1063).
- FIG. 9A represents an ES-Cre-ER T2 / plGTE2-Aph line after histochemical staining to detect the ⁇ -galactosidase activity. The blue color comes from this activity. We can notice that all the cells are very dark, which indicates a very strong ⁇ -galactosidase activity and therefore a strong expression of Cre-ER T2 .
- FIG. 9B represents an ES-Cre-ER T2 / plGTE2-Aph line cultivated in the absence of hydroxy-tamoxifen. After histochemical staining to detect alkaline phosphatase (Aph) activity, no cell shows a black coloration characteristic of Aph activity. There is therefore no induction of expression of Aph in the absence of hydroxy-tamoxifen or one of its derivatives.
- FIG. 9C represents an ES-Cre-ER T2 / plGTE2-Aph line cultured in the presence of 1 ⁇ M of hydroxy-tamoxifen for 48 hours. After histochemical staining to detect alkaline phosphatase (Aph) activity, 100% of the cells show a black coloration characteristic of an Aph activity. There is therefore induction of the expression of Aph in all cells in the presence of an inducer.
- Aph alkaline phosphatase
- the authors of the invention then constructed vectors inducible by Cre-ER T2 whose operation is based on that of plGTE2-Aph.
- these vectors designated plGTE3, plGTE4 and plGTE ⁇ (cf. FIG. 3B to 3D), were designed to inducibly overexpress other proteins of interest than Aph.
- the authors inserted into these vectors the sequences coding for cyclin D1 (plGTE4-D1), cyclin D2 (plGTE4-D2), proliferation inhibitors p18 ink4c (plGTE4-p18 ink4c ) and p21 c ⁇ pi (piGjE4_p2i C
- ES-Cre ER T2 cells After electroporation, the authors isolated subclones of ES-Cre ER T2 cells which had incorporated at least one copy of one of the vectors mentioned above. The authors thus established ES cell lines capable of inducibly overexpressing cyclin D1, cyclin D2, p18 ink4c , or p21 cip1 .
- the vector pIGTE 2 Aph was constructed as follows: The vector ROSA ⁇ Geo (Friedrich et al, 1991) was digested with the enzymes Spe I and Hind III. The 300 bp fragment thus obtained corresponds to the splice acceptor site. This fragment was inserted by cohesive ligation into the CMV vector lres-Cre-ER T2 digested with Spe I and Hind III. The new vector thus obtained is called pSA.
- the vector pT102 was digested with the enzymes EcoR I and BSTE II and then religated on itself. This operation made it possible to eliminate the PGK TK fragment from the PT102.
- the new vector thus obtained is called pT102-TK.
- This vector was digested with the enzyme NdeI.
- the fragment obtained corresponds to a loxP-PGK Neo PolyA PolyA-loxP cassette. The ends of this fragment were made blunt by T4 DNA polymerase.
- the fragment was then ligated into the vector pSA digested with the enzymes EcoR I and Xho 1 and the ends of which were made blunt by T4 DNA polymerase.
- the new vector thus obtained is called pSA loxP-STOP-loxP.
- the vector pHygEGFP (Clontech catalog reference 6014-1) was digested with the enzyme BamH I.
- the 2 Kb fragment thus obtained corresponds to the sequence coding for the fusion protein HYGROeGFP.
- the ends of this fragment were made blunt using T4 DNA polymerase.
- the fragment was then ligated into the vector pSA loxP-STOP-loxP digested with the enzymes Apa I and Nco I and the ends of which were made blunt by T4 DNA polymerase.
- the new vector thus obtained is called plGTE2.
- the vector PHW3 (Torrent et al, 1996) was digested with the enzymes Sal I and Spe I. The fragment thus obtained corresponds to the sequence 1st Aph.
- the vector plresHyg Ires Aph was digested with the enzymes Bgl II and Xho I.
- the fragment thus obtained corresponds to the sequence Ires Aph polyA.
- the ends of this fragment were made blunt by T4 DNA polymerase.
- the fragment was then ligated into the vector plGTE2 digested with the enzyme Xba I and the ends of which were made blunt by T4 DNA polymerase.
- the new vector thus obtained was called pIGTE 2 Aph.
- the vector plGTE3 was constructed as follows:
- the vector pEGFP-N1 (Clontech catalog reference 6085-1) was digested with the enzymes BamH I and Not I.
- the 1 kb fragment thus obtained corresponds to the sequence coding for the protein eGFP .
- the ends of this fragment were made blunt using T4 DNA polymerase.
- the fragment was then ligated into the PlresHyg vector digested with the enzymes BstX I
- the new vector thus obtained is called pEGFP Ires HYGRO.
- the pEGFP Ires HYGRO vector has been digested by enzymes
- the 3 kb fragment thus obtained corresponds to the EGFP Ires HYGRO sequence. The ends of this fragment were made blunt using T4 DNA polymerase. The fragment was then ligated into the vector pSA loxP-STOP-loxP digested with the enzymes Apa I and Nco I and the ends of which were made blunt by T4 DNA polymerase. The new vector thus obtained is called plGTE3.
- the vector plGTE4 was constructed as follows: The vector pSA loxP-STOP-loxP was digested with the enzymes Xho I and Spe I. The fragment thus obtained corresponds to the sequence SA loxP.
- the vector pSA loxP-STOP-loxP was digested with the enzyme cla I.
- the fragment thus obtained corresponds to the polyApolyA-loxP sequence.
- the ends of this fragment were made blunt by T4 DNA polymerase.
- the fragment was then inserted by ligation into the vector pSA HYGRO Ires Aph digested with the enzyme Xho I, the ends of which were made blunt by T4 DNA polymerase.
- the new vector thus obtained is called pIGTE 4.
- the ES-Cre-ER T2 cell lines having integrated into their genome the vector plGTE2-Aph were used to make transgenic mice, by injection into blastocysts according to the protocol of Hogan et al, 1994.
- ES-Cre- cells ER T2 / plGTE-Aph were aggregated to host embryos at the morula stage (Hogan et al, 1994, Manipulating The Mouse Embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). The chimeric embryos thus obtained were reimplanted in a recipient mouse.
- the expression of Aph was then induced by an intraperitoneal injection of hydroxy-tamoxifen (1 mg) at 6.5 days dpc (day post coitum). After dissection at 8.5 dpc days, the Aph activity was detected by histochemical staining.
- the cells which express Aph are colored brown while the cells which do not express Aph remain white.
- Cre ER T2 transgenic mice Use of the Cre ER T2 transgenic mice according to the invention in an inducible gene invalidation system.
- mice obtained in Example 5 are crossed with mice carrying a gene flanked by two loxP sites (“floxed” gene).
- the floxed gene is functional because the loxP sites have been introduced so as not to disturb its functioning.
- the "floxed” mouse has a wild phenotype.
- 12.5% of the animals inherited the two alleles from the "floxed” gene and from the Cre ER T2 recombinase gene. This process allows the disappearance of a gene at any stage in the development of the mouse. Hydroxy-tamoxifen is then injected intraperitoneally, in order to activate the recombinase and induce the deletion of the gene.
- the deletion of the Rb-1 gene is involved in the appearance of several types of cancer with a strong hereditary component, in particular retinoblastomas.
- the mutation of an allele of the Rb-1 gene increases the frequency of tumors only very slightly.
- the mutation of the two alleles is however lethal from the first embryonic stages. Thanks to the mice expressing the Cre-ER T2 recombinase, it is possible to induce the conditional inactivation of the two alleles of the Rb-1 gene in postnatal mice and to study the appearance of tumors in the various tissues.
- Other genes coding for tumor suppressor factors can be deactivated according to this protocol: the APC gene involved in colon cancer, the BRCA1 gene involved in breast and ovarian cancer. 6.3.
- the p48 gene codes for a transcription factor necessary for the differentiation and functioning of the exocrine pancreas. Inactivation of the p48 gene interrupts embryonic development. Thanks to the mice expressing the Cre-ER T2 recombinase, it is possible to induce the conditional inactivation of the two alleles of the p48 gene in adult mice, thereby inducing pancreatic degeneration. These mice then constitute a model of acute pancreatitis.
- the activity of the genes coding for the transcription factors pdx-1 and p48 seems to be necessary and sufficient for the induction of differentiation of the endoderm into pancreatic cells of the ⁇ type. However, the constitutive overexpression of these genes in ES cells is not tolerated by the cell.
- the authors of the invention proposed to introduce them in an "extinct" configuration in Cre-ER T2 cells, to induce differentiation in endoderm cells, then to activate the expression of the pdx-1 and p48 genes. to promote pancreatic differentiation in vitro.
- ES-Cre-ER T2 cell lines obtained in Example 4 comprising, as transgenes of interest whose expression is inducible by the Cre-ER T2 recombinase, the pdx-1 and p48 genes are therefore subjected to differentiation , according to a protocol reported by J Odorico et al, Pancreatic gege expression in differentiating embryonic stem cell. Poster 324. Keystone symposia. Stem cells, asymmetry division and celi fate. January 17-22, 2000, Keystone Colorado USA.
- the embryonic stem cells are cultured in suspension in the presence of 5% of C0 2 in a GMEM culture medium (minimum essential medium with modification of Glasgow) containing only 10% of serum of fetal calf. These culture conditions induce the differentiation of ES cells into embryoid bodies. After 7 days, the embryoid bodies thus obtained are put to adhere and then cultivated for 15 days, always in the same culture medium. Part of the cells thus differentiated express specific markers of the pancreatic cells such as pdx-1, insulin I, insulin II, glucagon, or ⁇ -amylase.
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| JP2002502139A JP2004500865A (ja) | 2000-06-07 | 2001-06-07 | 特に胚性幹細胞において導入遺伝子を発現するために有用な核酸コンストラクト |
| EP01934255A EP1294917A2 (fr) | 2000-06-07 | 2001-06-07 | Constructions d'acide nucleique utiles pour l'expression de transgenes notamment dans les cellules souches embryonnaires |
| US10/297,475 US20040053361A1 (en) | 2000-06-07 | 2001-06-07 | Nucleic acid construct useful for expressing transgenes in particular in embryonic stem cells |
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| FR00/07298 | 2000-06-07 | ||
| FR0007298A FR2810048A1 (fr) | 2000-06-07 | 2000-06-07 | Construction d'acide nucleique utile pour l'expression de transgenes notamment dans les cellules souches embryonnaires |
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| EP (1) | EP1294917A2 (fr) |
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| WO2016196666A2 (fr) * | 2015-06-01 | 2016-12-08 | Bloodworks | Souris dotées de la glucose-6-phosphate déshydrogénase modifiée (g6pd) et utilisations associées |
| KR20200088805A (ko) * | 2017-09-19 | 2020-07-23 | 더 스테이트 오브 이스라엘, 미니스트리 오브 애그리컬처 & 루럴 디벨로프먼트, 애그리컬처럴 리서치 오거니제이션, (에이.알.오.), 볼카니 센터 | 게놈-편집 조류 |
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| US5922601A (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 1999-07-13 | Biotransplant, Inc. | High efficiency gene trap selection of regulated genetic loci |
| AU7435296A (en) * | 1995-10-16 | 1997-05-07 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute | Novel expression vectors and methods of use |
| US6207371B1 (en) * | 1996-10-04 | 2001-03-27 | Lexicon Genetics Incorporated | Indexed library of cells containing genomic modifications and methods of making and utilizing the same |
| SE9604439D0 (sv) * | 1996-12-02 | 1996-12-02 | Astra Pharma Inc | New receptor |
| CA2205888A1 (fr) * | 1997-07-11 | 1999-01-11 | John J. Priatel | Piege de complementation |
| ATE419013T1 (de) * | 1998-04-15 | 2009-01-15 | Hutchinson Fred Cancer Res | Methoden und vektorenkonstrukte zur erzeugung von transgene nagetieren, welche ein heterologes gen ubiquitär exprimieren |
| US6248934B1 (en) * | 1998-10-26 | 2001-06-19 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Gene trap vectors |
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| JP2005532807A (ja) * | 2002-07-12 | 2005-11-04 | インペリアル キャンサー リサーチ テクノロジー リミテッド | シトクロムp450レダクターゼ活性の調整 |
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| US20040053361A1 (en) | 2004-03-18 |
| WO2001094598A3 (fr) | 2002-05-30 |
| FR2810048A1 (fr) | 2001-12-14 |
| EP1294917A2 (fr) | 2003-03-26 |
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