WO2001068533A2 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur reinigung von wasser - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur reinigung von wasser Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001068533A2 WO2001068533A2 PCT/EP2001/003013 EP0103013W WO0168533A2 WO 2001068533 A2 WO2001068533 A2 WO 2001068533A2 EP 0103013 W EP0103013 W EP 0103013W WO 0168533 A2 WO0168533 A2 WO 0168533A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
- C02F1/4691—Capacitive deionisation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/425—Electro-ultrafiltration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
- B01D65/022—Membrane sterilisation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/02—Inorganic material
- B01D71/021—Carbon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
- C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2321/00—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
- B01D2321/22—Electrical effects
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
- B01D2325/0283—Pore size
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/4602—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods for prevention or elimination of deposits
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/4604—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods for desalination of seawater or brackish water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
- C02F1/4676—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electroreduction
- C02F1/4678—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electroreduction of metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
- C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
- C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
- C02F2001/46142—Catalytic coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46152—Electrodes characterised by the shape or form
- C02F2001/46157—Perforated or foraminous electrodes
- C02F2001/46161—Porous electrodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
- C02F2101/163—Nitrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/4611—Fluid flow
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/04—Disinfection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for purifying water and to a method for separating dissolved substances from aqueous solutions by means of electrically conductive carbon membranes.
- a wide variety of processes are known for the purification of water, which use different technologies depending on the application. For example, various filtration processes using ion exchangers, activated carbon and the like are used to soften water, remove chlorine, nitrates, etc.
- a wide variety of cleaning processes are also used for the desalination of sea water or the cleaning of groundwater and brackish water.
- hyperfiltration and electrodialysis are also known for the desalination of sea water. In the latter method, selective membranes are used to achieve a sufficient separation effect.
- salts are separated from saline solutions using a semipermeable membrane by applying a pressure that exceeds the osmotic pressure.
- salt-rich raw water is pressed against a membrane under pressure, pure water diffusing through the membrane against the osmotic pressure and leaving behind a more concentrated salt solution.
- permselective and ion-selective membranes are used in dialysis and electrodialysis processes, which are selectively permeable to certain ions.
- the driving force for the mass transport through these membranes are in particular the potential difference of a directed electric field during electrodialysis and the concentration difference of the components on both sides of the membrane.
- concentration difference of the components on both sides of the membrane By separating dissolved salts over the membrane, on the one hand depleted or pure water is obtained as a so-called diluate, on the other hand an enriched concentrate.
- electrodialysis a large number of alternating anion and cation exchange membranes are arranged within an electrical field between the anode and cathode.
- the An electrolyte solution (raw water) and a rinsing solution alternately flow through the chambers between the membranes. Under the influence of an electric field, the anions move through the anion-selective membranes, the cations through the cation-selective membranes. This results in alternating diluate and concentrate solutions in the chambers between the membranes.
- the membranes for reverse osmosis, dialysis and electrodialysis processes described in the prior art are generally plastic membranes of all kinds, natural substance membranes such as cellulose, or also ceramic membrane systems.
- the molecular transport mechanism in these processes is primarily based on diffusion and ion exchange.
- the pore sizes of these membranes are usually 1 to 10 nm pore size. While in reverse osmosis the pore sizes are chosen so narrow that only water can pass through the pores, whereas ions are retained, dialysis and electrodialysis membranes with larger pore sizes are used, which allow the passage of selectively selected ions and solutes.
- the conventional membrane separation processes can generally only be used economically with raw water with low salt contents, such as groundwater and possibly still brackish water, while thermal processes, for example for sea water desalination (salt contents of 30000-45000 ppm), are more energetically advantageous.
- the above-mentioned membranes of conventional water purification processes have the disadvantage that the pores are gradually blocked as a result of bacterial growth. Accordingly, the permeability decreases with increasing operating time. In order to maintain the operability of these systems, complex cleaning and sterilization processes must be used at regular intervals.
- Another object is to provide a device for purifying water, the permeability characteristics of which can be changed and adapted during operation.
- the device according to the invention for purifying water comprises a housing and at least two electrodes which are connected to a suitable power source, the electrodes being connected to one another in an electrically insulated manner by means of spacers, and at least one of the electrodes comprising a porous membrane.
- Electrodes which are connected to one another by means of electrically insulating spacers and at least one of the electrodes consists of a porous material connected to an electrically conductive, porous and selectively permeable carbon membrane; b) optionally applying an electrical voltage to the electrodes
- Target microorganism coverage by applying an electrical voltage or an electrical current between two electrodes.
- microorganisms are understood to mean all bacterial, fungal, unicellular and multicellular organisms, algae and the like.
- the basic structure, some manufacturing aspects and the mode of operation of a water purification device according to the invention are explained below:
- the device according to the invention consists of a housing in which at least two, preferably a plurality of electrodes are arranged, which can be supplied in pairs in opposite directions by means of suitable power supply devices with an electrical voltage or electrical current.
- devices for supplying raw water and for removing purified water (diluate or permeate) and enriched solution (concentrate or retentate) are provided in the usual way.
- purified water diluate or permeate
- enriched solution concentration or retentate
- cavity channels, bores and the like connected to a pump can be provided for this purpose in the electrodes of the device according to the invention.
- additional outlet openings and / or pressure relief valves for gases electrochemically generated on the electrodes can be provided.
- flat membrane electrodes are spatially connected as closely as possible in a compact component by means of electrically insulating spacers, so that suitable flow channels are formed between the membrane electrodes, through which the raw water can be quickly led to the largest possible membrane surface.
- At least one, preferably several of the electrodes in devices according to the invention consist of a (possibly electrically conductive, preferably with ohmic conductivity) porous carrier material which is equipped on the surface with a porous, preferably electrically conductive, permeable carbon membrane, at least two electrodes in each case are connected to one another via electrically insulating spacers and form a component with these spacers.
- a porous, preferably electrically conductive, permeable carbon membrane at least two electrodes in each case are connected to one another via electrically insulating spacers and form a component with these spacers.
- ceramic materials, silicon oxides, aluminum oxides, aluminosilicates, titanium oxides, titanium nitrides, titanium carbides, zirconium oxides, mixtures of these oxides, zeolites and the like can be used as carrier material.
- the use of carbon, pyrogenic carbon, carbon molecular sieve, activated carbon material, in particular sintered activated carbon is preferred.
- the electrodes can take any shape, such as the shape of plates and / or tubes, shaped bodies and the like.
- the electrodes are particularly preferably designed and arranged in such a way that the raw water supplied is in contact with the carbon membrane on the electrodes as intensively as possible, over a large area and for a long time.
- porous activated carbon moldings produced by extrusion are used as the carrier material. Their manufacture has long been known in the prior art (see, for example, FUEL 1981, Volume 60, page 817 ff., DE 21 19 829, DE 36 18 426). Activated carbon molded parts are usually produced by pressing coal / binder mixtures, then sintering and steam activation.
- Such sintered shaped activated carbon bodies enable, for example, a high level
- activated carbon material has sufficient electrical conductivity for use as an electrode carrier material.
- this activated carbon material is structurally particularly suitable in the devices according to the invention for the purification of water for the production of bores for the formation of suction channels for the permeate.
- low-melting substances for example metals, which melt during sintering, run out and thus create the corresponding cavities can be incorporated before the coal / binder mixture is pressed in.
- mechanical insertion is also possible of corresponding discharge channels by means of bores and the like.
- the electrodes which can be used according to the invention are connected to a carbon membrane, and particularly preferably for this purpose membrane-coated on at least one surface of the carrier material by means of deposited carbon. To this end, many suitable methods are known in the prior art.
- the carrier in the case of the present invention the electrode, is split off with hydrocarbon
- Examples include methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, linear and branched alkanes, alkenes and alkynes with carbon numbers of -C -20 , aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene etc., mono- and polylalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl-substituted aromatics such as, for example Toluene, xylene, cresol, styrene etc. and the like. These are mostly used in CVD processes in low concentrations in an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon or the like. It is also possible to add hydrogen to the corresponding separating gas mixtures.
- a further sintering step can optionally be carried out after the CVI membrane treatment at temperatures of up to 1200 ° C.
- essentially the same hydrocarbon-releasing compounds mentioned above are used for CVI processes as in CVD processes ,
- the pore system can be subsequently expanded by briefly wetting the membrane with an oxidizing agent, for example nitric acid, and then post-treating it thermally.
- an oxidizing agent for example nitric acid
- the thickness of the carbon membrane layer in devices according to the invention is up to 2 mm, preferably up to 100 ⁇ m, particularly preferably up to 10 ⁇ m.
- Devices according to the invention comprise at least one porous electrode provided with a surface carbon membrane, which can be electrically charged in a suitable manner by applying a direct or alternating voltage. It is particularly preferred if the carbon membrane itself is electrically conductive. A membrane-like porous electrode of identical construction or an electrode made of any other electrically conductive material, for example made of metal, can be used as the counter electrode. In particularly preferred embodiments, membrane components are produced from at least two membrane electrodes connected to one another but electrically isolated from one another by means of suitable spacers on the basis of carbonized papers. Components of this type can advantageously be produced using a combination of paper technology and pyrolysis techniques.
- the method according to the invention for producing such an electrode component from two electrodes which are electrically insulated from one another and each comprise a porous carbon membrane on a porous carrier material includes the following characteristic steps: a) production of a paper which contains carbon fibers or carbon nanotubes and / or glass fibers; b) impregnating the paper with bitumen or tar and / or aromatic resins, in particular phenolic resin; c) embossing a groove structure on the paper; d) folding one or more superposed single or multi-layer impregnated papers into a compact package; e) heat treatment of the package at temperatures between 250 and about 2000 ° C: steps b and c can be carried out in any order.
- a sealing step in the temperature range between 600 ° C and 1000 ° C is carried out, in which a volatile hydrocarbon, preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon, in particular benzene, and water vapor in two separate gas streams simultaneously in the furnace be introduced so that they meet essentially in the area of the electrode surfaces.
- a suitable fiber paper is mixed with glass and carbon fibers and impregnated with bitumen, tar, aromatic resins and the like.
- fiber papers are those which consist essentially of natural, semi-synthetic and / or synthetic fiber materials.
- the fibrous materials ensure sufficient porosity in the compression occurring during the pyrolysis / carbonization.
- Suitable natural fibers include abaka, bamboo, hemp, cellulose,
- Suitable semisynthetic fibers are selected from sulfate pulp, sulfite pulp, soda pulp, cellulose derivatives such as cellulose esters and ethers, cellulose acetate, alginate, viscose, copper silk, polyisoprene and the like.
- Suitable synthetic fiber materials are selected from homo- and copolymers of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polyurethane, as well as glass fibers, glass microfibers and the like.
- the object consists of a paper selected from abaka long fiber paper, tea bag paper, linen paper, laid paper, printing paper, filter paper, flow paper, wood-free paper, wood-containing paper, kraft paper, crepe paper, cardboard paper, cardboard, LWC paper, Oil paper, overlay paper, wrapping paper, recycled paper, synthetic fiber paper, tissue and the like.
- Papers with a volume-related area of at least 1,000 m 2 / m 3 , preferably 10,000 m 2 / m 3 and particularly preferably 20,000 m 2 / m 3 are particularly suitable.
- a mixture of silicon oxide and aromatic resin can then be applied in a thin layer, for example a few ⁇ m thick, in the form of grooves or line patterns to the glass fiber side using screen printing or similar processes.
- the paper pretreated in this way is then embossed in order to produce a structure with groove-like depressions which in the later component act as flow channels between the electrodes. It is also advantageous to superimpose a wave embossing on the paper, which can ultimately compensate for any shrinkage in the direction of folding in the heat treatment process.
- a groove structure in the form of parallel grooves.
- defined outflow channels result from the grooves, which enable optimal fluidization of the fluids on the feed side of the membrane and rapid material exchange on the permeate side.
- any other surface structure e.g. Wells, knobs and the like, are applied, which the skilled person will choose according to the shape of the membrane.
- emboss diagonal grooves on the paper at a distance of approximately 100 nm, optionally on one side or on both sides of the paper sheet.
- Structural embossing on the permeate side is particularly preferred by means of embossing techniques known to the person skilled in the art, for example by roller embossing.
- a fold package which is particularly suitable according to the invention preferably has several hundred folds.
- Such a fold package is placed in an oven and there with a suitable device e.g. sucked off over the entire surface via pumps or pressurized with a vacuum.
- the double-fold package is brought to an elevated temperature, for example 100 to 250 ° C., under inert gas, for example N 2 , argon and the like, for a certain time, generally about 0.5 to 3 hours, depending on the size of the package of folds ,
- inert gas for example N 2 , argon and the like
- the aromatic resins harden, the top and bottom folds contract sealingly on the end faces until a relative vacuum of 50 to 500, preferably about 200 mbar is reached.
- the double-fold package is carbonized between about 250 ° C. and 800 ° C. under an inert gas, the carbonization gases preferably being sucked off continuously. This takes around 2 to 8 hours, depending on the size of the fold package.
- the double-fold package is annealed at approximately 1000 ° C to 2000 ° C.
- silicon carbides and mixed silicon oxides and carbides form at the points previously coated with silicon oxide, which act in the membrane component as insulating spacers between the electrodes.
- the tempered double-fold package is premembraneized or sealed:
- a mixture of volatile hydrocarbons, preferably aromatic hydrocarbons, especially benzene, and hydrogen is blown into the fold package with a slight overpressure and a gas mixture is formed on the face of inert gas, preferably nitrogen, and water vapor, which flows through the flow channels between the upper and lower folds.
- inert gas preferably nitrogen, and water vapor
- a fifth and final temperature treatment stage at approximately 500 to 900 ° C, an electrical voltage is applied to the top and bottom folds of the fold package. Then nitrogen is blown in on the face side, and nitrogen is blown in with 10% water vapor on the face side. On the remaining electrically conductive
- a short-circuit current occurs at the contact points between the upper and lower folds, which heats this contact point to temperatures at which carbon is oxidized by water vapor and is thus broken down into gaseous CO and / or CO 2 .
- essentially only SiO 2 , glass or SiC remains as an electrical insulator.
- the finished carbon membrane electrode component is then allowed to cool.
- the component obtained in this way is installed in a housing, the upper and lower sides being fluidically sealed by means of an outflow baffle and by pressing z. B. carbon felt is contacted electrically. Afterwards, flow connections for the permeate are attached behind the flow plates.
- the housing is provided with a nozzle or the like for the feed, and at the rear with a nozzle for the retentate Mistake.
- several electrode components according to the invention can be modularly connected to one another in a series connection.
- the membrane electrode and the counter electrode are charged in opposite directions. In this way, an electric field is built up between the two oppositely electrically charged electrodes, under the influence of which electrically charged particles migrate in a supplied raw water stream to the opposite charged membranes on the surface of the porous electrodes.
- the voltage applied by means of suitable current / voltage sources will be chosen appropriately in view of the specific structural, quantitative, chemical, etc. conditions. It can be higher if necessary, but is usually only up to 10 V, preferably up to 5 V, particularly preferably between 0.5 and 4 V, in particular about 2 V.
- the voltage actually applied, as well as the selected current intensity are dependent of the composition and conductivity of the solution to be cleaned.
- the separation processes on the membranes according to the invention are based primarily on two features which essentially determine the type of permeate passing through the membrane: the pore size of the pores in the membrane and the applied electrical potential.
- the device according to the invention can be designed such that essentially only water permeates through the membrane.
- the carbon membrane must be constructed so that the Pore sizes are relatively small.
- Corresponding carbon membranes according to the invention have pore sizes of approximately 0.1 nm to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 100 nm, and particularly preferably 5 to 50 nm.
- the actual pore size of the membrane electrodes and thus the permeate flow depend u. a. also depends on the type and strength of the microorganism attack which occurs in practical operation and can be controlled exactly according to the invention via the strength of the applied voltage / current.
- the partial electrochemical oxidation of the microorganisms increases the permeate current and effective pore size, since on the outer pore edges, where the electric field strength is locally compressed, the microorganisms are locally destroyed or suppressed to a limited extent.
- the voltage / current is reduced, the microorganisms grow again, which gradually reduces the pore size of the microorganism membrane.
- the device according to the invention is preferably operated in such a way that the permeate flow is increased by applying an electrical voltage by at least 50% by volume, preferably by at least 60% by volume, within a period of up to 5 hours.
- the polarity of the electrodes is reversed after a period of between 10 days and 20 seconds when an electrical voltage is applied. In this way, blocking effects due to excessive microorganism attack, as well as salinization effects of the membrane pores, can be avoided.
- the electrical potential to be applied also varies depending on the conductivity and composition of the solution to be cleaned and can be determined by a person skilled in the art by simple experiments.
- the device according to the invention can be operated both with constant and with time-varying electrical current / voltage values.
- microorganism membrane can take place by adding suitable microorganisms to a membrane in the water bath and in particular can be accelerated, but the corresponding microorganism growth forms in the aqueous environment of the
- an enriched, concentrated concentrate or retentate remains on the outside of the membrane, which can subsequently be discharged separately and, if necessary, at least partially returned to the device or passed to a subsequent further device connected in series. It is also possible to run the permeate stream at least partially in a circuit or in series in order to further increase the separation effect.
- the adsorption, diffusion and convection processes taking place on the membrane, as well as the microorganism growth, are significantly influenced by the applied electrical potential.
- the separation processes are accelerated by applying a suitable pressure difference between the feed and permeate sides of the membrane.
- the pressure must be chosen so high that at least the osmotic pressure is overcome. It is preferred that the applied solution (feed) with a pressure of 0.5 to 50 bar, preferably 1 to 40 bar and particularly preferably 2 to 30 bar Electrodes are contacted, and that, if necessary, a vacuum is applied on the permeate side.
- the hydrostatic pressure can advantageously be used to overcome the osmotic pressure if the device is operated in a sufficiently large water depth.
- the electrodes in devices according to the invention have a relatively high porosity with large pore sizes.
- the high porosity of the electrodes used with a superficial carbon membrane leads to a correspondingly high permeability of the system, which ultimately results in high flow rates.
- the compact design of the electrodes according to the invention enables high surfaces with a small footprint. This significantly improves the economy of the process according to the invention compared to other membrane separation processes.
- the electrodes which can be used according to the invention are electrically conductive, the device according to the invention can be freed of impurities in a simple manner.
- the device according to the invention thus advantageously allows the electrodes and membranes to be sterilized by direct electrical heating, in particular when the area of application of the membrane is changed. This is possible in a particularly simple manner in terms of apparatus, since the temperature of the electrode can be increased directly by applying an appropriate electrical current due to its ohmic conductivity.
- the regeneration of the catalytically active surface can be carried out by direct electrical heating of the electrode and the carbon membrane, or by direct electrocatalysis (galvanic).
- the method according to the invention and the device according to the invention can be used for a large number of applications.
- These applications include For example, the extraction of table salt from sea water (concentrate or retentate), the extraction of drinking water (diluate or permeate) from sea water, brackish water or contaminated groundwater, waste water and surface water, the treatment of boiler feed water, the desalination or deacidification of fruit juices, for treatment of orange juice, beer, food and fermentation solutions, the recovery of heavy metal ions from electroplating rinse water, the softening of water, dechlorination and nitrate reduction in drinking water and the like, as well as the production of germ-free or germ-free water as well as ultrafiltration.
- Example 1 Figure 1 shows an arrangement of eight electrodes for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- the electrodes consist of porous shaped activated carbon bodies 1, which consist of a central plate 2 with comb-like lamellar structures 3 applied on both sides to enlarge the outer surface.
- the outermost surface of the lamellar structures 3 is covered with a thin activated carbon membrane (not shown).
- Aktivkohleformkö ⁇ er 1 are connected to a current / voltage source 4 so that the activated carbon membranes are alternately charged positive and negative when a DC voltage is applied. Bores or discharge channels are arranged within the central plates 2 of the activated carbon molded bodies 1 and can be connected to a suction device 6 via a central drain 5.
- a raw water flow introduced perpendicular to the image plane parallel to the lamellae 3 is successively dewatered along the lamellae on the electrically charged activated carbon membranes and leaves the device as a concentrate.
- the (Pure) water permeating through the membranes is pumped out through the holes in the electrodes via the discharge line 5.
- the permeate can be passed one or more times through devices according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the time course of the permeate flow on a device according to the invention. After an initially high permeate flow, this decreases dramatically to a constant, low value within a few hours, since the pores of the electrode material are covered with microorganisms. After an electrical voltage of 2 V, for example, is applied, the permeate flow increases suddenly, i.e. the porosity of the membrane increases again.
- a mixture of SiO2 powder (80%) and phenolic resin (20%) is applied in a 5 ⁇ m layer in the form of diagonal grooves on the glass fiber side.
- the paper pretreated in this way is then embossed (in the same way as the printed grooves).
- the double fold package In the 1st temperature treatment stage (lh) the double fold package is heated to approx. 180 ° C under N2.
- the phenolic resin hardens, the top and bottom folds contract sealingly on the front sides and a relative vacuum of 200 mbar is achieved.
- the double fold package is carbonized between 250 and 800 ° C under N2, whereby the carbopnisation gases include be sucked off through the perforated plates.
- the double-fold package is annealed at 1600 ° C (1 h).
- the double-fold package is premembraneized or sealed: a benzene / hydrogen mixture with a slight overpressure ( ⁇ 50mbar) is blown in through the perforated plates and a gas mixture of nitrogen and water vapor is blown in at the end the flow channels flow between the top and bottom folds. In the area where both gas mixtures meet, carbon is primarily deposited, which seals the respective rows of folds and thus pre-membranes.
- a voltage is applied to the perforated plates (which are electrically insulated from one another) (the voltage is increased from 0 to 55 V over a period of one hour).
- N2 is blown in through the perforated plates, and N2 is blown in with 10% water vapor on the end face.
- a short-circuit current occurs at the electrically conductive contact points between the upper and lower folds, which heats this contact point to temperatures at which carbon is oxidized by water vapor and is thus broken down.
- SiO2, glass or SiC remains as an electrical insulator.
- the pre-stage membrane / electrode package obtained in this way is let into a box, the upper and lower sides being fluidically sealed by means of a flow baffle and electrically contacted by pressing carbon felt; behind (flow-related) the outlet plates, outlet connections for the permeate are attached.
- the box is provided on the front (front) with a nozzle for the feed, on the front (rear) the box is provided with a nozzle for the retentate.
- the device obtained according to Example 2 was used to purify industrial water in a 200 liter water tank, permeate being pumped off for 110 hours without electrical voltage. This formed a lawn of microorganisms which caused the permeate flow to drop to a constant value of about 0.5 ml per cm 2 of electrode area and hour. After 110 hours, a continuous DC voltage of 2 V was applied to the electrodes and the change in permeate flow was recorded. The result is shown in Figure 2.
- FIG. 2 clearly shows that the permeate flow increases rapidly from the time the operating voltage is applied, and within a sigmoid curve follows a constant value of approximately 3 ml / cm 2 and hour within 10 hours, i.e. 6 times the permeate flow. At this point there is a dynamic equilibrium with regard to the growth of microorganisms and the oxidation of the microorganisms at the membrane pores.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2001248353A AU2001248353A1 (en) | 2000-03-17 | 2001-03-16 | Method and device for purifying water |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10013457.2 | 2000-03-17 | ||
| DE10013457A DE10013457A1 (de) | 2000-03-17 | 2000-03-17 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Reinigung von Wasser |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2001068533A2 true WO2001068533A2 (de) | 2001-09-20 |
| WO2001068533A3 WO2001068533A3 (de) | 2002-02-28 |
Family
ID=7635405
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2001/003013 Ceased WO2001068533A2 (de) | 2000-03-17 | 2001-03-16 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur reinigung von wasser |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2001248353A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10013457A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2001068533A2 (de) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100800305B1 (ko) | 2006-06-05 | 2008-02-01 | (주)씨엔디환경 | 수처리용 분리막 장치 및 이를 포함하는 수처리 시스템 |
| CN100436340C (zh) * | 2005-12-31 | 2008-11-26 | 浙江工业大学 | 一种导电型水处理填料 |
| US7601202B2 (en) | 2003-01-07 | 2009-10-13 | Blue Membranes Gmbh | Method and device for reducing the carbon dioxide concentration in air |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2845398A1 (fr) * | 2002-10-07 | 2004-04-09 | Saint Gobain Seva | Electrode pour reaction electrochimique, procede et reacteur utilisant l'electrode |
| US7959780B2 (en) | 2004-07-26 | 2011-06-14 | Emporia Capital Funding Llc | Textured ion exchange membranes |
| US7780833B2 (en) | 2005-07-26 | 2010-08-24 | John Hawkins | Electrochemical ion exchange with textured membranes and cartridge |
| BRPI0616890A2 (pt) * | 2005-10-06 | 2011-07-05 | Pionetics Corp | aparelho de tratamento de fluido, e, métodos de tratamento de um fluido, de filtração de fluido em uma célula eletroquìmica, e de operação de uma célula eletroquìmica |
| CA2893381A1 (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2014-06-19 | Unilever Plc | Impregnated electrode for capacitive deionisation, process for preparing it and apparatus employing the electrodes |
| ES2759992T3 (es) * | 2015-07-07 | 2020-05-12 | I3 Membrane Gmbh | Procedimiento para electrosorción y electrofiltración mediante una membrana de polímeros revestida con metal, y procedimiento para ello |
| CN106145278B (zh) * | 2016-08-25 | 2019-02-19 | 山东清大银光金属海绵新材料有限责任公司 | 海绵型镍铈镨钕基体负载氧化物层去污阳极材料制备方法 |
| DE102016125818A1 (de) | 2016-12-28 | 2018-06-28 | I3 Membrane Gmbh | Verfahren zur Separation von geladenen biologisch aktiven Substanzen aus Flüssigkeiten und deren Wiedergewinnung |
| CN109626514B (zh) * | 2018-12-17 | 2022-12-16 | 东莞市晶昱环保设备工程有限公司 | 一种碳陶瓷壳核型三维粒子电极及其制备方法 |
| CN109455798B (zh) * | 2018-12-21 | 2022-01-04 | 清华大学 | 一种防生物污堵滤芯及保安过滤器 |
| CN110124531B (zh) * | 2019-05-21 | 2020-12-11 | 大连理工大学 | 一种电化学强化下产生羟基自由基的多孔碳-碳纳米管中空纤维膜的制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3829327A (en) * | 1972-07-03 | 1974-08-13 | Kreha Corp | Carbon paper |
| FR2541130B1 (fr) * | 1983-02-21 | 1988-07-29 | Elf Aquitaine | Procede et dispositif pour briser les emulsions stabilisees notamment les emulsions huile-eau |
| US4737421A (en) * | 1983-12-27 | 1988-04-12 | Showa Denko Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for producing a carbon sheet and a fuel cell separator |
| FR2582956B1 (fr) * | 1985-06-10 | 1987-07-31 | Lorraine Carbone | Support de membrane minerale pour techniques separatives et procedes de fabrication de ce support |
| RU2047588C1 (ru) * | 1992-05-14 | 1995-11-10 | Капралов Владимир Константинович | Способ изготовления изделий пористой структуры из углерод-углеродных композиционных материалов |
| JPH07289854A (ja) * | 1994-04-26 | 1995-11-07 | Nikko Kogyo Kk | 金属イオン除去装置および金属イオン除去方法 |
| AU3627197A (en) * | 1996-07-18 | 1998-02-10 | Atkins Fulford Ltd | Membrane filter with electrical and/or acoustic enhancement |
| EP0872278A1 (de) * | 1997-04-16 | 1998-10-21 | "VLAAMSE INSTELLING VOOR TECHNOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK", afgekort "V.I.T.O." | Electrosorptionsmembran |
-
2000
- 2000-03-17 DE DE10013457A patent/DE10013457A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-03-16 WO PCT/EP2001/003013 patent/WO2001068533A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2001-03-16 AU AU2001248353A patent/AU2001248353A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7601202B2 (en) | 2003-01-07 | 2009-10-13 | Blue Membranes Gmbh | Method and device for reducing the carbon dioxide concentration in air |
| CN100436340C (zh) * | 2005-12-31 | 2008-11-26 | 浙江工业大学 | 一种导电型水处理填料 |
| KR100800305B1 (ko) | 2006-06-05 | 2008-02-01 | (주)씨엔디환경 | 수처리용 분리막 장치 및 이를 포함하는 수처리 시스템 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2001248353A1 (en) | 2001-09-24 |
| WO2001068533A3 (de) | 2002-02-28 |
| DE10013457A1 (de) | 2001-09-20 |
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