WO2000033402A1 - Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell and its charging method - Google Patents
Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell and its charging method Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000033402A1 WO2000033402A1 PCT/JP1999/006688 JP9906688W WO0033402A1 WO 2000033402 A1 WO2000033402 A1 WO 2000033402A1 JP 9906688 W JP9906688 W JP 9906688W WO 0033402 A1 WO0033402 A1 WO 0033402A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/42—Alloys based on zinc
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a method for charging the same, and more particularly, to a high energy energy having improved electrochemical characteristics such as charge / discharge capacity and charge / discharge cycle life by improving a negative electrode material and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the present invention relates to a high-density nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (hereinafter simply referred to as a battery) negative electrode material and an improvement in its charge / discharge cycle.
- a battery high-density nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery
- Lithium secondary batteries using nonaqueous electrolytes have the characteristics of high electromotive force and high energy density.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using an organic electrolyte, a carbon material as a negative electrode active material, and a lithium-containing composite oxide as a positive electrode active material has higher voltage and higher energy density than an aqueous secondary battery, and Excellent low temperature properties.
- lithium metal since lithium metal is not used for the negative electrode, it has excellent cycle stability and safety, and has been rapidly commercialized.
- Lithium polymer batteries using polymer gel electrolytes containing organic electrolytes are also being developed as new thin and lightweight battery systems.
- lithium metal When high capacity lithium metal is used as the negative electrode material, dendrite-like precipitation occurs on the negative electrode during charging, and through repeated charge and discharge, breaks through the separator and polymer-gel electrolyte to reach the positive electrode side, causing an internal short circuit. There was a risk of causing.
- the deposited lithium has a high specific activity due to its large specific surface area, reacts with the plasticizer (solvent) of the polymer-gel electrolyte, inactivates it, and lowers the charge / discharge efficiency. As a result, the internal resistance of the battery has increased, and particles isolated from the electron conduction network have been present, and these are factors that reduce the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery. For these reasons, lithium secondary batteries using lithium metal as the negative electrode material are not reliable. Low cycle life and poor cycle life characteristics.
- lithium secondary batteries use carbon materials capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions as negative electrode materials, and have reached practical use. Normally, metal lithium does not precipitate on the carbon anode, so there is no problem of internal short circuit due to dendrite.
- the theoretical capacity of graphite, one of the carbon materials currently used is 372 mAhZg, which is about one-tenth the theoretical capacity of Li metal alone.
- tin (Sn), Keimoto (S i), formula of the most compound including lithium zinc (Zn) are each Shi i 22 Sn 5, L i 22 S i 5, L i Zn, this In the composition range, metallic lithium does not usually precipitate, so there is no problem of internal short circuit due to dendrite.
- the electrochemical capacities between these compounds and the individual materials are 993 mAhZg, 4199 mAh / g, and 410 mAhZg, respectively, which are all larger than the theoretical capacity of graphite.
- JP-A-7-240201 discloses a non-ferrous metal silicide comprising a transition element
- JP-A-9-163651 discloses a non-ferrous metal silicide comprising at least one of a 4B group element and P, Sb.
- Negative electrode materials and the like have been proposed which are composed of an intermetallic compound and have a crystal structure of any of CaF 2 type, ZnS type, and A 1 LiSi i type.
- a single metal material and a single nonmetallic negative electrode material that form a compound with lithium commonly have poorer charge / discharge cycle characteristics than carbon negative electrode materials.
- the cause is presumed to be the destruction of the negative electrode material due to volume expansion and contraction of the negative electrode material.
- Non-ferrous metal silicides composed of transition elements disclosed in JP-A-7-240201 The battery using the negative electrode material has improved charge / discharge cycle characteristics compared to the lithium metal negative electrode material based on the battery capacity at the first cycle, the 50th cycle, and the 100th cycle shown in Examples and Comparative Examples. However, the battery capacity has increased by only about 12% at most as compared with the natural graphite anode material.
- the materials disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-63651 have improved charge-discharge cycle characteristics as compared with the Li-Pb alloy negative electrode material in Examples and Comparative Examples, and have a graphite negative electrode. It has been shown to have a higher capacity than the material. And then force, reduced to about 7 0% of the initial capacity even after about 2 0 cycles in 1 0-2 0 reduction in the discharge capacity in the charge-discharge cycles until the cycle is significantly, M g 2 S n you think that the best are doing. Therefore, the charge and discharge characteristics are poor.
- the charge / discharge cycle life characteristics also differ depending on the charging method of the battery. This is because, depending on the negative electrode material, the oxidation-reduction potential during charging and the overvoltage during electrochemical reaction differ, so that if the charging current value or charging voltage value exceeds the allowable range, the electrode reaction may progress unevenly. This is because side reactions such as lithium deposition, film formation, and gas generation occur, and the charge-discharge cycle life characteristics deteriorate.
- the present invention is intended to solve the problems of the conventional battery described above. Disclosure of the invention
- the negative electrode of the battery of the present invention comprises at least a part of the periphery of a core particle containing at least one of tin, gayne, and zinc as constituent elements, excluding the element constituting the core particle and the constituent element of the core particle. At least one member selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements, transition elements, Group 12 elements, Group 13 elements, and Group 14 elements excluding carbon in the periodic table Or a composite particle covered with a solid solution or an intermetallic compound with the element.
- the lithium content in the core particles of the composite particles is 40 atomic% to 95 atomic% of the theoretical lithium content limit of each of the constituent elements tin, silicon and zinc. It is characterized by the following.
- the present invention is characterized in that the lithium content in the composite particles is 50 to 90 atomic% of the theoretical lithium content limit.
- the present invention provides a negative electrode, excluding the current collector, in which the volume expansion rate of the negative electrode excluding the current collector is 110% to 200% when lithium is contained within a range in which lithium is not deposited. There is a feature.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a cylindrical battery of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a charging current and a charging voltage in a charging method of the present invention.
- the battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a separator or a solid electrolyte.
- Solid phase A contains at least one of tin, silicon, and zinc as constituent elements
- solid phase B contains at least one of tin, gay, and zinc, and a Group 2 element of the periodic table excluding the constituent elements. At least one selected from the group consisting of a transition element, a group 12 element, a group 13 element, and a group 14 element excluding carbon _
- the negative electrode material is referred to as “composite particles”.
- the solid phase B plays a role of suppressing the expansion and contraction caused by the charge and discharge of the solid phase A, so that a negative electrode material having excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the lithium content of the solid phase A is 40 atomic% to 95 atomic% of the theoretical lithium content limit of each of the constituent elements of the solid phase A, tin, silicon and zinc.
- the lithium contained in the composite particles is 50 atomic% to 90 atomic% of the theoretical lithium content limit of the composite particles, or lithium is charged at the negative electrode except for the current collector.
- the amount of lithium contained is limited so that the volume expansion coefficient of the negative electrode except for the current collector when containing lithium in a range not to be precipitated is 110% to 200%.
- a constant current charging region in which charging is performed at a constant current value (I) until reaching the set voltage (E), and after the set voltage (E) is reached In addition, charging is performed in combination with the constant voltage charging region where constant voltage charging is performed at the set voltage (E), and the charging current value in the constant current charging region and the constant voltage charging region is calculated as the current density of the portion where the positive and negative electrodes face each other. It is characterized by being restricted to 5 mAZ cm 2 or less.
- the battery of the present invention has a high capacity and an improved reduction in discharge capacity in charge and discharge cycles of 10 to 20 cycles.
- the solid phase A contains at least one of high-capacity tin, silicon and zinc as a constituent element, it is considered that the solid-phase A mainly contributes to an increase in charge / discharge capacity.
- Solid phase B which covers the whole or a part of the periphery of the core particles composed of solid phase A, contributes to the improvement of the charge-discharge cycle characteristics.
- the amount of lithium contained in solid phase B is usually smaller than that of metal, solid solution, or intermetallic compound alone.
- the negative electrode material used in the present invention is obtained by coating particles containing at least one of high-capacity tin, gayne, and zinc as a constituent element with a solid solution or an intermetallic compound that is unlikely to be miniaturized.
- the solid solution or intermetallic compound in the coating layer can restrict the crystal structure change of the core particles, that is, a large volume change that occurs with electrochemical occlusion and release of lithium, and suppresses the miniaturization of the core particles. .
- a melt of the charged composition of each element constituting the composite particles is quenched and solidified by a dry spray method, a wet spray method, a roll quenching method, a rotating electrode method, etc. Is performed at a temperature lower than the solidus temperature of the solid solution or intermetallic compound.
- the solidus temperature is determined by the charged composition.
- solid phase particles are precipitated as particle nuclei, and solid phase B covering the entire surface or a part of the solid phase A particles is precipitated.
- the subsequent heat treatment can improve the uniformity of each of the solid phases A and B.
- composite particles suitable for the present invention can be obtained without performing the heat treatment.
- the cooling method any method other than those described above can be used as long as it can sufficiently cool at a high speed.
- Another manufacturing method is to form an adhesion layer consisting of the elements necessary to form solid phase B on the surface of solid phase A powder, and heat it at a temperature lower than the solidus temperature. There is a way. By this heat treatment, the component elements in the solid phase A diffuse into the adhesion layer, and the solid phase B is formed as a coating layer.
- the adhesion layer can be formed by a plating method or a mechanical alloying method. No heat treatment is required in the mechanical alloying method. In addition, any method that can form an adhesion layer can be used.
- the conductive material for the negative electrode may be any material as long as it is an electron conductive material.
- graphites such as natural graphite (flaky graphite, etc.), artificial graphite, expanded graphite, carbon blacks such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black;
- Conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers, metal powders such as copper and nickel, and organic conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives can be included alone or as a mixture thereof.
- artificial graphite, acetylene black and carbon fiber are particularly preferred.
- the addition amount of the conductive material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 50% by weight, and particularly preferably 1 to 30% by weight based on the negative electrode material. Further, since the negative electrode material (composite particles) of the present invention itself has electronic conductivity, it is possible to function as a battery without separately adding a conductive material. The added amount of the composite particles can be increased accordingly.
- the binder for the negative electrode may be either a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin.
- Preferred binders in the present invention include, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene.
- more preferable materials are styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer or (Na +) ion cross-linked product of the above-mentioned material, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer or the above-mentioned material.
- the current collector for the negative electrode may be any electronic conductor that does not cause a chemical change in the configured battery.
- a material obtained by treating copper, stainless steel with carbon, nickel, or titanium on the surface is used.
- copper or copper alloy is preferred.
- the surface of these materials can be oxidized and used. It is also desirable to make the current collector surface uneven by surface treatment.
- As the shape in addition to oil, film, sheet, net, punched, lath, porous, foam, and fiber group molded products are used.
- the thickness is not particularly limited, but is l ⁇ 500 ⁇ m compassion
- a compound containing or not containing lithium can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- the above x value is a value before the start of charge / discharge, and increases / decreases due to charge / discharge.
- cathode materials such as transition metal chalcogenides, vanadium oxides and their lithium compounds, niobium oxides and their lithium compounds, conjugated polymers using organic conductive substances, and Chevrel phase compounds can also be used.
- the average particle size of the positive electrode active material particles is not particularly limited,
- the conductive material for the positive electrode may be any electronic conductive material that does not cause a chemical change in the charging and discharging potential of the positive electrode material used.
- graphites such as natural graphite (flaky graphite, etc.), artificial graphite, etc., carbon blacks such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, solar black, carbon fiber, Conductive fibers such as metal fibers, fluoride powders, metal powders such as aluminum, conductive powders such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate, conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide and polyphenylene oxide
- An organic conductive material such as a ren derivative may be included alone or as a mixture thereof.
- the amount of the conductive agent to be added is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 50% by weight, particularly preferably 1 to 30% by weight based on the positive electrode material. For carbon and graphite, 2 to 15% by weight is particularly preferred.
- the binder for the positive electrode may be either a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin.
- the above-mentioned binder for the negative electrode is suitably used, and among them, more preferred materials are PVDF and PTFE.
- the charge and discharge potentials of the positive electrode material used are Any electronic conductor that does not cause a chemical change may be used.
- the above-described negative electrode current collector is preferably used.
- the thickness is not particularly limited, but a thickness of 1 to 50011 is used.
- a filler As the electrode mixture used for the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate, a filler, a dispersant, an ionic conductor, a pressure enhancer, and other various additives can be used in addition to a conductive agent and a binder.
- the filler can use any fibrous material that does not cause a chemical change in the configured battery. Usually, olefin polymers such as polypropylene and polyethylene, and fibers such as glass and carbon are used.
- the addition amount of the filler is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0 to 30% by weight based on the electrode mixture.
- the negative electrode mixture surface is present at least on the surface facing the positive electrode mixture surface.
- the electrolyte is composed of a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the solvent.
- Non-aqueous solvents include, for example, cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and vinylene carboxylic acid (VC), and dimethyl carbonate (DM).
- C chain force such as getylcapone (DEC), ethylmethylcapone (EMC), dipropylcarbonate (DPC), methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, etc.
- Aliphatic carboxylic acid esters lactones such as carboxy lactones, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,2-jetoxetane (DEE), ethoxymethoxyethane (EME), etc.
- Chain ethers, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dioxola , Formamide, acetoamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane, acetonitrile, propyl nitrile, nitromethane, ethyl monoglyme, phosphate triester, trimethoxymethane, dioxolane derivative, sulfolane, methylsulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2_
- Non-protic organic solvents such as imidazolidinone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivatives, tetrahydrofur
- These solvents can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more. use. Among them, a mixed system of a cyclic force component and a chain carbonate or a mixed system of a cyclic carbonate, a chain carbonate and an aliphatic carboxylic acid ester is preferable.
- lithium salt dissolved in those solvents for example, L i C 10 4, L i BF 4, L i PF 6, L i A l C l 4, L i SbF 6, L i SCN, L i C l, L i CF 3 S ⁇ 3 , L i CF 3 C ⁇ 2 , L i (CF 3 S0 2 ) 2 , L i As F 6 , L i N (CF 3 S0 2 ) 2 , L i B 10 C 1 10 , Lower aliphatic carboxylate, LiC1, LiBr, LiI, lithium porane, lithium tetraphenylborate, and imides.
- L i PF 6 Li C1 , LiBr, LiI, lithium porane, lithium tetraphenylborate, and imides.
- Particularly preferred non-aqueous electrolyte solution in the present invention comprises at least EC and EMC, an electrolytic solution containing L i PF 6 as a supporting salt.
- the amount of these electrolytes added to the battery is not particularly limited. The required amount can be used depending on the amounts of the positive electrode material and the negative electrode material and the size of the battery.
- the amount of the supporting electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.2 to 2mo1Z1. In particular, it is more preferable to set 0.5 to: L. 5 mol / l.
- Solid electrolytes are divided into inorganic solid electrolytes and organic solid electrolytes.
- Well known inorganic solid electrolytes include Li nitrides, halides, and oxyacid salts.
- Organic solid electrolytes include, for example, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyphosphazene, polyaziridine, polyethylene sulfide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene, and derivatives, mixtures, and composites thereof. Polymer materials such as body can be used effectively.
- Examples include cyclic ether, ethylenediamine, n-glyme, pyridine, hexanoic acid triamide, nitrobenzene derivatives, crown ethers, quaternary ammonium salts, and ethylene glycol dialkyl ether.
- an insulating microporous thin film having high ion permeability, predetermined mechanical strength and insulating properties is used. Further, it is preferable to have a function of closing the holes at a certain temperature or higher and increasing the resistance. Sheets, nonwoven fabrics or woven fabrics made of polypropylene, fiber, etc. are used because of their organic solvent resistance and hydrophobicity.
- the pore size of the separator is desirably in a range in which the positive and negative electrode materials, the binder, and the conductive agent detached from the electrode sheet do not pass, and for example, desirably 0.01 to 1 m.
- the thickness of the separator is 10 to 300 im.
- the porosity is determined according to the electron and ion permeability, the material and the film thickness, but is generally preferably 30 to 80%.
- a polymer material in which an organic electrolyte composed of a solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the solvent is absorbed and retained is included in the positive electrode mixture and the negative electrode mixture, and a polymer that absorbs and retains the organic electrolyte is further included. It is also possible to construct a battery in which a porous separator made of is integrated with a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- a porous separator made of is integrated with a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the polymeric material but as long as it can absorb and hold the organic electrolyte, in particular ⁇ copolymer Kisafuruo port propylene to vinylidene fluoride is preferable hereinafter described in detail the materials used in the battery of the present invention I do.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode used in the battery of the present invention are mainly composed of a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode material capable of electrochemically and reversibly inserting and releasing lithium ions, and a mixture obtained by adding a conductive agent, a binder and the like thereto. It was prepared by applying a layer to the surface of a current collector.
- Table 1 shows the solid phase ⁇ and solid phase ⁇ components (simple element, intermetallic compound, solid solution), element ratio at the time of preparation, melting temperature, and solidus temperature of the composite particles used in the examples of the present invention. You. A commercially available high-purity reagent was used as a raw material for each element.
- the powder or block of each element constituting the composite particles is mixed at the charging ratio shown in Table 1. It was put into a melting tank, melted at the melting temperature shown in Table 1, and the melt was quenched and solidified by a roll quenching method to obtain a solidified product. Subsequently, the coagulated material was subjected to a heat treatment for 20 hours in an inert atmosphere at a temperature lower by about 10 ° C. than the solidus temperature shown in Table 1 by about 50 ° C. The heat-treated product was pulverized with a pole mill and classified with a sieve to obtain composite particles of 45 / m or less. Observation of these composite particles by electron microscopy confirmed that the entire surface or a part of the periphery of the solid phase A particles was covered with the solid phase B.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a cylindrical battery according to the present invention.
- the positive electrode plate 5 and the negative electrode plate 6 are spirally wound a plurality of times via the separator 7 and housed in the battery case 1. Then, the positive electrode lead 5 a is drawn out from the positive electrode plate 5 and connected to the sealing plate 2, and the negative electrode lead 6 a is drawn out from the negative electrode plate 6 and connected to the bottom of the battery case 1.
- a metal or an alloy having an organic electrolyte resistance and electron conductivity can be used.
- metals such as iron, nickel, titanium, chromium, molybdenum, copper, and aluminum or alloys thereof are used.
- the battery case is preferably made of a stainless steel plate or an A1-Mn alloy plate, the positive electrode lead is preferably made of aluminum, and the negative electrode lead is preferably made of nickel. It is also possible to use various types of engineering plastics and a combination of these with metals to reduce the weight of the battery case.
- a safety valve can be used as a sealing plate.
- various conventionally known safety elements may be provided.
- fuses, bimetals, PTC elements, and the like are used as overcurrent prevention elements.
- a method of making a cut in the battery case a method of cracking the gasket or a method of cracking the sealing plate, or a method of cutting the lead plate can be used.
- the charger may be provided with a protection circuit incorporating a countermeasure for overcharging or overdischarging, or may be connected independently.
- a method for interrupting current may be provided.
- a compound for increasing the internal pressure can be contained in the mixture or the electrolyte. Is a compound which increases the internal pressure L i 2 C_ ⁇ 3, L IHC_ ⁇ 3, Na 2 C0 3, NaHC0 3, and carbonates such as CaC_ ⁇ 3, MgC O 3 and the like.
- Known methods eg, DC or AC electric welding, laser welding, ultrasonic welding
- Known methods can be used for welding the cap, battery case, sheet, and lead plate.
- Conventionally known compounds and mixtures such as asphalt can be used as the sealing agent for sealing.
- the negative electrode plate 6 20% by weight of carbon powder and 5% by weight of PVDF are mixed with 75% by weight of the composite particles synthesized under the above conditions, and these are dispersed in dehydrated N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a slurry. It was applied on a negative electrode current collector made of copper foil, dried, and then rolled.
- a slurry is prepared by mixing 10% by weight of carbon powder and 5% by weight of PVDF with respect to 85% by weight of lithium cobalt oxide powder and dispersing them in dehydrated N-methylpyrrolidinone to form a slurry. It was applied on the current collector, dried and rolled.
- the electrolyte used was a mixture of EC and EMC at a volume ratio of 1: 1 in which 1.5 mol Z1 of LiPF6 was dissolved.
- the fabricated cylindrical battery has a diameter of 18 mm and a height of 65 mm.
- the initial discharge capacity is 160 OmAh or more when the lithium content of the composite particles is 100 to 50%, or when the lithium content of the solid phase A is 100 to 40%.
- the lithium content of the composite particles is 30% or the lithium content of the solid phase A is 20%, it decreases to 1100 to 120 OmAh, and the capacity is lower than that of the conventional graphite.
- the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle becomes 91% or less when the lithium content of solid phase A is 98% or more, and reaches around 160 OmAh level. Will drop.
- the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle is more than 170 OmAh with the capacity retention rate of 95% or more.
- the expansion coefficient of the negative electrode excluding the current collector is 200% or less when the lithium content of the composite particles is 90% or less or the lithium content of solid phase A at that time is 95% or less. It has become.
- the initial discharge capacity is 1700 mAh or more when the lithium content of the composite particles is 100% to 50%, or when the lithium content of the solid phase A is 100% to 40%.
- the lithium content of the composite particles was 30% or the lithium content of solid phase A was 20%, the content was reduced to the order of 120 OmAh, and the capacity was lower than when conventional graphite was used.
- the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle becomes 91% or less when the lithium content of solid phase A is 98% or more, and reaches around 170 OmAh level. Will drop.
- the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle has a capacity retention rate of 95% or more. It maintains 1800mAh or more.
- the expansion coefficient of the negative electrode excluding the current collector is reduced to 200% or less when the lithium content of the composite particles is 90% or less or the lithium content of solid phase A is 95% or less. Has become.
- the initial discharge capacity is 18 when the lithium content of the composite particles is 100 to 50%, or when the lithium content of the solid phase A is 100 to 40%. O OmAh or higher, but when the lithium content of the composite particles is 30% or the lithium content of solid phase A is 20%, the content drops to the order of 120 OmAh, which is lower than when conventional graphite is used. .
- the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle becomes 91% or less when the lithium content of solid phase A is 98% or more, and is about 1600 to 170 OmAh. It will drop to near.
- the lithium content of the composite particles is 50 to 90% or the lithium content of solid phase A is 40 to 95%
- the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle has a capacity retention rate of 95% or more and 180 OmAh or more. Has been maintained.
- the expansion rate of the negative electrode excluding the current collector was measured, the lithium content of the composite particles was 90% or less, or 200% or less when the lithium content of solid phase A was 95% or less at that time. Expansion rate.
- the battery of Example 1 was used for charging according to the present invention.
- the charging method of the present invention will be described in detail.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the charging current and the charging voltage of the embodiment of the present invention.
- a constant current charging area in which charging is performed at a constant current value (I) until the set voltage (V) is reached, and a set voltage (V) after reaching the set voltage (V).
- Charging is performed in combination with the constant voltage charging area (CV) where constant voltage charging is performed in step E). The charging was terminated when the charging current reached 10 OmA in the constant voltage range.
- the charging current value (I) is the current density per area where the positive and negative electrodes face each other, 1, 3, 5, 7m AZ cm 2 and the set voltage (V) was 4. IV.
- Discharge was performed at a constant current of 100 mA, and the discharge end voltage was 2.0 V.
- the charge / discharge cycle life test was performed at 20 ° C.
- a battery prepared in the same manner as in the above example was used except that the negative electrode material was flaky artificial graphite (average particle size 25 ⁇ m), and the current density per opposed area was 3 mA / cm 2 . Other than that, the test was performed in the same manner as in the example.
- Table 3 shows the initial discharge capacity of the battery, the discharge capacity at the 300th cycle, and the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 300th cycle to the initial discharge capacity as the capacity retention ratio.
- the batteries of the examples of the present invention all have higher initial capacities than the batteries of the comparative examples using graphite as the negative electrode material.
- charge-discharge cycle life characteristics is a capacity retention rate by the 5 MAZ cm 2 or less current density during charging 70% or more exhibited excellent characteristics than the battery of Comparative Example.
- the battery at the time of the 300th cycle was disassembled, and the state of the positive electrode, negative electrode, separation, and the electrolyte was visually observed.Batteries with a capacity retention of 70% or less were electrolyzed on the negative electrode surface and separation overnight. A substance considered to be a decomposition product of the liquid was attached. It is considered that this decomposition product hindered the electrode reaction and reduced the discharge capacity. It is considered that the decomposition products were generated by the decomposition of the electrolytic solution, which is a side reaction, due to the negative electrode potential being polarized in a negative direction due to the increase in the current density during charging.
- the entire surface or a part of the core particle composed of solid phase A is coated with solid phase B, and the composite particle is coated with solid phase B.
- the solid phase B contains at least one kind as a constituent element, and the solid phase B is any one of the constituent elements of the solid phase A, and a group 2 element, a transition element, a group 12, a group 13 element, and a group 2 element of the periodic table excluding the constituent elements.
- the lower limit of the current density during charging is 1 mAZcm 2 , but a lower value may be used. However, it takes longer time to fully charge. Therefore, the current value may be set within the range of 5 mAZ cm 2 for the required charging time. It is clear that the electrode area may be changed from the viewpoint of battery design.
- the elements constituting the negative electrode material of the present invention are Mg as a Group 2 element, Fe and Mo as transition elements, Zn and Cd as Group 12 elements, and I as a Group 13 element.
- Pb was used as an element of group n and group 14, similar effects were obtained by using elements of each group other than these.
- the charging ratio of the constituent elements of the anode material is not particularly limited, and the phase becomes two phases, one phase (solid phase A) is mainly composed of Sn, and another phase is mainly composed of Sn. It is sufficient that the phase (solid phase B) partially or entirely covers the periphery thereof, and there is no particular limitation on the charged composition.
- phase A is not only from Sn, but also from elements other than each element, for example, 0, C, N, S, Ca, Mg, A1, Fe, W, V, Ti, Cu, This includes cases where elements such as Cr, Co, and P are present in minute amounts.
- the elements constituting the negative electrode material are Mg as a Group 2 element, Co and Ni as transition elements, Zn as a Group 12 element, Al as a Group 13 element, and a Group 14 element.
- Sn was used as the above, similar effects were obtained by using elements of each group other than these.
- phase A is Zn
- Mg was used as the Group 2 element
- Cu and V as the transition element
- Cd as the Group 12 element
- A1 as the Group 13 element
- Ge as the Group 14 element.
- the ratio of the constituent elements of the anode material is not particularly limited, and the phases are two phases, one phase (solid phase A) is mainly composed of Si and Zn, and the other phase is another phase. It is sufficient that another phase (solid phase B) covers part or all of the surroundings, and there is no particular limitation on the charged composition.
- phase A is not only from Si and Zn, but also elements other than each element, for example, 0, C, N, S, Ca, Mg, A1, Fe, W, V, Ti.
- the battery charging method of the present invention can be widely applied to portable information terminals, portable electronic devices, small home power storage devices, motorcycles, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, but is not particularly limited to these. Absent. Industrial applicability
- the battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte and the composite particles for the negative electrode according to the present invention and the method for charging the same are more effective in improving the charge-discharge cycle life characteristics of a high energy density battery than the conventional one using a carbon material or the like as the negative electrode material. It is something with. For this reason, the battery of the present invention and its charging method can be applied to portable information terminals, portable electronic devices, small household power storage devices, motorcycles, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and the like. The effect is great.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/601,273 US6506520B1 (en) | 1998-12-02 | 1999-11-30 | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| EP99973176A EP1052713B1 (en) | 1998-12-02 | 1999-11-30 | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell and its charging method |
| DE69938822T DE69938822D1 (de) | 1998-12-02 | 1999-11-30 | Sekundärzelle mit nichtwässrigem elektrolyten und vefahren zu dessen aufladung |
Applications Claiming Priority (12)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10/342891 | 1998-12-02 | ||
| JP10/342904 | 1998-12-02 | ||
| JP34288998A JP4487325B2 (ja) | 1998-12-02 | 1998-12-02 | 非水電解質二次電池の充電方法 |
| JP34290398A JP4432132B2 (ja) | 1998-12-02 | 1998-12-02 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP34289198A JP4432130B2 (ja) | 1998-12-02 | 1998-12-02 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP10/342889 | 1998-12-02 | ||
| JP10/342890 | 1998-12-02 | ||
| JP10/342903 | 1998-12-02 | ||
| JP34289098A JP4487326B2 (ja) | 1998-12-02 | 1998-12-02 | 非水電解質二次電池の充電方法 |
| JP34289298A JP4432131B2 (ja) | 1998-12-02 | 1998-12-02 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP10/342892 | 1998-12-02 | ||
| JP34290498A JP4432133B2 (ja) | 1998-12-02 | 1998-12-02 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2000033402A1 true WO2000033402A1 (en) | 2000-06-08 |
Family
ID=27554664
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP1999/006688 Ceased WO2000033402A1 (en) | 1998-12-02 | 1999-11-30 | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell and its charging method |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6506520B1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1052713B1 (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE69938822D1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2000033402A1 (ja) |
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6916581B2 (en) * | 2001-03-23 | 2005-07-12 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Electrode for rechargeable lithium battery and rechargeable lithium battery |
| US7169328B2 (en) * | 2003-01-17 | 2007-01-30 | T/J Technologies, Inc. | Multiphase nanocomposite material and method for its manufacture |
| US20050031957A1 (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2005-02-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Multi-phase, silicon-containing electrode for a lithium-ion battery |
| US7498100B2 (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2009-03-03 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Multi-phase, silicon-containing electrode for a lithium-ion battery |
| US7767349B2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2010-08-03 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Alloy compositions for lithium ion batteries |
| US7851085B2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2010-12-14 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Alloy compositions for lithium ion batteries |
| US7871727B2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2011-01-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Alloy composition for lithium ion batteries |
| US7906238B2 (en) | 2005-12-23 | 2011-03-15 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Silicon-containing alloys useful as electrodes for lithium-ion batteries |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1052713A1 (en) | 2000-11-15 |
| EP1052713A4 (en) | 2005-03-30 |
| EP1052713B1 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
| US6506520B1 (en) | 2003-01-14 |
| DE69938822D1 (de) | 2008-07-10 |
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