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WO2000013269A1 - Dispositifs optiques a interferometres et notamment amplificateurs - Google Patents

Dispositifs optiques a interferometres et notamment amplificateurs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000013269A1
WO2000013269A1 PCT/CA1999/000760 CA9900760W WO0013269A1 WO 2000013269 A1 WO2000013269 A1 WO 2000013269A1 CA 9900760 W CA9900760 W CA 9900760W WO 0013269 A1 WO0013269 A1 WO 0013269A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
optical
interferometer
optical device
arms
ogm
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CA1999/000760
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English (en)
Inventor
Hamid Hatami-Hanza
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
OPNET COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES Inc
Original Assignee
OPNET COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by OPNET COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES Inc filed Critical OPNET COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES Inc
Priority to AU52753/99A priority Critical patent/AU5275399A/en
Publication of WO2000013269A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000013269A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
    • H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
    • H01S5/4025—Array arrangements, e.g. constituted by discrete laser diodes or laser bar
    • H01S5/4031—Edge-emitting structures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S2301/00—Functional characteristics
    • H01S2301/02—ASE (amplified spontaneous emission), noise; Reduction thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/23—Arrangements of two or more lasers not provided for in groups H01S3/02 - H01S3/22, e.g. tandem arrangements of separate active media
    • H01S3/2383—Parallel arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
    • H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
    • H01S5/026—Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
    • H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
    • H01S5/026—Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers
    • H01S5/0265—Intensity modulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
    • H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
    • H01S5/068—Stabilisation of laser output parameters
    • H01S5/06817—Noise reduction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
    • H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
    • H01S5/4025—Array arrangements, e.g. constituted by discrete laser diodes or laser bar
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
    • H01S5/50—Amplifier structures not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to optical devices, and particularly to devices utilizing one or more Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZI). More particularly still, it relates to MZI-based optical amplifiers.
  • MZI Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
  • OGM optical gain module
  • Optical amplifiers are essential components of optical fiber communication systems. They are used as boosters at transmitter end, as preamplifiers at the receiver end, and as optical repeaters in long haul optical transmission lines. They also have other application in other areas, such as sensor systems and a variety of lasers.
  • An optical amplifier usually consists of a gain medium in the form of an optical waveguide doped with appropriate dopants to provide a lasing medium for the signal to be amplified.
  • the gain medium provides the means to transfer energy from an optical pump or electrical current to the to be amplified optical signal.
  • optical amplifier The performance of an optical amplifier is quantified by its output power delivered at the signal frequency band, noise figure, optical signal gain, and stability and reliability of amplifier operation.
  • the most important problem associated with optical amplifiers is amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in the signal band, generated in the pumped gain media. Appropriate pumping along the fiber can reduce ASE noise and permit a compromise between output power and generated noise in the active media.
  • ASE spontaneous emission
  • the invention provides a fiber optic amplifier comprising a generic optical amplifier and a controllable polarization beam splitter and optics apparatus to separate half of the noise power from the optically amplified signal. It therefore improves the noise-figure of the amplifier by a maximum 3 dB. However, in practice the noise figure would not be improved significantly unless the amplified signal maintains its polarization. Thus, a polarization maintaining optical active fiber, must be used.
  • the invention also uses free space optical apparatus, such as collimators, and a variable polarization splitter, which can make the amplifier system bulky, expensive, and lack long term reliability.
  • High power, high gain, low noise, and low cost optical amplifiers are desirable in order to reduce the cost and simplify optical systems.
  • the present invention endeavours to provide optical amplifiers with higher gain and output power, with a lower noise-figure than prior art devices.
  • an optical gain module (OGM) is provided, which is used in different configurations of optical amplifier systems and other devices.
  • the OGM is in the form of an active Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI), and comprises a splitter and combiner pair interconnected by two active waveguides as gain media.
  • MZI Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
  • the two active waveguides have enough separation such that they cannot transfer energy through overlapping of their evanescent fields of their respective guided modes.
  • the optical signal is first split by the splitter into two parts and is amplified through the optically pumped active arms of the MZI and then recombined at the combiner.
  • the two individual amplified signals maintaining their relative phase, combine constructively at the desired output port, while the noise, independently generated in the two active waveguides and having random phase relative to each other, will not recombine 9
  • the length of the active waveguides and level of pumping energy can be optimized to achieve a maximum gain and power, with minimum noise generated in each active waveguide.
  • the optical gain module therefore, provides twice as much saturation power and gain compared to an amplifier using a single active waveguide; while the generated noise remains equal to the noise generated by an amplifier using a single active waveguide with the same length.
  • This arrangement also can provide bi-directional pumping, which has the advantages of higher gain and lower amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise due to a more uniform population inversion of exited states along the individual active waveguide.
  • ASE amplified spontaneous emission
  • the optical amplifier can be implemented in planar optical circuits, making it more suitable for monolithic or hybrid integration, paving the way for further cost reduction with improved reliability.
  • Figure 1 shows gain and power saturation characteristic of optical fiber amplifiers versus input signal power at a given pump power
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic of the preferred embodiment of the optical gain module (OGM) according to the present invention
  • FIG 3 is a schematic representation of a variation of the preferred embodiment shown in figure 2;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic of one configuration of an optical amplifier utilizing the OGM of figures 2 or 3;
  • Figure 5 is a schematic of another configuration of an optical amplifier utilizing the OGM of figures 2 or 3;
  • Figure 6 is a schematic of another configuration of an optical amplifier utilizing the OGM of figures 2 or 3;
  • Figure 7 is a schematic block diagram of an optical amplifier, utilizing the OGM of figures 2 or 3, with a control and processing unit;
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative realization of active waveguides shown in the embodiments of figures 2 and 3;
  • Figure 9 shows a perspective cross-section of the active waveguides shown in the embodiment of Figure 8.
  • Figure 1 shows the relationship between gain and power in optical fiber amplifiers, where beyond a certain point the output power of an optical amplifier cannot be increased by increasing the input power; that is, the gain decreases for input power beyond the saturation point.
  • the number of channels in WDM transmission system increases, optical fiber amplifiers with high saturation powers are needed.
  • Increasing the pump power can increase saturation power of an optical amplifier, but the relationship is not linear and efficiency becomes low. That is, the increase in saturation power becomes relatively small compared to the increase in pump power. Hence increasing pump power is not an efficient way to increase saturation power.
  • an optical gain module (OGM) 10 comprises a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) having two optical directional couplers 11 and 12 connected by two active waveguides 13 and 14 having ports I, II, III and IV, the first three being input ports, while the fourth being the output of the OGM 10, the signal port of which is port I.
  • the two remaining ports II and III are to receive optical pump signals, which are combined with the input signal to be amplified in the waveguides 13 and 14; therefore eliminating the need for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) couplers, and above all providing higher gain and lower noise than conventional optical amplifiers.
  • WDM wavelength division multiplexing
  • the basic principle of operation of the OGM 10 is as follows.
  • the first optical waveguide coupler 11 splits the input signal and pump signal almost equally into the two active waveguides 13, 14.
  • the second coupler 12 splits the second pump signal from the opposite side, which is counter-propagating in the active waveguides 13, 14 relative to the signal.
  • the bidirectional pumping improves the population inversion profile along the active waveguides and results in more efficient amplification and generates less noise.
  • the length of the active waveguides 13, 14 and the pump energy can be optimized to achieve the desirable power, or gain, from each individual active waveguide.
  • the optical signal after amplification in the two active arms of the MZI enter the second waveguide coupler 12 and combine constructively at the output port IV.
  • the individually amplified optical signal halves are added constructively because they have phase correlation, i.e. coming from the same source, and conserve their relative phase.
  • the noise has been generated independently in the two active waveguides 13, 14 having random phase relative to each other, will not add constructively and on average only half 9
  • the couplers can be designed such that the signal exits from port III and half of the noise from the port IV, while port IV is also used for counter pumping.
  • both the first and second couplers 11, 12 can be designed such that when they are cascaded they give a desired coupling function versus wavelength.
  • the wavelength response of the cascaded first and second couplers 11, 12 can be designed to flatten the optical gain spectrum of the active waveguides 13, 14 yet split the light at pump wavelengths with a desired ratio.
  • the two active waveguides 13, 14 should have exactly the same optical length. Optical length may be tuned, for instance by exposing a section of the fiber in the OGM 10 to Ultra Violet light. Furthermore, both active arms 13, 14 of the OGM 10 should be kept close and sealed in a package so that their ambient conditions, such as temperature, stress and the like are the same at all times. A twin-core Erbium doped fiber can be used to insure that both arms experience similar ambient conditions.
  • the MZI 15 has the usual active arms, 13 and 14, which are connected two Y-junction splitter/combiners 18 and 19.
  • the input signal and the optical pump signal are first multiplexed outside the MZI 15 by one of the WDM couplers 16, 17, which applies them to the MZI 15.
  • bi-directional optical pumping may be used here.
  • the manner of operation is the same as the OGM 10 in Figure 2, and the saturation power, and gain, will be twice that of a single active waveguide amplifier.
  • the same observation, made in connexion with the OGM 10 of Figure 2 apply here as well.
  • NF noise figure
  • NF (dB) SNR 0Utput (dB) - SNR tnp ⁇ t (dB)
  • SNR 0Utput (dB) log 10 (signal power at output/noise power at output) and SNR i ⁇ put (dB) log 10 (signal power at input/noise power at input).
  • the present OGM contaminates the output-amplified signal by half the amount of noise generated in the module. Hence, the NF of the amplifier using the OGM 10 is reduced by 3 dB. As was shown above, the saturation power of the OGM 10 is twice that of a conventional optical gain module with single active waveguide. The noise of an amplifier configuration using the OGM 10 will be 3 dB lower than other conventional amplifiers working at saturation and, theoretically, could approach zero dB.
  • the OGM 10 may be placed and sealed in a temperature controlled box where it is hermetically sealed inside the box by a heat conductive adhesive such as ceramics or any other suitable material.
  • a heat conductive adhesive such as ceramics or any other suitable material.
  • the UV tuning operation may be done at the final stages of testing of the OGM to ensure the required phase relationship of the signals in the two active waveguides 13, 14.
  • the present OGM is particularly suitable for integrated optics. It will operate best when fabricated using planar waveguide technologies such as ion exchange, silica on silicon, or doped sol-gel glass. Ion exchanged active waveguide devices are given, for instance, in the paper by Najafi et al. entitled, "Ion-exchanged rare-earth doped waveguides," published in SPIE vol. 1128 Glasses for Optoelectronics, 1989, pp. 142- 144. 9
  • FIG. 4 it shows the OGM 10 connected in one implementation of an optical amplifier system.
  • the input signal is applied to Port I via an Optical Isolator (10) 20, while Port IV supplied the output signal via 01 21.
  • Ports II and III of the OGM 10 receive pump signals from optical pumps (OP) I and
  • 01s 20 and 21 ensure unidirectionality in the directions shown by the arrows and don't interfere with the operation of the OGM 10 as described above.
  • both OPs contribute to both jumping directors.
  • only one OP may be coupled to the 3- dB coupler 22 to provide bi-directional pumping.
  • the second OP is then optional and may be used when there is need for higher power or for provision of a back up pump should the first fail, thus improving reliability.
  • a two stage optical amplifier is shown using the OGM 10 as implemented in Figure 4 or 5.
  • the first stage is a low- noise low-gain single waveguide amplifier stage preferable with a noise figure of less than 2 dB followed by the high-power high gain OGM. This arrangement provides very high gain, high- saturation power and very low noise figure optical amplifier system.
  • the first stage is to provide enough gain to compensate 9
  • FIG 7 there is provided an amplifier system similar to that shown in Figure 5, but further having means for monitoring and controlling the operation of the optical amplifier system.
  • Two optical taps 26 and 27 direct a fraction of the energy of the input signal and the amplified output signal to a processing and control unit 28.
  • the processing and control unit 28 comprises means for filtering samples of the optical signals at different bands, such as supervisory channel information signals, detects the sampled signals and transform them to corresponding electrical signals.
  • the processing unit 28 further processes and analyzes different properties of the detected signals and calculates different parameters of the optical amplifier such as gain, noise, output power and the like.
  • the processing unit 28 may also measure the ambient temperature, send control signals to the optical source(s) to control the optical pump power or to adjust the temperature of OGM 10 to ensure satisfactory operation of the optical amplifier.
  • FIG 8 an alternative realization of the active waveguides 13 and 14 of figures 2 and 3 is shown. Such alternative obviates the use of external optical pumps such as optical pumps I and II in Figures 4 and 5, because the active waveguides 13' and 14' are semiconductor waveguides, which are pumped by carrier injection.
  • a cross-section of such a semiconductor waveguide is shown in perspective in Figure 9, wherein a top and bottom conductor layers 29 and 30 are deposited at the desired waveguide positions and "sandwich" an upper cladding layer 31 underneath the top conductor 29 and a lower buffer layer 32 on top of the lower electrode 30, while an active core layer 33 is located between the cladding 31 and buffer 32.
  • an electric current is injected via conductor 34 between the electrodes 29 and 30, which pump the energy to the active layer 33.
  • An advantage of such active waveguide realization is that input signal amplification may be accomplished at desired wavelengths by band-gap design of the semiconductor to be in a selected region.
  • the principle of operation of such semiconductor amplifier has been described, for instance, in the book entitled, "Introduction to Semiconductor Integrated Optics", Chapter 9, by Hans P. Zappe, Artech House, Boston, Massachussets, U.S.A., 1995.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un module de gain optique (MGO) se présentant sous la forme d'un interféromètre Mach-Zehnder (IMZ) actif. Ce module amplificateur utilisé dans diverses configurations peut multiplier jusqu'à deux fois la puissance de saturation par rapport à des amplificateurs classiques avec jusqu'à deux fois le gain, tout en rejetant jusqu'à la moitié du bruit produit dans les deux branches de l'IMZ actif réduisant ainsi significativement la valeur de bruit de l'amplificateur.
PCT/CA1999/000760 1998-08-26 1999-08-18 Dispositifs optiques a interferometres et notamment amplificateurs Ceased WO2000013269A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU52753/99A AU5275399A (en) 1998-08-26 1999-08-18 Interferometer based optical devices, particularly amplifiers

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA 2244160 CA2244160A1 (fr) 1998-08-26 1998-08-26 Amplificateurs a guide d'ondes optiques a gain eleve, a grande puissance et a faible bruit
CA2,244,160 1998-08-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2000013269A1 true WO2000013269A1 (fr) 2000-03-09

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PCT/CA1999/000760 Ceased WO2000013269A1 (fr) 1998-08-26 1999-08-18 Dispositifs optiques a interferometres et notamment amplificateurs

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AU (1) AU5275399A (fr)
CA (1) CA2244160A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000013269A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2829629A1 (fr) * 2001-09-07 2003-03-14 Lg Cable Ltd Amplificateur optique a faible bruit et systeme de communication optique l'utilisant

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5430572A (en) 1993-09-30 1995-07-04 At&T Corp. High power, high gain, low noise, two-stage optical amplifier
EP0706270A1 (fr) * 1994-10-05 1996-04-10 Nortel Networks Corporation Amplificateurs optiques pour systèmes à multiplexage par division de longueurs d'onde
US5636053A (en) 1995-06-15 1997-06-03 E-Tek Dynamics, Inc. Fiberoptic amplifier system with noise figure reduction
EP0795778A1 (fr) * 1996-03-15 1997-09-17 France Telecom Dispositif optique non-linéaire de traitement de signaux optiques
US5757541A (en) 1997-01-15 1998-05-26 Litton Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus for an optical fiber amplifier
US5790721A (en) * 1995-02-21 1998-08-04 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Low-noise fiber-optic amplifier utilizing polarization adjustment

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5430572A (en) 1993-09-30 1995-07-04 At&T Corp. High power, high gain, low noise, two-stage optical amplifier
EP0706270A1 (fr) * 1994-10-05 1996-04-10 Nortel Networks Corporation Amplificateurs optiques pour systèmes à multiplexage par division de longueurs d'onde
US5790721A (en) * 1995-02-21 1998-08-04 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Low-noise fiber-optic amplifier utilizing polarization adjustment
US5636053A (en) 1995-06-15 1997-06-03 E-Tek Dynamics, Inc. Fiberoptic amplifier system with noise figure reduction
EP0795778A1 (fr) * 1996-03-15 1997-09-17 France Telecom Dispositif optique non-linéaire de traitement de signaux optiques
US5757541A (en) 1997-01-15 1998-05-26 Litton Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus for an optical fiber amplifier

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ZAKHIDOV E A ET AL: "TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY OF FIBER-OPTIC INTERFEROMETER BASED ON A TWO-CHANNEL OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE", SOVIET TECHNICAL PHYSICS LETTERS,US,AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS. NEW YORK, vol. 15, no. 12, pages 916-917, XP000147430 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2829629A1 (fr) * 2001-09-07 2003-03-14 Lg Cable Ltd Amplificateur optique a faible bruit et systeme de communication optique l'utilisant

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU5275399A (en) 2000-03-21
CA2244160A1 (fr) 2000-02-26

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