WO2000071772A1 - Aluminum-silicon alloy having improved properties at elevated temperatures - Google Patents
Aluminum-silicon alloy having improved properties at elevated temperatures Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000071772A1 WO2000071772A1 PCT/US1999/020314 US9920314W WO0071772A1 WO 2000071772 A1 WO2000071772 A1 WO 2000071772A1 US 9920314 W US9920314 W US 9920314W WO 0071772 A1 WO0071772 A1 WO 0071772A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/14—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
- C22C21/04—Modified aluminium-silicon alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/043—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
Definitions
- This invention relates to aluminum alloys and specifically to high tensile strength aluminum-silicon hypoeutectic and eutectic alloys suitable for high temperature applications such as heavy duty pistons and other internal combustion applications.
- Aluminum-Silicon (Al-Si) casting alloys are the most versatile of all common
- hypoeutectic ⁇ 12 wt% Si
- eutectic (12-13 wt% Si
- hypereutectic 14- 25 wt % Si
- commercial applications for hypereutectic alloys are relatively limited because they are among the most difficult Al alloys to cast and machine due to the high Si contents.
- high Si content is alloyed into Al, it adds a large amount of heat capacity that must be removed from the alloy to solidify it during a casting operation.
- hypoeutectic and eutectic alloys are very popular for the industry because they are more economical to produce by casting, simpler to control the cast parameters and easier to machine than hypereutectic.
- most of them are not suitable for high temperature applications, such as in the automotive field, for the reason that their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, are not as high as
- MMC Metal Matrix Composites
- R. Bowles has used ceramic fibers to improve tensile strength of a hypoeutectic 332.0 alloy, in a paper entitled “Metal Matrix Composites Aid Piston Manufacture", Manufacturing Engineering, May 1987.
- A. Shakesheff has used ceramic particulate for reinforcing another type of hypoeutectic A359 alloy, as described in "Elevated Temperature Performance of Particulate Reinforced Aluminum Alloys", Materials Science Forum, Vol. 217-222, pp.
- CMC Ceramic Matrix Composites
- the first aspect of this invention is to provide a composition of an aluminum alloy that can be used as a hypoeutectic or eutectic Al-Si alloy which is more economical to produce by conventional gravity casting and easier to machine than the hypereutectic alloys.
- a composition has been devised to improve mechanical properties of such alloys that are suitable for high temperature applications such as heavy duty pistons and other internal combustion applications.
- the article is gravity cast from this alloy the article is treated to a solutionizing step which dissolves unwanted precipitates and reduces any segregation present in the original alloy. After the solutionizing step, the article is quenched and is then aged at an elevated temperature for maximum strength. Iron and manganese may be present as impurites in the alloy in amounts less than 1.0 wt%.
- Figure 1 is a chart showing a comparison of this new alloy with typical conventional hypoeutectic (332.0) and eutectic (413.0) alloys, the chart showing tensile strength, tested at 500 °F, 600 °F and 700 °F after exposure of the cast article to a
- the alloy of the invention is marked by an ability to perform in cast form at high
- the aluminum alloy of this invention suitable for high temperature applications and can be used as a hypoeutectic or eutectic Al-Si alloy, is composed of the following elements, by weight percent:
- Aluminum balance The alloy may contain as impurities less than 0.2 weight percent of zinc and chrominum. Iron and manganese may be omitted from the alloy. However, these elements tend to exist as impurities in most aluminum alloys due to common foundry practices. Eliminating them completely from the alloy (i.e., by alloy refining techniques) will increase the cost of the alloy significantly.
- Silicon gives the alloy a high elastic modulus and low thermal expansion when the concentration is greater than 10 % wt, Si. For this reason, a low thermal expansion property is an important factor for eutectic alloy ( 12% - 13%). Finally, the addition of Si also improves fluidity of molten aluminum alloy to enhance the castability. The alloy will not require expensive diamond toolings for machining if the silicon concentration is kept well below about 14 wt %.
- Copper coexists with magnesium and forms a solid solution in the matrix to give the alloy age-hardening properties, thereby improving the high temperature strength.
- Copper also form the ⁇ ' intermediate phase (Al 2 Cu) and is the most potent strengthening
- Titanium and vanadium form primary crystals of Al-Ti and Al-V compounds. Since these crystallized intermetallic compounds act as nuclei for solidification, the grain size upon solidification is fine. Titanium and vanadium also function as dispersion strengthening mechanism, in order to improve the high temperature tensile strength.
- Zirconium forms primary crystals of an Al-Zr compound.
- the crystallized intermetallic compounds also act as particles for dispersion strengthening.
- Zirconium also forms a solid solution in the matrix to a small amount, thus enhancing the formation
- Iron gives strength and also prevents adhesion to the steel die in which the article is cast. In general, iron is difficult to control because the aluminum alloy will tend to pick up iron from scrap materials and the steel ladle and mold in the casting foundry. Nickel improves tensile strength at elevated temperatures by forming Al-Cu-Ni intermetallic compounds.
- Strontium is used to modify the Al-Si eutectic phase.
- the strength and ductility of hypoeutectic and eutectic can be substantially improved by using Strontium as a Al-Si modifier. Effective modification can be achieved at very low additional level, but a range of recovered strontium of 0.01 to 0.05 wt.% is commonly used.
- the alloy of this invention is marked by an ability to perform in cast form using conventional gravity cast or die casting. This alloy can be cast conventionally in the
- An article such as an engine block or a piston, is cast from the alloy and the
- the purpose of the solutionizing is to dissolve unwanted precipitates and
- the solutioning treatment is not required. .
- the article is quenched in a quenching medium at a
- the article is boiling water. After quenching, the article is aged at a temperature of 410 °F to 490 °F
- the aging process is preformed at a temperature within
- This invention 22 14 7 332.0 (hypoeutectic) 13 7.5 3.5 413.0 (eutectic) 13 7 4.5
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Disclosed is an aluminum alloy suitable for high temperature applications, such as heavy duty pistons and other internal combustion applications, having the composition, by weight percent (wt %): Silicon 6.0 to 14.0, Copper 3.0 to 8.0, Iron 0.01 to 0.8, Magnesium 0.5 to 1.5, Nickel 0.05 to 1.2, Manganese 0.01 to 1.0, Titanium 0.05 to 1.2, Zirconium 0.05 to 1.2, Vanadium 0.05 to 1.2, Strontium 0.001 to 0.10, Aluminum balance. After the article is cast from this alloy the article is treated to a solutionizing step which dissolves unwanted precipitates and reduces any segregation present in the original alloy. After the solutionizing step, the article is quenched and is then aged at an elevated temperature for maximum strength. Iron and manganese may be present as impurities in the alloy in amounts less than 1.0 wt.%.
Description
IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT & TRADEMARK OFFICE
ATTORNEY DOCKET: MFS-31294-3 PATENT APPLICATION
ALUMINUM-SILICON ALLOY HAVING IMPROVED PROPERTIES AT
ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation in part of Application Serial Number 9/152,469, filed September 8, 1998, for Aluminum Alloy having Improved Properties.
ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION
This invention described herein was made under a NASA contract and is subject o the provisions of Public Law 96-517 (35 USC 202) in which the contractor has elected ot to retain title.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the invention
This invention relates to aluminum alloys and specifically to high tensile strength aluminum-silicon hypoeutectic and eutectic alloys suitable for high temperature applications such as heavy duty pistons and other internal combustion applications.
2. Prior art
Aluminum-Silicon (Al-Si) casting alloys are the most versatile of all common
foundry cast alloys in the production of pistons for automotive engines. Depending on the Si concentration in weight percent, the Al-Si alloy systems fall into three major categories: hypoeutectic (< 12 wt% Si), eutectic (12-13 wt% Si) and hypereutectic (14- 25 wt % Si). However, commercial applications for hypereutectic alloys are relatively limited because they are among the most difficult Al alloys to cast and machine due to the high Si contents. When high Si content is alloyed into Al, it adds a large amount of heat capacity that must be removed from the alloy to solidify it during a casting operation. Significant variation in the sizes of the primary Si particles can be found between different regions of the cast article; resulting in a significant variation in the mechanical properties for the cast article. The primary crystals of Si must be refined in order to achieve hardness and good wear resistance property. For these reasons, hypereutectic alloys are not very economical to produce because they have a broad solidification range that results in poor castability and requires special foundry's process to control the high heat of fusion and microstructure. Furthermore, expensive diamond toolings must be used to machine parts such as pistons that are made from hypereutectic Al-Si castings. On the other hand, the usage of hypoeutectic and eutectic alloys are very popular for the industry because they are more economical to produce by casting, simpler
to control the cast parameters and easier to machine than hypereutectic. However, most of them are not suitable for high temperature applications, such as in the automotive field, for the reason that their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, are not as high as
desired in the temperature range of 500 °F-700 °F. Current state-of-the-art hypoeutectic
and eutectic alloys are intended for applications at temperatures of no higher than about
450 °F. Above this elevated service temperature, the major alloy strengthening phases
such as the θ' (Al2Cu) and S' (Al2CuMg) will precipitate rapidly, coarsen or dissolve and
transform themselves into the more stable θ (Al2Cu) and S (Al2CuMg) phases. This
undesirable microstructure and phase transformation results in drastically reduced mechanical properties, more particularly the ultimate tensile strengths and high cycle fatigue strengths for hypoeutectic and eutectic Al-Si alloys.
One approach taken by the prior art is to use ceramic fibers or ceramic particulates to increase the strength of hypoeutectic and eutectic Al-Si alloys. This approach is known as the aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) technology. For example, R. Bowles has used ceramic fibers to improve tensile strength of a hypoeutectic 332.0 alloy, in a paper entitled "Metal Matrix Composites Aid Piston Manufacture", Manufacturing Engineering, May 1987. Moreover, A. Shakesheff has used ceramic particulate for reinforcing another type of hypoeutectic A359 alloy, as described in "Elevated Temperature Performance of Particulate Reinforced Aluminum Alloys", Materials Science Forum, Vol. 217-222, pp. 1 133-1 138 (1996). In a similar approach, cast aluminum MMC for pistons using eutectic alloy such as 413.0 type, has been
described by P. Rohatgi in a paper entitled "Cast Aluminum Matrix Composites for Automotive Applications", Journal of Metals, April 1991.
Another approach taken by the prior art is the use of Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) technology in the place of hypoeutetic and eutectic alloys. For example, W. Kowbel has described the use of non-metallic carbon-carbon composites for making pistons to operate at high temperatures in a paper entitled "Applications of Net-Shape Molded Carbon-Carbon Composites in IC Engines", Journal of Advanced Materials, July
1996. Unfortunately, the material and processing costs of these MMC and CMC technology approaches are substantially higher than those produced using conventional casting and they cannot be considered for large usage in mass production, such as engine pistons.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The first aspect of this invention is to provide a composition of an aluminum alloy that can be used as a hypoeutectic or eutectic Al-Si alloy which is more economical to produce by conventional gravity casting and easier to machine than the hypereutectic alloys. In a second aspect of this invention, a composition has been devised to improve mechanical properties of such alloys that are suitable for high temperature applications such as heavy duty pistons and other internal combustion applications.
An aluminum alloy having the composition, by weight percent (wt %):
Silicon 6.0 to 14.0
Copper 3.0 to 8.0
Iron 0.05 to 0.8 Magnesium 0.5 to 1.5
Nickel 0.05 to 1.2
Manganese 0.05 to 1.0
Titanium 0.05 to 1.2
Zirconium 0.05 to 1.2 Vanadium 0.05 to 1.2
Strontium 0.001 to 0.10
Aluminum balance
After the article is gravity cast from this alloy the article is treated to a solutionizing step which dissolves unwanted precipitates and reduces any segregation present in the original alloy. After the solutionizing step, the article is quenched and is then aged at an elevated temperature for maximum strength. Iron and manganese may be present as impurites in the alloy in amounts less than 1.0 wt%.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Figure 1 is a chart showing a comparison of this new alloy with typical conventional hypoeutectic (332.0) and eutectic (413.0) alloys, the chart showing tensile
strength, tested at 500 °F, 600 °F and 700 °F after exposure of the cast article to a
temperature of 500 °F for 100 hours, 600 °F for 100 hours and 700 °F for 100 hours.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The alloy of the invention is marked by an ability to perform in cast form at high
servicing temperature. However, best properties are obtained in the forged and heated conditions. The aluminum alloy of this invention, suitable for high temperature applications and can be used as a hypoeutectic or eutectic Al-Si alloy, is composed of the following elements, by weight percent:
Silicon 6.0 to 14.0
Copper 3.0 to 8.0 Iron 0.05 to 0.8
Magnesium 0.5 to 1.5
Nickel 0.05 to 1.2
Manganese 0.05 to 1.0
Titanium 0.05 to 1.2 Zirconium 0.05 to 1.2
Vanadium 0.05 to 1.2
Strontium 0.001 to 0.10
Aluminum balance
The alloy may contain as impurities less than 0.2 weight percent of zinc and chrominum. Iron and manganese may be omitted from the alloy. However, these elements tend to exist as impurities in most aluminum alloys due to common foundry practices. Eliminating them completely from the alloy (i.e., by alloy refining techniques) will increase the cost of the alloy significantly.
Silicon gives the alloy a high elastic modulus and low thermal expansion when the concentration is greater than 10 % wt, Si. For this reason, a low thermal expansion property is an important factor for eutectic alloy ( 12% - 13%). Finally, the addition of Si also improves fluidity of molten aluminum alloy to enhance the castability. The alloy will not require expensive diamond toolings for machining if the silicon concentration is kept well below about 14 wt %.
Copper coexists with magnesium and forms a solid solution in the matrix to give the alloy age-hardening properties, thereby improving the high temperature strength.
Copper also form the θ' intermediate phase (Al2Cu) and is the most potent strengthening
element in this new alloy. The enhanced high strength at high temperatures will be affected if the copper wt% level is not adhered to.
Titanium and vanadium form primary crystals of Al-Ti and Al-V compounds. Since these crystallized intermetallic compounds act as nuclei for solidification, the grain
size upon solidification is fine. Titanium and vanadium also function as dispersion strengthening mechanism, in order to improve the high temperature tensile strength.
Zirconium forms primary crystals of an Al-Zr compound. The crystallized intermetallic compounds also act as particles for dispersion strengthening. Zirconium also forms a solid solution in the matrix to a small amount, thus enhancing the formation
of GP (Guinier-Preston) zones which are the Cu-Mg rich regions, and the θ' intermediate
phase in the Al-Cu-Mg system to improve the age-hardening properties.
Iron gives strength and also prevents adhesion to the steel die in which the article is cast. In general, iron is difficult to control because the aluminum alloy will tend to pick up iron from scrap materials and the steel ladle and mold in the casting foundry. Nickel improves tensile strength at elevated temperatures by forming Al-Cu-Ni intermetallic compounds.
Strontium is used to modify the Al-Si eutectic phase. The strength and ductility of hypoeutectic and eutectic can be substantially improved by using Strontium as a Al-Si modifier. Effective modification can be achieved at very low additional level, but a range of recovered strontium of 0.01 to 0.05 wt.% is commonly used.
The alloy of this invention is marked by an ability to perform in cast form using conventional gravity cast or die casting. This alloy can be cast conventionally in the
temperature range of about 1325 °F to 1450 °F. However, best properties are obtained in
the forged, special casting technique such as squeeze casting and heat treated conditions. Castings of this alloy are cast into approximate shape and are then machined or ground to final dimensions.
An article, such as an engine block or a piston, is cast from the alloy and the
article is then solutionized at a temperature of 900 °F to 1000 °F for fifteen minutes to
four hours. The purpose of the solutionizing is to dissolve unwanted precipitates and
reduce any segregation present in the alloy. For uses at temperatures of 500 °F to 700 °F
the solutioning treatment is not required. .
After solutionizing, the article is quenched in a quenching medium at a
temperature within the range of 120 °F to 300 °F. The most preferred quenching medium
is boiling water. After quenching, the article is aged at a temperature of 410 °F to 490 °F
for four to 16 hours. Preferably, the aging process is preformed at a temperature within
the range of 425 °F to 485 °F for six to 12 hours.
The following table illustrates the superior qualities of this new alloy. This table compare the tensile strengths of this invention, with two well known hypoeutectic (332.0) and eutectic (413.0) alloys, after an article cast from this alloy has been held at 500, 600
and 700 F for 100 hours. The articles were tested at 500 °F, 600 °F and 700 °F,
respectively. It will be noted that the tensile strength of this new alloy is almost twice that of the known hypoeutectic and eutectic alloys.
Ultimate Tensile Strength (ksi) at Test Temperatures (°F)
Alloy 500 °F 600 °F 700 °F
This invention 22 14 7 332.0 (hypoeutectic) 13 7.5 3.5 413.0 (eutectic) 13 7 4.5
Claims
1. An aluminum alloy suitable for high temperature applications is composed of the following elements, by weight percent :
Silicon 6.0 to 14.0
Copper 3.0 to 8.0
Iron 0.01 to 0.8 Magnesium 0.5 to 1.5
Nickel 0.05 to 1.2
Manganese 0.01 to 1.0
Titanium 0.05 to 1.2
Zirconium 0.05 to 1.2
Vanadium 0.05 to 1.2
Strontium 0.001 to 0.10
Aluminum balance
2. The alloy of Claim 1 wherein the alloy contains as impurities less than 1.0 weight percent of iron and manganese.
3. An article cast from the alloy of Claim 1.
4. The alloy of Claim 3 wherein the alloy contains as impurities less than 0.2 weight percent zinc and chromium.
5. An article cast from the alloy of Claim 2.
6. The article of Claim 4 having a tensile strength of at least 20 ksi at 500 °F after being
aged at a temperature within the range of 400 °F to 500 °F for four to 16 hours.
7. An article cast from the alloy of Claim 4.
8. A process for making a cast article having improved tensile strength at elevated temperature, comprising:
a. Casting the article from an alloy having a composition by weight percent
Silicon 6.0 to 14.0
Copper 3.0 to 8.0
Iron 0.01 to 0.8
Magnesium 0.5 to 1.5
Nickel 0.05 to 1.2
Manganese 0.01 to 1.0
Titanium 0.05 to 1.2 Zirconium 0.05 to 1.2
Vanadium 0.05 to 1.2
Strontium 0.001 to 0.10
Aluminum balance
b. Aging the article at a temperature within the range of 400 °F to 500 °F for a time
period within the range of four to 16 hours.
9. The process of Claim 8 wherein the article is exposed to a solutionizing step prior to said aging, said solutionizing step being carried out by exposing the cast article to a
temperature within the range of 900 °F to 1000 °F for a time period of fifteen minutes to four hours.
10. The process of Claim 8 wherein the cast article is aged at a temperature within the
range of 425 °F to 485 °F for 4 to 12 hours.
11. The process of Claim 8 wherein the alloy contains as impurities less than 1.0 weight percent of iron and manganese.
12. The process of Claim 8 wherein the solutionizing step is followed by a quenching step, the article being quenched in a quenching medium at a temperature within the
range of 120 °F to 300 °F.
13. The process of Claim 12 wherein the temperature of the quenching medium is within
the range of 170 °F to 250 °F.
14. The process of Claim 14 wherein the quenching medium is boiling water.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US32271399A | 1999-05-25 | 1999-05-25 | |
| US09/322,713 | 1999-05-25 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2000071772A1 true WO2000071772A1 (en) | 2000-11-30 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1999/020314 Ceased WO2000071772A1 (en) | 1999-05-25 | 1999-09-03 | Aluminum-silicon alloy having improved properties at elevated temperatures |
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Cited By (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1492894A4 (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2005-04-27 | Nasa | ALUMINUM ALLOY WITH HIGH MECHANICAL RESISTANCE FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS |
| US7682469B2 (en) * | 2002-07-22 | 2010-03-23 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Piston made of aluminum cast alloy and method of manufacturing the same |
| EP1778887A4 (en) * | 2004-07-28 | 2010-06-02 | Alcoa Inc | AL-SI-MG-ZN-CU ALLOY FOR CAST PARTS USED IN AEROSPATIAL AND AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY |
| EP1975262A3 (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2010-09-15 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Aluminum alloys for casting, aluminum alloy castings and process for producing aluminum alloy castings |
| US7959856B2 (en) * | 2003-10-17 | 2011-06-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Aluminum alloys for casting and aluminum alloy castings |
| RU2458171C2 (en) * | 2007-05-24 | 2012-08-10 | Алюминиум Райнфельден ГмбХ | Hot-resistant aluminium alloy |
| WO2013050358A1 (en) * | 2011-10-04 | 2013-04-11 | Federal-Mogul Nürnberg GmbH | Method for producing an engine component and engine component |
| WO2013050355A1 (en) * | 2011-10-04 | 2013-04-11 | Federal-Mogul Nürnberg GmbH | Method for producing an engine component and engine component |
| WO2013050322A3 (en) * | 2011-10-04 | 2013-07-18 | Federal-Mogul Nürnberg GmbH | Method for producing an engine component, and engine component |
| DE102012006967A1 (en) * | 2012-04-04 | 2013-10-10 | Daimler Ag | Aluminum alloy used for pressure-casting of engine components, comprises aluminum-silicon-copper alloy as base alloy added with strontium in amount of preset range |
| FR3004730A1 (en) * | 2013-04-19 | 2014-10-24 | Sicta Sas | ALUMINUM-BASED FOUNDRY ALLOY |
| US9038704B2 (en) | 2011-04-04 | 2015-05-26 | Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. | Aluminum alloy compositions and methods for die-casting thereof |
| WO2018205287A1 (en) * | 2017-05-12 | 2018-11-15 | 南通江中光电有限公司 | High-strength and -toughness corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy material and method for fabricating same |
| US10174409B2 (en) | 2011-10-28 | 2019-01-08 | Alcoa Usa Corp. | High performance AlSiMgCu casting alloy |
| CN113680993A (en) * | 2021-09-16 | 2021-11-23 | 漳州市兴达辉机械有限公司 | Casting process of connecting cross rod of treadmill handle |
| DE102020211653A1 (en) | 2020-09-17 | 2022-03-17 | Federal-Mogul Nürnberg GmbH | Aluminum alloy, method of manufacturing an engine component and engine component |
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Cited By (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU2003247334B2 (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2007-06-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration (Nasa) | High strength aluminum alloy for high temperature applications |
| EP1492894A4 (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2005-04-27 | Nasa | ALUMINUM ALLOY WITH HIGH MECHANICAL RESISTANCE FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS |
| US7682469B2 (en) * | 2002-07-22 | 2010-03-23 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Piston made of aluminum cast alloy and method of manufacturing the same |
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| EP1778887A4 (en) * | 2004-07-28 | 2010-06-02 | Alcoa Inc | AL-SI-MG-ZN-CU ALLOY FOR CAST PARTS USED IN AEROSPATIAL AND AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY |
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