WO2000071583A1 - Murine interleukin-1 homologue, il-1h3 - Google Patents

Abstract

Mus musculus Interleukin-1 homologue 3 polypeptides and polynucleotides and method for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for screening for compounds which either agonize or antagonize Mus musculus Interleukin-1 homologue 3. Such compounds are expected to be useful in treatment of human diseases, including, but not limited to: chronic and acute inflammation, septicemia, autoimmune diseases (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and arthritis), transplant rejection, graft vs. host disease, infection, stroke, ischemia, acute respiratory disease syndrome, allergies, asthma, restenosis, brain injury, AIDS, bone diseases (e.g. osteoporosis), cancer (e.g. lymphoproliferative disorders), congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's.

Description

Murine Interleukin- 1 homologue, IL-1H3

This application claims the benefit of pnonty of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/135,599, filed on May 24, 1999, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Field of the Invention

This invention relates to newly identified polypeptides and polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides, to their use in identifying compounds that may be agonists and/or antagonists that are potentially useful in therapy, and to production of such polypeptides and polynucleotides.

Background of the Invention

The drug discovery process is currently undergoing a fundamental revolution as it embraces 'functional genomics', that is, high throughput genome- or gene-based biology. This approach is rapidly superseding earlier approaches based on 'positional cloning'. A phenotype, that is a biological function or genetic disease, would be identified and this would then be tracked back to the responsible gene, based on its genetic map position.

Functional genomics relies heavily on the vanous tools of biomformatics to identify gene sequences of potential interest from the many molecular biology databases now available. There is a continuing need to identify and characterize further genes and their related polypeptides/protems, as targets for drug discovery.

Interleukin 1 refers to two proteins (ILlα and IL1 β) that play a key role early in the inflammatory response [see CA. Dmarello, Blood, 87:2095-2147 (1996)]. Both proteins are initially made as 3 lkD intracellular precursor proteins which are cleaved upon secretion to yield mature, biologically active carboxy-terminal 17kD fragments. In the case of IL-lβ, this cleavage involves an intracellular cysteme protease, known as ICE, which is required to release the active fragment from the inactive precursor. The precursor of IL-lα is active.

These two IL-1 proteins act by bindmg to cell surface receptors found on almost all cell types and tπggenng a range of responses either alone or in concert with other secreted factors. These range from effects on proliferation (e.g. of fϊbroblasts, and T cells), apoptosis (e.g. A375 melanoma cells), cytokme induction (e.g. of TNF, IL-1, and IL-8), receptor activation (e.g. E-selectin), eicosanoid production (e.g. PGE-2) and the secretion of degradative enzymes (e.g. collagenase). To achieve this, IL-1 activates franscnption factors such as NF-κB and AP-1. Several of the activities of IL-1 action on target cells are believed to be mediated through activation of kmase cascades that have also been associated with cellular stresses, such as the stress activated MAP kmases JNK/SAPK and p38. A third member of the IL-1 family was subsequently discovered which acts as a natural antagonist of IL-lα and IL-1 β by binding to the IL-1 receptor but not transducing an intracellular signal or a biological response. The protein was called IL-lra (for IL-1 receptor antagonist) or IRAP (for IL-1 receptor antagonist protein). At least three alternatively splice forms of IL-lra exist: one encodes a secreted protein, and the other two encode intracellular proteins. The relative role of the three forms and reason for their different localization is not known. All three proteins, IL-lα, IL-lβ and IL-lra share approximately 25-30% amino acid identity and a similar three-dimensional structure consisting of twelve β-strands folded into a β-barrel, with an internal thnce repeated structural motif

There are three known JL-1 receptor subu ts. The active receptor complex consists of the type I receptor and ILlRAcP (for IL-1 accessory protein). The type I receptor is responsible for binding of the three ligands, and is able to do so in the absence of the ILlRAcP. However, signal transduction requires interaction of IL-lα, or β with the ILlRAcP. IL-lra does not interact with the IL-lRAcP and hence cannot signal. A third receptor subunit, the type II receptor, binds IL-lα and _L- 1 β but cannot signal due to its lack of an intracellular domain. Rather, it acts as a decoy either in its membrane form or an antagonist in a cleaved secreted form, and hence inhibits IL-1 activity. It only weakly binds IL- 1 ra.

Many studies using IL-lra, soluble IL-IR, denved from the extracellular domain of the type I IL-IR, antibodies to IL-lα or β, and transgenic knockouts of these genes have shown conclusively that the IL-ls play a key role in a number of pathophysiologies (see CA. Dmarello, Blood 87:2095-2147 (1996)). For example, IL-lra has been shown to be effective in animal models of septic shock, rheumatoid arthntis, graft versus host disease, stroke, cardiac ischemia, and is currently m clinical tnals for some of these indications. Moreover, IL-lα and β have shown some potential as hematopoietic stem cell stimulators with potential as radio- and chemoprotectants.

More recently, a more distant member of the IL-1 family was identified. This protein, onginally isolated through its ability to induce mterferon gamma in T cells, and hence called mterferon Gamma Inducing Factor (IGIF) [H. Okamura et al., Nature 378:88-91 (1995)], was subsequently shown to fold in a similar structure to the IL-ls and share weak ammo acid identity [Bazan et al., Nature 379:591 (1996)] The name IL-lγ was proposed, but the name IL-18 has been officially adopted IGIF appears to play a direct role m the liver damage that occurs dunng toxic shock and is therefore like the other IL-ls in playing an early role m inflammatory and stressful conditions. Like IL-1, it binds to two receptor subunits which belong to the IL-1 family of receptors [Tongoe et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:25737 (1997); Born et al, J. Biol. Chem. 273:29445 (1998)].

Summary of the Invention

The present mvention relates to Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3, in particular Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 polypeptides and Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 polynucleotides, recombinant matenals and methods for their production. In another aspect, the invention relates to methods for identifying agonists and antagonists/inhibitors of the Mus musculus Interleukm-1 homologue 3 gene. This invention further relates to the generation of in vitro and in vivo comparison data relating to the polynucleotides and polypeptides in order to predict oral absorption and pharmacokmetics in man of compounds that either agonize or antagonize the biological activity of such polynucleotides or polypeptides. Such a comparison of data will enable the selection of drugs with optimal pharmacokmetics in man, i.e., good oral bioavailability, blood- bram barrier penetration, plasma half life, and minimum drug interaction.

The present invention further relates to methods for creating transgenic animals, which overexpress or underexpress or have regulatable expression of a Interleukm-1 homologue 3 gene and "knock-out" animals, preferably mice, m which an animal no longer expresses a Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 gene. Furthermore, this invention relates to transgenic and knock-out animals obtained by using these methods. Such animal models are expected to provide valuable insight mto the potential pharmacological and toxicological effects in humans of compounds that are discovered by the aforementioned screening methods as well as other methods. An understanding of how a Mus musculus Interleukm-1 homologue 3 gene functions in these animal models is expected to provide an insight into treating and preventing human diseases including, but not limited to: chronic and acute inflammation, septicemia, autoimmune diseases (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, psonasis, and arthntis), transplant rejection, graft vs. host disease, infection, stroke, ischemia, acute respiratory disease syndrome, allergies, asthma, restenosis, brain injury, AIDS, bone diseases (e.g. osteoporosis), cancer (e.g. lymphopro ferative disorders), congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, hereinafter referred to as "the Diseases", amongst others. Description of the Invention

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to Mus musculus Interleukm-1 homologue 3 polypeptides. Such polypeptides include isolated polypeptides comprising an ammo acid sequence having at least a 95% identity, most preferably at least a 97-99% identity, to that of SEQ ID NO:2 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO:2. Such polypeptides include those comprising the ammo acid of SEQ ID NO:2.

(a) an isolated polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide comprising the sequence contained in SEQ ID NO: 1;

(b) an isolated polypeptide comprising a polypeptide sequence having at least a 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;

(c) an isolated polypeptide comprising the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;(d) an isolated polypeptide having at least a 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;

(e) the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; and (f) variants and fragments thereof; and portions of such polypeptides m (a) to (e) that generally contain at least 30 ammo acids, more preferably at least 50 ammo acids, thereof.

Polypeptides of the present mvention are believed to be members of the Interleukιn-1 family of polypeptides. They are, therefore, of interest, because these proteins play a role m chronic and acute diseases and could therefore be therapeutic agents or targets for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, the polypeptides of the present invention can be used to establish assays to predict oral absorbtion and pharmacokmetics in man and thus enhance compound and formulation design, among others. These properties, either alone or in the aggregate, are hereinafter referred to as "Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 activity" or "Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 polypeptide activity" or "biological activity of Interleukm-1 homologue 3." Preferably, a polypeptide of the present invention exhibits at least one biological activity of Mus musculus

Interleukin- 1 homologue 3.

Polypeptides of the present invention also mcludes vanants of the aforementioned polypeptides, including alleles and splice vanants. Such polypeptides vary from the reference polypeptide by insertions, deletions, and substitutions that may be conservative or non-conservative Particularly preferred vanants are those in which several, for instance from 50 to 30, from 30 to 20, from 20 to 10, from 10 to 5, from 5 to 3, from 3 to 2, from 2 to 1 or 1 ammo acids are inserted, substituted, or deleted, in any combination. Particularly preferred pnmers will have between 20 and 25 nucleotides.

Preferred fragments of polypeptides of the present invention include an isolated polypeptide comprising an ammo acid sequence having at least 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 100 contiguous ammo acids from the ammo acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, or an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 100 contiguous ammo acids truncated or deleted from the ammo acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

Also preferred are biologically active fragments which are those fragments that mediate activities of Interleukm-1 homologue 3, including those with a similar activity or an improved activity, or with a decreased undesirable activity. Also included are those fragments that are antigenic or lmmunogemc in an animal, especially in a human. Particularly preferred are fragments compnsing receptors or domains of enzymes that confer a function essential for viability of Mus musculus or the ability to initiate, or maintain cause the Diseases in an individual, particularly a human.

Fragments of the polypeptides of the invention may be employed for producing the corresponding full-length polypeptide by peptide synthesis; therefore, these vanants may be employed as intermediates for producing the full-length polypeptides of the invention.

The polypeptides of the present mvention may be m the form of a "mature" protein or may be a part of a larger protein such as a fusion protein. It is often advantageous to include an additional ammo acid sequence that contains secretory or leader sequences, pro-sequences, sequences that aid in purification, for instance, multiple histidine residues, or an additional sequence for stability during recombinant production.

The present invention also includes vanants of the aforementioned polypeptides, that is polypeptides that vary from the referents by conservative ammo acid substitutions, whereby a residue is substituted by another with like charactenstics. Typical substitutions are among Ala, Val, Leu and He; among Ser and Thr; among the acidic residues Asp and Glu; among Asn and Gin; and among the basic residues Lys and Arg; or aromatic residues Phe and Tyr. Particularly preferred are vanants in which several, 5-10, 1-5, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 ammo acids are substituted, deleted, or added in any combination.

Polypeptides of the present invention can be prepared in any suitable manner. Such polypeptides include isolated naturally occurring polypeptides, recombmantly produced polypeptides, synthetically produced polypeptides, or polypeptides produced by a combination of these methods. Means for preparing such polypeptides are well understood in the art. In a further aspect, the present invention relates to Mus musculus Interleukm-1 homologue 3 polynucleotides. Such polynucleotides include isolated polynucleotides compnsing a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having at least a 95% identity, to the ammo acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, over the entire length of SEQ ID NO:2. In this regard, polypeptides which have at least a 97% identity are highly preferred, while those with at least a 98-99% identity are more highly preferred, and those with at least a 99% identity are most highly preferred. Such polynucleotides include a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence contained m SEQ ID NO: 1 encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2.

Further polynucleotides of the present invention include isolated polynucleotides compnsing a nucleotide sequence having at least a 95% identity, to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2, over the entire coding region. In this regard, polynucleotides which have at least a 97% identity are highly preferred, while those with at least a 98-99% identity are more highly preferred, and those with at least a 99% identity are most highly preferred.

Further polynucleotides of the present invention include isolated polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least a 95% identity, to SEQ ID NO: 1 over the entire length of SEQ

ID NO: 1. In this regard, polynucleotides which have at least a 97% identity are highly preferred, while those with at least a 98-99% identify are more highly preferred, and those with at least a 99% identity are most highly preferred. Such polynucleotides include a polynucleotide compnsing the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 , as well as the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1. The invention also provides polynucleotides which are complementary to all the above described polynucleotides.

The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l shows homology with mouse IL-1 receptor antagonist (Accession No. M74294; Zahedi, K. et al., J. Immunol. 146: 4228-4233 (1991)). The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l is a cDNA sequence and compnses a polypeptide encoding sequence (nucleotide 1 to 465) encoding a polypeptide of 155 ammo acids, the polypeptide of SEQ ID

NO.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 may be identical to the polypeptide encoding sequence of SEQ ID NO.1 or it may be a sequence other than SEQ ID NO: 1 , which, as a result of the redundancy (degeneracy) of the genetic code, also encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2. The polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 is structurally related to other proteins of the Interleukin- 1 family, having homology and or structural similarity with mouse IL-1 receptor antagonist (Accession No. M74294; Zahedi.K et al., J. Immunol 146: 4228-4233 (1991)).

Preferred polypeptides and polynucleotides of the present invention are expected to have, inter aha, similar biological functions/properties to their homologous polypeptides and polynucleotides. Furthermore, preferred polypeptides and polynucleotides of the present invention have at least one Interleukm-1 homologue 3 activity.

Polynucleotides of the present mvention may be obtained, usmg standard cloning and screening techniques, from a cDNA library denved from mRNA in cells of Mus musculus 19.5 dpc mouse whole fetus, usmg the expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis (Adams, M.D., et al. Science

(1991) 252: 1651-1656; Adams, M.D. et al , Nature (1992) 355:632-634; Adams, M.D., et al, Nature (1995) 377 Supp.: 3-174). Polynucleotides of the invention can also be obtained from natural sources such as genomic DNA libraries or can be synthesized using well known and commercially available techniques. When polynucleotides of the present invention are used for the recombmant production of polypeptides of the present invention, the polynucleotide may include the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide, by itself; or the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide m reading frame with other coding sequences, such as those encoding a leader or secretory sequence, a pre-, or pro- or prepro- protein sequence, or other fusion peptide portions. For example, a marker sequence that facilitates punfication of the fused polypeptide can be encoded. In certain preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the marker sequence is a hexa-histidme peptide, as provided in the pQE vector (Qiagen, Inc.) and descnbed in Gentz, et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1989) 86:821-824, or is an HA tag. The polynucleotide may also compnse non-coding 5' and 3' sequences, such as transcnbed, non-translated sequences, splicing and polyadenylation signals, nbosome binding sites and sequences that stabilize mRNA.

Further embodiments of the present invention include polynucleotides encoding polypeptide vanants that comprise the ammo acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and in which several, for instance from 50 to 30, from 30 to 20, from 20 to 10, from 10 to 5, from 5 to 3, from 3 to 2, from 1 to 1 or 1 ammo acid residues are substituted, deleted or added, in any combination. Particularly preferred probes will have between 30 and 50 nucleotides, but may have between 100 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1.

A preferred embodiment of the invention is a polynucleotide of consisting of or compnsing nucleotide 1 to the nucleotide immediately upstream of or including nucleotide 465 set forth in SEQ ID NO. l, which encodes a Interleukm-1 homologue 3 polypeptide. The invention also includes a polynucleotide consisting of or comprising a polynucleotide of the formula:

X-(R₁)_m-(R₂)-(R₃)_n-Y wherem, at the 5' end of the molecule, X is hydrogen, a metal or a modified nucleotide residue, or together with Y defines a covalent bond, and at the 3' end of the molecule, Y is hydrogen, a metal, or a modified nucleotide residue, or together with X defines the covalent bond, each occurrence of Rι and R3 is independently any nucleic acid residue or modified nucleic acid residue, m is an integer between 1 and 3000 or zero , n is an integer between 1 and 3000 or zero, and R₂ ^{1S a} nucleic acid sequence or modified nucleic acid sequence of the invention, particularly a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 or a modified nucleic acid sequence thereof. In the polynucleotide formula above, R₂ is onented so that its 5' end nucleic acid residue is at the left, bound to R1 and its 3' end nucleic acid residue is at the right, bound to R3. Any stretch of nucleic acid residues denoted by either R1 and/or R₂, where m and or n is greater than 1 , may be either a heteropolymer or a homopolymer, preferably a heteropolymer. Where, in a preferred embodiment, X and Y together define a covalent bond, the polynucleotide of the above formula is a closed, circular polynucleotide, which can be a double-stranded polynucleotide wherein the formula shows a first strand to which the second strand is complementary. In another preferred embodiment m and/or n is an integer between 1 and 1000. Other preferred embodiments of the invention are provided where m is an integer between 1 and 50, 100 or 500, and n is an integer between 1 and 50, 100, or 500.

Polynucleotides that are identical, or are substantially identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, may be used as hybndization probes for cDNA and genomic DNA or as pnmers for a nucleic acid amplification (PCR) reaction, to isolate full-length cDNAs and genomic clones encoding polypeptides of the present invention and to isolate cDNA and genomic clones of other genes

(including genes encoding homologs and orthologs from species other than Mus musculus) that have a high sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. Typically these nucleotide sequences are 95% identical to that of the referent. Preferred probes or pnmers will generally compnse at least 15 nucleotides, preferably, at least 30 nucleotides and may have at least 50 nucleotides, and may even have at least 100 nucleotides Particularly preferred pnmers will have between 20 and 25 nucleotides.

A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention, including homologs and orthologs from a species other than Mus musculus, may be obtained by a process compnsing the steps of screening an appropriate library under stringent hybndization conditions with a labeled probe having the sequence of SEQ ID NO- 1 or a fragment thereof, preferably of at least 15 nucleotides in length; and isolating full-length cDNA and genomic clones compnsing said polynucleotide sequence.

Such hybndization techniques are well known to the skilled artisan. Preferred stringent hybridization conditions include overnight incubation at 42°C m a solution compnsing: 50% formamide, 5xSSC (150mM NaCl, 15mM tπsodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH7.6), 5x Denhardt's solution, 10 % dextran sulfate, and 20 microgram/ml denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters m O.lx SSC at about 65°C. Thus, the present invention also includes isolated polynucleotides, preferably of at least 100 nucleotides in length, obtained by screening an appropnate library under stnngent hybndization conditions with a labeled probe having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof, preferably of at least 15 nucleotides. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in many cases, an isolated cDNA sequence will be incomplete, m that the region coding for the polypeptide is cut short at the 5' end of the cDNA. This is a consequence of reverse transcπptase, an enzyme with inherently low 'processivity' (a measure of the ability of the enzyme to remain attached to the template during the polymerization reaction), failing to complete a DNA copy of the mRNA template during 1 st strand cDNA synthesis.

There are several methods available and well known to those skilled in the art to obtain full- length cDNAs, or extend short cDNAs, for example, those based on the method of Rapid Amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) (see, for example, Frohman, et al, Proc. Natl Acad. Set, USA 85, 8998-9002, 1988). Recent modifications of the technique, exemplified by the Marathon™ technology (Clontech Laboratories Inc.), for example, have significantly simplified the search for longer cDNAs. In the Marathon™ technology, cDNAs have been prepared from mRNA extracted from a chosen tissue and an 'adaptor' sequence ligated onto each end. Nucleic acid amplification (PCR) is then carried out to amplify the 'missing' 5' end of the cDNA using a combination of gene specific and adaptor specific ohgonucleotide primers. The PCR reaction is then repeated using 'nested' primers, that is, primers designed to anneal withm the amplified product (typically an adaptor specific primer that anneals further 3' in the adaptor sequence and a gene specific primer that anneals further 5' in the known gene sequence). The products of this reaction can then be analyzed by DNA sequencing and a full-length cDNA constructed either by joining the product directly to the existing cDNA to give a complete sequence, or carrying out a separate full-length PCR using the new sequence information for the design of the 5' primer.

Recombmant polypeptides of the present invention may be prepared by processes well known in the art from genetically engineered host cells comprising expression systems. Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present invention relates to expression systems compnsing a polynucleotide or polynucleotides of the present invention, to host cells which are genetically engineered with such expression systems and to the production of polypeptides of the invention by recombmant techniques

Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce such proteins using RNAs denved from the DNA constructs of the present invention. For recombmant production, host cells can be genetically engineered to incorporate expression systems or portions thereof for polynucleotides of the present invention. Introduction of polynucleotides into host cells can be effected by methods descnbed in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis, et al , BASIC METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (1986) and Sambrook, et al, MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2nd Ed., Cold Spnng

Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spnng Harbor, N.Y. (1989). Preferred methods of introducing polynucleotides into host cells include, for instance, calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, transvection, micromjection, catiomc hpid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, scrape loading, ballistic introduction or infection. Representative examples of appropnate hosts include bactenal cells, such as streptococci, staphylococci, E coh, Streptomyces and Bacillus subtihs cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells and Aspergillus cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, HeLa, C127, 3T3, BHK, HEK 293 and Bowes melanoma cells; and plant cells.

A great vanety of expression systems can be used, for instance, chromosomal, episomal and virus-derived systems, e g , vectors denved from bactenal plasmids, from bactenophage, from transposons, from yeast episomes, from insertion elements, from yeast chromosomal elements, from viruses such as baculoviruses, papova viruses, such as SV40, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors denved from combinations thereof, such as those derived from plasmid and bactenophage genetic elements, such as cosmids and phagemids. The expression systems may compnse control regions that regulate as well as engender expression

Generally, any system or vector that is able to maintain, propagate or express a polynucleotide to produce a polypeptide in a host may be used The appropriate nucleotide sequence may be inserted into an expression system by any of a vanety of well-known and routine techniques, such as, for example, those set forth in Sambrook, et al, MOLECULAR CLONING, A LABORATORY MANUAL (supra)

If a polypeptide of the present invention is to be expressed for use m screening assays, it is generally preferred that the polypeptide be produced at the surface of the cell. In this event, the cells may be harvested prior to use m the screening assay If the polypeptide is secreted into the medium, the medium can be recovered in order to recover and purify the polypeptide If produced intracellularly, the cells must first be lysed before the polypeptide is recovered.

Polypeptides of the present invention can be recovered and punfied from recombmant cell cultures by well-known methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Most preferably, high performance liquid chromatography is employed for punfication. Well known techniques for refolding proteins may be employed to regenerate active conformation when the polypeptide is denatured dunng isolation and/or punfication. Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 gene products can be expressed m transgenic animals. Animals of any species, including, but not limited to: mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, pigs, micro-pigs, goats, and non-human pnmates, e g , baboons, monkeys, chimpanzees, may be used to generate Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 transgenic animals.

This invention further relates to a method of producing transgenic animals, preferably Mus musculus, over-expressing Interleukm-1 homologue 3, which method may compnse the introduction of several copies of a segment comprising at least the polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ED NO:2 with a suitable promoter into the cells of a Mus musculus embryo, or the cells of another species, at an early stage.

This invention further relates to a method of producing transgenic animals, preferably Mus musculus, under-expressing or regulatably expressing Interleukm-1 homologue 3, which method may compnse the introduction of a weak promoter or a regulatable promoter (e.g., an mducible or repressible promoter) respectively, expressibly linked to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 into the cells of a Mus musculus embryo at an early stage.

This invention also relates to transgenic animals, charactenzed m that they are obtained by a method, as defined above

Any technique known in the art may be used to introduce a Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 transgene into animals to produce a founder line of animals. Such techniques include, but are not limited to: pronuclear microinjection (U.S. Patent No. 4,873,191); retrovirus mediated gene transfer into germ lines (Van der Putten, et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci , USA 82: 6148-6152 (1985); gene targeting in embryonic stem cells (Thompson, et al , Cell 56: 313-321 (1989); electropolation of embryos (Lo, Mol Cell Biol 3: 1803-1814 (1983); and sperm-mediated gene transfer (Lavitrano, et al , Cell 57. 717-723 (1989); etc For a review of such techniques, see Gordon, Ml Rev Cytol. 115: 171-229 (1989).

A further aspect of the present invention involves gene targeting by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to produce a transgenic animal with a mutation in a Interleukm-

1 homologue 3 gene ("knock-out" mutation) In such so-called "knock-out" animals, there is mactivation of the Interleukm-1 homologue 3 gene or altered gene expression, such that the animals are useful to study the function of the Interleukm-1 homologue 3 gene, thus providing animals models of human disease, which are otherwise not readily available through spontaneous, chemical or irradiation mutagenesis. Another aspect of the present mvention involves the generation of so-called "knock-m" animals in which a portion of a wild-type gene is fused to the cDNA of a heterologous gene.

This invention further relates to a method of producing "knock-out" animals, preferably mice, no longer expressing Interleukm-1 homologue 3. By using standard cloning techniques, a Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 1) can be used as a probe to screen suitable branes to obtain the munne Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 genomic DNA clone. Using the munne genomic clone, the method used to create a knockout mouse is charactenzed in that: a suitable mutation is produced in the polynucleotide sequence of the munne Interleukm-1 homologue 3 genomic clone, which inhibits the expression of a gene encoding munne Interleukm-1 homologue 3, or inhibits the activity of the gene product; said modified munne Interleukm-1 homologue 3 polynucleotide is introduced into a homologous segment of munne genomic DNA, combined with an appropnate marker, so as to obtain a labeled sequence compnsing said modified munne genomic DNA; said modified munne genomic DNA compnsing the modified polynucleotide is transfected into embryonic stem cells and correctly targeted events selected in vitro; then said stem cells are reinjected into a mouse embryo; then said embryo is implanted mto a female recipient and brought to term as a chimera which transmits said mutation through the germ ne; and homozygous recombmant mice are obtained at the F2 generation which are recognizable by the presence of the marker.

Vanous methods for producing mutations in non-human animals are contemplated and well known in the art. In a preferred method, a mutation is generated in a munne Interleukin- 1 homologue

3 allele by the introduction of a DNA construct compnsing DNA of a gene encoding munne Interleukιn-1 homologue 3, which munne gene contains the mutation. The mutation is targeted to the allele by way of the DNA construct The DNA of the gene encoding munne Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 comprised in the construct may be foreign to the species of which the recipient is a member, may be native to the species and foreign only to the individual recipient, may be a construct compnsed of synthetic or natural genetic components, or a mixture of these. The mutation may constitute an insertion, deletion, substitution, or combination thereof The DNA construct can be introduced into cells by, for example, calcium-phosphate DNA co-precipitation. It is preferred that a mutation be introduced mto cells using electroporation, microinjection, virus infection, hgand-DNA conjugation, virus- gand-DNA conjugation, or liposomes.

Another embodiment of the instant invention relates to "knock-out" animals, preferably mice, obtained by a method of producing recombmant mice as defined above, among others.

Another aspect of this invention provides for in vitro Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 "knock-outs", . e., tissue cultures. Animals of any species, including, but not limited to: mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, pigs, micro-pigs, goats, and non-human pnmates, e g , baboons, monkeys, chimpanzees, may be used to generate in vitro Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 "knock-outs". Methods for "knocking out" genes in vitro are descnbed in Galli-Taliadoros, et al, Journal of Immunological

Methods 181: 1-15 (1995).

Transgenic, "knock-m", and "knock-out" animals, as defined above, are a particularly advantageous model, from a physiological point of view, for studying Interleukm-1. Such animals will be valuable tools to study the functions of a Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 gene. Moreover, such animal models are expected to provide information about potential toxicological effects m humans of any compounds discovered by an aforementioned screening method, among others. An understanding of how a Mus musculus Interleukm-1 homologue 3 gene functions in these animal models is expected to provide an insight into treating and preventing human diseases including, but not limited to: chronic and acute inflammation, septicemia, autoimmune diseases (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, psonasis, and arthntis), transplant rejection, graft vs host disease, infection, stroke, ischemia, acute respiratory disease syndrome, allergies, asthma, restenosis, brain injury, AIDS, bone diseases (e.g. osteoporosis), cancer (e.g. lymphoproliferative disorders), congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.

Polypeptides of the present invention are responsible for many biological functions, including many disease states, in particular the Diseases mentioned herein. It is, therefore, an aspect of the invention to devise screening methods to identify compounds that stimulate (agonists) or that inhibit (antagonists) the function of the polypeptide, such as agonists, antagonists and inhibitors Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present invention provides for a method of screening compounds to identify those that stimulate or inhibit the function of the polypeptide. In general, agonists or antagonists may be employed for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes for the Diseases mentioned herein mentioned Compounds may be identified from a variety of sources, for example, cells, cell- free preparations, chemical hbranes, and natural product mixtures. Such agonists and antagonists so- ldentified may be natural or modified substrates, ligands, receptors, enzymes, etc., as the case may be, of the polypeptide; or may be structural or functional mimetics thereof (see Coligan, et al , CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 1(2): Chapter 5 (1991)).

The screening method may simply measure the binding of a candidate compound to the polypeptide, or to cells or membranes bearing the polypeptide, or a fusion protein thereof by means of a label directly or indirectly associated with the candidate compound. Alternatively, a screening method may involve measuring or, qualitatively or quantitatively, detecting the competition of binding of a candidate compound to the polypeptide with a labeled competitor (e g , agonist or antagonist). Further, screening methods may test whether the candidate compound results in a signal generated by an agonist or antagonist of the polypeptide, using detection systems appropriate to cells bearing the polypeptide. Antagonists are generally assayed in the presence of a known agonist and an effect on activation by the agonist by the presence of the candidate compound is observed. Further, screening methods may simply comprise the steps of mixing a candidate compound with a solution comprising a polypeptide of the present invention, to form a mixture, measuring Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 activity in the mixture, and comparing a Mus musculus Interleukm-1 homologue 3 activity of the mixture to a control mixture which contains no candidate compound.

Polypeptides of the present invention may be employed in conventional low capacity screening methods and also in high-throughput screening (HTS) formats. Such HTS formats include not only the well-established use of 96- and, more recently, 384-well microtiter plates but also emerging methods such as the nanowell method described by Schullek, et al , Anal Biochem.,

246, 20-29, (1997).

Fusion proteins, such as those made from Fc portion and Mus musculus Interleukm-1 homologue 3 polypeptide, as herein described, can also be used for high-throughput screening assays to identify antagonists of antagonists of the polypeptide of the present invention (see D Bennett, et al , J Mol Recognition, 8:52-58 (1995); and K. Johanson, et al , J Biol Chem.,

270(16):9459-9471 (1995)).

Examples of potential polypeptide antagonists include antibodies or, in some cases, o gopeptides or proteins that are closely related to ligands, substrates, receptors, enzymes, etc., as the case may be, of a Interleuk -1 homologue 3 polypeptide, e g., a fragment of a ligand, substrate, receptor, enzyme, etc; or small molecules which bind to a Interleukm-1 homologue 3 polypeptide but do not elicit a response, so that an activity of a Interleukm-1 homologue 3 polypeptide is prevented.

Thus, in another aspect, the present invention relates to a screening kit for identifying agonists, antagonists, inhibitors, ligands, receptors, substrates, enzymes, etc. for polypeptides of the present invention; or compounds which decrease or enhance the production of such polypeptides, which compounds comprise a member selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a polypeptide of the present invention;

(b) a recombmant cell expressing a polypeptide of the present invention; or (c) a cell membrane expressing a polypeptide of the present invention; which polypeptide is preferably that of SEQ ID NO:2.

It will be appreciated that m any such kit, (a), (b) or (c) may comprise a substantial component.

It will also be readily appreciated by the skilled artisan that a polypeptide of the present invention may also be used in a method for the structure -based design of an agonist, antagonist or inhibitor of the polypeptide, by:

(a) determining in the first instance the three-dimensional structure of the polypeptide;

(b) deducing the three-dimensional structure for the likely reactive or bmdmg sιte(s) of an agonist, antagonist or inhibitor; (c) synthesizing candidate compounds that are predicted to bind to or react with the deduced bmdmg or reactive site; and

(d) testing whether the candidate compounds are indeed agonists, antagonists or inhibitors.

It will be further appreciated that this will normally be an iterative process.

In an alternative preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of Mus musculus Interleukm-1 homologue 3 polypeptides, polynucleotides, and recombmant materials thereof in selection screens to identify compounds which are neither agonists nor antagonist/inhibitors of Mus musculus Interleukm-1 homologue 3. The data from such a selection screen is expected to provide in vitro and in vivo comparisons and to predict oral absorption, pharmacokmetics in humans. The ability to make such a comparison of data will enhance formulation design through the identification of compounds with optimal development characteristics, i e , high oral bioavailabihty, UID (once a day) dosmg, reduced drug interactions, reduced variability, and reduced food effects, among others

The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein. "Allele" refers to one or more alternative forms of a gene occurring at a given locus in the genome.

"Fragment" of a polypeptide sequence refers to a polypeptide sequence that is shorter than the reference sequence but that retains essentially the same biological function or activity as the reference polypeptide. "Fragment" of a polynucleotide sequence refers to a polynucleotide sequence that is shorter than the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO:l .

"Fusion protein" refers to a protein encoded by two, often unrelated, fused genes or fragments thereof. In one example, EP-A-0464 discloses fusion proteins compnsing various portions of constant region of immunoglobulm molecules together with another human protein or part thereof. In many cases, employing an immunoglobulm Fc region as a part of a fusion protein is advantageous for use in therapy and diagnosis resulting in, for example, improved pharmacokmetic properties [see, e g , EP-A 0232 262]. On the other hand, for some uses, it would be desirable to be able to delete the Fc part after the fusion protein has been expressed, detected, and purified

"Homolog" is a generic term used in the art to indicate a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence possessing a high degree of sequence relatedness to a reference sequence. Such relatedness may be quantified by determining the degree of identity and/or similarity between the two sequences as hereinbefore defined. Falling within this generic term are the terms, "ortholog", and "paralog". "Ortholog" refers to polynucleotides/genes or polypeptide that are homologs via speciation, that is closely related and assumed to have commend descent based on structural and functional considerations. "Paralog" refers to polynucleotides/genes or polypeptide that are homologs via gene duplication, for instance, duplicated variants within a genome.

"Identity" reflects a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, determined by comparing the sequences. In general, identity refers to an exact nucleotide to nucleotide or ammo acid to ammo acid correspondence of the two polynucleotide or two polypeptide sequences, respectively, over the length of the sequences being compared For sequences where there is not an exact correspondence, a "% identity" may be determined. In general, the two sequences to be compared are aligned to give a maximum correlation between the sequences. This may include inserting "gaps" in either one or both sequences, to enhance the degree of alignment. A % identity may be determined over the whole length of each of the sequences being compared (so-called global alignment), that is particularly suitable for sequences of the same or very similar length, or over shorter, defined lengths (so-called local alignment), that is more suitable for sequences of unequal length "Similaπty" is a further, more sophisticated measure of the relationship between two polypeptide sequences. In general, "similarity" means a comparison between the ammo acids of two polypeptide chains, on a residue by residue basis, taking mto account not only exact correspondences between a between pairs of residues, one from each of the sequences being compared (as for identity) but also, where there is not an exact correspondence, whether, on an evolutionary basis, one residue is a likely substitute for the other. This likelihood has an associated 'score' from which the "% similarity" of the two sequences can then be determined.

Methods for comparing the identity and similarity of two or more sequences are well known in the art. Thus for instance, programs available m the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, version 9.1 (Devereux J, et al, Nucleic Acids Res, 12, 387-395, 1984, available from Genetics

Computer Group, Madison, Wisconsin, USA), for example the programs BESTFIT and GAP, may be used to determine the % identity between two polynucleotides and the % identity and the % similarity between two polypeptide sequences. BESTFIT uses the "local homology" algorithm of Smith and Waterman (J Mol Biol , 147: 195-197, 1981, Advances in Applied Mathematics, 2, 482- 489, 1981) and finds the best single region of similarity between two sequences. BESTFIT is more suited to comparing two polynucleotide or two polypeptide sequences that are dissimilar in length, the program assuming that the shorter sequence represents a portion of the longer. In companson, GAP aligns two sequences, finding a "maximum similarity", according to the algorithm of Neddleman and Wunsch (J Mo I Biol , 48, 443-453, 1970). GAP is more suited to comparing sequences that are approximately the same length and an alignment is expected over the entire length Preferably, the parameters "Gap Weight" and "Length Weight" used in each program are 50 and 3, for polynucleotide sequences and 12 and 4 for polypeptide sequences, respectively. Preferably, % identities and similarities are determined when the two sequences being compared are optimally aligned Other programs for determining identity and/or similarity between sequences are also known in the art, for instance the BLAST family of programs (Altschul S.F., et al , J Mol Biol , 215, 403-410, 1990, Altschul S.F , et al , Nucleic Acids Res , 25:389-3402, 1997, available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA and accessible through the home page of the NCBI at www ncbi nlm nih.gov) and FASTA (Pearson W R, Methods in Enzymology, 183 63-99 (1990), Pearson W R and Lipman D J , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 85

2444-2448 (1988) (available as part of the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package).

Preferably, the BLOSUM62 ammo acid substitution matrix (Hemkoff S. and Henikoff J G , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 89 10915-10919 (1992)) is used m polypeptide sequence comparisons mcludmg where nucleotide sequences are first translated mto ammo acid sequences before comparison.

Preferably, the program BESTFIT is used to determine the % identity of a query polynucleotide or a polypeptide sequence with respect to a polynucleotide or a polypeptide sequence of the present mvention, the query and the reference sequence being optimally aligned and the parameters of the program set at the default value, as hereinbefore described.

Alternatively, for instance, for the purposes of interpreting the scope of a claim including mention of a "% identity" to a reference polynucleotide, a polynucleotide sequence having, for example, at least 95% identity to a reference polynucleotide sequence is identical to the reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence may include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference sequence. Such point mutations are selected from the group consisting of at least one nucleotide deletion, substitution, including transition and transversion, or insertion. These point mutations may occur at the 5' or 3' terminal positions of the reference polynucleotide sequence or anywhere between these terminal positions, interspersed either individually among the nucleotides m the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups withm the reference sequence. In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide sequence having at least 95% identity to a reference polynucleotide sequence, up to 5% of the nucleotides of the in the reference sequence may be deleted, substituted or inserted, or any combination thereof, as hereinbefore described. The same applies mutatis mutandis for other % identities such as 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and 100%. For the purposes of interpreting the scope of a claim including mention of a "% identity" to a reference polypeptide, a polypeptide sequence having, for example, at least 95% identity to a reference polypeptide sequence is identical to the reference sequence except that the polypeptide sequence may include up to five point mutations per each 100 ammo acids of the reference sequence. Such point mutations are selected from the group consisting of at least one ammo acid deletion, substitution, including conservative and non-conservative substitution, or insertion. These point mutations may occur at the ammo- or carboxy-terminal positions of the reference polypeptide sequence or anywhere between these terminal positions, interspersed either individually among the ammo acids in the reference sequence or m one or more contiguous groups withm the reference sequence In other words, to obtain a sequence polypeptide sequence having at least 95% identity to a reference polypeptide sequence, up to 5% of the amino acids of the in the reference sequence may be deleted, substituted or inserted, or any combination thereof, as hereinbefore described. The same applies mutatis mutandis for other % identities such as 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and 100%. A preferred meaning for "identity" for polynucleotides and polypeptides, as the case may be, are provided in (1) and (2) below.

(1) Polynucleotide embodiments further include an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence having at least a 95, 97 or 100% identity to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 , wherein said polynucleotide sequence may be identical to the reference sequence of SEQ ID

NO: 1 or may include up to a certain integer number of nucleotide alterations as compared to the reference sequence, wherem said alterations are selected from the group consisting of at least one nucleotide deletion, substitution, including transition and transversion, or insertion, and wherein said alterations may occur at the 5' or 3' terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among the nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups withm the reference sequence, and wherem said number of nucleotide alterations is determined by multiplying the total number of nucleotides in SEQ ID NO:l by the integer defining the percent identity divided by 100 and then subtracting that product from said total number of nucleotides in SEQ ID NO: 1, or:

ⁿn ≤ *n " (x_n y),

wherem n_n is the number of nucleotide alterations, x_n is the total number of nucleotides in SEQ ID NO: l, y is 0.95 for 95%, 0.97 for 97% or 1.00 for 100%, and • is the symbol for the multiplication operator, and wherein any non-mteger product of x_n and y is rounded down to the nearest integer prior to subtracting it from x_n. Alterations of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO.2 may create nonsense, missense or frameshift mutations m this coding sequence and thereby alter the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide following such alterations.

(2) Polypeptide embodiments further include an isolated polypeptide comprising a polypeptide having at least a 95, 97 or 100% identity to a polypeptide reference sequence of SEQ ID

NO.2, wherem said polypeptide sequence may be identical to the reference sequence of SEQ ID NO.2 or may include up to a certain integer number of ammo acid alterations as compared to the reference sequence, wherem said alterations are selected from the group consisting of at least one ammo acid deletion, substitution, including conservative and non-conservative substitution, or insertion, and wherem said alterations may occur at the ammo- or carboxy-termmal positions of the reference polypeptide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among the ammo acids in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups withm the reference sequence, and wherem said number of ammo acid alterations is determined by multiplying the total number of ammo acids in SEQ ID NO:2 by the integer defining the percent identity divided by 100 and then subtracting that product from said total number of ammo acids in SEQ ID NO:2, or:

n_a < x_a - (x_a • y),

wherem n_a is the number of ammo acid alterations, x_a is the total number of ammo acids in SEQ ID NO:2, y is 0.95 for 95%, 0.97 for 97% or 1.00 for 100%, and • is the symbol for the multiplication operator, and wherein any non-mteger product of x_a and y is rounded down to the nearest integer prior to subtracting it from x_a.

"Isolated" means altered "by the hand of man" from its natural state, i.e., if it occurs m nature, it has been changed or removed from its onginal environment, or both. For example, a polynucleotide or a polypeptide naturally present m a living organism is not "isolated," but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide separated from the coexisting matenals of its natural state is "isolated", as the term is employed herein. Moreover, a polynucleotide or polypeptide that is introduced into an organism by transformation, genetic manipulation or by any other recombmant method is "isolated" even if it is still present in said organism, which organism may be living or non-living.

"Knock-m" refers to the fusion of a portion of a wild-type gene to the cDNA of a heterologous gene "Knock-out" refers to partial or complete suppression of the expression of a protein encoded by an endogenous DNA sequence in a cell. The "knock-out" can be affected by targeted deletion of the whole or part of a gene encoding a protein, in an embryonic stem cell. As a result, the deletion may prevent or reduce the expression of the protein in any cell in the whole animal in which it is normally expressed. "Splice Variant" as used herein refers to cDNA molecules produced from RNA molecules initially transcribed from the same genomic DNA sequence but which have undergone alternative RNA splicing Alternative RNA splicing occurs when a primary RNA transcript undergoes splicing, generally for the removal of mtrons, which results in the production of more than one mRNA molecule each of that may encode different ammo acid sequences. The term splice variant also refers to the proteins encoded by the above cDNA molecules. "Transgemc animal" refers to an animal to which exogenous DNA has been introduced while the animal is still in its embryonic stage. In most cases, the transgenic approach aims at specific modifications of the genome, e g , by introducing whole transcnptional units mto the genome, or by up- or down-regulating pre-existing cellular genes. The targeted character of certain of these procedures sets transgenic technologies apart from experimental methods m which random mutations are conferred to the germlme, such as administration of chemical mutagens or treatment with ionizing solution.

"Polynucleotide" generally refers to any polynbonucleotide or polydeoxnbonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA "Polynucleotides" include, without limitation, single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of single- and double- stranded regions, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA that is mixture of single- and double- stranded regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and RNA that may be single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded or a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions. In addition, "polynucleotide" refers to triple-stranded regions comprising RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA The term "polynucleotide" also includes DNAs or RNAs comprising one or more modified bases and DNAs or RNAs with backbones modified for stability or for other reasons. "Modified" bases include, for example, tntylated bases and unusual bases such as mosine. A variety of modifications may be made to DNA and RNA, thus, "polynucleotide" embraces chemically, enzymatically or metabohcally modified forms of polynucleotides as typically found in nature, as well as the chemical forms of DNA and RNA characteristic of viruses and cells. "Polynucleotide" also embraces relatively short polynucleotides, often referred to as ohgonucleotides

"Polypeptide" refers to any peptide or protein comprising two or more ammo acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds, i e , peptide isosteres. "Polypeptide" refers to both short chains, commonly referred to as peptides, ohgopeptides or ohgomers, and to longer chains, generally referred to as proteins. Polypeptides may comprise ammo acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids. "Polypeptides" include ammo acid sequences modified either by natural processes, such as post-translational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are well known m the art Such modifications are well described m basic texts and in more detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous research literature. Modifications may occur anywhere m a polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the ammo acid side -chains and the ammo or carboxyl termini It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present to the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptide Also, a given polypeptide may comprise many types of modifications Polypeptides may be branched as a result of ubiquitmation, and they may be cyclic, with or without branching Cyclic, branched and branched cyclic polypeptides may result from post-translation natural processes or may be made by synthetic methods. Modifications include acetylation, acylation, ADP-nbosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a pid or pid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylmositol, cross-lmking, cychzation, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cysteme, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma- carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, lodmation, methylation, myπstoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of ammo acids to proteins such as argmylation, and ubiquitmation (see, for instance, PROTEINS - STRUCTURE AND

MOLECULAR PROPERTIES, 2nd Ed, T. E. Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1993, Wold, F, Post-translational Protein Modifications: Perspectives and Prospects, pgs. 1- 12 in POSTTRANSLATIONAL COVALENT MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS, B. C. Johnson, Ed, Academic Press, New York, 1983; Seifter, et al , "Analysis for protein modifications and nonprotem cofactors", Meth Enzymol (1990) 182:626-646 and Rattan, et al., "Protein Synthesis:

Post-translational Modifications and Aging", Ann NY Acad Sci (1992) 663:48-62).

"Variant" refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide that differs from a reference polynucleotide or polypeptide, but retains essential properties. A typical variant of a polynucleotide differs in nucleotide sequence from another, reference polynucleotide. Changes in the nucleotide sequence of the variant may or may not alter the ammo acid sequence of a polypeptide encoded by the reference polynucleotide. Nucleotide changes may result in ammo acid substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations in the polypeptide encoded by the reference sequence, as discussed below. A typical variant of a polypeptide differs in ammo acid sequence from another, reference polypeptide. Generally, differences are limited so that the sequences of the reference polypeptide and the variant are closely similar overall and, in many regions, identical. A variant and reference polypeptide may differ m ammo acid sequence by one or more substitutions, additions, deletions in any combination. A substituted or inserted ammo acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code. A variant of a polynucleotide or polypeptide may be a naturally occurring such as an allehc variant, or it may be a variant that is not known to occur naturally. Non-naturally occurring variants of polynucleotides and polypeptides may be made by mutagenesis techniques or by direct synthesis All publications including, but not limited to, patents and patent applications, cited in this specification or to which this patent application claims pnonty, are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth.

Examples

Example 1

Munne IL-1 H3 was identified through a search of the public EST databases using 322 public sequences labeled "interleukin receptor." Analysis of this search revealed a cDNA clone containing a novel mterleukιn-1 receptor antagonist protein-hke gene sequence (Genbank accession

W08205). Complete sequencing of the cDNA clone (1MAGE:332733) obtained through the IMAGE consortium showed that it contained a complete open reading frame for a protein of 155 ammo acids, whose C-termmal region shared significant sequence identity with IL-lra and IL-lβ. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was probably not the munne orthologue of other human IL-1- like genes (i.e. IL-1H1, IL-1H2). As for most other IL-1 family members, the deduced ammo acid sequence does not encode the signal sequence usually found in secreted proteins. The IMAGE cDNA clone encoding IL-1H3 (IMAGE.332733) was derived from a pooled and subtracted cDNA library made from mouse fetal RNA (whole fetus, 19.5dpc)

Claims

What is claimed is:

1 An isolated polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of:

(I) an isolated polynucleotide compnsing a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having at least a 95% identity to the ammo acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, over the entire length of SEQ ID NO:2;

(n) an isolated polynucleotide compnsing a nucleotide sequence having at least a 95% identity over its entire length to a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2; (m) an isolated polynucleotide compnsing a nucleotide sequence having at least a 95% identity to that of SEQ ID NO: 1 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 1 ;

(iv) an isolated polynucleotide compnsing a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2;

(v) an isolated polynucleotide that is the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 ; or (vi) an isolated polynucleotide with a nucleotide sequence of at least 100 nucleotides in length obtained by screening an appropriate library under stringent hybridization conditions with a labeled probe having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: l or a fragment thereof of at least 15 nucleotides; or a nucleotide sequence complementary to said isolated polynucleotide

2. An isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:

(l) an isolated polypeptide having at least a 95% identity to the ammo acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO:2;

(n) an isolated polypeptide comprising the ammo acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.2; or

(in) an isolated polypeptide that is the ammo acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

3. A method for screening to identify compounds that stimulate or that inhibit a function or level of the polypeptide of Claim 2, compnsing a method selected from the group consisting of

(a) measuring or, quantitatively or qualitatively, detecting the binding of a candidate compound to the polypeptide (or to the cells or membranes bearing the polypeptide) or a fusion protein thereof by means of a label directly or indirectly associated with the candidate compound;

(b) measuring the competition of the bmdmg of a candidate compound to the polypeptide (or to the cells or membranes bearing the polypeptide) or a fusion protein thereof in the presence of a labeled competitor;

(c) testing whether the candidate compound results a signal generated by activation or inhibition of the polypeptide, using detection systems appropriate to the cells or cell membranes bearing the polypeptide;

(d) mixing a candidate compound with a solution comprising a polypeptide of Claim 2, to form a mixture, measuring activity of the polypeptide in the mixture, and comparing the activity of the mixture to a to a control mixture which contains no candidate compound; or

(e) detecting the effect of a candidate compound on the production of mRNA encoding said polypeptide and said polypeptide m cells.

4. An agonist or an antagonist of the polypeptide of Claim 2.

5. An agonist or an antagonist of the Mus musculus Interleukin- 1 homologue 3 identified by the method of Claim 3.

6. An expression system comprising a polynucleotide capable of producing a polypeptide of Claim 2 when said expression system is present in a compatible host cell.

7. A process for producing a recombmant host cell comprising the step of introducing the expression vector of Claim 6 into a cell, such that the host cell, under appropriate culture conditions, produces said polypeptide

8. A recombmant host cell produced by the process of Claim 7.

9. A membrane of a recombmant host cell of Claim 8 expressing said polypeptide.

10. A process for producing a polypeptide comprising culturmg a host cell of Claim 9 under conditions sufficient for the production of said polypeptide and recovering the polypeptide from the culture.