WO2000056670A1 - Method and device for sanitization of sludge in particular from purification plants - Google Patents
Method and device for sanitization of sludge in particular from purification plants Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000056670A1 WO2000056670A1 PCT/FR2000/000690 FR0000690W WO0056670A1 WO 2000056670 A1 WO2000056670 A1 WO 2000056670A1 FR 0000690 W FR0000690 W FR 0000690W WO 0056670 A1 WO0056670 A1 WO 0056670A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sludge
- reactor
- gases
- gas
- asepticization
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/02—Biological treatment
- C02F11/04—Anaerobic treatment; Production of methane by such processes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to improvements made to the treatment for the sanitization of sludges resulting from the treatment of purification of waste water.
- the sludge can be subjected to a treatment with a view to sanitizing it in order to obtain an intensive elimination of pathogenic germs, as mentioned for example in the regulations of the US Environmental Protection Agency.
- this treatment for total inactivation of pathogens is generally pasteurization.
- the sludge is subjected to a temperature of 70 ° C. for a minimum time of 30 minutes.
- the present invention proposes to provide a simple and economical solution to this delicate problem of the "environmental neutrality" of the technique of sanitizing sludge, that is to say of the intensive elimination of the pathogens which they contain. and / or pasteurization.
- the present invention relates to a process for the sterilization of sludges resulting from waste water treatment treatments, with a view to obtaining total inactivation of the pathogenic germs which they contain, characterized in that it consists in isolating the sludge in relation to the ambient environment and to heat it indirectly, by exchange thermal gas-gas using calo ⁇ es resulting from the combustion of sludge digestion gas to warm the gas constituting the gaseous headspace of the reactor is carried out wherein the sanitizing. these gases being recycled continuously in this reactor by passing through the sludge to be sanitized
- the invention also relates to a device for the implementation of the process defined above which is essentially caracte ⁇ se in that it comprises, in addition to a reactor in which the aseptitization of the sludge takes place, a gas-gas regenerative heat exchanger ensuring the indirect heating of the sludge to be sanitized, the primary fluid of said exchanger being constituted by the products of the combustion of the sludge digestion gases and the secondary fluid being constituted by the gases from the gaseous sky of said reactor, recycled in continuous.
- said exchanger comprises at least two compartments, which can be mounted in parallel, containing balls of silicate materials serving as heat accumulators, the two compartments operating alternately to accumulate the heat during the phase of sweeping by said combustion gases and restoring these calo ⁇ es during the phase of bringing into contact with the gaseous sky recycles the reactor in which the sludge is sterilized
- this reactor 10 the reactor in which is carried out sanitization of the sludge, that is to say an intensive removal of pathogens that contain sludge, this reactor 10, which contains the 12 sludge to be sanitized, which may be a pasteu ⁇ sation reactor, in this case these dimensions must be sufficient to ensure a minimum residence time of the sludge of 30 minutes, at a temperature of 70 ° C.
- the heating of the sludge to the temperature of aseptization that is to say the temperature of pasteurization and / or intensive elimination of pathogens is ensured by the gases constituting the gaseous sky 16 of this reactor which are continuously recycled and which are heated by passage through an exchanger gas-gas regenerative 11.
- the primary fluid ensuring the heating of the gaseous sky of the reactor 10 consists of the combustion gases of a burner 13 supplied by the sludge digestion gases.
- the exchanger 11 comprises two compartments 14 and 15 mounted in parallel, each of them being furnished with balls of heat accumulating materials, for example silicate materials.
- the arrangement is such that the compartments 14 and 15 of the exchanger 11 operate in a "flip-flop", that is to say alternately so as to act as heat accumulators during the gas sweeping phase of combustion of the burner 13 and to restore this heat during the contacting of the heat accumulator materials with the gases constituting the gaseous headspace 16 of the reactor 10, these being continuously recycled in the closed circuit loop constituted by the pipes 17 and 18, the heating of the sludge 12. at the sanitization temperature being effected by bubbling (in 19) the gaseous sky 16 thus heated.
- the sludge which no longer contains pathogenic germs, is disposed of in 20.
- the treatment for sanitizing the sludge can be carried out before or after the passage of the sludge through the digester.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Procédé et dispositif d'aseptisation des boues provenant notamment de stations d'épuration Process and device for sanitizing sludge originating in particular from treatment plants
La présente invention concerne des perfectionnements apportés au traitement d'aseptisation des boues résultant des traitements d'épuration d'eaux résiduaires.The present invention relates to improvements made to the treatment for the sanitization of sludges resulting from the treatment of purification of waste water.
On sait que ces boues constituent un problème technique et économique majeur pour l'exploitant des stations d'épuration. Par ailleurs, il est connu que la taille de l'installation de traitement des boues est sensiblement fonction :We know that this sludge constitutes a major technical and economic problem for the operator of treatment plants. Furthermore, it is known that the size of the sludge treatment installation is substantially a function:
- du flux journalier de pollution carbonée et azotée des eaux résiduaires à traiter ;- the daily flow of carbon and nitrogen pollution from the waste water to be treated;
- du niveau de traitement à assurer avant rejet dans le milieu naturel et,- the level of treatment to be provided before discharge into the natural environment and,
- de la destination finale des boues résultant du traitement.- the final destination of the sludge resulting from the treatment.
On connaît la filière de traitement des boues biologiques provenant de stations d'épuration qui consiste à extraire les boues afin de les transmettre à une digestion anaérobie permettant d'obtenir des boues stabilisées, ces dernières étant ensuite conditionnées soit par un traitement chimique (traitement par polymère, par chlorure en fer et chaux) soit par un traitement thermique, les boues étant ensuite soumises à une déshydratation. Après le traitement, se pose le problème de l'utilisation des boues.We know the treatment process for biological sludge from purification stations which consists in extracting the sludge in order to transmit it to an anaerobic digestion allowing to obtain stabilized sludge, the latter then being conditioned either by chemical treatment (treatment by polymer, by chloride in iron and lime) or by a treatment thermal, the sludge then being subjected to dewatering. After treatment, there is the problem of using the sludge.
L'une des destinations finales des boues les plus prisées à ce jour est la valorisation agricole, par épandage, qui, dans plusieurs pays européens, représente plus de la moitié des boues provenant des stations d'épuration des eaux résiduaires.One of the final destinations for the most popular sludges to date is agricultural recovery, by spreading, which in several European countries represents more than half of the sludge from wastewater treatment plants.
Les étapes concernant l'extraction des boues, leur digestion anaérobie, leur conditionnement et leur déshydratation en vue d'une valorisation agricole sont bien connues de l'homme de l'art. On peut à cet égard se référer au "Mémento Technique de l'Eau". Edition du cinquantenaire, 1989, édité par Degrémont, chapitre 24 "Traitement des e-ffluents urbains", notamment pages 1309 à 1314.The steps relating to the extraction of sludge, their anaerobic digestion, their conditioning and their dehydration with a view to agricultural development are well known to those skilled in the art. In this regard, we can refer to the "Water Technical Memento". Edition of the fiftieth anniversary, 1989, edited by Degrémont, chapter 24 "Treatment of urban e-ffluents", in particular pages 1309 to 1314.
Compte tenu des préoccupations environnementales et de santé, les industriels du traitement des eaux sont amenés à concevoir des procédés susceptibles de garantir l'innocuité des boues des stations d'épuration.Taking into account environmental and health concerns, water treatment manufacturers are led to design processes capable of guaranteeing the safety of sludge from treatment plants.
Dans ce but, on peut soumettre les boues à un traitement en vue de les aseptiser pour obtenir une élimination intensive des germes pathogènes, comme mentionné par exemple dans les réglementations de l'US Environmental Protection Agency. A l'heure actuelle, ce traitement d'inactivation totale des pathogènes est généralement une pasteurisation. Selon cette technique connue, les boues sont soumises à une température de 70° C pendant un temps minimum de 30 minutes. jFor this purpose, the sludge can be subjected to a treatment with a view to sanitizing it in order to obtain an intensive elimination of pathogenic germs, as mentioned for example in the regulations of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Currently, this treatment for total inactivation of pathogens is generally pasteurization. According to this known technique, the sludge is subjected to a temperature of 70 ° C. for a minimum time of 30 minutes. j
La technique actuellement mise en oeuvre pour assurer cette pasteurisation est décrite notamment dans le "Mémento Technique de l'Eau" ouvrage cité ci-dessus (pages 945-946), auquel le lecteur est prié de se reporter.The technique currently used to ensure this pasteurization is described in particular in the "Water Technical Memento" work cited above (pages 945-946), to which the reader is requested to refer.
Parmi les techniques utilisées pour assurer cette pasteurisation, la plus courante et la plus logique consiste à assurer le chauffage des boues par les calories résultant de la combustion des gaz de digestion des boues. Cette combustion est effectuée dans un brûleur qui peut être extérieur à l'installation de pasteurisation ou bien encore par un brûleur immergé dans les boues. L'écueil majeur auquel se heurte cette conception est que le chauffage est assuré par "barbotage" des gaz de combustion, ces gaz conduisant à un strippage des odeurs de la suspension de boues en cours de pasteurisation, avec toutes les nuisances olfactives que l'on peut imaginer. La solution à ce problème a été la mise en place d'équipements de désodorisation des gaz de chauffage, ce qui conduit à mettre en oeuvre des installations complexes et coûteuses, techniquement sans commune mesure avec le caractère relativement rustique de la technique de pasteurisation.Among the techniques used to ensure this pasteurization, the most common and most logical consists in ensuring the heating of the sludge with the calories resulting from the combustion of the sludge digestion gases. This combustion is carried out in a burner which can be external to the pasteurization installation or even by a burner immersed in the sludge. The major pitfall encountered by this design is that the heating is ensured by "bubbling" of the combustion gases, these gases leading to a stripping of the odors from the suspension of sludge during pasteurization, with all the olfactory nuisances that the we can imagine. The solution to this problem has been the installation of deodorizing equipment for heating gases, which leads to implementing complex and costly installations, technically incommensurate with the relatively rustic nature of the pasteurization technique.
La présente invention se propose d'apporter une solution simple et économique à ce délicat problème de la "neutralité environnementale" de la technique d'aseptisation des boues, c'est-à-dire de l' élimination intensive des pathogènes qu'elles contiennent et/ou de la pasteurisation.The present invention proposes to provide a simple and economical solution to this delicate problem of the "environmental neutrality" of the technique of sanitizing sludge, that is to say of the intensive elimination of the pathogens which they contain. and / or pasteurization.
En conséquence la présente invention concerne un procédé d'aseptisation des boues résultant des traitements d'épuration d'eaux résiduaires, en vue d'obtenir une inactivation totale des germes pathogènes qu'elles contiennent, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à isoler les boues par rapport au milieu ambiant et à procéder à leur chauffage par voie indirecte, par échange thermique gaz-gaz en utilisant les caloπes résultant de la combustion des gaz de digestion des boues pour rechauffer les gaz constituant le ciel gazeux du reacteur dans lequel s'effectue l'aseptisation. ces gaz étant recycles en contmu dans ce reacteur par passage au travers des boues a aseptiserConsequently, the present invention relates to a process for the sterilization of sludges resulting from waste water treatment treatments, with a view to obtaining total inactivation of the pathogenic germs which they contain, characterized in that it consists in isolating the sludge in relation to the ambient environment and to heat it indirectly, by exchange thermal gas-gas using caloπes resulting from the combustion of sludge digestion gas to warm the gas constituting the gaseous headspace of the reactor is carried out wherein the sanitizing. these gases being recycled continuously in this reactor by passing through the sludge to be sanitized
L'mvention vise également un dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procède défini ci-dessus qui est essentiellement caracteπse en ce qu'il comprend outre un réacteur dans lequel s'effectue l'aseptisation des boues, un échangeur de chaleur régénératif gaz-gaz assurant le chauffage indirect des boues a aseptiser, le fluide primaire dudit échangeur étant constitué par les produits de la combustion des gaz de digestion des boues et le fluide secondaire étant constitué par les gaz du ciel gazeux dudit réacteur, recycles en contmu.The invention also relates to a device for the implementation of the process defined above which is essentially caracteπse in that it comprises, in addition to a reactor in which the aseptitization of the sludge takes place, a gas-gas regenerative heat exchanger ensuring the indirect heating of the sludge to be sanitized, the primary fluid of said exchanger being constituted by the products of the combustion of the sludge digestion gases and the secondary fluid being constituted by the gases from the gaseous sky of said reactor, recycled in continuous.
Selon un mode de réalisation de ce dispositif ledit échangeur comporte au moms deux compartiments, pouvant être montés en parallèle, contenant des boules de matériaux silicates servant d'accumulateurs de chaleur, les deux compartiments fonctionnant alternativement pour accumuler les caloπes au cours de la phase de balayage par lesdits gaz de combustion et restituant ces caloπes au cours de la phase de mise en contact avec le ciel gazeux recycle du réacteur dans lequel s'effectue l'aseptisation des bouesAccording to one embodiment of this device, said exchanger comprises at least two compartments, which can be mounted in parallel, containing balls of silicate materials serving as heat accumulators, the two compartments operating alternately to accumulate the heat during the phase of sweeping by said combustion gases and restoring these caloπes during the phase of bringing into contact with the gaseous sky recycles the reactor in which the sludge is sterilized
D'autres caractéπstiques et avantages de la présente invention ressortiront de la descnption faite ci-apres en référence au dessm annexé dont la figure umque est une représentation schématique d'un exemple de réalisation non limitatif du dispositif objet de cette invention En se référant au dessin on y a désigné par la référence 10 le réacteur dans lequel s'effectue l'aseptisation des boues, c'est-à-dire une élimination intensive des pathogènes que ces boues contiennent, ce réacteur 10, qui contient les boues 12 à aseptiser, pouvant être un réacteur de pasteuπsation, dans ce cas ces dimensions doivent être suffisantes pour assurer un temps de séjour minimum des boues de 30 minutes, à une température de 70° C. Le chauffage des boues à la température d'aseptisation, c'est-à-dire à la température de pasteurisation et/ou d'élimination intensive des pathogènes est assuré par les gaz constituant le ciel gazeux 16 de ce réacteur qui sont recyclés en continu et qui sont réchauffés par passage dans un échangeur régénératif gaz-gaz 11. Le fluide primaire assurant le réchauffage du ciel gazeux du réacteur 10 est constitué par les gaz de combustion d'un brûleur 13 alimenté par les gaz de digestion des boues.Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention will emerge from the description made below with reference to the appended drawing, the figure of which is a schematic representation of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of the device which is the subject of this invention. Referring to the drawing there is indicated at 10 the reactor in which is carried out sanitization of the sludge, that is to say an intensive removal of pathogens that contain sludge, this reactor 10, which contains the 12 sludge to be sanitized, which may be a pasteuπsation reactor, in this case these dimensions must be sufficient to ensure a minimum residence time of the sludge of 30 minutes, at a temperature of 70 ° C. The heating of the sludge to the temperature of aseptization, that is to say the temperature of pasteurization and / or intensive elimination of pathogens is ensured by the gases constituting the gaseous sky 16 of this reactor which are continuously recycled and which are heated by passage through an exchanger gas-gas regenerative 11. The primary fluid ensuring the heating of the gaseous sky of the reactor 10 consists of the combustion gases of a burner 13 supplied by the sludge digestion gases.
Dans cet exemple de réalisation dépourvu de tout caractère limitatif, l'échangeur 11 comporte deux compartiments 14 et 15 montés en parallèle, chacun d'eux étant garni de boules de matériaux accumulateurs de chaleur, par exemple des matériaux silicates. La disposition est telle que les compartiments 14 et 15 de l'échangeur 11 fonctionnent en "bascule", c'est-à- dire alternativement de façon à agir en tant qu'accumulateurs de chaleur au cours de la phase de balayage par les gaz de combustion du brûleur 13 et à restituer cette chaleur au cours de la mise en contact des matériaux accumulateurs de chaleur avec les gaz constituant le ciel gazeux 16 du réacteur 10, ceux-ci étant recyclés en continu dans la boucle en circuit fermée constituée par les canalisations 17 et 18, le réchauffage des boues 12. à la température d'aseptisation s'effectuant par barbotage (en 19) du ciel gazeux 16 ainsi réchauffé. Les boues aspetisées, ne comportant plus de germes pathogènes sont évacuées en 20. Bien entendu, on peut prévoir plus de deux compartiments tels que 14 et 15 et ceux-ci ne sont pas obligatoirement montés en parallèle.In this exemplary embodiment devoid of any limiting character, the exchanger 11 comprises two compartments 14 and 15 mounted in parallel, each of them being furnished with balls of heat accumulating materials, for example silicate materials. The arrangement is such that the compartments 14 and 15 of the exchanger 11 operate in a "flip-flop", that is to say alternately so as to act as heat accumulators during the gas sweeping phase of combustion of the burner 13 and to restore this heat during the contacting of the heat accumulator materials with the gases constituting the gaseous headspace 16 of the reactor 10, these being continuously recycled in the closed circuit loop constituted by the pipes 17 and 18, the heating of the sludge 12. at the sanitization temperature being effected by bubbling (in 19) the gaseous sky 16 thus heated. The sludge, which no longer contains pathogenic germs, is disposed of in 20. Of course, there can be more than two compartments such as 14 and 15 and these are not necessarily mounted in parallel.
Selon l'invention le traitement d'aseptisation des boues peut être effectué avant ou après le passage des boues dans le digesteur.According to the invention, the treatment for sanitizing the sludge can be carried out before or after the passage of the sludge through the digester.
Il demeure bien entendu que cette invention n'est pas limitée aux exemples de réalisation décrits et/ou représentés mais qu'elle englobe toutes les variantes. It remains to be understood that this invention is not limited to the embodiments described and / or shown but that it encompasses all variants.
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00911005A EP1173388A1 (en) | 1999-03-24 | 2000-03-20 | Method and device for sanitization of sludge in particular from purification plants |
| AU33013/00A AU3301300A (en) | 1999-03-24 | 2000-03-20 | Method and device for sanitization of sludge in particular from purification plants |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR99/03687 | 1999-03-24 | ||
| FR9903687A FR2791339B1 (en) | 1999-03-24 | 1999-03-24 | PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR SEPARATING SLUDGE, PARTICULARLY FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2000056670A1 true WO2000056670A1 (en) | 2000-09-28 |
Family
ID=9543590
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2000/000690 Ceased WO2000056670A1 (en) | 1999-03-24 | 2000-03-20 | Method and device for sanitization of sludge in particular from purification plants |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1173388A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU3301300A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2791339B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000056670A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2821475A1 (en) * | 2013-07-02 | 2015-01-07 | Peter Lutz | Biogas generation from biomass |
| CN109937083A (en) * | 2016-11-02 | 2019-06-25 | 安宾特营养食品有限责任公司 | The malodorous discharge object from cleaning equipment is eliminated for heat and eliminates the technique and equipment that recover energy from described |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2509312B (en) * | 2012-12-26 | 2017-09-06 | Richard Walsh Andrew | Apparatus for achieving pathogen reduction in solid state anaerobic digestate utilising process heat |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58205592A (en) * | 1982-05-24 | 1983-11-30 | Toshiba Corp | Sewage treatment device |
| DE3221508A1 (en) * | 1982-06-07 | 1983-12-08 | Klöckner Kommunal- und Industriebau GmbH, 4500 Osnabrück | Septic tower |
| JPS61103598A (en) * | 1984-10-26 | 1986-05-22 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Methane fermentation equipment |
| DD257998A1 (en) * | 1986-04-30 | 1988-07-06 | Zwickau Ing Hochschule | APPENDIX FOR ACCESSING BIOGAS PLANTS |
| JPH0240300A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1990-02-09 | Tadayoshi Tomita | System for producing gas from organic waste |
| US5000099A (en) * | 1985-12-26 | 1991-03-19 | Dipac Associates | Combination of fuels conversion and pressurized wet combustion |
-
1999
- 1999-03-24 FR FR9903687A patent/FR2791339B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-03-20 WO PCT/FR2000/000690 patent/WO2000056670A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-03-20 EP EP00911005A patent/EP1173388A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-03-20 AU AU33013/00A patent/AU3301300A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58205592A (en) * | 1982-05-24 | 1983-11-30 | Toshiba Corp | Sewage treatment device |
| DE3221508A1 (en) * | 1982-06-07 | 1983-12-08 | Klöckner Kommunal- und Industriebau GmbH, 4500 Osnabrück | Septic tower |
| JPS61103598A (en) * | 1984-10-26 | 1986-05-22 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Methane fermentation equipment |
| US5000099A (en) * | 1985-12-26 | 1991-03-19 | Dipac Associates | Combination of fuels conversion and pressurized wet combustion |
| DD257998A1 (en) * | 1986-04-30 | 1988-07-06 | Zwickau Ing Hochschule | APPENDIX FOR ACCESSING BIOGAS PLANTS |
| JPH0240300A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1990-02-09 | Tadayoshi Tomita | System for producing gas from organic waste |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 008, no. 046 (C - 212) 29 February 1984 (1984-02-29) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 010, no. 287 (C - 375) 30 September 1986 (1986-09-30) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 014, no. 197 (C - 0712) 23 April 1990 (1990-04-23) * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2821475A1 (en) * | 2013-07-02 | 2015-01-07 | Peter Lutz | Biogas generation from biomass |
| CN109937083A (en) * | 2016-11-02 | 2019-06-25 | 安宾特营养食品有限责任公司 | The malodorous discharge object from cleaning equipment is eliminated for heat and eliminates the technique and equipment that recover energy from described |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2791339B1 (en) | 2001-05-11 |
| FR2791339A1 (en) | 2000-09-29 |
| AU3301300A (en) | 2000-10-09 |
| EP1173388A1 (en) | 2002-01-23 |
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