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WO2000052507A1 - Fibre optique - Google Patents

Fibre optique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000052507A1
WO2000052507A1 PCT/JP2000/001237 JP0001237W WO0052507A1 WO 2000052507 A1 WO2000052507 A1 WO 2000052507A1 JP 0001237 W JP0001237 W JP 0001237W WO 0052507 A1 WO0052507 A1 WO 0052507A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
core
refractive index
optical fiber
cladding
region
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/JP2000/001237
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Takatoshi Kato
Yuji Kubo
Yuji Takahashi
Michifumi Yoneda
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
Original Assignee
Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd filed Critical Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
Priority to AU28258/00A priority Critical patent/AU2825800A/en
Publication of WO2000052507A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000052507A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03638—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
    • G02B6/0365—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - - +
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/0228—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion slope properties around 1550 nm
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
    • G02B6/03633—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - -

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical fiber applicable to an optical transmission line in an optical communication system or the like.
  • an optical fiber based on silica glass is applied to an optical transmission line in an optical communication system.
  • Silica glass has low transmission loss in the 1.55 m wavelength band, so light in this wavelength band is used as signal light.
  • wavelength division multiplexing WDM
  • WDM wavelength division multiplexing
  • the optical fiber applied to WDM transmission has a small dispersion and a small dispersion slope in the 1.55 ⁇ m wavelength band, and suppresses the occurrence of nonlinear optical phenomena. Therefore, it is desired that the effective area is large in the wavelength band.
  • the optical fiber disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,327,516 has a dispersion slope in the 1.55 m wavelength band of not more than 0.4 OQ SpsZnm 2 / km.
  • Yanming Liu, et al "" Single-mode dispersion-shifted fibers with effective area larger than 80 m 2 and good bending performance ", ECOC'95, Tu ⁇ .2.4 (1995) comprising an optical fiber described in the literature ( The second conventional example) has an effective area of 80 / m 2 or more.
  • the inventors have studied the conventional optical fiber described above, and as a result, Problem was discovered. That is, although the optical fiber according to the first conventional example has a small dispersion slope, it also has a small effective cross-sectional area of 53 ⁇ m 2 , so that the occurrence of the nonlinear optical phenomenon cannot be sufficiently suppressed. On the other hand, although the optical fiber according to the second conventional example has a large effective area, the dispersion slope is also as large as 0.11 ps / nmS / km, so that the accumulated dispersion cannot be sufficiently reduced.
  • the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and the effective cross-sectional area is reduced in a state in which the dispersion slope is suppressed to a small value in the 1.55 ⁇ m wavelength band, which is a frequently used signal light wavelength band.
  • the purpose is to provide an optical fiber with a structure that can be sufficiently expanded.
  • An optical fiber according to the present invention includes a core region extending along a predetermined axis, and a cladding region provided on an outer periphery of the core region.
  • the core region further includes an inner core and an outer core provided on an outer periphery of the inner core and having a smaller refractive index than the inner core.
  • the cladding region is provided on the outer periphery of the outer core and has a lower refractive index than the outer core.
  • the cladding region is composed of a single layer, and the refractive index profile of the optical fiber in which the cladding region is composed of a single layer is a matched cladding type refractive index profile. Called.
  • the optical fiber according to the first embodiment includes a depressed cladding type refractive index profile in which the cladding region surrounding the core region is composed of an inner cladding and an outer cladding, and the outer cladding (the cladding region surrounding the core region).
  • the optical fiber according to the first embodiment is characterized by satisfying the following conditions. Furthermore, when the relative refractive index difference between the outer cladding and the inner cladding is ⁇ 3 (), the optical fiber according to the first embodiment
  • the optical fiber according to the second embodiment has a matched clad type refractive index profile in which the clad region surrounding the core region is constituted by a single layer, and the relative refractive index difference of the inner core with respect to the clad region is ⁇ ⁇ .
  • the relative refractive index difference of the outer core to the cladding region is ⁇ 2 (%)
  • the outer diameter of the inner core is 2 a (jum)
  • the outer diameter of the outer core is 2 b ( ⁇ m).
  • Each of the optical fibers according to the first and second embodiments having the above-described structure has a sufficiently small dispersion slope and a sufficiently large effective area in the 1.55 ⁇ m wavelength band. In addition, other optical characteristics are good in such a wavelength band.
  • the effective area A eif is given by the following equation, as shown in JP-A- 8-248251 (EP0724171 A2).
  • E is the electric field associated with the propagating light
  • r is the radial distance from the core center.
  • the dispersion slope is given by the slope of a graph showing the wavelength dependence of dispersion.
  • FIG. 1A is a sectional view showing the structure of a first embodiment of the optical fiber according to the present invention
  • FIG. 1B is a refractive index profile of the optical fiber shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the optical characteristics of the optical fiber according to the first embodiment, where the relative refractive index difference ⁇ 2 (%) of the outer core with respect to the outer cladding and the outer diameter 2 b (JUL m) of the outer layer core are shown.
  • 5 is a graph showing a relationship between an effective area A efi (urn) and a bending loss (dB / m) at a diameter of 20 mm for the optical fiber according to the first example.
  • FIG. 4 is a refractive index profile of a second embodiment of the optical fiber according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the optical characteristics of the optical fiber according to the second embodiment, wherein the relative refractive index difference ⁇ 2 (%) of the outer core with respect to the cladding region and the outer diameter 2 b (um ) On the two-dimensional plane, with the cutoff wavelength ⁇ . (M), effective area A eff 'dispersion value (psZnm / km) ⁇ dispersion slope (ps / nmkm) and bending loss (dB / m).
  • FIGS. 1A, 1B, and FIGS. In the description of the drawings, the same elements are denoted by the same reference numerals. And duplicate explanations are omitted.
  • FIG. 1A is a sectional view showing the structure of an optical fiber according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 1B is a refractive index profile of the optical fiber 100 according to the first embodiment.
  • the optical fiber 100 according to the first embodiment has a refractive index profile 150 of a double core / depressed clad type.
  • the optical fiber 100 includes, as shown in FIG. 1A, a core region 110 and a cladding region 120 surrounding the core region.
  • the core region 1 10 includes an inner core 1 1 1 having an outer diameter 2 a having a refractive index including the center of the optical axis and an outer diameter 2 b surrounding the inner core 1 1 1 and having a refractive index n 2 ( ⁇ n!). And an outer core 1 1 2.
  • the cladding region 1 20 surrounds the outer core 1 12 and has an outer cladding 1 2 1 having an outer diameter 2 c having a refractive index n 3 ( ⁇ n 2 ), and an inner cladding 1 2 1 surrounding the inner cladding 1 2 1 and having a refractive index n 4 (> n 3 , ⁇ n 2 ).
  • the refractive index profile 150 shown in FIG. 1B is represented by the refractive index of each portion on the line L in FIG. 1A, and the region 151 is the inner core 111 on the line L.
  • the refractive index of each part is the refractive index of each part in the outer core 112 on the line L
  • the area 153 is the refractive index of each part in the inner cladding 121 on the line L
  • the area 154 is the line L This corresponds to the refractive index of each portion in the upper outer cladding 122.
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ ⁇ of the inner core 111 and the relative refractive index difference ⁇ 2 of the outer core 112 and the inner clad 1 is given as follows.
  • n 3 (n 3 -n 4 ) / n 4
  • the refractive index of the inner core 1 1 1, n 2 is the refractive index of the outer core 1 1 2, n 3 is the inner cladding 1 2 1 having a refractive index, n 4 is the refractive index of the outer cladding 1 2 2.
  • these relative refractive index differences are expressed as percentages, and the refractive indices of the respective regions in the above equation are not in any order (the same applies hereinafter). Therefore, it is considered that a region where the relative refractive index difference has a negative value with respect to the reference region has a lower refractive index than the reference region.
  • the outer diameter 2 b ( ⁇ m) of 2 satisfies the following conditions.
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ 3 (%) of the inner cladding 122 with respect to the outer cladding 122 preferably satisfies the following condition.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing optical characteristics of the optical fiber 1 0 0 according to the first embodiment, the outer clad 1 2 relative refractive index of the outer core 1 1 2 difference with respect to 2 delta eta 2 (%) And the outer diameter 2 b (urn) of the outer core 1 1 2 on a two-dimensional plane with the parameters being parallel, the cutoff wavelength c (1.1 1. ⁇ , 1.6 jm) Area A ef f (56 ⁇ m 2 , 66 ⁇ m 2 ), dispersion (+1.0 ps / nm / km, +6 O ps / nm / km) ⁇ Dispersion slope (0.06 ps / nm 2 / km s 0.08 ps / nm 2 / km) and bending loss at 20 mm diameter (S dBZm) FIG.
  • the characteristics shown in these graphs were calculated for a sample having the cross-sectional structure shown in FIG. 1A and having a refractive index profile as shown in FIG. 1B.
  • supposed sample is the specific refractive index difference ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0. 6 5% of the inner core with respect to the outer cladding, the inner clad relative refractive index difference .DELTA..eta 3 with respect to the outer clad - 0.05 % Is set.
  • the ratio (a / b) of the outer diameter 2a of the inner core to the outer diameter 2b of the outer core (a / b) is 0.21, and the ratio (c / c) of the outer diameter 2c of the inner clad to the outer diameter 2b of the outer core.
  • the cutoff wavelength c (urn) refers to the LPu mode cutoff wavelength measured when a 2 m long optical fiber is wrapped around a mandrel only once loosely to a radius of 140 mm ( The same applies to the following).
  • a hatched area is a preferable area.
  • This hatch ring range under the conditions described above, the specific refraction index difference .DELTA..eta 2 is 0.03% of the outer core to 0 with respect to the outer cladding.
  • a 09% the outer diameter 2 b of the outer core 2 5. 7 ⁇ M ⁇ 29. when a 8 ⁇ M, cutoff wavelength input c ( ⁇ M), the effective area a ef f ( ⁇ M 2), dispersion (ps / nm / miles), dispersion slope (ps / nm 2 / km) s and bending loss (dB / m) at a diameter of 20 mm.
  • the optical fiber according to the first embodiment has various characteristics at a wavelength of 1.55 ⁇ m. As sex, 5 6-6 6 ⁇ M 2 of effective area A ef f, + 1 ⁇ + 6 ps / nm / km in dispersion, 0. 06 ⁇ 0.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the effective area A eif (JLL m 2 ) and the bending loss (dB / m) at a diameter of 20 mm in the optical fiber according to the first embodiment.
  • a graph G100 in this figure shows the above relationship for the conventional optical fiber
  • a graph G200 shows the above relationship for the optical fiber according to the first embodiment.
  • These graphs G 1 00 as can be seen from the G 200, both the bending as effective area A ef f ( ⁇ M 2) is greater loss (dB / m) is increased.
  • the effective area A ef f becomes 5 6 ⁇ M 2 or more
  • the bending loss becomes 5 dB / m or more, it is likely that loss due to cable manufacturing is increased.
  • the bending loss is 5 dB / m or less if the effective area A efi is 56 zm 2 or more and 66 m 2 or less. The increase in loss due to the cable is effectively suppressed.
  • the manufactured sample has an inner core outer diameter 2a of 5.4 2m, an outer core outer diameter 2b of 27.2 ⁇ m, an inner cladding outer diameter 2c of 47.0 ⁇ m, and an outer diameter of 27.0 ⁇ m.
  • the ratio (a / b) of the outer diameter 2a of the inner core to the outer diameter 2a of the side core was 0.20.
  • the ratio of this sample, the relative refractive index difference delta gamma ⁇ is 0.62% of the inner core with respect to the outer cladding, the relative refractive index difference of the outer core with respect to the outer cladding .DELTA..eta 2 is 0.05%, the inner cladding with the outer cladding The refractive index difference ⁇ 3 was one 0.08%.
  • the sample with the above structure has various characteristics at a wavelength of 1.55 m, an effective area A ef f of 61 m 2 , a dispersion of +4.6 ps / nm / km, and ps It has a dispersion slope of / nm 2 / km, a polarization mode dispersion of 0.1 1 ps ⁇ km—1 / 2 , and a bending loss of 0.4 dB / m at a diameter of 20 mm.
  • the cutoff wavelength c was 1.34 m.
  • the optical fiber according to the first embodiment has a refractive index profile of a so-called “double core” depressed clad type and satisfies the above expressions (1) to (4).
  • a larger effective area A eff can be obtained with the dispersion slope kept low.
  • FIG. 4 is a refractive index profile of a second embodiment of the optical fiber according to the present invention.
  • the optical fiber according to the second embodiment has a matched clad type refractive index profile in which the clad region is composed of a single layer.
  • the structure of the core region has a double core structure as in the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1A.
  • the optical fiber according to the second embodiment includes an inner core having an outer diameter 2 a having a refractive index including the center of the optical axis, and an outer core having an outer diameter 2 b surrounding the inner core and having a refractive index ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ !).
  • the refractive index profile 250 of the optical fiber according to the second embodiment shown in FIG. 4 is the same as that of the first embodiment shown in FIG. Represent.
  • the region 251 is a refractive index of each portion on the line L of the inner core
  • the region 252 is a refractive index of each portion on the line L of the outer core
  • the region 253 is This corresponds to the refractive index of each part on the line L of the cladding region.
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ ⁇ (%) of the inner core and the relative refractive index difference ⁇ 2 (%) of the outer core with the cladding region as a reference region are given as follows.
  • ⁇ 2 is the refractive index of the outer core
  • ⁇ 3 is the refractive index of the cladding region.
  • the optical fiber having the structure described above, the relative refractive index difference of the inner co ⁇ respect to the cladding region .DELTA..eta 2 (%), the relative refractive index difference of the outer core with respect to the cladding region ⁇ eta and 2 (), the inner core region It is preferable that the following conditions are satisfied when the outer diameter of the outer layer is 2 a ( ⁇ m) and the outer diameter of the outer layer core region is 2 b (ju).
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the optical characteristics of the optical fiber according to the second embodiment.
  • the relative refractive index difference n 2 of the outer core to the cladding region is 0.05% to 0.13%, and the outer diameter of the outer core 2 b Is 2 1.l ⁇ m to 25.3 ⁇ m, the cutoff wavelength c ( ⁇ m), the effective area A ef f ( ⁇ M 2), dispersion (ps / nm / km), the dispersion slope (ps / nm 2 / km) , and the bending loss (dB / m), respectively can be seen to be preferred value.
  • engagement Ru optical fiber to the second embodiment has, as characteristics at a wavelength of 1. 55 ⁇ M, the 56 ⁇ 66 ⁇ M 2 effective area A ef f, +. 1 to ten 6 ps / nm / km in Dispersion, 0.06 to 08 ps / nm 2 / km Dispersion slope, 0.15 pskm-Polarization mode dispersion of 1/2 or less, Bending loss of 5 dB / m or less for 20 mm diameter Have.
  • the cut-off wavelength c is 1.1 to L. 6 zm.
  • the manufactured sample had an inner core outer diameter 2a of 6.0 / m, an outer core outer diameter 2b of 24.0 m, and an inner core outer diameter 2b of the outer core outer diameter 2b.
  • the ratio (a / b) of the outer diameter 2a was 0.25.
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ ⁇ of the inner core with respect to the cladding region was 0.72%
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ 2 of the outer core with respect to the cladding region was 0.08%.
  • the effective area A eff is 60 / m 2 s
  • the dispersion is +2.8 ps / nm / km
  • the dispersion slope is 0.072 ps / nm 2 / km
  • the polarization mode dispersion was 0.09 ps' km— 1 / 2
  • the bend diameter at a diameter of 20 mm was 0.5 dB / m.
  • the cutoff wavelength c was 1.38 m.
  • the optical fiber according to the second embodiment having the so-called double-core / matched-clad refractive index profile, by designing to satisfy the above equations (6) to (9), 1 In the 55 m wavelength band, the effective area can be made sufficiently large while effectively suppressing the increase of the dispersion slope. Also, Other optical properties are also good. Industrial applicability
  • an optical fiber having a dual-core Daveless-Trade-type refractive index profile is designed so as to satisfy the above equations (1) to (4).
  • An optical fiber having a heavy-core / matched-clad refractive index profile was designed to satisfy the above equations (6) to (9), thereby suppressing the increase in dispersion slope in the 1.55-m wavelength band. In this state, the effective area can be increased sufficiently.
  • the optical fiber according to the present invention can effectively suppress the occurrence of nonlinear optical phenomena and reduce the accumulated dispersion, so that it can be used in an optical transmission line in an optical communication system such as a WDM transmission system. Are suitable.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une fibre optique comportant une section efficace suffisamment grande lorsqu'elle supprime une augmentation de la pente de dispersion dans la bande de longueur d'onde de 1,55 νm. La fibre optique comprend un coeur intérieur dont une partie s'étend le long d'un axe prédéterminé, et un coeur extérieur, situé sur le pourtour du coeur intérieur, ayant un indice de réfraction inférieur à celui du coeur intérieur. Plus spécialement, la différence relative de l'indice Δn1 du coeur intérieur par rapport à la partie référence dans la partie gaine située sur le pourtour de la partie coeur, la différence relative de l'indice Δn2 du coeur extérieur par rapport à la partie référence, le rapport a/b du diamètre extérieur (2b) du coeur extérieur par rapport au diamètre extérieur (2a) du coeur intérieur, sur la surface extérieure, et le diamètre extérieur (2b) du coeur extérieur sont tous déterminés de manière appropriée selon la structure de la partie gaine.
PCT/JP2000/001237 1999-03-03 2000-03-02 Fibre optique Ceased WO2000052507A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU28258/00A AU2825800A (en) 1999-03-03 2000-03-02 Optical fiber

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP11/55414 1999-03-03
JP5541499 1999-03-03

Publications (1)

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WO2000052507A1 true WO2000052507A1 (fr) 2000-09-08

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TW (1) TW419603B (fr)
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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001007943A1 (fr) * 1999-07-27 2001-02-01 Fujikura Ltd. Fibre optique a dispersion decalee
US6546177B1 (en) 1999-09-09 2003-04-08 Fujikura Ltd. Dispersion shifted optical fiber
EP1353202A3 (fr) * 2002-04-03 2004-08-18 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Fibre optique à dispersion optimisée
US6785453B1 (en) 1999-07-12 2004-08-31 Fujikura Ltd. Dispersion shifted optical fiber
WO2005111683A1 (fr) * 2004-04-29 2005-11-24 Corning Incorporated Fibre optique a faible attenuation et grande surface utile
US7336877B2 (en) 2004-08-31 2008-02-26 Corning Incorporated Broadband optical fiber
CN100374888C (zh) * 2003-04-11 2008-03-12 株式会社藤仓 光纤
WO2008106033A3 (fr) * 2007-02-28 2008-10-16 Corning Inc Fibre optique à large aire effective

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6785453B1 (en) 1999-07-12 2004-08-31 Fujikura Ltd. Dispersion shifted optical fiber
US6694079B1 (en) 1999-07-27 2004-02-17 Fujikura Ltd. Disperson-shifted optical fiber employing dual shape core profile
WO2001007943A1 (fr) * 1999-07-27 2001-02-01 Fujikura Ltd. Fibre optique a dispersion decalee
US6546177B1 (en) 1999-09-09 2003-04-08 Fujikura Ltd. Dispersion shifted optical fiber
US6999667B2 (en) 2002-04-03 2006-02-14 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Dispersion-controlled optical fiber
EP1353202A3 (fr) * 2002-04-03 2004-08-18 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Fibre optique à dispersion optimisée
CN100374888C (zh) * 2003-04-11 2008-03-12 株式会社藤仓 光纤
WO2005111683A1 (fr) * 2004-04-29 2005-11-24 Corning Incorporated Fibre optique a faible attenuation et grande surface utile
US7187833B2 (en) 2004-04-29 2007-03-06 Corning Incorporated Low attenuation large effective area optical fiber
US7254305B2 (en) 2004-04-29 2007-08-07 Corning Incorporated Low attenuation large effective area optical fiber
CN100470274C (zh) * 2004-04-29 2009-03-18 康宁股份有限公司 低衰减大有效面积的光纤
US7336877B2 (en) 2004-08-31 2008-02-26 Corning Incorporated Broadband optical fiber
WO2008106033A3 (fr) * 2007-02-28 2008-10-16 Corning Inc Fibre optique à large aire effective
US7603015B2 (en) 2007-02-28 2009-10-13 Corning Incorporated Optical fiber with large effective area

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