WO2000046352A1 - Lymphocytes t humains effecteurs exprimant la molecule cd86 et leur utilisation therapeutique - Google Patents
Lymphocytes t humains effecteurs exprimant la molecule cd86 et leur utilisation therapeutique Download PDFInfo
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- A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
- A61K40/10—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
- A61K40/11—T-cells, e.g. tumour infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL] or regulatory T [Treg] cells; Lymphokine-activated killer [LAK] cells
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- A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
- A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
- A61K40/41—Vertebrate antigens
- A61K40/42—Cancer antigens
- A61K40/428—Undefined tumor antigens, e.g. tumor lysate or antigens targeted by cells isolated from tumor
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- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
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- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
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- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
- C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
- C12N5/0636—T lymphocytes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
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- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
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- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/50—Cell markers; Cell surface determinants
- C12N2501/515—CD3, T-cell receptor complex
Definitions
- the present invention relates to lymphocytes expressing the functional CD86 molecule, methods for preparing a substantially homogeneous population of these lymphocytes and their application in therapy and diagnostics.
- T cells play an essential role in regulating an immune response as well as in maintaining a memory immune response.
- T cells 15 direct effector. Activation of T cells is necessary for them to acquire functional properties (Swain SL et al, Immunol Rev. (1996) 150, 143-67).
- Cellular immunotherapy is a treatment which consists in reinjecting in a patient autologous cells which have been modified ex vivo in order to confer them
- CPN blood mononuclear cells
- T lymphocytes 25 T lymphocytes The advantage of stimulating CMNs ex vivo before reinjecting them avoids the toxicity linked to the systemic injection of T lymphocyte activators.
- IL-2 interleukin 2
- T cell stimuli such as cytokines (such as IL-4 or IL-7) or activating antibodies against surface molecules (such as CD3 molecules (Landegren U et al, Eur J Immunol. (1984 ) 14, 325-8), CD2 (Van Lier RA et al, Eur J Immunol. (1988) 18, 167-72 & European Patent 40 96 55) and / or CD28 (Greenfield EA, et al, Crit Rev Immunol. (1998) 18, 389-418)) are used alone or in combination in order to generate these cells.
- cytokines such as IL-4 or IL-7
- CD2 Van Lier RA et al, Eur J Immunol. (1988) 18, 167-72 & European Patent 40 96 55
- CD28 Greenfield EA, et al, Crit Rev Immunol. (1998) 18, 389-418)
- CMN CMN-derived neurotrophic factor
- activation of CMN in vitro does not lead to the expansion of a homogeneous population of T lymphocytes, all having a well-defined phenotype and function, but to a set of populations with degrees of activation, phenotypes and different functional properties.
- the generation of a homogeneous population the production of which would be reproducible, the phenotypic characteristics of which would be known, which would be easily identifiable and which would simultaneously exhibit several effector functions (that is to say, besides cytotoxic properties, immunological properties which are beneficial in immunosuppression), would be a considerable advance.
- CD4-type T lymphocytes recognize fragments of antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (CPAg) in association with the major class II histocompatibility complex (MHC II) and are considered to have "helper" properties (that is to say capable of helping B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to acquire their functional properties).
- CD8 type lymphocytes recognize fragments of antigens presented by CPAg in association with MHC I and are generally considered to have. cytotoxic properties.
- T lymphocytes having never encountered the antigen against which they are specific are called naive T lymphocytes and are characterized by the expression of the CD45RA molecule.
- the T lymphocytes having already encountered the antigen vis-à-vis which they are specific are called memory T lymphocytes and express the molecule CD45RO (Swain SL et al, Immunol. Rev. (1996) 150, 143-67).
- T lymphocytes The intensity and nature of the signals necessary for the activation of T lymphocytes vary depending on whether they are naive or memory T lymphocytes.
- Naive T lymphocytes must receive more costimulation signals than memory T lymphocytes in order to be properly activated and to differentiate into effector cells. These costimulation signals are provided by the CPAg and in particular by the dendritic cells. If the lymphocytes meet the antigen in the absence of costimulation signals, they become anergic, tolerant or die by apoptosis.
- the CD86 molecule is expressed constitutively on the surface of many CPAg (Lenschow DJ et al, Annu Rev Immunol (1996) 14, 233-58). It has two ligands: (1) the CD28 molecule, expressed constitutively by T lymphocytes, which generates, after ligation with the CD86 molecule (or with the CD80 molecule), a strong activation signal for T lymphocytes and (2) the CTLA-4 molecule, expressed only by activated T lymphocytes and which generates, after ligation with the CD 86 molecule (or the CD 80 molecule), an inhibition signal.
- the functional activity of T lymphocytes is therefore partly regulated by activating and inhibiting signals mediated by the molecules CD28 and CTLA-4, respectively.
- the present invention relates to a new, practically homogeneous population of polyclonal human T lymphocytes, characterized by the expression of the functional CD86 molecule and, moreover, by cytotoxic, immunostimulatory and especially costimulatory properties.
- costimulatory properties are only partially mediated by the expression of the CD86 molecule, many other costimulation molecules being expressed at very high levels or selectively on these cells.
- T lymphocytes which, in the absence of any transfection or modification, constitutively express numerous costimulation molecules, and in particular the functional CD86 molecule, appears to be an essential contribution.
- the T lymphocytes according to the present invention concomitantly express costimulation and immunostimulation properties, properties which are generally not provided by CPAg.
- This population can be used in particular in cellular immunotherapy in the treatment of cancers, infectious diseases, immune deficiencies and in the field of vaccinology.
- the invention also relates to T cells expressing the CD86 molecule as a source of new lymphocyte molecules involved in the immune response.
- the present invention also relates to a method for diagnosing immune abnormalities by detecting in the blood or tissues of T lymphocytes expressing the functional CD86 molecule, in particular using anti-CD86 antibodies.
- This diagnosis will, for example, highlight serious immune deficiencies of congenital origin (Owen syndrome for example), autoimmune diseases (arthritis type), viral infections (CMV and HIV) or latent bacterial infections .
- the invention also relates to therapeutic compositions characterized in that they comprise at least T lymphocytes or a practically homogeneous population of human T lymphocytes expressing the functional CD86 molecule.
- the lymphocytes or cell populations obtained can be used for the production of a medicament intended more particularly for the treatment of congenital, acquired or pathological immunodeficiencies. It may especially be the treatment of patients with an absent or deficient immune response with regard, for example, to a tumor or a pathogen.
- the products according to the invention may be used in particular for the production of a medicament intended for the treatment: - microbial affections (virus, bacteria, parasite, yeast, including in particular the problems linked to transplants) and, - cancers, in particular HIV positive subjects and / or suffering from myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, carcinoma of the kidney, brain, prostate, rectum, pancreas, ovaries, lungs, for example.
- the CD86 + T lymphocytes and populations of T cells according to the present invention can also be used as an adjuvant or immunostimulant by vaccinology and this in combination with vaccinating antigens and / or other compounds of bacterial, viral or DNA type for example, in order to produce therapeutic vaccines.
- CD86 + lymphocytes and populations containing CD86 + T lymphocytes according to the present invention can also be used in the case of treatment of septic shock.
- these populations of CD86 + T lymphocytes can be used in autologous injection, that is to say it is possible to start from the patient's cells, CMN or isolate. of lymphocytes, to implement the process, then to reinject them after stimulation. This of course represents the enormous advantage of eliminating any risk associated with possible contamination and any phenomenon of antigenicity.
- compositions according to the present invention may include other elements useful in the treatment of particular pathologies, they may be chemical molecules, drugs for example, or biological, genetically modified organisms, bacterial or viral, of which will want to use genes or antigens.
- lymphocytes or populations of T lymphocytes according to the present invention characterized in that they have been drawn with a biological extract or biological derivatives, it may be in this case cells or microbes or derivatives of the peptide, protein, glycolipid, glycopeptide and lipopeptide type for example as well as mixtures, in particular of antigens, in this case the property of the lymphocytes according to the present invention is in particular used to possess costimulatory properties necessary during the process of presentation of the antigen.
- the population of T lymphocytes according to the present invention can be transfected or coupled with DNA or chemical or immunological molecules, in order to promote for example the expression and / or the targeting of certain of these products.
- the properties of the populations according to the present invention will be analyzed below before the examples. 1.
- the present invention also relates to a process for obtaining a practically homogeneous population of human T lymphocytes expressing the functional CD86 molecule, characterized in that, from a sample containing human T lymphocytes, at least two sequential stimulations are carried out said lymphocytes.
- practically homogeneous population of human T lymphocytes expressing the functional CD86 molecule is meant a population containing more than 70%, preferably more than 90%, of CD86 + T cells.
- the stimulation is carried out using activators and compounds ensuring the proliferation of T lymphocytes.
- the activators are preferably chosen from anti-CD2, anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 activating antibodies and the mitogens or mixtures of these compounds; compounds stimulating the proliferation of T lymphocytes will also be used, in particular the interleukins IL-2 (Mier JW et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1980) 77, 6134-6138; Northoff et al, J. Immunol. (1980) 125, 1823-1828; Mier JW et al J. Immunol. (1982) 128, 1122-7), IL-4, IL-7 for example.
- sequential stimulation is intended to denote two stimulations carried out on cell culture in new medium at least 4 days apart, and preferably at least 7 days, in general this interval will be of the order of 1 to 3 weeks, it will depend, in particular, on the intensity of the stimulation.
- the present invention therefore relates to a method characterized in that the duration between two stimulations is at least 4 days, preferably 7 days.
- each stimulation it is preferably regularly added, for example every 2 days, a cytokine stimulating the proliferation of T lymphocytes.
- T lymphocytes After the second stimulation, likewise, it will preferably be a few days, for example more than 4 days, in general more than 7 days, before obtaining a practically homogeneous population of T lymphocytes expressing the CD86 molecule.
- T lymphocytes can be cultured with all the appropriate media, which are known to those skilled in the art, examples of such media of type RPMI 1640 will be explained in particular in the examples.
- Calf serum may be replaced by autologous human serum or by a suitable medium without protein of animal or human origin.
- the amounts of stimulating agents used vary depending on the agent used, for example the antibodies will be used preferably at concentrations of 10 to 1000 ng / ml, preferably from 10 to 500 ng / ml, as for the cytokines themselves are used at concentrations of the order of 10 to 1000 U / ml, in particular from 100 to 500 U / ml.
- the sample containing T lymphocytes is preferably either a sample of blood mononuclear cells (CMN), or an isolate of T lymphocytes originating from CMN.
- CMN stimulation (10 6 cells / ml) is carried out in the culture medium described in Example 1 (knowing that the calf serum can be replaced by autologous human serum or by a suitable medium without protein of animal origin or human) with an amount for example of 200 ng / ml of anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 (Kung P et al, Science (1979) 206, 347-349; Tax, WMJM et al, Nature (1983) 304, 445-447) plus 200 U / ml of recombinant human IL-2. Every two days, recombinant human 1TL-2 will be added, for example 200 U / ml.
- a second stimulation with an amount for example of 200 ng / ml of anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 plus 200 U / ml of IL-2 will be performed. Every two days, recombinant human 1TL-2 will be added, for example 200 U / ml.
- T lymphocytes (10 6 cells / ml) are isolated by the technique rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (as detailed in Example 3). Stimulation of T lymphocytes (10 6 cells / ml) is carried out in the culture medium described in Example 1 (knowing that the calf serum can be replaced by autologous human serum or by a suitable medium without original protein animal or human) with a human anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (previously adsorbed on the culture surface at a concentration of 20 ⁇ g / ml) (Martin PJ et al, J.
- Example 1 describe the generation and kinetics of expression of the CD86 molecule on T lymphocytes after stimulation of CMNs by an activating anti-CD3 antibody in the presence of IL-2 ( Figure 1).
- protocol 1 or 2 two approaches can be proposed in order to isolate CD86 + T cells having the biological properties according to the present invention.
- protocols 1 and 2 it is thus possible to implement protocols 1 and 2 as described above.
- all the lymphocytes express the CD86 molecule one week after the second stimulation. If this is not the case, the cells will be cultured for an additional 2 to 4 days with for example 200 U / ml of IL-2 in order to obtain a population of T cells all expressing the CD 86 molecule.
- the present invention relates generally to CD86 + T lymphocytes, which can be obtained in particular by implementing protocols 1 and 2 in an incomplete manner, that is to say by only making the first stimulation with the anti-CD3 antibody plus 1TL-2 (in the presence or absence of the anti-CD28 antibody).
- the CD86 + cells can be purified using a cell sorting cytofluorometer.
- the negative and positive CD86 cells will be isolated on the basis of the expression level of the HLA-Dr molecule which is lower on CD86 cells than on CD86 + cells (see Example 3,
- the protocol used shows that a practically homogeneous population made up of human CD86 + T lymphocytes is only generated after a series of at least two stimulations jointly involving at least two stimuli of different nature such as for example an anti-CD3 antibody and interleukin 2 (Example 1 and Figure
- the present invention also relates to a practically homogeneous population of human CD86 + T lymphocytes such that they can be obtained in particular by the method described above but which can be obtained by other methods, in particular after a single stimulation and cell sorting.
- the lymphocytes according to the invention express at least one of the following molecules in a stable manner: CD25, CD54 and CD80, and transiently: CD30, CD40-L and
- the CD86 molecule constitutes the reference marker for characterizing this new population of memory and effector human T lymphocytes.
- T lymphocytes express the CD2, CD3, CD4 or CD8 molecules and, remarkably, the CD86 molecule. They express among others the following membrane molecules: CD25 (alpha chain of the interleukin 2 receptor), CD45RO (molecule selectively expressed by memory T cells) (Example 2 and Figure 2), major class I histocompatibility complex (MHC I), MHC II, CD54 and CD80 (Example 3 and Table I). They selectively express, although transiently, the CD30 molecule, the ligand of the CD40 molecule (CD40-L) and the CD70 molecule (Example 3 and Figure 3).
- CD86 molecule only appears on T lymphocytes expressing the CD45RO molecule (see Example 2, Figure 2); the CD45RO molecule characterizes memory cells (Swain SL et al, Immunol. Rev. (1996) 150, 143-67).
- CD25, CD54, CD80 and HLA-Dr molecules are invariably expressed more significantly on CD86 + T lymphocytes than on CD86- T lymphocytes (see Example 3, Figure 3 and Table I); the increased expression of the molecules CD25, CD54 and HLA-Dr on the CD86 + cells show that they are in a significant state of activation (Swain SL et al, Immunol. Rev. (1996) 150, 143-67).
- costimulation molecules CD54, CD70, CD80, and CD86 are expressed in an increased manner on CD86 + T lymphocytes.
- the use of costimulation molecules currently appears as a new therapeutic approach of choice and is proposed in particular: (i) in anticancer immunotherapy (Liebowitz DN et al, Curr Opin Oncol (1998) 10, 533-41); (ii) to facilitate the establishment of an effective T lymphocyte response vis-à-vis microbial exogenous agents (Kaye PM, Immunol Today (1995) 16, 423-7); and (iii) as an adjuvant in vaccinology (Chamberlain RS et al, Cancer Res. (1996) 56, 2832-6).
- CPAg CPAg-T lymphocyte interaction. These interactions are necessary for the education and activation of T lymphocytes during antigen presentation.
- the CD54 molecule binds to the LFA-1 molecule which transduces a powerful costimulation signal to T lymphocytes (Van Seventer GA et al, J. Immunol (1990) 144, 4579-86).
- a costimulation signal mediated by CD28 allows an effective activation of T lymphocytes, objectified by an increase in proliferation and production of IL-2.
- CD40-L, CD70, CD80 and CD86 molecules are expressed by CD86 + cells. They allow CD86 + T lymphocytes to acquire cytotoxic properties. Indeed :
- NK cells Natural Killer (NK) cells via CD27 (which has the CD70 molecule as a ligand) increases their cytotoxic activity (Yang FC et al, Immunology (1996) 88, 289-93).
- the CD40-L molecule will also promote the development of a cytotoxic response by two mechanisms: a. by binding to the CD40 molecule expressed by CPAg, it leads to activation of CPAg (and in particular of dendritic cells) so powerful that these cells will be able to confer cytotoxic activity on naive T lymphocytes, in the absence of lymphocyte T "helper" (Bennet SR et al., Nature (1988) 393, 478-
- the CD80 and CD86 molecules are essential in generating antiviral and antitumor cytotoxic responses. This particular activity has been reported many times in the literature, in particular in vaccination models since they promote the induction of a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response.
- the CD80 molecule increases the cytotoxic properties of NK cells (Yeh KY et al, Cell Immunol (1995) 165, 217-24) as well as the generation of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Flynn K & Mullbacher A, Eur J Immmunol (1997) 27 , 456-62).
- the transfection of cells with a gene coding for the molecule CD 80 increases the frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated as well as their functional activity with respect to cells infected with a virus (He XS et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ( 1996) 93, 7274-8; Rao JB et al., J Immunol (1996) 156, 3357-65; Tsuji T et al, Eur J Immunol (1997) 27, 782-7) or with respect to cells tumor (P ⁇ tzer BM et a, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1997) 94, 10889-94; Imro MA et al, Hum Gène Ther (1998) 9, 1335-44; Leong CC et al, Eur J Immunol (1997) 71 , 476-82).
- a signal via the CD28 molecule is required to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Azuma M et al, J Immunol (1993) 150, 2091-101 ; Lanier LL et al, J Immunol (1995) 154, 97-105).
- the interaction of the CD80 and / or CD86 molecules with their CD28 ligand has also been implicated in the generation of an effective response towards the parasite Toxoplasma gondii (Hunter CA et al, J Immunol (1997) 158, 2285- 93).
- the CD40-L molecule gives cells that express it immunostimulatory properties. After ligation with the CD40 molecule, it induces the activation of monocytes (Laman JD et al, Crit Rev Immunol. (1996) 16, 59-108) as well as the maturation (induction of expression of the CD83 molecule) and the activation (production of IL-12) of dendritic cells .
- the injection of DNA encoding the CD40-L molecule increases the efficiency of an immune response (humoral and cellular) and induces protective immunity against infectious agents or against a tumor challenge (Gurunathan et a, J Immunol. ( 1998) 161, 4563-71).
- the CD40-L and CD70 molecules give the cells which express them the ability to stimulate B lymphocytes ("helper" property for B lymphocytes).
- B lymphocytes By attaching to its ligand the CD40 molecule, CD40-L participates in the isotypic switching processes, production of immunoglobulins, survival and proliferation of B lymphocytes (Laman JD et a, Crit Rev Immunol. (1996) 16, 59-108).
- the CD70 molecule is involved in the regulation of B cell proliferation, dTgG and IgM production and differentiation into plasma cells (Agematsu K et al, Eur J Immunol. (1995) 25, 2825 -29).
- the present invention relates to cytokines and in particular lymphokines produced by a population of CD86 + T lymphocytes as described above as well as a purified lymphokine obtained from the lymphokines according to the invention.
- the profile of cytokines produced by CD86 + T cells is different from CD86- cells (Example 4, Figures 4a and 4b):
- IFN ⁇ interferon gamma
- CD86 + T lymphocytes of the order of 10 to 100 ng / ml
- CD86- cells Figure 4b
- LTFN ⁇ plays a crucial role in resistance to pathogens and in the anti-tumor response. In addition, it has powerful antiviral properties, increases the bactericidal activity of macrophages and promotes the expression of MHC I and MHC II molecules and therefore the development of immune responses to antimicrobials and antitumors (Boehm U, Ann Rev Immunol (1997) 15 , 749-95). LTFN ⁇ is used clinically in the treatment of cancers (eg kidney cancer).
- cancers eg kidney cancer
- TNF ⁇ induces the death of tumor cells which express one of its receptors (Hieber U & Heim ME, Oncology (1994) 51, 142-53). It also plays a key role in initiating the inflammatory phase by activating numerous cellular partners such as endothelial cells, epithelial cells and effector cells of the inflammatory reaction such as monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. By activating these cells, it also participates in the effector phase of the antimicrobial response (Camussi G et al, Eur J Biochem (1991) 202, 3-14).
- CD86 + T lymphocytes concomitantly present a set of surface molecules or cytokines expressed by the effector cells (like the cytotoxic cells) but also by the CPAg. This gives them the ability to initiate, carry out (effector phase) and control an immune response.
- the invention claims the generation of a practically homogeneous population of human T lymphocytes expressing the CD86 molecule and having simultaneously the following effector functions: costimulation (that is to say that they promote the generation of a lymphocyte response naive), cytotoxicity (that is to say, they destroy tumor cells and / or pathogenic microorganisms) and immunostimulation.
- costimulation that is to say that they promote the generation of a lymphocyte response naive
- cytotoxicity that is to say, they destroy tumor cells and / or pathogenic microorganisms
- immunostimulation that is to say, they destroy tumor cells and / or pathogenic microorganisms
- the effector properties of CD86 + T cells were compared to those of CD86- T cells. 4.1.
- CD86 + T cells have powerful costimulatory properties.
- naive T lymphocytes expressing the CD45RA molecule
- the activation (proliferation and production of cytokines) of naive T lymphocytes requires at least two signals: a first signal via the T receptor, which can be mimicked by an anti-CD3 antibody, and a second signal via costimulation molecules such as the CD28 molecule.
- Two types of experiments were used to objectify the costimulatory properties of CD86 + T lymphocytes. In these two types of experiments, naive T lymphocytes were used as responder cells because it is in this activation state that the T lymphocytes need to receive the most costimulation signals to be activated.
- the tests used are as follows: - activation of stimulated naive T lymphocytes with a suboptimal dose of anti-CD3 activating antibody (OKT3).
- the activation of naive T lymphocytes is objectified by an induction of proliferation (Example 5, Figure 5a) and of the production of IFN ⁇ (Example 5, Figure 5b), - activation of naive T lymphocytes in the presence of heterologous CD86 + T lymphocytes .
- the proliferation of naive T lymphocytes is measured (Example 5, Figure 5c).
- CD86 + T cells are capable of activating naive T cells.
- the use of neutralizing anti-CD86 antibodies shows that the CD86 molecule expressed by human T lymphocytes is biologically active and participates, at least in part, in the costimulation activity.
- CD86- T cells as well as freshly isolated T cells show little or no costimulation activity (Example 5, Figures 5a, 5b and 5c).
- CD86 + T cells have cytotoxic properties.
- the stimulation of T lymphocytes by 1TL-2 leads to the generation of killer T lymphocytes (also called “lymphokine activated killer cells” or LAK) spontaneously possessing powerful cytotoxic properties.
- cytotoxic cell generation techniques involve stimulating T cells in vitro before reinjecting them into patients. These protocols exploit the fact that stimulation will not only induce proliferation of T lymphocytes but also give them cytotoxic properties. Indeed, in the absence of activation, naive T lymphocytes as well as memory lymphocytes have little or no cytotoxic property.
- CD86 + T cells spontaneously exhibit cytotoxic activity against tumor cells (Example 7, Figure 7). This cytotoxic activity is also carried by a mixed population containing CD86 + lymphocytes and CD86- lymphocytes and by CD86- T lymphocytes. In contrast, freshly isolated, non-activated T cells do not kill tumor cells.
- Example 7 An example using the K562 tumor line as target cell is presented in Example 7 (FIG. 7).
- Figure 1 In vitro generation of a population of T lymphocytes expressing the CD86 molecule by stimulation of CMN from peripheral blood with an anti-CD3 antibody in the presence of IL-2.
- Human CMNs from peripheral blood were stimulated (on D0) with the anti-CD3 antibody OKT3 and 1TL-2 (as described in example 1) and were (D) or not (H) stimulated a second times on D21 with the anti-CD3 antibody OKT3 and interleukin 2 (as described in Example 1).
- Interleukin 2 is added every two days to the culture.
- the expression of. the CD86 molecule on CD3 + T lymphocytes is evaluated by cytofluorometry kinetically over 6 weeks by double labeling.
- the results are expressed as a percentage of T cells expressing the CD86 molecule. They are representative of one of 10 experiences.
- Figure 2 CD86 + human T cells express the CD45RO molecule. Human CMNs were stimulated by the anti-CD3 antibody OKT3 and interleukin 2 as described in Example 1. The expression of the CD45RO molecule by the CD86 + and CD86- T lymphocytes was evaluated by double labeling. cytofluorometry after 15 days of culture. The results are representative of one of 10 experiences.
- Figure 3 Preferential expression of CD30, CD40 ligand and CD70 molecules on CD86 + T lymphocytes.
- Human CMNs were stimulated by the antibody OKT3 and interleukin 2 as described in Example 1.
- the expression of the HLA-Dr, CD30, CD40-L and CD70 molecules on CD86 + and CD86- T lymphocytes was evaluated by double labeling in cytofluorometry after 15 days of culture. The results are representative of one of the 10 experiments.
- Figures 4a and 4b Comparison of the production of IFN ⁇ by CD86 + and CD86- T lymphocytes.
- Figure 4a CMNs were stimulated as described in Example 1.
- CD86 + and CD86- T lymphocytes were sorted using a cell sorting cytofluorometer and stimulated with PMA plus ionomycin for 6 hours. The total population was also "treated in the same way" after or not incubation with the neutralizing anti-CD86 antibody (IT2.2). LTFN ⁇ was assayed in the supernatants by ELIS A. The results, expressed in pg / ml (mean ⁇ SD) are representative of one of 3 experiments.
- FIGS. 5a, 5b and 5c The CD86 + T lymphocytes provide the costimulation signals necessary for the activation of the naive T lymphocytes.
- Figures 5a and 5b Costimulation test of naive T cells in the presence of an anti-CD3 antibody.
- CD86 + T cells generated and purified as described in Example 1, were fixed with paraformaldehyde and then cultured with lymphocytes Naive T stimulated with an anti-CD3 antibody in the presence or absence of neutralizing anti-CD86 antibodies (clones IT2.2 or FUN-1) or of a monoclonal antibody of isotype control.
- Figure 5c Mixed lymphocyte reaction test.
- Figure 6 The CD86 molecule expressed by human B and T lymphocytes has a similar molecular weight of 70 kDa.
- the non-activated T cells were obtained by the rosette technique as described in Example 3.
- Example 1 Generation of a homogeneous population of human T lymphocytes expressing the CD86 molecule after stimulation of human mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood with an anti-CD3 antibody in the presence of IL-2.
- CD86 positive T cells are generated from human peripheral blood.
- the blood is taken by leukopheresis (in the presence of an anticoagulant such as for example lithium heparinate).
- CMNs are then cultured at the concentration of 1x10 6 cells / ml in the following medium (hereinafter referred to as complete culture medium): RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% of decomplemented fetal calf serum (heating at 56 ° C. for 30 minutes), 2 mM L- glutamine.
- CMNs are activated with a minimum concentration of 200 ng / ml of human anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody clone OKT3 in the presence of recombinant human interleukin 2 (IL-2) at a concentration of 200 U / ml.
- Human 1TL-2 is added to the culture every other day.
- a second stimulation of the cells on D21 will make it possible to generate a homogeneous population of human T lymphocytes all expressing the CD86 molecule.
- the lymphocytes are collected on D21, washed twice in RPMI 1640 medium and then re-cultured in complete culture medium at the concentration of 1x10 6 cells / ml.
- Cells are activated with 200 ng / ml of anti-CD3 antibodies and 200 U / ml of recombinant IL-2.
- 1TL-2 200 U / ml is added every other day.
- the anti-human CD3 antibody (clone OKT3) is produced by the myeloma CRL-8001 obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA). Myeloma is cultivated in Dulbecco medium modified according to Iscove (Life technologies) supplemented with 20% of decomplemented fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U / ml of penicillin and 100 / xg / ml of streptomycin. The antibody is purified by fixation on a column of protein A coupled to Sepharose (Pierce). They are then detached from the resin in the presence of a 10 mM Tris-HCl solution pH 4.
- the pH of the eluted fraction is then brought back to pH 7.0.
- the eluted fraction is concentrated and then quantified (BCA protein piercing reagent, Pierce).
- BCA protein piercing reagent Pierce
- the purity of the anti-CD3 antibodies is verified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reduced and unreduced conditions before staining with silver nitrate. Purity is> 95%.
- the sterility of the anti-CD3 antibody solution is ensured by filtration through 0.22 ⁇ m.
- Recombinant human interleukin 2 (produced in prokaryotic system) is obtained from R & D Systems (Abingdon, United Kingdom).
- Methodology Analysis by cytofluorometry of the expression of the CD86 molecule on T lymphocytes by double labeling.
- a cell culture sample is taken to analyze the expression of the CD86 molecule on T lymphocytes by double labeling in flow cytometry (FACS Vantage type cytofluorimeter; Becton Dickinson, Erembodegem, Belgium).
- the cells are washed in FACS buffer (10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 containing 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.01% sodium azide) before being distributed in wells of a culture plate 96 wells with conical bottom (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) at a rate of 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells in a volume of 50 ⁇ l of FACS buffer.
- an anti-human CD3 antibody labeled with phycoerythrin (anti-CD3 PE) (Becton Dickinson) or an isotypic control antibody labeled with phycoerythrin (Becton Dickinson).
- an anti-human CD86 antibody labeled with biotin (clone IT2.2; Pharmingen) or a control antibody.
- biotin clone IT2.2; Pharmingen
- a control antibody After 20 minutes of incubation at 4 ° C, the cells are washed twice with 200 ⁇ l of FACS buffer before being incubated in the presence of Cychrome-labeled streptavidin (Pharmingen) at a concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ml to detect the anti-CD86 antibody.
- the CD86 molecule is not expressed by human T lymphocytes freshly isolated from peripheral blood. - CD86 + T cells are detected from D3 after the first stimulation.
- the culture conventionally contains 50 ⁇ 10% of CD86 + T lymphocytes (result obtained on 20 experiments).
- the percentage of CD86 + T lymphocytes continues to increase until a homogeneous population of lymphocytes which all express the CD86 molecule is obtained.
- Example 2 The expression of the CD86 molecule is restricted to T lymphocytes expressing the CD45RO molecule (memory lymphocytes).
- CD86 molecule is restricted to memory T lymphocytes (expressing the CD45RO molecule) (see Figure 2). at. Methodology: Human CMNs were stimulated by the antibody CD3 OKT3 and 1TL-2 as described in Example 1. The expression of the CD45RO molecule on CD86 + and CD86- T lymphocytes was evaluated by cytofluorometry in double marking after 15 days of culture. In fact, we observed that after 7 days of culture, all of the cells of the population are made up of CD3 + T lymphocytes. 2x10 5 cells are washed in FACS buffer, resuspended in FACS buffer and distributed in a 96-well culture plate with conical bottom at the rate of 50 ⁇ l / well.
- Example 3 Compared to CD86- T lymphocytes, CD86 + T lymphocytes express higher levels of costimulation and activation molecules and selectively express certain molecules playing a crucial role in the immune response.
- CMNs were stimulated with the anti-CD3 antibody OKT3 and 1TL-2 for 15 days as described in Example 1.
- the phenotype of the CD86 + and CD86- T lymphocytes was analyzed by FACS in double labeling. The phenotype is compared to that of freshly isolated T cells from blood which have been purified by the rosette technique with sheep erythrocytes.
- the CMNs are resuspended at a concentration of 200 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml and mixed with 1 ml of a 50% solution of sheep erythrocytes (BioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). The cell suspension is incubated at 4 ° C overnight. After a gentle resuspension, the T cells are isolated by centrifugation on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient (1500 rpm for 30 minutes at room temperature). The sheep erythrocyte-T lymphocyte complexes are collected at the bottom of the tube. Red blood cells are lysed by two hypotonic shocks successive. The purity of the T cells thus isolated, evaluated by labeling with an anti-CD3 FITC antibody, is> 95%.
- Cell labeling with the antibodies is carried out as described in Example 1: the cells are washed in FACS buffer before resuspension in FACS buffer at the rate of 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml. The cells are then distributed in the wells of a 96-well culture plate with a conical bottom at the rate of 50 ⁇ l / well.
- an anti-CD54 FITC antibody an anti-CD80 FITC antibody, or an anti-HLA-Dr FITC antibody (all from Becton Dickinson), or an anti-CD70 FITC antibody (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA), either an anti-CD30 FITC antibody (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), or an anti-CD40-L FITC antibody (Ancell, Bayport, MN), or the control antibodies corresponding to each isotype (Becton Dickinson).
- the expression of the CD86 molecule is evaluated using an anti-human CD86 antibody labeled with biotin (clone IT2.2) (Pharmingen).
- the cells are washed 3 times with 200 ⁇ l of FACS buffer before being incubated in the presence of streptavidin labeled with Cychrome (Pharmingen) at a concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ml to detect the antibodies anti-CD86.
- the cells are washed 3 times with 200 ⁇ l of FACS buffer before being resuspended in 200 ⁇ l of this same buffer for analysis by cytofluorometer.
- the expression of the molecules CD54, CD80, HLA-Dr, CD70, CD30 and CD40-L is compared on freshly isolated T lymphocytes, CD86 T lymphocytes and CD86 + T lymphocytes.
- Results As presented in Table I and FIG. 3, the results show that: - The freshly isolated T lymphocytes express the activation molecules at weakly detectable levels and do not express the costimulation molecules CD80 and CD86.
- CD86 + T cells express higher levels of CD25 and HLA-Dr activation markers than CD86- T cells.
- CD86 + T lymphocytes express higher levels of the CD54 and CD80 costimulation molecules than CD86- lymphocytes.
- the CD30 molecule is not expressed by freshly purified T lymphocytes.
- the CD30 molecule is expressed only by CD86 + lymphocytes.
- TNF ⁇ family molecules such as CD40-L and CD70 molecules are not expressed by freshly purified T lymphocytes, are little expressed on CD86 cells - but are mainly expressed by CD86 + lymphocytes.
- Table I below presents the results obtained after comparison of the surface molecules expressed by human CD86 + T lymphocytes and CD86- T lymphocytes.
- Human CMNs were stimulated with the anti-CD3 antibody OKT3 and 1TL-2 as described in Example 1.
- the expression of different surface molecules on CD86 + and CD86- T lymphocytes is carried out by double labeling in cytofluorometry (FACScan, Becton Dickinson) after two weeks of culture.
- the results presented summarize the data obtained with cells from 5 different subjects.
- Table I Phenotypic characterization of T lymphocytes expressing the CD86 molecule and of T lymphocytes not expressing the CD86 molecule (the values in brackets correspond to the percentage of cells expressing the molecule).
- Example 4 CD86 positive T cells produce larger amounts of IFN ⁇ than CD86 negative T cells.
- CMNs were stimulated as described in Example 1.
- the CD86 + cells were separated from the CD86 cells using a cell sorting cytoffuorometer (FACSVantage, Becton Dickinson). Briefly, the cells were incubated with an anti-CD86 FITC antibody (clone IT2.2, Pharmingen) (5 ⁇ g of antibody for 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells / 500 ⁇ l) for 20 minutes at 4 ° C. After three washes with complete culture medium, the CD86 + cells are separated from the CD86- cells on the basis of the expression of the CD86 molecule. The purity of the two T lymphocyte populations, analyzed by cytofluorometry, is> 98%. As a control, the non-separated populations are incubated or not with a neutralizing anti-CD86 antibody (IT2.2, used at 10 ⁇ g / ml) were also used.
- IT2.2 neutralizing anti-CD86 antibody
- the cells are resuspended in complete culture medium at the concentration of 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml and activated or not with for 6 hours with 10 ng / ml of phorbol myristate acetate (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO) plus 1 ⁇ M of ionomycin (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA).
- the culture supernatants are collected and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 minutes at 4 ° C.
- Methodology Measurement of the frequency of IFN ⁇ producing T lymphocytes among CD86 + and CD86- T lymphocytes.
- the T lymphocytes are stimulated in the presence of 2.5 ⁇ g / ml of brefeldine A (Molecular Probes, Eu confusing, OR). After washing, the cells are incubated in a 96-well conical bottom culture plate with an anti-CD86 antibody labeled with biotin. After 20 minutes of incubation at 4 ° C, the cells are washed 3 times with 200 ⁇ l of FACS buffer before being incubated in the presence of streptavidin labeled with Cychrome as described in Example 1.
- brefeldine A Molecular Probes, Eu confusing, OR
- Example 5 CD86 positive human T lymphocytes provide the costimulation signals necessary for the proliferation and activation of naive T lymphocytes.
- CD86 + T cells were generated as described in Example 1 and used one week after the second stimulation (Example 1, Figure 1).
- CD86- T cells were isolated two weeks after stimulation (as described in Example 1) using a cell sorting cytofluorometer (as described in Example 4a). The cells are then fixed using a solution of 1% paraformaldehyde prepared in 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 for 10 minutes at 4 ° C. After three washes in phosphate buffer, the cells are incubated with a neutralization solution (200 mM L-lysine, Sigma). After three washes in phosphate buffer, the cells are resuspended in complete culture medium at the concentration of 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml.
- Naive T lymphocytes (CD45RA positive) are isolated from peripheral blood. Briefly, the CMNs are isolated by centrifugation on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient as described in Example 1 and the T lymphocytes are purified by the rosette technique, as described in Example 3. After washing, the cells are resuspended in the complete culture medium and incubated with an anti-CD45RO antibody for 20 minutes at 4 ° C (5 ⁇ g of antibody for 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells / 1 ml of cell suspension). After washing, the cells are incubated with magnetic beads carrying anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies (Dynabeads system, Dynal). CD45RO + T cells are removed from the cell suspension by the action of a magnetic field.
- CD45RA + CD45RO- T cell population is resuspended in complete culture medium at the concentration of 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml.
- CD45RA positive T lymphocytes (2x10 5 cells / ml, 100 ⁇ l / well) are cultured in a 96-well round-bottom culture plate (Nunc) and stimulated with 10 ng / ml of anti-CD3 OKT3 antibody in the absence or in the presence of either CD86 + T cells or CD86 T cells at a final concentration of 2 x 10 5 cells / well.
- the experiments are carried out in the presence or absence of 10 ⁇ g / ml of neutralizing anti-human CD86 antibody (clone IT2.2, Pharmingen or clone FUN-1, Ancell). The different experimental conditions are carried out three times.
- CD86 + and CD86- cell populations from two different donors are generated as described above.
- CD45RA + T lymphocytes (2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml, 100 ⁇ l / well) are cultured in a 96-well round-bottom culture plate (Nunc) in the absence or in the presence of either CD86 + T lymphocytes or CD86- to the final concentration of 2x10 5 cells / well.
- CD86 + human T lymphocytes provide a costimulation signal necessary for proliferation (Figure 5a) and the production of IFN ⁇ ( Figure 5b) by naive human T lymphocytes (CD45RA) stimulated by a suboptimal dose of anti-CD3 antibodies.
- CD86 + cells but not CD86- cells are capable of inducing a mixed lymphocyte reaction ( Figure 5c).
- the role of costimulation carried by CD86 + T lymphocytes is inhibited by two different anti-CD86 neutralizing antibodies (clones IT2.2 and FUN-1) demonstrating the functionality of the CD86 molecule expressed by T lymphocytes ( Figure 5c).
- Example 6 The CD86 molecule expressed by human T lymphocytes has an apparent molecular weight of 70 kDa.
- CD86 molecule expressed by human T lymphocytes has an apparent molecular weight of 70 kDa similar to the CD86 molecule expressed by CPAg. at.
- Methodology A population of T lymphocytes expressing the CD86 molecule was generated by two successive stimulations as described in Example 1.
- the Daudi human B lymphoid line and the Jurkat human T lymphoid line were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection . These cells are cultured in complete medium (RPMI medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% of decomplemented fetal calf serum).
- the cells are collected and washed three times with RPMI medium and then lysed in a 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 containing 0.5% of Nonidet P40 and a cocktail of protease inhibitors (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) for 20 minutes at 4 ° C.
- the cell lysates are then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4 ° C to remove the nuclei.
- the supernatant is taken up in an equivalent volume of 10 mM phosphate buffer containing 0.1% bromophenol blue, 5% glycerol and 0.1% ⁇ -mercaptoethanol.
- the proteins are then separated according to their molecular weight by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (5% concentration gel - 10% separation gel).
- a quantity of proteins corresponding to 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells is deposited in each line. After migration, the proteins are transferred by Western blotting onto a nitrocellulose membrane. After saturation in a phosphate solution containing 10% of skimmed milk, the membranes are incubated overnight at 4 ° C with shaking with an anti-CD86 antibody (clone IT2.2, Pharmingen) at a concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ml. After washing with a phosphate buffer containing 10% of skimmed milk, the membranes are incubated with a goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody labeled with peroxidase (Dako) for 2 hours at room temperature with shaking. The membranes are washed in phosphate buffer.
- Example 7 The CD86 + T lymphocytes exhibit spontaneous cytotoxic activity with respect to the tumor cell line 562.
- the example here is the fact that human T lymphocytes expressing the molecule
- CD86 are able to spontaneously kill tumor cells in vitro (Figure 7). at. Methodology: A mixed population of T lymphocytes expressing or not expressing the CD86 molecule was generated 14 days after stimulation, as described in example 1. The CD86- and CD86 + T lymphocytes were isolated using of a cell sorting cytofluorometer as described in Example 4. Human T lymphocytes from peripheral blood were isolated as described in Example 3.
- the target cell is the K562 line which was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. These cells are cultured in complete medium (RPMI medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% of decomplemented fetal calf serum). These cells are collected and washed twice with RPMI medium. They are then incubated with a 51 Cr solution (100 ⁇ Ci / 10 6 cells) for 90 minutes at 37 ° C. The cells are then centrifuged and washed three times with complete culture medium. The target cells are then distributed in a 96-well round-bottom culture plate (Nunc) at the rate of 1x10 5 cells / well.
- complete medium RPMI medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% of decomplemented fetal calf serum. These cells are collected and washed twice with RPMI medium. They are then incubated with a 51 Cr solution (100 ⁇ Ci / 10 6 cells) for 90 minutes at 37 ° C. The cells are then centrifuged and washed
- Effector cells freshly isolated peripheral blood T cells, CD86 + T cells, CD86 T cells or a mixed population (50/50) of CD86 + T cells / CD86 T cells
- the culture plate is then incubated in an oven at 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 in a humid atmosphere for 4 hours.
- 100 ⁇ l of supernatant are removed and the release of 51 Cr is measured using a ⁇ radiation counter (Packard, Australia). Spontaneous release is measured in the supernatants of target cells alone.
- the total release of 51 Cr is measured on the culture wells containing only target cells and treated with a 1% solution of Tween 20 in 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.
- Azuma, M., Ito, D., Yagita, H., Okumura, K., Phillips, J.H., Lanier, L.L. and Somoza, C, B70 antigen is a second ligand for CTLA-4 and CD28. Nature (1993) 366, 76-9.
- CD27 is a signal-transducing molecule involved in CD45RA + naive T cell costimulation. J. Immunol. (1994) 153, 5422-32.
- Rao, JB, Chamberlain, RS, Bronte, V., Carroll, MW, Irvine, KR, Moss, B., Rosenberg, SA and Restifo, NP, IL-12 is an effective adjuvant to recombinant vaccinia virus-based tumor vaccines: enhancement by simultaneous B7-1 expression. J. Immunol. (1996) 156, 3357-65.
- Tax W.J., Willems, H.W., Reekers, P.P., Capel, P.J. and Koene, R.A. Polymorphism in mitogenic effect of IgGl monoclonal antibodies against T3 antigen on human T cells. Nature (1983) Aug 4-10, 304 (5925), 445-7.
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| CA002360688A CA2360688A1 (fr) | 1999-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Lymphocytes t humains effecteurs exprimant la molecule cd86 et leur utilisation therapeutique |
| AU23017/00A AU2301700A (en) | 1999-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Human t cell effectors expressing cd86 molecule and therapeutic use thereof |
| EP00901698A EP1149159A1 (fr) | 1999-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Lymphocytes t humains effecteurs exprimant la molecule cd86 et leur utilisation therapeutique |
| JP2000597412A JP2002535983A (ja) | 1999-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Cd86分子を発現するヒトエフェクターtリンパ球およびその治療的使用 |
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| WO1998003670A1 (fr) * | 1996-07-23 | 1998-01-29 | Tanox Pharma B.V. | Induction de la tolerance aux lymphocytes t au moyen d'une molecule soluble pouvant bloquer simultanement deux mecanismes d'action costimulants |
| WO1998021314A2 (fr) * | 1996-11-12 | 1998-05-22 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute | Procede servant a stimuler l'activation et la proliferation de lymphocytes b et a moduler des reactions immunitaires |
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| WO1998003670A1 (fr) * | 1996-07-23 | 1998-01-29 | Tanox Pharma B.V. | Induction de la tolerance aux lymphocytes t au moyen d'une molecule soluble pouvant bloquer simultanement deux mecanismes d'action costimulants |
| WO1998021314A2 (fr) * | 1996-11-12 | 1998-05-22 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute | Procede servant a stimuler l'activation et la proliferation de lymphocytes b et a moduler des reactions immunitaires |
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