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WO1999011586A9 - Mousse de carbone thermoconductrice - Google Patents

Mousse de carbone thermoconductrice

Info

Publication number
WO1999011586A9
WO1999011586A9 PCT/US1998/017809 US9817809W WO9911586A9 WO 1999011586 A9 WO1999011586 A9 WO 1999011586A9 US 9817809 W US9817809 W US 9817809W WO 9911586 A9 WO9911586 A9 WO 9911586A9
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
foam
fluid
core
evaporating liquid
heat exchanging
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1998/017809
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO1999011586A2 (fr
WO1999011586A3 (fr
Inventor
Timothy D Burchell
James W Klett
Ashok Choudhury
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp
Original Assignee
Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp filed Critical Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp
Priority to AU92949/98A priority Critical patent/AU9294998A/en
Publication of WO1999011586A2 publication Critical patent/WO1999011586A2/fr
Publication of WO1999011586A3 publication Critical patent/WO1999011586A3/fr
Publication of WO1999011586A9 publication Critical patent/WO1999011586A9/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0007—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning
    • F24F5/0035—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning using evaporation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F28D20/023—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material being enclosed in granular particles or dispersed in a porous, fibrous or cellular structure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D5/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, using the cooling effect of natural or forced evaporation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/003—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by using permeable mass, perforated or porous materials
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/54—Free-cooling systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a foam material derived from carbonaceous precursor, and more particularly to a thermally conductive, pitch-derived carbon foam having high thermal conductivity and heat exchanging properties.
  • a foam material derived from carbonaceous precursor and more particularly to a thermally conductive, pitch-derived carbon foam having high thermal conductivity and heat exchanging properties.
  • Conventional solutions include cooling fans, ice packs and refrigeration systems. In the latter, a working fluid is compressed (condensed) and pumped into an expansive chamber or pipe system where it evaporates, pulling heat from the atmosphere to satisfy its needed latent heat of vaporization, and thus cooling the surrounding environment . Air blown through the heat exchanger may be cooled and circulated to cool larger volumes such as in domestic and automotive air conditioning systems.
  • the general object of the present invention is to provide a thermally conductive carbon foam.
  • Another object is to provide a method of producing a cooling effect utilizing a thermally conductive carbon foam.
  • Yet another object is to provide a heat exchanging device employing a carbon foam core.
  • the foam has an open cell ligament composition.
  • the objectives are accomplished by a method of producing a cooling effect wherein a thermally conductive, pitch-derived carbon foam is selected.
  • the foam is contacted with an evaporating liquid, and an evaporation of the evaporating liquid is effected.
  • the objectives are accomplished by a heat exchanging device having a thermally conductive, pitch-derived carbon foam core.
  • a fluid impermeable coating covers a portion of the foam core and exposes a portion. The exposed portion provides access and egress for an evaporating liquid.
  • the carbon foam is positioned in separate columns to provide a cold storage container with spacing between the columns.
  • relative motion between the foam and heat transfer fluid is developed in the presence or absence of an evaporative liquid by moving the foam, thereby accelerating evaporation and increasing the cooling effect.
  • FIGS. 1-6 are micrographs of pitch-derived carbon foam graphitized at 2500°C and at various magnifications.
  • FIGS. 7-9 are charts plotting temperature/time of the carbon foam resulting from the evaporation of a working fluid according to this invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic view illustrating one embodiment employing the carbon foam of this invention.
  • FIGS. 11-14 are diagrammatic views illustrating other embodiments employing the carbon foam of this invention.
  • a high thermal conductivity carbon foam is utilized to provide an evaporatively cooled heat sink or heat exchanger.
  • the carbon foam is derived from mesophase pitch and has a ligament thermal conductivity approaching 700 /m»K.
  • FIGs. 1-6 It is depicted in Figs. 1-6 and has an open structure which allows free access to a working fluid to the cell walls/ligaments.
  • a preferred method for producing the carbon foam is described in a U.S. patent application entitled Pitch-Based Carbon Foam and Composition Serial No. , filed and is commonly assigned.
  • the working fluid contacts the cell surface it evaporates, the latent heat of vaporization causes cooling of the carbon foam. The extent of cooling depends upon the working fluid and the ambient conditions (temperature and pressure) .
  • the heat sink/exchanger temperature has been shown to fall to less than 223K (- 50°C) using acetone as the working fluid at a pressure of 1200 microns Hg (1.2 torr) , and 0.5°C using acetone as the working fluid at ambient temperature and pressure. Forced air flow over the carbon foam increases the temperature drop in excess of that observed under ambient conditions.
  • the heat sink/exchanger described herein finds applications in heat removal systems such as personal/body cooling suits, portable refrigeration systems or coolers, and air conditioning systems (household and automotive) .
  • the following Examples demonstrate the evaporative cooling effect on the previously described carbon foam when contacted with different working fluids as represented by acetone, ethanol and water. These Examples are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
  • the foamed carbon was doused or partially immersed in the working fluid. Upon removal from the working fluid, and as indicated in Examples I-VI, the foam sample was placed in a vacuum furnace with a thermocouple penetrating the foam sample. The foam temperature was monitored as a function of time and pressure (vacuum) . The ambient laboratory temperature was approximately 21°C.
  • Example III the sample was immersed in water in vacuum to ensure that the foam was saturated. This probably allowed an excess of water to penetrate the sample and reduced the exposed foam surface area available for evaporation. Moreover, the resultant high water partial pressure in the furnace made it impossible to attain good vacuum in a reasonable time. Consequently, the experiment was repeated in Example IV, but with substantially less water applied to the foam.
  • Example III sub-zero temperatures were attained in a much shorter time than for Example III.
  • the data for Examples I, II and IV are plotted in Fig. 7. The lowest temperature observed (-53.4°) was attained in 4 minutes using acetone as the working fluid. Temperatures of -24.1°C and -5.5°C were attained over the same time period when the working fluid was ethanol and water, respectively.
  • SUBST1TUTE SHEET (RULE 26) domestic cooling type) was used to blow ambient air across the foam and petri dish.
  • Petri dish was frequently replenished with additional acetone .
  • Ethanol in Petri dish replenished once.
  • the foam material of this invention attains low temperatures for several reasons: (i) It is an efficient heat transfer medium because of its excellent thermal conductivity and large surface area; (ii) The working fluid
  • SUBST ⁇ T ⁇ SHEET (RULE 26) has a high latent heat of vaporization and a low temperature (close to room temperature) ; (iii) The ambient pressure is low (i.e., a vacuum) causing rapid evaporation from the carbon foam surface.
  • An evaporatively cooled heat sink or air conditioner for home or automobile is illustrated in Fig. 10 generally at 10.
  • a working fluid is pumped from a reservoir 12 to a header tank 14 via pump 16 and lines 15 and 17. It drains through the carbon foam 18 of this invention which is encased in a impermeable coating or skin 20.
  • the downward flow of fluid through the foam 18 occurs under the influence of gravity or a pressure differential created by a pump 16. Evaporation of the working fluid from the carbon foam surface causes cooling of the carbon foam 18. A vacuum in the reservoir 12 created by pump 16 enhances evaporative cooling from the foam 18 and increase the temperature drop, as demonstrated in the previous Examples.
  • a fan with a motor 22 and duct 24 directs a separate air stream (at ambient temperature) from the air used for evaporation through penetrations 26 in the coating or casing 20 and foam core 18 where the air gives up excess heat to the cooled foam core 18. The air therefore exits the foam core 18 at below ambient temperature where it may be ducted to cool inhabited space. Condensers or cold traps 28 may be required to condense vapor exiting the foam core 18. The condensed working fluid is returned to the header tank 14.
  • cooling fluid such as water, ethylene glycol, helium or nitrogen could be used to remove heat from critical components, such as electronics or chemical/medicines in cold storage, or internal combustion engines.
  • FIG. 11 shows an evaporatively cooled cold box generally 30.
  • An encapsulated carbon foam core 32 surrounds a series of open cavities 36 into which items to be cooled are placed.
  • the encapsulating skin 38 also provides enclosed cavities 40 and 42 above and below the foam core 32.
  • the working fluid is poured into the top closed cavity 40 such as through opening 44 and drains through the foam 32. Vents 46 are additionally located in the top cavity allowing the working fluid to evaporate to the atmosphere. Evaporation of the working fluid from the carbon foam 32 surface reduces the foam's temperature. Heat for additional working fluid evaporation is extracted from the open cavities 36, thus reducing the temperature within the cavities.
  • the entire cold box is wrapped or clad in the thermal insulation and a thermally insulated lid 48 seals the open (cold storage) cavities.
  • a fan could be fitted to the insulated cold box 30 to increase air flow through the foam and thus increase the evaporation rate of the working fluid.
  • An evaporatively cooled cold pack could also be made with the carbon foam. It would be somewhat similar to those currently available that are frozen prior to use, and may be fabricated using the carbon foam material.
  • a carbon foam block would be encapsulated with a impermeable material.
  • the working fluid would be poured in, wet the foam surface and evaporate, causing the foam temperature to drop. An opening through which the working fluid would be poured would also allow the evaporating fluid to vent to atmosphere .
  • FIG. 12 shows the carbon foam 18 of this invention in the form of a block 51 to be used as an automobile radiator generally 50.
  • Hot engine cooling fluid is introduced into intake manifold 52 connected to pipes 54 which pass through the foam block 51 to the output manifold 56.
  • foam block 51 is supported in an automobile as indicated at 58 having the usual frame 53 and wheels 55. Hot fluid is conveyed by output conduit 57 from engine 59 to intake manifold 52. Cooled fluid returns to engine 59
  • Fig. 14 shows the carbon foam 18 in the form of a spinning disk device generally 70.
  • the disk device includes a foam disk portion 72 connected with a double walled conduit 74 providing a central hollow conduit member 76 and an outer conduit member 78. Air and an evaporative fluid are introduced into conduit 78 where it passes into the foam disk portion 72. The air and evaporative fluid are spun out of the disk portion 72 as it is rotated to the outside of the disk portion 72. This is shown by arrow 80 for the air and arrow 82 for the evaporative liquid.
  • a fluid impermeable coating 79 provides a sealed surface on opposing sides of the disk portion 72. Hot fluid to be cooled is passed down central hollow conduit member 76 where it is cooled in disk portion 72.
  • the foam has an extended surface area resulting from its cellular structure. This allows for rapid evaporation of the working fluid.
  • the foam has an open structure which allows the working fluid to permeate the material .
  • the cell size and ligament properties may be varied, allowing the material to be tailored to the selected working fluid or anticipated cooling application.
  • a working fluid may be selected that is non-toxic and environmentally acceptable, (vi) Evaporative cooling systems such as those disclosed herein potentially offers low (zero) energy consumption and increased reliability with few or no moving parts.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne une mousse de carbone thermoconductrice dérivée du brai et qui, lorsqu'elle est mise en contact avec un liquide en évaporation, participe à un échange thermique, ce qui fait qu'elle peut servir d'échangeur thermique. Cette mousse, qui est dérivée de brai mésophase, comporte une composition de liaison à cellules ouvertes. Cette mousse peut s'employer dans différents types de dispositifs de réfrigération tels que les conditionneurs d'air, colonnes de distillation, compresses froides et radiateurs.
PCT/US1998/017809 1997-09-02 1998-08-05 Mousse de carbone thermoconductrice Ceased WO1999011586A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU92949/98A AU9294998A (en) 1997-09-02 1998-08-05 Thermally conductive carbon foam

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US92387797A 1997-09-02 1997-09-02
US08/923,877 1997-09-02

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999011586A2 WO1999011586A2 (fr) 1999-03-11
WO1999011586A3 WO1999011586A3 (fr) 1999-08-05
WO1999011586A9 true WO1999011586A9 (fr) 1999-09-02

Family

ID=25449404

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1998/017809 Ceased WO1999011586A2 (fr) 1997-09-02 1998-08-05 Mousse de carbone thermoconductrice

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (1) AU9294998A (fr)
WO (1) WO1999011586A2 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6979513B2 (en) 2002-06-28 2005-12-27 Firefly Energy Inc. Battery including carbon foam current collectors
US7014151B2 (en) 1997-09-02 2006-03-21 Ut-Battelle, Llc Pitch-based carbon foam heat sink with phase change material
US7033703B2 (en) 2002-12-20 2006-04-25 Firefly Energy, Inc. Composite material and current collector for battery
US7147214B2 (en) 2000-01-24 2006-12-12 Ut-Battelle, Llc Humidifier for fuel cell using high conductivity carbon foam
US7341806B2 (en) 2002-12-23 2008-03-11 Caterpillar Inc. Battery having carbon foam current collector

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6037032A (en) 1997-09-02 2000-03-14 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp. Pitch-based carbon foam heat sink with phase change material
US6673328B1 (en) 2000-03-06 2004-01-06 Ut-Battelle, Llc Pitch-based carbon foam and composites and uses thereof
US6033506A (en) 1997-09-02 2000-03-07 Lockheed Martin Engery Research Corporation Process for making carbon foam
US6729269B2 (en) 1997-09-02 2004-05-04 Ut-Battelle, Llc Carbon or graphite foam as a heating element and system thereof
US6430935B1 (en) * 2001-08-22 2002-08-13 Ut-Battelle, Llc Personal cooling air filtering device
US8272431B2 (en) 2005-12-27 2012-09-25 Caterpillar Inc. Heat exchanger using graphite foam
US7287522B2 (en) * 2005-12-27 2007-10-30 Caterpillar Inc. Engine system having carbon foam exhaust gas heat exchanger
US8069912B2 (en) 2007-09-28 2011-12-06 Caterpillar Inc. Heat exchanger with conduit surrounded by metal foam
US8399134B2 (en) 2007-11-20 2013-03-19 Firefly Energy, Inc. Lead acid battery including a two-layer carbon foam current collector
KR20110055611A (ko) * 2008-08-13 2011-05-25 배 시스템즈 피엘시 장비 냉각
EP2154466A1 (fr) * 2008-08-13 2010-02-17 BAE Systems PLC Refroidissement d'équipement

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3784487A (en) * 1972-04-05 1974-01-08 Ruetgerswerke Ag Process for making a foam from a composition comprising bituminous masses,a novolac,and hexamethylenetetramine
US4007324A (en) * 1974-10-03 1977-02-08 Airco, Inc. Nipple for electrode joint
GB2012303B (en) * 1977-12-14 1982-05-06 British Petroleum Co Process for preparing pitch foams and products so produced
FR2411811A1 (fr) * 1977-12-14 1979-07-13 British Petroleum Co Procede de fabrication de mousses de carbone et de graphite a partir de mousses de brais
JPH04163319A (ja) * 1990-10-19 1992-06-08 Tonen Corp 超高熱伝導率ピッチ系炭素繊維及びその製造法

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7014151B2 (en) 1997-09-02 2006-03-21 Ut-Battelle, Llc Pitch-based carbon foam heat sink with phase change material
US7157019B2 (en) 1997-09-02 2007-01-02 Ut-Battelle, Llc Pitch-based carbon foam heat sink with phase change material
US7166237B2 (en) 1997-09-02 2007-01-23 Ut-Battelle, Llc Pitch-based carbon foam heat sink with phase change material
US7147214B2 (en) 2000-01-24 2006-12-12 Ut-Battelle, Llc Humidifier for fuel cell using high conductivity carbon foam
US6979513B2 (en) 2002-06-28 2005-12-27 Firefly Energy Inc. Battery including carbon foam current collectors
US7033703B2 (en) 2002-12-20 2006-04-25 Firefly Energy, Inc. Composite material and current collector for battery
US7341806B2 (en) 2002-12-23 2008-03-11 Caterpillar Inc. Battery having carbon foam current collector

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU9294998A (en) 1999-03-22
WO1999011586A2 (fr) 1999-03-11
WO1999011586A3 (fr) 1999-08-05

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