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WO1999007879A1 - Systeme reporteur electrochimique permettant de detecter les dosages immunologiques analytiques et procedures de biologie moleculaire - Google Patents

Systeme reporteur electrochimique permettant de detecter les dosages immunologiques analytiques et procedures de biologie moleculaire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999007879A1
WO1999007879A1 PCT/US1998/016714 US9816714W WO9907879A1 WO 1999007879 A1 WO1999007879 A1 WO 1999007879A1 US 9816714 W US9816714 W US 9816714W WO 9907879 A1 WO9907879 A1 WO 9907879A1
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Prior art keywords
electrochemical
enzyme
substrate
nucleic acid
reporter system
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PCT/US1998/016714
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Inventor
Robert D. Macphee
Clive R. Taylor
Rainer Hintsche
Rene Seitz
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Fraunhofer Institut fuer Siliziumtechnologie
University of Southern California USC
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Fraunhofer Institut fuer Siliziumtechnologie
University of Southern California USC
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Priority claimed from US09/105,538 external-priority patent/US6682648B1/en
Application filed by Fraunhofer Institut fuer Siliziumtechnologie, University of Southern California USC filed Critical Fraunhofer Institut fuer Siliziumtechnologie
Priority to CA002300268A priority Critical patent/CA2300268A1/fr
Priority to JP2000506361A priority patent/JP2001512691A/ja
Priority to AU89039/98A priority patent/AU8903998A/en
Priority to EP98940857A priority patent/EP1003905A1/fr
Publication of WO1999007879A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999007879A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/005—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
    • C12Q1/6816—Hybridisation assays characterised by the detection means
    • C12Q1/6825—Nucleic acid detection involving sensors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
    • G01N27/3275—Sensing specific biomolecules, e.g. nucleic acid strands, based on an electrode surface reaction
    • G01N27/3277—Sensing specific biomolecules, e.g. nucleic acid strands, based on an electrode surface reaction being a redox reaction, e.g. detection by cyclic voltammetry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
    • G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
    • G01N33/5438—Electrodes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrochemical method and an associated microchip-based apparatus that can be used to afford voltammetric or amperiometric detection for monitoring immunochemical and/or molecular biology procedures .
  • ELISAs enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays
  • EIA enzyme immunoassays
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
  • Such immunoassays while generally reliable, depend on sophisticated and extremely expensive optical processes to report their results. Such optical processes are cumbersome because they are expensive, require a clean and unsoiled measurement chamber and their visually rendered signals prevent precise quantitation of results in a simple manner.
  • State of the art optical systems have several drawbacks, in that they generally require optical clarity, photo multiplication, signal digitalization or analog quantitation and transmission, as well as compatible viscosity and/or a neutral optical background.
  • Transparent support media, aqueous or otherwise may become fouled or turbid and prevent or render difficult any accurate analyses utilizing optical reporters .
  • Duan, C. et al . "Separation-Free Sandwich Enzyme Immunoassays Using Microporous Gold Electrodes and Self-Assembled Monolayer/Immobilized Capture Antibodies," Analytical Chemistry, 66/9:1369-77 (1994) discloses a separation-free system aimed at simplifying conventional immunoassay protocols utilizing a gold-plated microporous membrane which serves as the solid phase for a noncompetitive sandwich-type immunoassay as well as a working electrode of an amperiometric detection system.
  • a capture monoclonal antibody is covalently immobilized by a conventional chemical bonding agent at the gold plated side of the membrane.
  • a model analyte protein as well as an alkaline phosphatase labeled antibody are incubated simultaneously with the immobilized capture antibody.
  • Surface bound antibody is then separately detected from any excess conjugate in the sample by the introduction of an enzyme substrate, such as 4-aminophenol phosphate, from the backside of the membrane which is not gold-plated. The substrate seeps through the membrane and encounters the bound enzyme antibody conjugate at the gold-plated surface. Aminophenol is thus enzymatically generated and detected by oxidation at the gold electrode, the magnitude of the current being a measure of the concentration of analyte in the sample.
  • the sensitivity of the system disclosed in Duan is very low, requiring a 20nA signal compared to 0.1 nA in the present invention. This translates to a 50 times sensitivity advantage when considering actual protein detection limits.
  • the system described by Duan was only capable of detecting protein (human chorionoic gonadotropin) down to a level of 500 ng/1, whereas the novel methodology herein described has shown a 10 ng/1 protein detection limit.
  • Niwa, O. et al . "Small-Volume Voltammetric Detection of 4Aminophenol with Interdigitated Array Electrodes and Its Application to Electrochemical Enzyme Immunoassay, " Analytical Chemistry, 65:1559-1563 (1993) have reported on the use of an interdigitated array (IDA) micro-electrode cell in small-volume voltammetric detection of 4 -aminophenol .
  • IDA interdigitated array
  • the object of the present invention to provide an immunochemical and molecular biological reporter system to detect and quantify reactants or products.
  • the present invention is intended to include both endpoint and kinetic reporting applications.
  • This system consists of a silicon microchip-formatted interdigitated array (IDA) of closely spaced nobel metal electrodes used to detect immunochemical or nucleic acid conjugates containing electrochemically active molecules susceptible to redox recycling and therefore detectable by means of amperiometry or voltammetry.
  • IDA interdigitated array
  • this electrochemical reporter system may be applied to an immunochemical method for directing antibodies arising as a result of a viral infection by utilizing an immunoassay including a multivalent enzyme conjugate (Biotin/Avidin) for liberating redox-active molecules, and an IDA for measuring the redox-active molecules.
  • an immunoassay including a multivalent enzyme conjugate (Biotin/Avidin) for liberating redox-active molecules, and an IDA for measuring the redox-active molecules.
  • this novel reporter system is equally applicable to all enzyme-labeled immunochemistry formats. Methods to which this system applies are commonly, but not exclusively used to examine 1)
  • Infectious diseases microbial antigen or antibody proteins
  • this novel electrochemical reporter system may be applied to detecting or quantifying specific nucleic acids or their amplicons in analytic molecular biologic procedures. Analyses of specific nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences are gaining wide acceptance and use in the clinical setting to examine body fluids or tissues for the presence of infectious microorganisms, malignancy, inherited disease (genetic defects), forensic medical evidence, and paternity/maternity identification. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic presentation describing a pair of ELISA methods which exemplify the use of optical and electrochemical reporter systems in the immunochemical art.
  • Figs. 2 and 3 are schematic presentations, including legends, describing the application of the electrochemical reporter system, in accordance with the invention, to differing immunochemical procedural formats.
  • Fig. 2 exemplifies a noncompetitive immunoassay employing a multi-valent labeling conjugate consisting of a biotinylated labeling antibody paired with an avidin-conjugated electrochemical reporter.
  • Fig. 3 exemplifies a competitive immunoassay format in which the labeling antibody (monovalent, and conjugated to the electrochemical reporter) is displaced by an antibody, the analyte, with similar binding specificity.
  • Fig. 4 is a chart comparing results from six different patients as measured (from left to right in each column) with an indigenous optical system, the electrochemical system in accordance with the invention, and a commercially available assay.
  • Fig. 5 is a chart which graphically and statistically compares results derived using paired immunoassays which differ in the reporter conjugate employed.
  • An electrochemical reporter in accordance with the invention is used in one immunoassay, and an optical reporter is used in the comparative immunoassay.
  • Fig. 6 is a chart presenting quantitative HIV RNA results from fourteen human subject plasmas (from left to right in each column) following (1)RT PCR with amplicons quantitated using an electrochemical system in accordance with the invention, and (2) ith amplicons quantitated using an optical reporter system.
  • Figs. 7, 8, and 9 are charts which graphically and statistically compare HIV RNA quantitation results derived following RT PCR and using two matched amplicon detection procedures which differ in the reporter conjugate employed.
  • An electrochemical reporter in accordance with the invention is used in one detection procedure, and an optical reporter is used in the comparative detection procedure.
  • this electrochemical reporter technology is capable of endpoint detection or kinetic monitoring of clinical and analytical immunochemical and molecular biology procedures including analytical and clinical applications.
  • the present invention employs a closely spaced (nanometer scale) interdigitated array of thin film nobel metal microelectrodes to detect voltammetric signals produced in proportion to the concentration of organic (or inorganic) reporter molecules capable of exhibiting redox recycling at the electrode's surface.
  • the anodes and cathodes in the interdigitated array may have a width between about 100 and about 800 nm. Preferred are interdigitated arrays where the widths of the anodes and cathodes is between about 150 and about 650 nm. Most preferred are arrays with anodes and cathodes having a width of about 300 nm.
  • the electrodes may be spaced apart from each other with a distance between about
  • the application of the present invention may use ganged IDAs in which a single multipotentiostat is used to detect signals from several IDAs on a single chip, so that when in use, the read-out (s) show the reaction status of each IDA, as well as combined amperiometric reading (s) .
  • the electrochemical labels may be directly conjugated to the reporter substance, or generated as conjugated or unconjugated products of enzyme/substrate reactions in conjunction with ligand/receptor procedures.
  • Enzyme/substrates which may be used with the present invention include, but are not limited to, ⁇ -galactosidase/p- aminophenyl- ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside, ⁇ -galactosidase/p- aminophenyl- ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside, ⁇ -glucosidase/p- aminophenyl- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside , ⁇ -glucosidase/p-aminophenyl- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside, -mannosidase/p-aminophenyl- ⁇ -D- mannopyranoside, ⁇ -mannosidase/p-aminophenyl- ⁇ -D- mannopyranoside, acid phosphatase/p-aminophenylphosphate, alkaline phosphatase/p-aminophenylphosphate, and phosphodiesterase Il/p-aminophenyl
  • Immunoassays for detecting an indicative species have been adapted to numerous procedural formats. For example, relevant reactions may all take place in solution, or specific components may be anchored to solid supports for ready separation of bound ligands. Further examples of format variety include the use of labeled recognition molecules to directly indicate the presence of a substance of interest
  • non-competition assay or specific recognition molecules, in selectively limited quantities, may be reacted with a sample containing the endogenous substance of interest as well as a known quantity of an exogenous label, with similar binding characteristics as the substance of interest, but conjugated with a detectable label.
  • the quantity of labeled material complexed to the recognition molecules will be dependent on the relative ratios of the endogenous (sample) and exogenous (label) molecules.
  • the conjugate is not necessarily restricted to the molecular species eventually subjected to detection.
  • the EIA or ELISA protein analytes contained in a given sample as antibodies are, for instance, bound to an antigen or capture antibody. Subsequently, the sample matrix is washed off, and the analyte is bound in a quantitative relationship to an enzyme label after another washing step to remove the excess enzyme-labeled antibodies. If colorimetric detection is to be utilized, the quantity of enzyme attached to the solid phase may be determined by adding a specific substrate and measuring the amount or rate of enzymatically generated colored product. This endpoint quantity or rate is a proportional measure of the amount of antigen present in the specimen.
  • the electrochemical reporter system can be generally substituted in place of conventional colorimetric or chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunoassay reporters and applied throughout the existing range of analytical test formats. These methodologies are commonly, but not exclusively, used to examine blood or other body fluids for the presence of substances associated with: 1) Infectious diseases (microbial antigen or antibody proteins) ; 2) Autoimmune diseases (autoantigen or autoantibody proteins) ; 3) Oncologic markers (so-called tumor specific proteins or steroids) ; 4) Endocrine hormones (polypeptides, thyronines and steroids); and 5) Therapeutic drugs or toxicologic materials.
  • the invention is used to detect antigens or antibodies.
  • antibody refers to immunoglobulins of any isotype or subclass as well as any fab or fe fragment of the aforementioned. Antibodies of any source are applicable including polyclonal materials obtained from any animal species; monoclonal antibodies from any hybridoma source; and all immunoglobulins (or fragments) generated using viral, prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems. Biologic recognition molecules other than antibodies, are equally applicable for use with the current invention. These include, but are not limited to: cell adhesion molecules, cell surface receptor molecules, and solubilized binding proteins. Non-biologic binding molecules, such as "molecular imprints" (synthetic polymers with pre-determined specifically for binding/complex formation) , are also applicable to the invention.
  • antigens refer to substances which can be recognized by in vivo or in vitro immune elements, and are capable of eliciting a cellular or humoral immunologic response.
  • electrochemically active reporter utilized in the embodiment is specified as para-aminophenol (generated by the action of a beta-galactosidase conjugate in conjunction with a specific substrate) , it should be noted that the invention is generally applicable to molecules capable of redox recycling, and enzyme systems capable of generating such reporters.
  • the embodiment will be described in the context of electrochemical detecting antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . More specifically, the detection of antibodies developed in vivo as a result of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • FIG. 1 a schematic presentation describing a pair of enzyme-linked immunoassays which exemplify and compare the use of optical and electrochemical reporter systems is shown.
  • each member of the paired immunoassays is first coated with HIV p24 as an antigenic substrate .
  • Each of the immunoassay pairs is then incubated with serum from HIV positive volunteers which contain antibodies to p24, thereby affording complexation of anti p24 antibodies with a target antigen substrate.
  • Each member of the paired immunoassays is then incubated with goat anti-human immunoglobulin conjugated to biotin.
  • one of the paired immunoassays is treated with 1) avidin/horseradish peroxidase conjugate and the other paired immunoassays is treated with beta galactosidase/avidin conjugate producing matched immunoassays with optical and electrochemical reporters respectively.
  • the solid phase matrix may be glassy or polymeric beads, micro titer plates, porous or impervious or even fibrous matrices or membranes or the like, as is well-known in the art. Binding of the antigen or protein to the matrix may be accomplished non-specifically by absorption or covalently by any of the well-known chemical coupling methods.
  • the antigen may be a specific composition of any of the HIV proteins, either recombinant or isolated, or a viral lysate or peptide, or a specific composition of HIV peptides and proteins.
  • the second step involves attaching antibody having one or more enzyme labels, such as ⁇ -galactosidase or alkaline phosphatase either covalently or by an affinity bond (ionic, hydrogen or hydrophobic, as the case may be) until maximum saturation of the binding site has been reached.
  • the antibodies may be HIV-antibodies, either whole and/or different fragments thereof, with or without hybrid epitope recognition sites, recombinantly expressed, or viral libraries or from immunized animals. They may be of a single class of antibody or a defined mixture of antibodies of different classes with comparable or specific antigen affinities.
  • the third step requires a sample of body fluid containing the analyte such as HIV antibodies of the kind referred to above to be added. Following an appropriate incubation period and washing steps, a substrate such as p-aminophenyl-g- galactopyranoside is added. Where ⁇ -galactosidase is used as the enzyme label of the antibody, the resulting product is p-aminophenol.
  • the quantity of p-aminophenol produced is indicative of the concentration of antibody in the specimen and can be measured using an array of interdigitated micro electrodes when the p-aminophenol reacts at the interdigitated anodes and cathodes thereof in a redox process repeatedly alternating between the p-aminophenol and quinoneimine .
  • a redox reaction repeatedly generated between p-aminophenol and the corresponding quinone .
  • Detection or measurement of current may then be accomplished by following an endpoint or kinetic amperiometry.
  • the current generated by the redox reaction may be measured after a certain time following commencement of the redox operation, or it may be performed dynamically by measuring the rise in current.
  • FIG. 2 a capture immunoassay including the application of multiple bonded enzymes of biotin-avidin conjugates as a method of further signal amplification in accordance with the invention is shown.
  • antigen purified HIV p24
  • a solid phase carrier matrix Immulon II 96-well Microtiter plates (Dynal Corporation) .
  • plasma from uninfected volunteers or HIV seropositive patients containing ⁇ -p24 antibodies are added to complex with the p24 antigens bound to the solid matrix.
  • an affinity ligand conjugate is added and allowed to bind before a polyvalent affinity receptor labeling conjugate is introduced.
  • an enzyme substrate for example, p-aminophenol- ⁇ -galactopyranoside is allowed to react with the labeling enzymes to produce a large quantity of p-aminophenol which when subjected to redox recycling on the interdigitated array of anodes and cathodes of a microelectronic sensor will recycle between p-aminophenol and quinoneimine, thus delivering a strong electrical signal indicative of the concentration of antibody present in the specimen.
  • an enzyme substrate for example, p-aminophenol- ⁇ -galactopyranoside is allowed to react with the labeling enzymes to produce a large quantity of p-aminophenol which when subjected to redox recycling on the interdigitated array of anodes and cathodes of a microelectronic sensor will recycle between p-aminophenol and quinoneimine, thus delivering a strong electrical signal indicative of the concentration of antibody present in the specimen.
  • the antigen was bound to the solid phase matrix in a glycine buffer coating solution prepared by adding reconstituted p24 (Intracel, Inc.) to the coating buffer solution to a concentration of 5 ⁇ g/ml of p24.
  • Washing buffer solutions were applied consisting of Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline solution of pH 7.4 (DPBS free of calcium and magnesium) obtained from BioWhittaker and containing 137 mM of sodium chloride, 3 mM of potassium chloride, a mM of sodium hydrogen phosphate and 1.5 mM of potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
  • Antibody was diluted in a buffer consisting of DPBS with 1% (weight/volume) of bovine serum albumin, heat shock quality (Jackson) and 0.01% (w/v) Tween 20 (10% w/v) (Boehringer) .
  • Blocking buffer and solution was prepared from DPBS with 5% (w/v) of bovine serum albumin as above and 0.01% (w/v of Tween 20 (10% w/v) (Boehringer) .
  • the enzyme substrate buffer was prepared from 100 mM of sodium chloride in lOOn mM of sodium phosphate buffer at pH
  • the enzyme substrate solution was made by dissolving p- aminophenol- ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside (Sigma) at a molarity of 1.5 mM in the enzyme substrate buffer.
  • a schematic presentation of the invention as applied to the detection of p24 antibody in serum is shown.
  • recombinant p24 was non-unspecifically bound by absorption to wells of highly adsorptive micro titer plates by incubating 50 ⁇ l of the above coating solution for 2 hours at 37° Celsius.
  • microtiter plate coating could be accomplished by overnight incubation at 4° Celsius.
  • the wells were then washed twice with 150 ⁇ l of the above washing buffer at room temperature and thereafter blocked with 100 ⁇ l blocking solution for 2 hours at room temperature. During this time the samples were repeatedly shaken.
  • the wells were again washed three times at room temperature, with 150 ⁇ l of the patients' serum diluted with dilution buffer at factors ranging between 1:30 and 1:30,000 added and incubated at 37° Celsius for 1 hour. The wells were then washed three times with 150 ⁇ l washing buffer at room temperature. 50 ⁇ l of a solution containing biotinylated Fc-Fab 2 antibody fragments (Jackson) diluted 1:10,000 in dilution buffer were added to each well to detect specifically bound p24 antibody and incubated at 37° Celsius for 1 hour. The wells were then again washed three times with 200 ⁇ l of washing buffer at room temperature.
  • biotinylated Fc-Fab 2 antibody fragments Jackson
  • Fc-Fab 2 ' antibody fragments After washing the wells three times with 150 ⁇ l of washing buffer at room temperature, 170 ⁇ l of the enzyme substrate solution was added to the wells.
  • the respective supernatants were individually aspirated and transferred to 1 ml sealable plastic vials.
  • the vials were incubated at 80° Celsius in a water bath for 10 minutes and were cooled in ice water to room temperature.
  • the inactivation temperature was determined for the bound avidin D- ⁇ -galactopyranoside .
  • the inactive or neutralized supernatant was then transferred to a flow chamber at the bottom of which the microsensor was positioned so as to determine any redox current resulting from the recycling of the enzymatically freed p-aminophenol.
  • a potential of +250 mV was applied to the anodes of the interdigitated thin-film metal electrodes and a potential of -50 mV is applied to the cathodes.
  • the measurable anode and cathode currents were found to correspond to the presence and quantity of specifically bound antibody to p24.
  • the redox current clearly distinguished between positive and negative blood samples, and in the positive blood samples it proportionally reflected differences in concentration of p24 antibodies in the serum specimens.
  • the electrochemically measured signals corresponded to results obtained by optical read-outs of the same samples.
  • endpoint titers obtained by optical state of the art enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays as disclosed in Abbot Laboratories' Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection and Semiquantitation of Antibody to the p24 (core) Protein of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) in Human Serum or Plasma (hereinafter "Abbot Immunoassay”) and by the method in accordance with the invention were compared with each other and were found to differ insignificantly.
  • Abbot Immunoassay Protein of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
  • the endpoint titer reflects the dilution factor of the serum where the detectable signal obtained with the HIV positive serum is equal to the mean plus or minus two times the standard deviation relative to signals generated when multiple HIV negative serum samples are similarly analyzed. Paired results and regression analyses are presented in Fig. 5. Both correlation coefficient (R squared) and the slop of the least squares best fit line approach 1.0, attesting the comparability of results derived by the optical and electrochemical reporter methods .
  • Molecular Biology The present invention is also capable of endpoint detection or kinetic monitoring molecular biology procedures including analytical and clinical applications.
  • the same interdigitated arrays mentioned above can be used to detect voltammetric signals produced in proportion to the concentration of organic (or inorganic) reporter molecules capable of exhibiting redox recycling at the electrode's surface .
  • electrochemical labels may be (1) produced as nucleic acid amplicon conjugates which are generated during the replication of selected templates in conjunction, with procedures which are exemplified, but not necessarily limited to, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) , LCR (ligase chain reaction) , NASBA (nucleic acid sequence based amplification) , SDA (strand displacement amplification) , TAS (transcription based amplification system) , 3SR (self-sustained sequence replication) and Q-beta replicase systems; (2) used as substrate moieties or directly conjugated to the complex multiple termini of poly-branched nucleotide targeting probes utilized in signal amplification methods for the detection of specific nucleotide sequences (e.g.: branched Chain DNA technology) ; or (3) the electrochemically reactive reporters or associated enzymes labels may be directly conjugated to specified nucleic acid reactants or products.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • LCR ligase chain reaction
  • NASBA nucleic acid
  • an enzyme mediated electrochemical reporter system utilizing the IDA previously described, was applied to an analytical method for the detection and quantitation of nucleic acid fragments.
  • the example used to illustrate the system's general applicability in this field compared the use of the novel electrochemical reporter system to a commercially available and FDA approved polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology for the quantitation of HIV RNA in human plasma.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • a pair of HIV Monitor' kits produced by Roche Molecular Systems (Branchberg, NJ) were each applied per instructions contained in the package insert, to a series of five plasmas from HIV seronegative volunteers and nine plasmas obtained from HIV patients. For one kit, all preparation, amplification and detection systems were processed entirely per the instructions contained in the package insert.
  • Detection of the resulting PCR product was accomplished using an avidinated - beta galactosidase conjugate (lOMg/ml avidin D- ⁇ -galactosidase, Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA) dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) PBS with 1% BSA and 0.01% Tween 20 which bound in solution to the biotinylated amplicons.
  • the labeled- nucleic acid-enzyme complexes were then separated from solution by hybridization to capture oligomers anchored to the microtiter plate-wells (RMS monitorTM) .
  • Such methods are currently used commercially for assaying a wide range of specific microbe/virologic and genetic RNA and DNA sequences. In each case, these methods are readily amenable to the minor chemical modification necessary to afford general substitution by electrochemical reporter detection and quantitation using the interdigitated micro electrode array as previously described. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, the present invention which utilizes thin-film microelectrode arrays and redox recyclable reporter molecules is also applicable, in general, to the examination of tissue, blood or other body fluids for the presence of nucleic acids associated with: 1) infectious diseases; 2) autoimmune diseases; 3) malignancy; 4) inherited diseases; 5) maternity/paternity identification.
  • the present invention can also be used in both basic research and applied science procedures conducted outside the clinical setting in a broad range of disciplines exemplified, but not limited to: 1) forensic science; 2) basic cellular and developmental biology; 3) archeology and paleontology; and 4) the wide range of animal and plant biotechnologies employing recombinant DNA procedures.
  • the present invention which utilizes thin-film microelectrode arrays and redox recyclable reporter molecules is also applicable to the examination of blood, body fluids, or tissues for the purpose of detecting and measuring the following: 1) free or complex immunoglobulins associated with health or disease (infection or autoimmunity) ; 2) the presence of antigens related to normal and abnormal developmental processes, (infectious or autoimmunity); 3) presence or absence of specific nucleotide sequences associated with normal or abnormal genetic development, malignancy, or infectious disease.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système reporteur agissant au point final d'une réaction en biologie moléculaire et en chimie immunologique, couplé à des molécules électrochimiquement actives susceptibles d'un recyclage redox, ou couplé à des enzymes capables d'engendrer une production proportionnelle de ces molécules détectées et/ou quantifiés par amperiométrie, en association avec une micropuce en silicium possédant des électrodes en métal noble disposées selon un alignement matriciel avec un espacement étroit entre elles.
PCT/US1998/016714 1997-08-12 1998-08-12 Systeme reporteur electrochimique permettant de detecter les dosages immunologiques analytiques et procedures de biologie moleculaire Ceased WO1999007879A1 (fr)

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CA002300268A CA2300268A1 (fr) 1997-08-12 1998-08-12 Systeme reporteur electrochimique permettant de detecter les dosages immunologiques analytiques et procedures de biologie moleculaire
JP2000506361A JP2001512691A (ja) 1997-08-12 1998-08-12 イムノアッセイ分析および分子生物学的な過程を調べるための電気化学的レポーターシステム
AU89039/98A AU8903998A (en) 1997-08-12 1998-08-12 Electrochemical reporter system for detecting analytical immunoassay and mol ecular biology procedures
EP98940857A EP1003905A1 (fr) 1997-08-12 1998-08-12 Systeme reporteur electrochimique permettant de detecter les dosages immunologiques analytiques et procedures de biologie moleculaire

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US5546697P 1997-08-12 1997-08-12
US60/055,466 1997-08-12
US5575997P 1997-08-14 1997-08-14
US60/055,759 1997-08-14
US10553998A 1998-06-26 1998-06-26
US09/105,539 1998-06-26
US09/105,538 US6682648B1 (en) 1997-08-12 1998-06-26 Electrochemical reporter system for detecting analytical immunoassay and molecular biology procedures
US09/105,538 1998-06-26

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WO2000062048A3 (fr) * 1999-04-14 2001-04-26 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Dispositif capteur pourvu de systemes commandes electriquement
FR2805545A1 (fr) * 2000-02-24 2001-08-31 Argene Sa Procede electrochimique de detection d'acides nucleiques
WO2000072019A3 (fr) * 1999-05-20 2001-09-13 Cornell Res Foundation Inc Dispositif d'essai ameliore par des liposomes et procede associe
WO2001042508A3 (fr) * 1999-12-09 2002-03-14 Motorola Inc Procedes et compositions se rapportant a la detection electrique des reactions d'acides nucleiques
US6391558B1 (en) 1997-03-18 2002-05-21 Andcare, Inc. Electrochemical detection of nucleic acid sequences
WO2001075149A3 (fr) * 2000-03-30 2002-05-23 Infineon Technologies Ag Biocapteur, ensemble biocapteur et procede de detection de biopolymeres macromoleculaires a l'aide d'un biocapteur
US6518024B2 (en) 1999-12-13 2003-02-11 Motorola, Inc. Electrochemical detection of single base extension
US6562209B1 (en) 2001-04-19 2003-05-13 Northrop Grumman Corporation Automated computer controlled reporter device for conducting imunnoassay and molecular biology procedures
WO2004001403A1 (fr) * 2002-06-24 2003-12-31 Universite Catholique De Louvain Procede et dispositif de detection haute sensibilite de presence d'adn et d'autres sondes
US6682648B1 (en) 1997-08-12 2004-01-27 University Of Southern California Electrochemical reporter system for detecting analytical immunoassay and molecular biology procedures
US6803202B2 (en) * 2001-10-23 2004-10-12 Northrop Grumman Corporation Combinational strategy for identification of biological agents
US6824669B1 (en) 2000-02-17 2004-11-30 Motorola, Inc. Protein and peptide sensors using electrical detection methods
US7455975B2 (en) 2000-04-14 2008-11-25 Esa Biosciences, Inc. Electrochemical detection of nucleic acid sequences
DE102008025680A1 (de) 2008-05-29 2009-12-03 Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Gmbh Analyseeinrichtung und Verfahren zum Redoxcycling ohne Potentiostat
DE102008025992A1 (de) 2008-05-30 2009-12-03 Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Gmbh Titerplatte, Leseeinrichtung hierfür und Verfahren zur Detektion eines Analyten, sowie deren Verwendung
US8900440B2 (en) 2008-06-06 2014-12-02 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. Method for detecting chemical or biological species and electrode arrangement therefor
CN109705177A (zh) * 2018-12-24 2019-05-03 郑州安图生物工程股份有限公司 一种底物及其制备方法和应用

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Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6391558B1 (en) 1997-03-18 2002-05-21 Andcare, Inc. Electrochemical detection of nucleic acid sequences
US6682648B1 (en) 1997-08-12 2004-01-27 University Of Southern California Electrochemical reporter system for detecting analytical immunoassay and molecular biology procedures
WO2000062048A3 (fr) * 1999-04-14 2001-04-26 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Dispositif capteur pourvu de systemes commandes electriquement
US7208077B1 (en) 1999-04-14 2007-04-24 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. Sensor arrangement with electrically controllable arrays
WO2000072019A3 (fr) * 1999-05-20 2001-09-13 Cornell Res Foundation Inc Dispositif d'essai ameliore par des liposomes et procede associe
WO2001042508A3 (fr) * 1999-12-09 2002-03-14 Motorola Inc Procedes et compositions se rapportant a la detection electrique des reactions d'acides nucleiques
US6518024B2 (en) 1999-12-13 2003-02-11 Motorola, Inc. Electrochemical detection of single base extension
US6824669B1 (en) 2000-02-17 2004-11-30 Motorola, Inc. Protein and peptide sensors using electrical detection methods
FR2805545A1 (fr) * 2000-02-24 2001-08-31 Argene Sa Procede electrochimique de detection d'acides nucleiques
WO2001062953A3 (fr) * 2000-02-24 2001-12-20 Argene Procede electrochimique de detection d'acides nucleiques
US7223330B2 (en) 2000-03-30 2007-05-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Biosensor, biosensor array and method for detecting macromolecular biopolymers with a biosensor
WO2001075149A3 (fr) * 2000-03-30 2002-05-23 Infineon Technologies Ag Biocapteur, ensemble biocapteur et procede de detection de biopolymeres macromoleculaires a l'aide d'un biocapteur
US7455975B2 (en) 2000-04-14 2008-11-25 Esa Biosciences, Inc. Electrochemical detection of nucleic acid sequences
US6562209B1 (en) 2001-04-19 2003-05-13 Northrop Grumman Corporation Automated computer controlled reporter device for conducting imunnoassay and molecular biology procedures
US6803202B2 (en) * 2001-10-23 2004-10-12 Northrop Grumman Corporation Combinational strategy for identification of biological agents
EP1376111A1 (fr) * 2002-06-24 2004-01-02 Universite Catholique De Louvain Procédé et dispositif de détection à haute sensibilité d'ADN et autres sondes
WO2004001403A1 (fr) * 2002-06-24 2003-12-31 Universite Catholique De Louvain Procede et dispositif de detection haute sensibilite de presence d'adn et d'autres sondes
US7943394B2 (en) 2002-06-24 2011-05-17 Université Catholique de Louvain Method and device for high sensitivity detection of the presence of DNA and other probes
DE102008025680A1 (de) 2008-05-29 2009-12-03 Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Gmbh Analyseeinrichtung und Verfahren zum Redoxcycling ohne Potentiostat
DE102008025992A1 (de) 2008-05-30 2009-12-03 Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Gmbh Titerplatte, Leseeinrichtung hierfür und Verfahren zur Detektion eines Analyten, sowie deren Verwendung
US8383393B2 (en) 2008-05-30 2013-02-26 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Titer plate, reading device therefor and method for detecting an analyte, and use thereof
US8900440B2 (en) 2008-06-06 2014-12-02 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. Method for detecting chemical or biological species and electrode arrangement therefor
CN109705177A (zh) * 2018-12-24 2019-05-03 郑州安图生物工程股份有限公司 一种底物及其制备方法和应用

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EP1003905A1 (fr) 2000-05-31
JP2001512691A (ja) 2001-08-28
CA2300268A1 (fr) 1999-02-18

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