WO1999065941A1

WO1999065941A1 - Insulin analogue

Info

Publication number: WO1999065941A1
Application number: PCT/GB1998/001722
Authority: WO
Inventors: Richard Henry Jones; Dietrich Brandenburg; Fariba Shojaee-Moradi; Jens Kleinjung
Original assignee: Kings College London; Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut
Priority date: 1998-06-12
Filing date: 1998-06-12
Publication date: 1999-12-23
Also published as: JP2002518408A; AU8029798A; CA2334859A1; EP1086130A1

Abstract

A novel analogue of insulin has covalently conjugated thereto, preferably at the B1 residue, 3,3',5'-triiodothyroxine. The conjugate is believed to be hepatoselective, whilst it retains insulin receptor binding properties.

Description

INSULIN ANALOGUE

The present invention relates to novel insulin analogues which are covalent conjugates of an insulin molecule and a derivative of the hormone thyroxine, 3,3' ,5' triiodothyronine .

In WO-A-95/05187 we described novel insulin conjugates with hormones, specifically with tetraiodothyroxine

(3 , 3 ' , 5 , 5 ' tetraiodothyronine, T4 ) , which were hepatoselective. The hepatoselectivity was believed to be due to the fact that, when introduced percutaneously, the size of the molecule (about 15% higher molecular weight than insulin itself) allows it to diffuse through the capillary endothelium into the circulation. In the circulation it is believed to bind reversibly the circulating proteins having an affinity for the thyroxine moiety, namely throxine binding globulin, thyroxine binding prealbumin and albumin, collectively known as thyroxine binding proteins (TBP) . These higher molecular weight complexes are then unable to diffuse back through capillary endothelium, but are able to diffuse through the relatively larger pores of the hepatic endothelium. The conjugate is found to retain insulin activity. The hepatoselectivity ensures that insulin is directed to the site where its activity is required. In WO-A-95/07931 hydrophobically modified insulin analogues are described. The insulin is generally derivatised by acylation of the pendant amino group of lysine at B29 with a fatty acid. However there is also an example of derivatising that residue with thyroxine, or with tetraiidothyroacetic acid. The analogues are alleged to have a protracted profile of action, although the mechanism by which this takes place is not elucidated.

One potential problem with the T4-insulin conjugate is that it may retain thyroxine activity. The present invention seeks to solve this problem while providing a conjugate which retains its hepatoselectivity, insulin activity and circulating protein affinity. A new compound according to the invention comprises an insulin molecule covalently bound to 3,3',5'- triiodothyronine .

The 3 , 3 ' , 5 ' triiodothyronine molecule is not a naturally occurring compound. It is an isomer of 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T3) and is consequently known as reverse T3 , rT3. It has insignificant activity on thyroxine receptor, but thyroxine binding proteins have an affinity for the molecule. Thus the compound of the invention should have affinity for TBP's and, it is believed, consequential hepatoselectivity whilst the compound and its metabolites should not stimulate thyroxine activity.

The rT3 moiety should be conjugated to a residue of the insulin molecule such that insulin activity is not adversely affected. As in O-A-95/05187, conjugation is preferably through the Bl residue of insulin. Alternatively the B29 residue may be linked to rT3. In O- 95/07931, the B29 residue may be derivatised and the methods of conjugating a carboxylic acid-containing compound to the B29 residue as disclosed in that reference may be used in the present invention.

The insulin may be made by recombinant DNA techniques or may be isolated from natural sources, human or animal. Recombinant insulin may have deleted residues as desired, for instance the B29 residue may be deleted. Other residues of naturally occurring insulin may be substituted, usually by conservative substitutions. For instance in WO- A-95/07931, analogues in which the B3 and/or A21 residues are other than those of naturally occurring insulin. The rT3 molecule is conjugated to the insulin using conventional biochemical techniques in which pendant groups on the appropriate residue of the insulin molecule are covalently bonded to rT3 , through the carboxylate group. The pendant group is usually the e-amino group of a lysine residue. Any other lysine residues may be rendered unreactive by protecting the e-amine groups using conventional techniques. Protecting groups are removed after conjugation to the rT3 molecule.

The phenolic OH group of rT3 is protected during the process, also. Either or both of the amine group and the carboxylate group may be activated prior to contact of the insulin with the rT3. Conventional techniques for generation of amide linkages may be used, for instance using known reagents.

A spacer may be included between the insulin molecule and the rT3 molecule. A spacer may, for instance, improve retention of insulin activity and/or TBP-binding. A spacer may also be used to control in vivo cleavage and metabolism of the conjugate compound, and consequently its insulin activity. A spacer may, for instance include a chain comprising 2 to 22 carbon and/or heteroatoms, such as a 4- 10 atom chain, preferably comprising an alkylene group and carbonyl and/or amino groups, amido groups and or oxygen atoms in ester or ether linkages.

The inventors have found that the insulin-rT3 conjugate has a similar potency relative to human insulin itself. This is in contrast to T4-insulin, which appears to have a greater potency than human insulin. In the presence of binding proteins, especially thyroxin binding proteins, the potency of T4-insulin is reduced, whereas these proteins do not affect the potency of rT3 -insulin. These data indicate that the conjugate is likely to have similar effects as insulin in vivo .

Further tests in which the ED50 of the conjugates as compared to insulin, in the presence and absence of binding proteins (human serum albumin and thyroxin binding globulin and transthyretin) show that each conjugate on its own has a similar ED50 to human insulin itself. The ED50 ' s of the T4-insulin conjugate are significantly increased by the presence of TBG, whilst the ED50's of the rT3-insulin are not effected to a significant degree.

We have also conducted competitive binding assays of the insulin analogues compared to human insulin with ¹²⁵ -Insulin to insulin receptors on liver plasma membrane (LP ) . Insulin is known to inhibit the binding of ¹²⁵ -Insulin to these receptors. We have found that TBP does not affect this ability. rT3 behaves in a similar way to human insulin in that it inhibits binding of ¹²⁵-Insulin to the receptors on LPM and this is not affected by the presence of TBP. T4 insulin itself does inhibit ¹²⁵-Insulin binding to these receptors. In contrast, however, TBP significantly affects this inhibition. The novel compound is suitable for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal , for instance to replace insulin in a method of insulin replacement therapy. The invention thus comprehends novel compositions containing the compound as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient . The composition is formulated so as to be suitable for administration by the usual routes, generally by subcutaneous injection. Accordingly the carrier is generally aqueous. The invention comprehends also a new use of the compound in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

Example 1

Preparation of [rT3 (Na-Bl) 1 -insulin

1.1 Synthesis of Msc-rT3

50.0 mg rT3 (76.8 umol , 651.0 g/mol)

20.4 mg Msc-OSu (76.9 umol, 265.24 g/mol)

50.0 mg rT3 were suspended in 400 ul dimethylformamide and 20.4 mg Msc-OSu, dissolved in 100 ul dimethylformamide, were added. 4 ul of triethylamine were pipetted into the solution and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature . 1.2 Synthesis of Msc-rT3-0Su

16.6 mg DCC (80.6 umol, 206.3 g/mol) 16.6 md DCC were dissolved in 50 ul dimethylformamide and added to the above reaction mixture. The activation is complete after 3 h at room temperature.

1.3 Synthesis of TrT3 (Na-Bl) 1 -insulin

230 mg Al , B29- (Msc) 2-insulin (6078 g/mol, 38 umol) synthesised according to Schuttler A and Brandenburg D, Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol . Chem. 360, 1721-1725 (1979) were dissolved in 3 ml dimethylformamide with the addition of 4 ul triethylamine and then reacted with 69 ug Msc-rT3-0Su (898 g/mol, 76 umol, two- fold excess with respect to insulin derivative) . After stirring for 3 h at room temperature the acylation was stopped by addition of 50 ul acetic acid. The solution was dialysed overnight against distilled water and lyophilised. For cleavage of Msc protecting groups the protein material was diluted in a mixture of 1 ml dimethylformamide, 1.5 ml methanol and 1.5 ml water. The solution was cooled to 0°C and addition of 0.5 ml of ice-cold 2 M sodium hydroxide solution started the cleavage reaction. The reaction was stopped by acidification with 1 ml of 10% (v/v) acetic acid. The protein was precipitated by pipetting the reaction solution into a mixture of 250 ml of ice-cold ether and 20 ml methanol and stirring for 1 h. The ether was decantated from the precipitated protein and the protein dried in vacuo .

Purification of the raw material was performed by use of RP-MPLC. Fractions were collected and lyophilised. Chromatographic conditions:

Column: RP20C18, 2.5 x 250 mm, 122 ml total volume, Gradient: 25-40% (v/v)

2-propanol in water containing 0.1% trifluoro acetic acid, total gradient volume 1.5 1; flow rate 20 ml / 3 min. Yield: 27 mg (10% of theory, based on Al , B29- (Msc) 2- insulin)

Molecular mass: 6437 u ( calc. 6436.6 u) Purity (RP-HPLC) : 93 % (Absorption at 215 nm)

1.4 Mass spectrometry

MS-TOF spectrometer VG TofSpec, Fisons

Ionisation: Ar-laser, MCP Volts, : 1750, 337 nm, linear modus Acceleration: 20 kV Standard: bovine insulin 5731 u (calc. 5731 u) , vasointestinal peptide 1424 u (calc. 1426 u) [rT3 (Na-Bl) ] - insulin: 6437 (calc. 6437)

Example 2 - Effects of Binding Proteins on Receptor Binding

The rT3 -insulin conjugate made in Example 1 is used in various tests to determine the binding potencies of the analogues on liver plasma membrane. ¹²⁵-Insulin is used as the labelled insulin. It is known that insulin itself inhibits binding of ¹²⁵-Insulin.

Results

Equilibrium binding curves The equilibrium binding curves of average normalised bound against the log-concentration of insulin or analogue (nmol/1) with or without the presence of THBP were generated. The trends initially illustrated by the curves were : H-Ins, rT3-Ins and T4-Ins appear similar in their positions, i.e. there is no difference between them in their ability to inhibit the binding of ¹²⁵-Insulin to insulin receptors on LPM.

The presence of THBP does not appear to affect the ability of H-Ins to inhibit the binding of ¹²⁵-Insulin to insulin receptors on LPM. The presence of THBP does not appear to affect the ability of rT3-Ins to inhibit the binding of ¹²⁵-Insulin to insulin receptors on LPM.

The presence of THBP does appear to affect the ability of T4-Ins to inhibit the binding of ¹²⁵-Insulin to insulin receptors on LPM as shown by the shift in the T4-Ins+THBP curves to the right . TBG seems to have the greatest effect on T4-Ins, i.e. causes the greatest shift.

ED50

The ED50's as calculated by the G-PIP software were inverse logged because the concentrations entered in G-PIP had to be entered as the log of the concentrations. The average (nmol/l)+ SEM of the ED50's was then calculated. The results are shown in Table 1. These give a quantitative idea of the shift, if any in the equilibrium binding curves .

TABLE 1

* Fisher's test also performed.

Statistical analysis of the ED50's

From the statistical analysis it was found that the ED50's of rT3-Ins and T4-Ins were not significantly different from that of H-Ins. The ED50's of rT3-Ins with THBP were not significantly different from those of rT3-Ins without THBP present as determined by ANOVA. On the other hand, the ED50's of T4-Ins without THBP present (p<0.05) as determined by Fisher's least squares test (see Table 1*) .

Potency estimates

The potency estimates of the analogues relative to H- Ins and the analogues in the presence of THBP relative to the analogues in the absence of THBP are shown in Table 2 with their fiducial limits. This demonstrates that rT3-Ins has a similar potency relative to H-Ins. T4-Ins seems to have a greater potency relative to H-Ins. The presence of THBP seems to have no effect on the binding potency estimates of rT3-Ins binding to insulin receptors relative to rT3-Ins without THBP present. However the presence of THBP present . However the presence of THBP greatly reduces the T4-Ins binding potency estimates relative to T4-Ins binding to insulin receptors without THBP present (Table 2) .

TABLE 2

Scatchard Plots

The Scatchard plot of H-Ins demonstrates the characteristic curvilinear shape of negative co-operativity that should be exhibited by human insulin. It may be seen from the Scatchard plots of rT3-Ins and T4-Ins that these analogues also exhibit negative co-operativity due to their curvilinear shape.

Reference Example - Synthesis of Insulin - T4 The T4 insulin is Bl-thyroxyl-insulin made according to the technique described in WO-A-95/05187 , Example 1.

Claims

1. A compound consisting of an insulin molecule covalently bound to 3, 3 ',5' triiodothyromine .

2. A compound according to claim 1 in which the 3, 3', 5' triiodothromine is bound to a lysine residue of the insulin molecule.

3. A compound according to claim 2 in which the 3, 3 ',5' triiodothyromine is bound to the Bl lysine residue.

4. A compound according to any preceding claim in which the insulin is human insulin.

5. A compound according to any preceding claim for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body.

6. A composition comprising a compound according to any of claims 1 to 4 and a carrier.

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any of claims 1 to 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

8. Use of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 4 in the manufacture of a composition for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body.

9. Use according to claim 8 in which the method is insulin replacement therapy, preferably for treatment of diabetes .