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WO1998003970A1 - Unite de disque dur effectuant en ligne des remplacements dynamiques - Google Patents

Unite de disque dur effectuant en ligne des remplacements dynamiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998003970A1
WO1998003970A1 PCT/US1997/012503 US9712503W WO9803970A1 WO 1998003970 A1 WO1998003970 A1 WO 1998003970A1 US 9712503 W US9712503 W US 9712503W WO 9803970 A1 WO9803970 A1 WO 9803970A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
data
sector
track
defective
sectors
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1997/012503
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Bryan Robertson
Andrew D. Hospodor
Original Assignee
Quantum Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Quantum Corporation filed Critical Quantum Corporation
Priority to AU38032/97A priority Critical patent/AU3803297A/en
Publication of WO1998003970A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998003970A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
    • G11B20/1883—Methods for assignment of alternate areas for defective areas
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B19/00—Driving, starting, stopping record carriers not specifically of filamentary or web form, or of supports therefor; Control thereof; Control of operating function ; Driving both disc and head
    • G11B19/02—Control of operating function, e.g. switching from recording to reproducing
    • G11B19/04—Arrangements for preventing, inhibiting, or warning against double recording on the same blank or against other recording or reproducing malfunctions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B27/00—Editing; Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Monitoring; Measuring tape travel
    • G11B27/36—Monitoring, i.e. supervising the progress of recording or reproducing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/12—Formatting, e.g. arrangement of data block or words on the record carriers
    • G11B20/1217—Formatting, e.g. arrangement of data block or words on the record carriers on discs
    • G11B2020/1218—Formatting, e.g. arrangement of data block or words on the record carriers on discs wherein the formatting concerns a specific area of the disc
    • G11B2020/1232—Formatting, e.g. arrangement of data block or words on the record carriers on discs wherein the formatting concerns a specific area of the disc sector, i.e. the minimal addressable physical data unit
    • G11B2020/1234—Formatting, e.g. arrangement of data block or words on the record carriers on discs wherein the formatting concerns a specific area of the disc sector, i.e. the minimal addressable physical data unit wherein the sector is a headerless sector, i.e. it does not comprise an ID field
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B2220/00—Record carriers by type
    • G11B2220/20—Disc-shaped record carriers

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to hard disk drive 100s having the capability of performing dynamic in-line sparing.
  • Hard disk drive 100s offer a convenient, efficient, and cost effective way to store vast amounts of data. Hence, hard disk drive 100s are found in virtually every computer system, ranging from mainframes, workstations, and desktop personal computers to portable laptop computers. Basically, in a hard disk drive 100, data is stored magnetically as a series of digital bits consisting of "1 's" and "O's.” A transducer or "head” is used to record the data onto a magnetically coated disk, whereby a "1" is represented by one magnetic polarity and a "0" is represented by an opposite polarity. Later, the same head is used to read pre-recorded data back from the disk.
  • the present invention provides one solution to the problem by correcting defects off-line to improve data integrity and overall drive 100 performance, whereby read operations are completed without any interruptions.
  • the present invention pertains to a hard disk drive 100 having the capability of essentially eliminating defective sectors.
  • a read operation whereby data is retrieved in a steady stream (e.g., an audio/video drive 100)
  • a quick ECC check is made each time a sector is accessed to determine whether the data is correct. If data from a particular sector is consistently incorrect, that particular sector is deemed to be defective.
  • the disk drive 100 stores the location of the defective sector into a diagnostic memory which is periodically written on a disk surface. This can be accomplished rather quickly with negligible impact to the read operation.
  • the disk drive 100 then continues with its normal read operation. Each time a defective sector is encountered, the location of the defective sector is recorded into the diagnostic memory.
  • the diagnostic memory is periodically written onto a reserved storage space on one of the disk storage surfaces.
  • the defective sector recording process is repeated until all of the requested data have been retrieved.
  • the disk drive 100 systematically performs a reallocation procedure on all tracks containing a defective sector as indicated by the diagnostic memory.
  • the reallocation process consists of copying all of the data stored in the track containing a defective sector into a specially reserved diagnostic track or tracks. In-line sparing is then performed on the track containing the defective sector. The in-line sparing process reformats the logical sectors of that track so that data is prevented from ever being written to or read from the defective sector. The disk drive 100 will now skip the defective sector and go straight to the next sector. Lastly, the data is read from the diagnostic track and written back to the reformatted track. The disk drive 100 repeats this process until all tracks containing defective sectors have been successfully reallocated. In the present invention, care is taken to ensure that a copy of the data is always maintained. Furthermore, in the event of an unexpected disruption, the disk drive 100 restarts the reallocation process at an appropriate point so that data integrity is preserved.
  • Figures 1A (plan view) and IB (side view) illustrate diagrammatically some of the elements of a generic hard disk drive within which the present invention may be practiced.
  • Figure 2 shows a flowchart describing the steps for initiating a reallocation process.
  • Figure 3 shows how a track with a defective sector is reallocated.
  • Figure 4 is a flowchart describing the steps for performing a reallocation process according to the currently preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 shows a flowchart describing the steps for recovering from any disruptions occurring during the reallocation process.
  • Figure 1 A shows the top view of a generic hard disk drive 100 within which the present invention may be practiced.
  • a number of magnetically coated disks 101 are stacked together and rotated about a spindle 102 by an in-hub spindle motor (hidden from view).
  • a number of arms 103 of e.g. a rotary voice coil actuator assembly 104 are used to move read/write transducers 105 radially across the data storage surfaces of the disks 101. While six disks .are shown in Figure IB, greater or fewer disks may be employed.
  • the disk drive 100 additionally includes circuitry 106 implementing a servo system to control the movement of actuator assembly 104 for performing seeks in read/write operations.
  • the circuitry 106 also provides signal processing, decoding, and interfacing functions.
  • the circuitry 106 includes either a microcontroller or microprocessor which performs the reallocation and dynamic in-line sparing process of the present invention.
  • the disk drive 100 circuitry 106 is connected via a conventional bus structure 1 15 to a host computing system 1 16.
  • the disk spindle 102 and rotary actuator assembly 104 are secured to a base plate 1 13, and a cover 114 isolates an interior space from ambient external conditions to provide a clean operating environment. Numerous concentric data storage tracks are defined on surfaces of each of the disks 101.
  • a single disk may contain thousands of such tracks on each storage surface.
  • Four exemplary tracks are shown as 107-1 10 in the Figure 1A plan view. These tracks are further formatted into a plurality of sectors. It is within these sectors in which data is ultimately stored.
  • the data for audio and video content is stored in a continuous bit stream. Often, such data occupies several tracks.
  • the data is written to these tracks in a sequential fashion so that the data may be retrieved with a minimal number of seeks. By writing the data sequentially, the computer system may retrieve the data in a smooth, uninterrupted flow that is mandatory for high quality video display and audio playback.
  • the circuitry 106 is used to detect whether a sector has become defective. A quick determination is made at the time of a read operation to determine whether the data is correct. If the data is incorrect, then firmware embedded in the circuitry 106 may optionally attempt to fix the data by invoking an on-the-fly error correction code (ECC) process. If the error still exists, the disk drive 100 may then attempt a multiple error burst ECC process. If it is determined that the error persists, then the present invention marks the defective sector and continues with its current read operation. Only after the complete read operation is finished does the disk drive 100 then go back and reallocate the defective sector. In a reallocation process, the original track containing the defective sector is read and temporarily stored onto a diagnostic track.
  • ECC on-the-fly error correction code
  • An in-line sparing operation is performed on the original track.
  • the in-line sparing operation renders the defective sector transparent to the disk drive 100 so that it is skipped. This is accomplished by disabling the defective sector and utilizing a spare sector at the end of the track.
  • the original track is then reformatted so that the sectors are logically sequential.
  • the data is then read back from the diagnostic track and written into the reallocated track. Thereby, the disk drive 100 automatically skips over the defective sector whenever it performs a subsequent read or write operation to that particular track.
  • the host computer system 116 commands the hard disk drive 100 to store a five minute video segment.
  • the hard disk drive 100 finds and allocates four available, consecutive tracks 107-110 and proceeds to write the digitized video information onto those tracks in a continuous bit stream (e.g., 01 1 10100110100001 1 10101 1 100. . . ). Later, suppose that the second sector of track 108 eventually becomes defective. The next time that track 108 is read, the defect is discovered. The disk drive 100 takes note of this fact and continues with its read operation until all five minutes worth of video data is read and displayed by the host computer system. Thereupon, the entire track 108 is read and stored onto a diagnostic track 11 1.
  • Figure 1 A places the diagnostic track 1 1 1 at an outer radius of the disk 101, any suitable location, including a track near an inside diameter of the disk, may be used for the diagnostic track (or diagnostic zone of tracks).
  • the circuitry 106 corrects the defective data.
  • An in-line sparing operation is performed on track 108.
  • the data is then read from the diagnostic track 1 1 1 and written to the reformatted track 108.
  • the disk drive 100 notes that in-line sparing has been successfully performed on the defective sector.
  • Figure 2 shows a flowchart describing the steps for initiating a reallocation process.
  • a read operation is requested by the host computer system for the retrieval of data from the hard disk drive 100.
  • a seek is performed to place the selected transducer 105 over the first sector containing the desired data. That sector is then read, step 201.
  • a quick determination e.g., parity, Hamming code, etc.
  • step 202 If the data read in step 201 is correct, then step 203 is skipped. Otherwise, if the data is incorrect, an allocation flag is written to a designated diagnostic area on one of the disks, step 203. The allocation flag identifies the location of the defective sector.
  • step 204 a determination is made as to whether all of the data has been retrieved. If the end of the data has not been reached, step 201 is repeated by reading the next sector. After the entire requested data has been retrieved, the disk drive 100 performs a reallocation process to fix the sectors which were marked as being defective in step 203.
  • Figure 3 shows how a track with a defective sector is reallocated.
  • each of the tracks (or zones of radially adjacent tracks) with the capability of being reallocated includes one or more spare sectors.
  • track 301 is comprised of 187 separate sectors and one spare (S) sector.
  • an A/V drive which may be similar to the disk drive 100 shown in Figures 1A and IB, data is written sequentially to each successive logical sector (e.g., first, logical sector 1 is written, then logical sector 2, followed by logical sector 3, etc.). If one of the sectors becomes defective, that particular track is reallocated in place the next time it is read. For instance, suppose that physical sector 2 of track 302(a) happens to become defective. The A/V hard disk drive detects this condition and flags sector 2 of track 302(a) as being defective. After the read operation has completed, the A/V disk drive copies the data contained in all of the 187 sectors of track 302(a) onto a diagnostic, or reserved, track 303.
  • the outer most diameter (OD) track is reserved as the diagnostic track 303.
  • the A/V disk drive corrects the defective data and substitutes the corrected data in place of the erroneous data in logical sector 2.
  • diagnostic track 303 now contains the correct sequence of data.
  • Diagnostic track 303, or a separate track 30x may include storage locations for allocation flags, and any other flags needed in a particular implementation of the present invention.
  • In-line sparing reformats the original track 302(b) so as to bypass the defective sector 2. This is accomplished by assigning logical sectors to physical sectors, whereby the defective sector is essentially masked out. The sector numbers on top of a track represent those sectors actually present and which physically exist on that track. Physical sectors do not change.
  • the sector numbers within a track represent the logical sectors that are recognized by the disk drive 100. Normally, the logical sector number matches its corresponding physical sector number. However, the logical sector number of a defective physical sector may be realigned so as to skip the defective physical sector. For example, the result after in-line sparing has been applied to track 302(a) is shown as track 302(b). Track 302(b) shows the distinction between logical and physical sectors after in-line sparing has been performed to mask out defective sector 2. It can be seen that logical sector 1 still corresponds to physical sector 1. However, logical sector 2 now corresponds to physical sector 3. A logical "FF" is written to the defective sector to identify the sector as an "illegal" sector. Each successive logical sector is shifted over by one.
  • logical sector 2 corresponds to physical sector 3; logical sector 3 corresponds to physical sector 4; etc.
  • the physical spare sector (S) now becomes logical sector 187. Since the A/V disk drive performs read/write operations on a logical sector basis, it will skip over the defective physical sector. For instance, in a write operation, data will be written sequentially to logical sectors 1-187. This means that logical sector 1 causes data to be written to physical sector 1. Logical sector 2 causes data to be written to physical sector 3; logical sector 3 causes data to be written to physical sector 4; etc. Thereby, the defective physical sector 2 is effectively skipped. Likewise, in a read operation, the data will be read according to logical sectors 1-187. This means that the data will be read from physical sector 1, then from physical sector 3, and physical sector 4, etc. Again, the defective physical sector 2 is skipped.
  • tracks are used herein to denote a single circular data storage locus on a storage surface, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a track locus could be a single spiral across the entire data storage surface. Alternatively, tracks may be arranged into zones, with each zone having a data transfer rate optimized to disk radius (assuming a constant disk rotational velocity). Thus, the term “track” as used herein should be understood to include a “zone” arrangement.
  • Figure 4 is a flowchart describing the steps for performing a reallocation process according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the off- line reallocation process may proceed.
  • the reallocation combines an off-line scheduling feature with live in-line sparing.
  • allocation flags are written to disk in the diagnostic area during a read operation to flag those sectors which were determined to be defective.
  • a power on (POR) flag is also stored within the diagnostic area. The POR flag is used to indicate when the drive 100 loses power during the reallocation process.
  • the allocation and POR flags may share a byte.
  • the original track containing the defective sector as indicated by an allocation flag stored in diagnostic memory is read. An attempt is made to correct the defective data, if possible.
  • the data read from the original track is written to the diagnostic track, step 402.
  • the diagnostic track contains an ODmaxsectors + l sectors and may occupy one or more physical tracks of the disk drive.
  • the diagnostic track is then verified against the original data track, step 403.
  • the POR flag is set to an ON condition in order to write to the disk, step 404.
  • the data is written to the disk, step 405.
  • step 406 a determination is made as to whether the data track is re-written. If it is re-written, then the process begins anew at step 401. Otherwise, the process proceeds to step 407.
  • a mutex lock is applied to the original data track.
  • the mutex lock prevents access to that particular track.
  • the disk drive cannot perform read or writes to that problem track when the mutex lock is applied.
  • the sector identifications (IDs) on the original track are reformatted, step 408.
  • This reformatting step is also referred to as in-line sparing.
  • dynamic in-line sparing involves using that sector flag on a recurring basis. This flag contains either the cylinder/head/sector (CHS) or logical block address (LBA) for the defective sector.
  • CHS cylinder/head/sector
  • LBA logical block address
  • This flag is queued, by storing the flag in a buffer and not performing retries or triple burst ECC, for later retries (after the current read request is complete).
  • the data is read back from the diagnostic track. This data is then written onto the reformatted original track, step 410. The data is verified in step 41 1 to check that it was written properly.
  • the allocation and POR flags are cleared from memory, step 412.
  • the mutex lock is removed, step 413. If there is another defective sector, as determined in step 414, the reallocation process is repeated at step 401 for the track containing the defective sector. Steps 401-413 are repeated until all defective sectors have been reallocated or until there are no more spare sectors. It should be noted that data is never jeopardized by the present invention. Care has been taken to guarantee that a copy of the data is always retained someplace on the disk at all times.
  • FIG. 5 shows a flowchart describing the steps for recovering from any disruptions occurring during the reallocation process. This makes the present invention fail-safe in the event of a power cycle.
  • the disk drive monitors all disruptions. Examples of disruptions include power cycles (e.g., power-on conditions, power-off conditions, disk crashes, etc.). If a disruption occurs during the reallocation process, circuitry within the disk drive determines the exact point of the reallocation process at which the disruption occurred, step 502. Referring back to Figure 4, if the disruption occurs during steps 401-406, then the disk drive restarts at step 401 at the next possible opportunity that arises.
  • power cycles e.g., power-on conditions, power-off conditions, disk crashes, etc.
  • Steps 505-506 show that if the disruption occurs in the middle of steps 407-41 1, then the reallocation process is restarted at step 407 at the next possible opportunity. Otherwise, if the disruption occurs during steps 412-413, then the reallocation process is restarted at step 412 at the next earliest opportunity (see steps 507- 508).
  • the present invention guarantees that data integrity is strictly maintained.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Signal Processing For Digital Recording And Reproducing (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de remplacement des secteurs défectueux d'une piste (107-110) d'une unité de disque dur (100) comportant un axe d'entraînement du disque (102) et un bras de têtes rotatif (104). Pendant une lecture de données en flux régulier (disque audio/vidéo par exemple), chaque accès à un secteur donne lieu à une rapide vérification de la bonne qualité des données. Dès qu'un secteur est estimé défectueux, l'unité de disque positionne un indicateur d'affectation et l'enregistre dans une mémoire de diagnostic (111). L'unité de disque poursuit sa lecture sans désemparer, jusqu'à avoir lu toutes les données demandées. A la suite de cela, l'unité de disque revient en début de balayage et exécute une procédure de réaffectation permettant de remplacer les secteurs éventuellement reconnus comme défectueux et signalés comme tels par les indicateurs d'affectation conservés dans la mémoire de diagnostic. Le procédé de l'invention ne modifie pas la nature séquentielle des données sur le disque (101), et apporte la garantie que le processus de réaffectation s'effectue sans perte de données, même pendant la séquence de montée en tension.
PCT/US1997/012503 1996-07-18 1997-07-18 Unite de disque dur effectuant en ligne des remplacements dynamiques WO1998003970A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU38032/97A AU3803297A (en) 1996-07-18 1997-07-18 Hard disk drive having dynamic in-line sparing

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US68434896A 1996-07-18 1996-07-18
US08/684,348 1996-07-18

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1998003970A1 true WO1998003970A1 (fr) 1998-01-29

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WO (1) WO1998003970A1 (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000079537A1 (fr) * 1999-06-24 2000-12-28 Seagate Technology Llc Lecteur de disque audiovisuel optimise de maniere a repondre a un champ de synchronisation indetecte
US6263459B1 (en) 1999-04-29 2001-07-17 Western Digital Corporation On the fly write reallocation
SG86405A1 (en) * 1999-06-11 2002-02-19 Ibm Method of processing defective sectors in a disk storage device, and a disk storage device
WO2003065369A1 (fr) * 2002-01-29 2003-08-07 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Appareil de stockage de donnees et procede de traitement de donnees par un tel appareil
US6751037B1 (en) 1999-06-24 2004-06-15 Seagate Technology Llc Audio-visual drive optimized for response to an undetected synchronization field
SG108226A1 (en) * 1999-05-07 2005-01-28 Seagate Technology Llc Eliminate reassigned sectors
SG108879A1 (en) * 2002-02-28 2005-02-28 Toshiba Kk Disk storage apparatus for audio visual data and retry method employed therein upon occurrence of sector error

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US5166936A (en) * 1990-07-20 1992-11-24 Compaq Computer Corporation Automatic hard disk bad sector remapping
US5237553A (en) * 1990-05-24 1993-08-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Data recording and reproducing apparatus having a plurality of operating modes
US5523903A (en) * 1993-12-23 1996-06-04 International Business Machines Corporation Sector architecture for fixed block disk drive

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5237553A (en) * 1990-05-24 1993-08-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Data recording and reproducing apparatus having a plurality of operating modes
US5166936A (en) * 1990-07-20 1992-11-24 Compaq Computer Corporation Automatic hard disk bad sector remapping
US5523903A (en) * 1993-12-23 1996-06-04 International Business Machines Corporation Sector architecture for fixed block disk drive

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6263459B1 (en) 1999-04-29 2001-07-17 Western Digital Corporation On the fly write reallocation
SG108226A1 (en) * 1999-05-07 2005-01-28 Seagate Technology Llc Eliminate reassigned sectors
SG86405A1 (en) * 1999-06-11 2002-02-19 Ibm Method of processing defective sectors in a disk storage device, and a disk storage device
US6636985B1 (en) 1999-06-11 2003-10-21 International Business Machines Corporation Disk storage device and a method for processing defective sectors in a disk storage device
US6496313B1 (en) 1999-06-24 2002-12-17 Seagate Technology Llc Audio-visual drive optimized for response to a misread sector
GB2366067A (en) * 1999-06-24 2002-02-27 Seagate Technology Llc Audio-visual disk drive optimized for response to an off-course head during a write command
GB2366066A (en) * 1999-06-24 2002-02-27 Seagate Technology Llc Audio-visual disk drive optimized for response to an undetected synchronization field
US6369968B1 (en) 1999-06-24 2002-04-09 Seagate Technology Llc Audio-visual drive optimized for response to an off-course head during a write command
WO2000079537A1 (fr) * 1999-06-24 2000-12-28 Seagate Technology Llc Lecteur de disque audiovisuel optimise de maniere a repondre a un champ de synchronisation indetecte
GB2366067B (en) * 1999-06-24 2003-08-13 Seagate Technology Llc Audio-visual disk drive optimized for response to an off-course head during a write command
WO2000079538A1 (fr) * 1999-06-24 2000-12-28 Seagate Technology Llc Lecteur de disque audiovisuel optimise pour repondre a une sortie de trajectoire d'une tete au cours d'une commande d'ecriture
US6751037B1 (en) 1999-06-24 2004-06-15 Seagate Technology Llc Audio-visual drive optimized for response to an undetected synchronization field
WO2000079533A1 (fr) * 1999-06-24 2000-12-28 Seagate Technology Llc Unite de disques audiovisuelle optimisee pour reagir a un secteur d'erreur de lecture
WO2003065369A1 (fr) * 2002-01-29 2003-08-07 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Appareil de stockage de donnees et procede de traitement de donnees par un tel appareil
US7124337B2 (en) 2002-01-29 2006-10-17 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Data storage apparatus and method for handling data on a data storage apparatus
SG108879A1 (en) * 2002-02-28 2005-02-28 Toshiba Kk Disk storage apparatus for audio visual data and retry method employed therein upon occurrence of sector error
US7003689B2 (en) 2002-02-28 2006-02-21 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Disk storage apparatus for audio visual data and retry method employed therein upon occurrence of sector error

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