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WO1998003848A1 - Procede et dispositif pour caracteriser le comportement elastique et/ou plastique de materiaux - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif pour caracteriser le comportement elastique et/ou plastique de materiaux Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998003848A1
WO1998003848A1 PCT/IB1997/000886 IB9700886W WO9803848A1 WO 1998003848 A1 WO1998003848 A1 WO 1998003848A1 IB 9700886 W IB9700886 W IB 9700886W WO 9803848 A1 WO9803848 A1 WO 9803848A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
deformation
elastic
force
determined
acceleration
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/IB1997/000886
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Heinrich Feichtinger
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Proceq SA
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Proceq SA
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Filing date
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Application filed by Proceq SA filed Critical Proceq SA
Priority to AU33553/97A priority Critical patent/AU3355397A/en
Publication of WO1998003848A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998003848A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/40—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness
    • G01N3/48—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness by performing impressions under impulsive load by indentors, e.g. falling ball
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
    • G01N2203/0617—Electrical or magnetic indicating, recording or sensing means
    • G01N2203/0623—Electrical or magnetic indicating, recording or sensing means using piezoelectric gauges

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for characterizing the elastic and / or plastic behavior of materials by means of crack hardness measurement according to the preamble of the independent claims.
  • a test piece is struck against the material.
  • the properties of the material can be determined from the behavior of the test specimen.
  • Static hardness measurement refers to a process in which a hard test specimen of defined shape penetrates under the influence of a known force into the surface of a softer specimen, where it leaves a lasting impression as part of a plastic deformation process.
  • the numerical value of the various classic hardness measurement methods is obtained by correlating this force with a size that characterizes the impression geometry, for example with the recessed impression surface (Bnnell, Vickers) or with the permanent depth of penetration (Rockwell).
  • the hardness value has the dimension of a medium pressure.
  • Tabor also used the ratio of the impression diameter d produced to the diameter of the printing ball D to define the term “representative
  • ⁇ is a factor that takes into account the fact that the plastic flow takes place within an elastic field that envelops it, which results in higher yield stresses.
  • the factor ⁇ is material and strain-specific, ie it mainly depends on the hardening behavior and the degree of stretching, ie the ratio of the elastic to the plastic deformation energy. If it is possible to continuously determine the factor ⁇ during a hard test and at the same time continuously measuring the application of force and impression geometry, there is the possibility of constructing a stress-strain curve.
  • the speed profile of an indenter is measured during the contact phase with the material, but the mathematical processing of this measurement variable, i.e. the differentiation to determine the acceleration curve, is only carried out to determine the time profile of the contact and the Separate phases of penetration and rebound more precisely in order to arrive at a more precise assessment of the speeds of impact and rebound.
  • the acceleration of the indenter is determined during the entire contact period, for example by a piezoresistive measuring cell.
  • a hardness value is then determined from the ratio of the acceleration amplitude to the contact time, ie even with this method the forming process is not considered in its change but only in a balancing manner.
  • a defined test force is specified and that the The effect of this force on the change in the deformation geometry is observed in order to derive mechanical material properties from the plastic and elastic behavior.
  • this means that the force has to be measured with a load cell and the strain with a linear measuring system.
  • the size of the weight applied must be related to the optically determined impression geometry, for example.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method or a device of the type mentioned at the outset which allows the plastic and / or elastic behavior of materials to be determined as simply, quickly and reliably as possible.
  • a test specimen is thus struck against a material, the course of time of at least one of the three movement variables acceleration, speed or path being measured during the contact period. From the measured movement size is determined by integration and / or differentiation the course of a force occurring during the deformation, or the course of an equivalent other size, such as the pressure. The course of a deformation path caused by the force and / or a deformation speed, or the position and / or speed (or kinetic energy) of the test specimen is likewise determined from the measured movement size.
  • the elastic and plastic deformation components can be determined, which allow the determination of elastic and plastic material parameters such as a yield point, a hardening exponent and the elasticity module.
  • the amount of movement is measured repeatedly during the contact period, i.e. a large number of repeated measured values are stored as a function of time. If possible, the measuring frequency should be selected so that at least approx. 100 measuring points m fall in the contact time.
  • the course of the acceleration of the test specimen is preferably determined during the impact duration.
  • the force curve can be determined from this, given the mass of the test specimen.
  • the respective position of the test specimen or the depth of penetration can be calculated by means of double integration, and the speed can also be calculated by simple integration.
  • the method according to the invention is, since it can be carried out very quickly, particularly well for the repeated determination of plastic or elastic material properties, eg. B. depending on the temperature or time.
  • the temperature is varied and it measurements are carried out in quick succession.
  • temperature- and / or time-dependent processes in particular with phase changes and excretion processes, can be characterized quantitatively.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows an embodiment of the device according to the invention for generating an impact event with a test specimen on a material
  • FIG. 3a shows a compressive stress-path curve for the first event from FIG. 2,
  • FIG. 3b shows a compressive stress-path curve for the second event from FIG. 2
  • FIG. 3c shows a compressive stress-path curve for the third event from FIG. 2
  • the test specimen 1 shows an example of a device in which a piezoelectric acceleration sensor 3 supplies the measurement curve during the contact proximity.
  • the sensor 3 is clamped with a thread 31 against the upper surface of a test body 1 made of hard metal, so that it forms a rigid mass unit with it.
  • this mass is 64 g and the body 1 has at its lower end a spherically ground surface with a radius of 1.5 mm.
  • the test specimen 1 is pressed against a limiting ring 45, which is also connected to the housing 48, by a plurality of leaf springs 46, only two of which are shown and which are fixed against anchors 47, which in turn are fixed against a housing 48 .
  • the kinetic energy of the test specimen is generated in an electromagnetic manner in that a solenoid coil 41 is supplied with a brief current pulse by a supply 42 and sets the magnet armature 4 m in the direction of arrow a against the return spring 44, so that the Sehlag body 43 strikes with its annular part 431 on the upper end face of the test specimen 1.
  • test specimen 1 hits the surface of sample 2 and begins to penetrate it. In a first phase this is a purely elastic process, which is based on the Hertz concept
  • the measured value of the piezoelectric sensor 3 is fed via a line 32 to a charge amplifier 33, where it is converted into a voltage signal proportional to the acceleration.
  • This amplified analog signal is sent to a computer 35 in digital form via a data acquisition card 34 supplied with appropriate evaluation software.
  • sensor 1 permits the measurement of a maximum acceleration of 100,000 g with an intrinsic resonance in the range of 180 kHz, which superimposes the measurement signal with a high-frequency noise. For this reason, the digitized signal is treated with a software-produced low-pass filter, so that the further evaluation can take place on a largely cleaned measurement event.
  • the example above describes a device variant in which the kinetic energy is generated by an electromagnetic mechanism.
  • devices with a spring bolt striking mechanism and a drop mechanism were also used in an alternative manner, in which the speed of impact to check the numerically integrated value can also be determined from the drop height.
  • the path of the test specimen can of course also be measured. This can be done, for example, optically without contact, by providing the test specimen with a grating on one side surface, which, like in the case of incremental glass scales, supplies a sequence of optically detectable pulses when passing a corresponding light source at a detector in accordance with the path of the test specimen .
  • this path In contrast to the acceleration measurement, this path must then be converted into a speed by numerical differentiation processes and into an acceleration to determine the force.
  • the advantage of this embodiment is that the measurement event is determined without any inertia, ie it is not falsified by natural frequencies of the detector as in the acceleration measurement.
  • the downside lies in the fact that a differentiation process also lower Messabweichun ⁇ gen strongly vergrossert.
  • the measurement events described below were determined using an acceleration sensor. However, the measurement events can also be ascertained with a measuring device that measures the speed or, as in the example above, the path and can be evaluated in accordance with the concepts below, in accordance with Figures 2 and 3.
  • Figure 2 shows three measurement events in the form of acceleration-time curves as they appear before the mathematical evaluation.
  • the diagram is formed by the time axis 51 and the acceleration axis 52.
  • Curve 6 represents a fully elastic impact on a material with a high modulus of elasticity, e.g. a polished plate made of alumina. It comes from
  • Curve 7 in FIG. 2 corresponds to a material with a higher modulus of elasticity and a high yield point, for example a high-strength steel.
  • the low plastic deformation is shown by the fact that the time 571 from the beginning 50 to reaching the acceleration maximum 71 is only slightly longer than the rebound time from 571 to 572.
  • Curve 8 in FIG. 2 corresponds to a soft material with a low modulus of elasticity, e.g. aluminum.
  • the strongly plastic stamping process manifests itself in the very long time period 581 from the beginning 50 to the acceleration maximum 81, while the largely elastically shaped rebound, corresponding to the time from 581 to 582, is considerably shorter.
  • the senor described above together with the indentor, formed a mass of 64 g, which depending on the impact strength hit the surface of the material at a speed in the range between 0.3 and 2.0 m / s. This typically resulted in total contact times of approximately 140 microseconds for steels and approximately 350 microseconds for aluminum.
  • Axis 53 represents the “total travel” and axis 54 represents an “average contact pressure”.
  • the entire travel corresponds to the sum of the elastic deformations of the indenter and material, which are perceived by the sensor in the form of an acceleration.
  • This acceleration is converted into a speed by a first numerical integration process, the integration constant being chosen so that the zero value is reached at the point of deepest penetration.
  • a “total path” is calculated from this speed curve.
  • This total path ⁇ corresponds to the sum of the elastic deformations of the test specimen and the sample and can - according to the concept of Hertz 'see "ball against plane" - in a contact surface of the test specimen with the radius R j ⁇ and the flat specimen with the infinite radius Rg. According to that
  • RR and Rg are the radii of the sphere and the material, and the constants k ⁇ ⁇ and kg are their elastic constants according to the formula (7): 1-, 2
  • the force F which acts in time, can be calculated by multiplication with the mass of the indenter. If this force is divided by the area which results from the contact radius a in accordance with equation (9), the "average elastic pressure" which is exerted by the ball on the material is obtained.
  • FIG. 3a fully elastic impact event corresponding to curve 6 in Fig. 2.
  • the curve from the starting point 50 to the maximum point 611 represents the pressure increase over the entire path 531.
  • FIG. 3b shows the mathematical evaluation of the partially plastic event of curve 7 from FIG. 2, which was carried out analogously to FIG. 3a in accordance with the Hertz concept.
  • the "mean elastic pressure curve” only makes physical sense up to point 70, since this is where "macroscopic" plastic flow begins, ie the breakthrough of the initially enclosed plastic "micro field” to the contact surface. If this was not the case, then the pressure curve would rise along the dash-dotted elastic curve to a maximum value in the range of 711 'as in the previous example, but the use of formula 9 leads here to the excessively high mean elastic pressure according to point 711a, since the effective partially plastic contact surface is below the sphere is larger than the assumed elastic contact area.
  • FIG. 3c shows the mathematical evaluation of the acceleration curve 8 from FIG. 2. This is a soft material, with which, due to the flow process that begins even with low forces, practically no self-deformation of the ball occurs.
  • the "entire path" here corresponds approximately to the plastic deformation depth of the material.
  • the extended curve section from the beginning 50 to point 80 in turn corresponds to an average elastic pressure, which - if the plastic flow does not occur - rather along the dash-dotted curve over the point
  • the maximum depth of penetration is reached at point 811a, and this segment of the curve also does not correspond to physical reality, since with formula (9) one too small elastic contact area is calculated, but here too the area enclosed by points 50-80-810a-811a-821 can be used as a relative measure for the strong deviation from the purely elastic case. This deviation also manifests itself directly in the ratio of the slight return path 532 compared to the large maximum penetration depth.
  • the contact areas calculated from the impressions usually projected into the plane were twice the area, as it is calculated from the elastic contact radius a of the formula (9). If practically no self-deformation of the ball and a largely plastic deformation behavior are assumed for the creation of impressions in soft materials, the entire integrated path practically corresponds to the depth of deformation of the material, whereby, according to numerous information in the literature, the final impression diameter is produced , since only the depth of the impression changes during the relief process. It was shown that the diameter d of the impression, as the cut area of a spherical cap with radius R j and a height, can be calculated according to the entire path ⁇ with the original sample plane: If you assume that the total
  • the plastic concept of the formula (11) cannot be used in the case of a rebound, in accordance with points 811b and 821, since the elastic relief process takes place here in accordance with Hertz's concept of ball against ball seat.
  • the geometry of this ball seat in the unloaded state can also be found in the evaluation of the acceleration curve. If one calculates the remaining diameter at the highest acceleration according to formula (11) and additionally the determined after the rebound path determined, the radius of the ball seat can be calculated as the radius of a corresponding calotte, which has a depth corresponding to the difference between the penetration depth 631 and the rebound path 532.
  • a first measurement event with the strongest impact was carried out with an impact speed of 0.989 m / s, the curve 50-90-910b-911b-921 being formed, which is the result of dividing the acceleration force by the plastic spherical surface, which was calculated from the integrated total path analogously to the procedure of Figure 3c according to formula (11).
  • the computer program at 90 found an increasing deviation of the effective pressure curve from the elastic behavior corresponding to the fictitious curve section 90-910 '.
  • the diameter of formula (11) determined by integration was compared with the optically measured one, it could be determined empirically that the path 530, which is ten times the amount of the path from 50 to Point 90 corresponds with certainty in the largely plastic range, ie within the second, plastic measuring section in which the formula (11) may be used.
  • the curve section 90-910b shown in broken lines is a transition zone between the largely elastic and plastically embossed measuring sections 1 and 2.
  • the curve was therefore regressed between points 910b and 911b, as described above, in a double logarithmic form according to formula (12).
  • the regressed plastic curve 91b was cut with the regressed elastic curve 90-910 ', the cutting point 90b having a flow pressure 540 with a value of Resulted in 208 MPa.
  • the maximum path 531, corresponding to point 911b, was 170.95 micrometers, which corresponds to a diameter of 1390 micrometers according to formula 11.
  • the effective diameter measured on the microscope was 1405 microns.
  • the weakest impact with an impact speed of 0.426 m / s resulted in a maximum travel 532 '' of 74.92 micrometers, which corresponds to an integrated diameter of 936 micrometers; the corresponding indentation diameter was measured under the microscope with 952 micrometers.
  • the flow pressure in this test was found to be 198 MPa. Since the integrated path, even in the case of the weakest stroke, which comes closest to the elastic first deformation area, matched with good accuracy the effective diameter determined under the microscope and also all points of the maximum penetration path 911b, 911b 'and 911b''were on the same curve, was the assumption of one plastic behavior is rightly done.
  • the hardening exponent m was in the range of 0.08 - 0.11, which confirms the low cold formability of aluminum.
  • a tensile test on this material also resulted in a yield point RPo. 2 of MPa, which gives a factor ⁇ of 2.84 compared to the mean value of 196 MPa of the three pressure values according to formula (4). This value lies well in the range of the values found by other authors, eg Francis, using elaborate instrumented static hardness measurement methods.
  • the rebound sections 532, 532 'and 532'' were evaluated in accordance with a combination of equations (6), (7) and (8) for the ball / ball seat concept.
  • the radius Rg of the ball seat could be determined from its diameter assumed in accordance with equation (11) and using the integrated rebound path.
  • the three beats showed three values for the elastic modulus of 63, 72 and 65 GPa compared to a literature value of 69 MPa.
  • the relatively large deviation results from the fact that the measurement processes for aluminum were largely plastic due to the selected impact strength, which means that the comparatively small rebound path gives rise to strong scattering errors.
  • test specimens with different face profiles can be used, with a spherical surface as described above being a particularly favorable case, since its increasing tangent angle leads to an increasing elongation value according to formula (3) with increasing penetration depth.
  • a pyramid-shaped or pointed-conical surface for example, is not very suitable because, due to its constant angle of attack, it always represents the same state of expansion regardless of the depth of penetration.
  • An interesting special case is a limited flat end face, because here - in contrast to a sphere - the contact area is largely independent of the depth of the eidring. For this reason, tests were carried out with a cylindrical hard metal test specimen of 1.5 mm in diameter with a flat end face, a measuring device corresponding to FIG.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract

Un élément de contrôle (1) est frappé contre un matériau selon le processus de rebondissement. Pendant la durée de l'impact, au moins un des trois paramètres de déplacement (accélération, vitesse ou trajet) est mesuré à l'aide d'un détecteur, dans son cours temporel. Par intégration et/ou par différenciation, on obtient à partir des paramètres de déplacement mesurés, d'une part une force caractéristique due au processus de déformation et d'autre part, un trajet de déformation résultant de l'effet produit par cette force et/ou une vitesse de déformation. Ce procédé permet d'obtenir de manière rapide et précise des paramètres propres aux matériaux et aux recherches, tels que le module d'élasticité, la limite apparente d'élasticité et le comportement en durcissement.
PCT/IB1997/000886 1996-07-18 1997-07-15 Procede et dispositif pour caracteriser le comportement elastique et/ou plastique de materiaux Ceased WO1998003848A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU33553/97A AU3355397A (en) 1996-07-18 1997-07-15 Method and device for characterizing the elastic and/or plastic behaviour of materials

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH179196 1996-07-18
CH1791/96 1996-07-18

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WO1998003848A1 true WO1998003848A1 (fr) 1998-01-29

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000017622A1 (fr) * 1998-09-23 2000-03-30 Adas Consulting Limited Mesure de la capacite d'absorption d'energie d'un substrat
WO2003073072A1 (fr) * 2002-02-22 2003-09-04 Agfa Ndt Gmbh Appareil pour essais de durete dote d'un diamant vickers transparent, eclaire par des guides d'ondes optiques
EP1411343A3 (fr) * 2002-10-17 2004-08-18 Dufournier Technologies SAS Dispositif et procédé de séléction de pneumatiques en fonction du couple pneumatique/sol
EP1653212A3 (fr) * 2004-11-01 2006-09-13 Vyzkumny Ustav Textilnich Stroju Liberec a.s. Procédé de mesure de la dureté et/ou de la densité de bobines de fil et dispositif pour réaliser le procédé
US8074496B2 (en) 2005-06-24 2011-12-13 Marco Brandestini Apparatus for hardness measurement by impact
CN102353599A (zh) * 2011-06-07 2012-02-15 吉林大学 压电驱动型高频疲劳试验机
CN113449455A (zh) * 2021-07-21 2021-09-28 哈尔滨工业大学 削薄衔铁的切削阈值确定方法
CN120458486A (zh) * 2025-07-15 2025-08-12 浙江理工大学 一种手持式的微创组织杨氏模量测量装置及其使用方法

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SU932370A1 (ru) * 1980-02-22 1982-05-30 Таганрогский радиотехнический институт им.В.Д.Калмыкова Динамический измеритель твердости
SU1010512A1 (ru) * 1980-06-03 1983-04-07 Всесоюзный государственный институт научно-исследовательских и проектных работ огнеупорной промышленности Динамический твердомер
SU1483328A1 (ru) * 1987-10-30 1989-05-30 Научно-Исследовательский Институт Интроскопии Устройство дл определени твердости материалов
WO1990010857A1 (fr) * 1989-03-15 1990-09-20 Haggag Fahmy M Microsonde a indentation permettant de contrôler sur place l'integrite d'une structure
DE3930483A1 (de) * 1989-09-12 1991-03-14 Jurij Georgievic Artemev Dynamischer indikator physikalischer groessen eines versuchsmusters
WO1991011698A1 (fr) * 1990-01-31 1991-08-08 Beloit Corporation Procede et appareil d'evaluation quantitative de la durete d'un rouleau
WO1992010753A1 (fr) * 1990-12-12 1992-06-25 Bernard Castagner Penetrometre dynamique pyrotechnique

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000017622A1 (fr) * 1998-09-23 2000-03-30 Adas Consulting Limited Mesure de la capacite d'absorption d'energie d'un substrat
US6351988B1 (en) 1998-09-23 2002-03-05 Adas Consulting Limited Measuring the energy absorbing capacity of a substrate
WO2003073072A1 (fr) * 2002-02-22 2003-09-04 Agfa Ndt Gmbh Appareil pour essais de durete dote d'un diamant vickers transparent, eclaire par des guides d'ondes optiques
EP1411343A3 (fr) * 2002-10-17 2004-08-18 Dufournier Technologies SAS Dispositif et procédé de séléction de pneumatiques en fonction du couple pneumatique/sol
EP1653212A3 (fr) * 2004-11-01 2006-09-13 Vyzkumny Ustav Textilnich Stroju Liberec a.s. Procédé de mesure de la dureté et/ou de la densité de bobines de fil et dispositif pour réaliser le procédé
US8074496B2 (en) 2005-06-24 2011-12-13 Marco Brandestini Apparatus for hardness measurement by impact
CN102353599A (zh) * 2011-06-07 2012-02-15 吉林大学 压电驱动型高频疲劳试验机
CN113449455A (zh) * 2021-07-21 2021-09-28 哈尔滨工业大学 削薄衔铁的切削阈值确定方法
CN113449455B (zh) * 2021-07-21 2022-05-03 哈尔滨工业大学 削薄衔铁的切削阈值确定方法
CN120458486A (zh) * 2025-07-15 2025-08-12 浙江理工大学 一种手持式的微创组织杨氏模量测量装置及其使用方法

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