WO1996026169A1 - Gas-generating mixtures - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention concerns propellants for gas-generators containing (as the nitrogen-containing compound, i.e. fuel) at least one compound from the group comprising tetrazoles, triazoles, triazines, cyanic acid, urea, derivatives or salts thereof; (as oxidants) compounds from the group comprising peroxides, nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates; combustion moderators capable by heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis of influencing the combustion process and velocity thereof; and, optionally, additives capable of reducing the proportion of toxic gases.

Description

Gas generating mixtures

Gas generators are being used increasingly, for example in vehicles to save lives. The gas-generating mixture usually contains sodium azide. Natriu azid in itself is toxic and can easily mix with heavy metals such as. B. Implement copper and lead to form extremely dangerous and violently reacting compounds. Special measures must therefore be taken in the manufacture of the raw material, the gas mixture, its processing and quality control. For this reason, the disposal of the sodium azide, for example when replacing defective gas generators or when scrapping the vehicles, is also a particular problem. Misuse must also be prevented.

There has been no shortage of attempts to use other substances instead of sodium azide. All proposed solutions for the replacement of sodium azide have in common that they contain organic carbon and generally also organic nitrogen compounds. EP 0 519 485 describes the use of tetrazole or tetrazole derivative (s) or the use of one or more compounds from the group of cyanic acid derivatives and their salts, one or more compounds from the group of triazine and triazine derivatives of urea, its salts, derivatives and derivatives and salts of these compounds, it being possible for the compounds mentioned to also be present as mixtures. Nitrates of ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron and / or peroxides of zinc, calcium, strontium or magnesium can be used as the oxidizing agent. Further gas-generating components, coolants, reducing agents, catalysts and / or porosity generators can be added.

EP 0 438 851 describes a non-toxic, non-acidic pyrotechnic composition which is suitable for use in the generation of essentially non-toxic combustion Products including a gas is suitable for filling an accident cushion. The composition comprises a mixture of at least one tetrazole or triazole compound which contains hydrogen in the molecule, at least one oxygen-containing oxidizing agent and at least one metal oxide selected from cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, chromium oxide, aluminum oxide or boron oxide. The combustion produces an essentially non-toxic primary gas mixture and unfilterable solids. For example, aminotetrazole is used with oxidizing agents, which in addition to nitrites can also contain perchlorates.

A similar approach is disclosed in European Patent E 0 372 733: Use of tetrazoles and triazoles in mixtures with ammonium perchlorate and alkali nitrate as an oxidizing agent in conjunction with an addition to control the combustion.

PCT application WO 94/01381 describes a gas developing agent for airbags consisting of organic nitro compounds and oxohalates. Oxohalates are understood to mean, for example, chlorates, bromates and their per compounds of the alkali metals. As combustion-regulating catalysts, u. a. mentioned: oxides, chlorides, carbonates, sulfonates of the 4th to 6th rows of the periodic table.

When implementing the gas sets listed above for inflating airbags for automotive safety, in addition to non-toxic working gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor, proportions of toxic gases such as B. carbon monoxide or nitrogen oxides may be present. Limit values were set for these gases, e.g. B. the maximum workplace concentration (MAK) taking peak loads into account. Their formation is in a thermodynamic and kinetic relationship and in the case of carbon monoxide z. B. controlled via the Boudouard balance. It was also found that mixtures which contain nitrogen and carbon-containing compounds and which develop low NO contents when burned off contain high amounts of CO. wrap and vice versa. These equilibrium settings are temperature and pressure dependent. It is known that a sufficiently effective influencing of the swath composition in the sense of the formation of non-toxic products cannot be achieved solely by physical measures, for example control of the reaction by pressure and / or temperature.

Methods are known from the literature which aim to reduce these vapor components. For example, by adding alkaline slag formers to the gas set, the balance can be shifted at the expense of carbon monoxide through the formation of carbonates. Nitrogen oxides are simultaneously converted into nitrates or nitrites.

However, these measures have the disadvantage that the gas yield is significantly deteriorated by the high slag content. In addition, the slag has to be separated from the gaseous constituents by filters or other retention systems before the working gases can be used, for example, to inflate the airbag.

The use of nitrogen-free systems leads to the formation of nitrogen oxide-free swaths, but with a lower gas yield. The reason for this is that an excess of slag-forming oxygen carrier must be used to shift the Boudouard equilibrium towards CO2. Hybrid systems have therefore already been proposed in which the above-described reaction is brought about by compressed air instead of slag-forming oxidizing agents. However, these concepts suffer from the disadvantage of the high system weight and the need to control or supplement the compressed air.

According to US Pat. No. 3,910,595, the gas resulting from the reaction is passed through a Venturi nozzle to improve the yield, so that outside air can be used to inflate the airbag. However, it must be taken into account that this outside air strongly removes the hot gases. cools. In particular at low outside temperatures, the volume loss that occurs as a result of this for inflating the gas bag must be compensated for by the pyrotechnic mixture. The increased proportion of toxic swaths inside the vehicle can no longer be reduced sufficiently by thinning.

The present invention describes non-toxic, azide-free mixtures for gas generation by combustion. These gas-generating mixtures can include in safety devices, for example in airbag systems for inflating airbags in vehicles and airplanes. However, they are also suitable for lifting heavy loads by inflating sacks underneath or for driving out z. B. fire extinguishing powder or other measures where it comes to rapid formation of gases to produce a Arbeitslei¬ performance.

The mixtures according to the invention contain

a) as nitrogen-containing compound (fuel) at least one compound from the group tetrazoles, triazoles, triazines, cyanic acid, urea, their derivatives, derivatives or their salts,

b) at least three compounds from the group of peroxides, nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates as oxidizing agents,

c) combustion moderators which are suitable for influencing the combustion and its speed by heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis, and, if appropriate

d) Supplements that are suitable for reducing the proportion of toxic gases.

The mixtures according to the invention are non-toxic and, in contrast to mixtures containing azide, are easy to handle. They therefore require less security effort at the Production of the raw materials and mixtures and their shaping, storage or disposal.

The nitrogen-containing compounds to be used according to the invention are those which, when mixed with oxidizing agents during their thermal / chemical conversion, form mainly CO2, ^N 2 ° 2 ^{and H} 2 ^, but do not develop gases such as CO or N0 _χ in concentrations which are hazardous to health.

The mixtures according to the invention preferably contain nitrogenous compounds (fuels)

one or more tetrazole derivative (s) of the formula

wherein R, and R ₇ or R3 may be the same or different, but either R2 or R3 is present and have the meaning: hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, carboxyl, an alkyl radical having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkenyl radical having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, one Alkylamino radical with 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl radical, optionally substituted with one or more substituents, which can be the same or different and are selected from the amino group, the nitro group, the alkyl radicals with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an arylamino radical which may optionally be substituted for the aryl radical or the sodium, potassium and guanidinium salts of the tetrazole derivatives mentioned.

For these connections:

R ^ preferably hydrogen, A ino, hydroxy, carboxyl, a methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl or tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl or n-heptyl radical, a methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, n-heptylamino, n-octylamino or n-decylamino radical, a tetrazole radical, a phenylamino radical, a phenyl, nitrophenyl or aminophenyl radical;

R2 or R3 is preferably hydrogen, a methyl or ethyl radical, a phenyl, nitrophenyl or aminophenyl radical.

The tetrazole derivatives 5-aminotetrazole, lithium, sodium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, strontium or calcium 5-aminotetrazolate, 5-aminotetrazole nitrate, sulfate, perchlorate and similar compounds are particularly preferred, l- (4-aminophenyl) tetrazole, l- (4-nitrophenyl) tetrazole, l-methyl-5-dimethylaminotetrazole, l-methyl-5-methylaminotetrazole, 1-methyltetrazole, l-phenyl- 5-aminotetrazole, l-phenyl-5-hydroxy-tetrazole, 1-phenyltetrazole, 2-ethyl-5-aminotetrazole, 2-methyl-5-aminotetrazole, 2-methyl-5-carboxyltetrazole, 2-methyl- 5- methylaminotetrazole, 2-methyltetrazole, 2-phenyltetrazole, 5- (p-tolyl) -tetrazole, 5-diallylaminotetrazole, 5-dimethylaminotetrazole, 5-ethylaminotetrazole, 5-hydroxytetrazole, 5-methyltetrazole, 5-methylaminotetrazole, 5- n-decylaminotetrazole, 5-n-heptylaminotetrazole, 5-n-octylaminotetrazole, 5-phenyltetrazole, 5-phenylaminotetrazole or bis- (aminoguanidine) -azotetrazole and diguanidinium-5,5'-azotetrazolate, as well as 5.5 ' - Bitetrazole and its salts, such as d The 5,5'-Bi-IH tetrazole ammonium compounds.

1, 3,5-triazine as triazine derivatives, 1, 2, 4-triazol-5-one, 3-nitro-l, 2,4-triazol-5-one as triazole derivatives, sodium cyanate, cyanuric acid, cyanuric acid as cyanic acid derivatives - Ester, cyanuric acid amide (melamine), 1-cyananguanidine, sodium di-cyanamide, disodium cyanamide, dicyandiamidine nitrate, dicyanodiamine sulfate, and as urea derivatives biuret, guanidine, nitroguanidine, guanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine, aminoguanidine nitrate, triaitaminodinohydrogen, thiauridinoguanide , Azodicarboxylic acid diamide, tetrazene, semicarbazide nitrate, and urethanes, ureides such as barbituric acid and their derivatives are contained. 5-Aminotetrazole is used as a particularly preferred component. The preferred proportion when using this component in the mixture is 10-40% by weight. Its salts are used as derivatives of 5-aminotetrazole, in which the acidic hydrogen atoms on 5-aminotetrazole are replaced like salts by toxicologically harmless elements such as calcium, magnesium or zinc. However, it is also possible to use compounds in which the cation is formed from ammonium, guanidinium and its amino derivatives.

The following are used as oxidizing agents:

Peroxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, zinc peroxide, and the peroxodisulfates of the elements mentioned and of ammonium;

Ammonium nitrate, nitrates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, in particular lithium, sodium or potassium nitrate, and strontium nitrate;

Oxohalogen compounds of alkali or alkaline earth metals or ammonium, particularly preferably potassium perchlorate or ammonium perchlorate.

The oxidizing agents can be used individually or in mixtures. In order to reduce the nitrogen oxide content in the reaction gases as much as possible, it is advantageous to keep the nitrate content in the oxidant mixtures as low as possible, since some of the nitrates can thermally decompose.

A preferred combination of the oxidizing agents consists of zinc peroxide, potassium perchlorate and at least one nitrate, preferably sodium nitrate or strontium nitrate in a mixing ratio of 1: 2: 10 and a total proportion of approximately 60% by weight in the gas-generating mixture. The chlorine-containing compounds react during the burning to form harmless sodium / potassium chloride. Ammonium perchlorate alone or in a mixture with another can also be used as perchlorate Oxohalogen compound are provided, but an excess must be avoided in order to rule out the formation of aggressive hydrochloric acid. If ammonium perchlorate is used, the simultaneous presence of zinc compounds is particularly advantageous since the risk of hydrochloric acid formation can thereby be avoided. An excess of sodium and potassium compounds is harmless since this reacts with the reaction gases to form harmless carbonates. The partial or complete replacement of the alkali nitrate with strontium nitrate leads to a significant reduction in the slag content.

The mixing ratio of the nitrogen-containing compounds, for example the tetrazoles and triazoles, to the oxidizing agents is balanced so that an excess of oxygen is formed when the gas mixture is burned off. This excess of oxygen shifts the CO / CO 2 equilibrium towards carbon dioxide.

Substances or their mixtures are used as combustion moderators which are suitable for influencing the combustion and its speed by heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis. Moderators who intervene in the implementation in the form of heterogeneous catalysis are metals, metal oxides and / or metal carbonates and / or metal sulfides. Boron, silicon, copper, iron, titanium, zinc or molybdenum can preferably be used as metals. Calcium carbonate can also be used. Mixtures of these moderators can also be used.

Moderators who intervene in the implementation in the form of homogeneous catalysis are, for example, sulfur, boron, silicon or ferrocene and its derivatives. These moderators are vaporized into the gas phase by the temperatures occurring during the reaction and can intervene in the reaction itself or as secondary products. The proportion of these substances in the mixture can be up to approx. 8%.

Furthermore, the mixture according to the invention for gas production can contain additives which are suitable for the proportion of To reduce harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides and / or carbon monoxide. The proportion of these harmful gases in the gas mixture generated is determined by

- The stoichiometric composition of the mixture, the temperature and the pressure of the reaction, additives to influence the reaction or the after reaction and by

Generator construction in which the implementation takes place.

While it is relatively easy to do it in a closed system, e.g. A pressure bomb, which maintains the composition of the gas mixture approximating the thermodynamic calculations, no longer succeeds under the real outflow conditions in the generator itself, since the equilibrium cannot be established during the few milliseconds of implementation. According to the invention, therefore, suitable substances which can have a catalytic effect are introduced into the mixture or into the zone of the outflowing gases. The fire moderators and oxides of the noble metals described above can be used for this. Additional possibilities exist in the use of noble metals such as palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, platinum or rhodium, which use the oxygen excess of the reaction gases in a subsequent reaction to convert the carbon monoxide. A preferred form of application provides for the additives to be applied to ceramic or to be galvanized as a support on metal networks. In particular, the carbon monoxide content in the gas mixture can be reduced by this method.

To reduce the NO _χ content, additives are used whose chemical properties catalyze the conversion of nitrogen oxides in particular, for example nitrogen dioxide to nitrates or nitrites. In principle, all more or less strongly reacting substances are suitable. These include, for example, oxides, hydroxides or carbonates of non-toxic elements such as those of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, that of zinc, and mixtures of these compounds. When using these compounds, mainly nitrates or nitrites of the elements are formed. Also suitable are urea, guanidine and its derivatives, compounds with NH 2 groups such as, for example, amidosulfonic acids, amido complexes and the like, and A ide for reaction with NO 2. A particularly preferred embodiment provides the use of peroxides in the outflow openings of the generators ren. It is particularly advantageous here that, in addition to the reduction of the nitrogen oxides by the reactions described above, additional oxygen is formed for the subsequent catalytic reaction with carbon monoxide.

The supplements according to the invention can be introduced alone or together directly into the gas-generating set or can be provided in the outflow ducts of the generator. A compressed application form of the additives, for example in the form of tablets, pills or granules, is expedient for use in the outflow ducts of the generator. The amount of the supplements used is about 10% by weight. The amount of the aggregates in the outflow ducts can amount to up to 75% by weight, based on the gas charge.

A reduction in the CO content can surprisingly also be achieved in that part of the fuel from the salts, preferably from the calcium, magnesium or zinc salts of aminotetrazole, preferably from the corresponding salts of 5-aminotetrazole or from Urea derivatives exist. In these cases, the use of only two oxidizing agents is sufficient.

Additional additives can be added to influence the reaction rate and temperature. Such additives can be, for example, boron or metal powder, for example titanium, aluminum, zirconium, iron, copper, molybdenum, and their stable hydrides. Their share of the surcharges is of the order of 5% by weight. The gas charge mixtures according to the invention are produced in a manner known per se. The components are, for example, mixed dry, sieved, portioned and compressed into tablets. The rate of combustion can be adjusted via the grain shape and size of the bulk material obtained, for example, by breaking and sieving the fragments. The bulk material can be produced in large quantities and, by mixing fractions with different dynamic vivacity, can be adapted to the particular requirements during combustion. Premixes with 2 or 3 components can also be used to increase the safety or improve the mixing result. A mixture of oxidizing agent and additives can be prepared, for example, before it comes into contact with the nitrogen-containing compounds.

However, the mixture can also be kneaded by moist components and subsequent granulation z. B. by passing sieves, extrusions or the like. Binders such as water glass, "inorganic rubber" (phosphonitrile chloride) or even small proportions of organic binders such as acrylic resins, PTFE, guar gu can be used. Since the components used are neither toxic nor particularly reactive and can only be brought into reaction with the aid of special igniters, special safety precautions are not necessary.

The bulk material obtained in this way can be used immediately. In order to avoid abrasion of the bulk material when handling the generators, which would lead to a change in the erosion characteristics and which would represent a safety risk due to its erosion, the bulk material can be coated on the surface. This can be done by means of a varnish coating, which may be provided with additives that support the burning of the bulk material. Oxidation agents such as zinc peroxide, perchlorates and metal powders such as titanium and zircon can be considered as burn-in supports. The Aufbring gung can by spraying the solvent-containing coating agents such. B. in a drum with evaporation of the solvent.

Porous grain structures can be used in the grain for special applications. Such porous structures can be produced by customary methods, for example by adding soluble salts and then releasing them with the appropriate solvents or by adding thermally decomposable substances such as ammonium bicarbonate, acetone dicarboxylic acid, blowing agents, peroxides or azobisisobutyronitrile, which then occur in a subsequent step Process step are removed again by heating and tempering at elevated temperature. The characteristic is determined by quantity, grain size and distribution. Such gas sets can be used, for example, when gas sets with a strongly progressive reaction are required.

The ready-made gas set can be ignited using the usual methods. It is important that no additional toxic vapor components are released from the igniter after the reaction.

The gas set mixture is insensitive to its safety-related characteristics, such as: B. against friction, impact and impact or flammability against flame or cerium / iron sparks under normal pressure. In the inclusion, on the other hand, it burns violently when lit appropriately. This increases safety during manufacture and handling.

The mixtures according to the invention can be used, for example, in gas generators for automotive safety with the electrically triggered ignition systems customary there.

In contrast to generators based on azide, there is no need to filter the slag because it contains no toxic components. It mainly consists of carbonates and chlorides of potassium and sodium in addition to very little nitrates / nitrites and zinc oxide. The . The application of such non-toxic components is therefore generally limited only by the limit values set for the emission of dust.

The following examples are intended to explain the invention in greater detail, but without restricting it.

The specified components for the gas sets according to the invention are homogenized in the specified weight ratios in plastic containers in a tumble mixer for 30 minutes. The mixtures are then tableted into compacts with a diameter of approximately 6 mm. 3.5 g of the tabletted samples are reacted in a 25 ml stainless steel pressure bomb using 0.2 g boron / potassium nitrate (25:75 parts by weight) as an ignition mixture and an electrically heated iron wire. The pressure-time profile of the reaction is registered via a piezoelectric measuring device. During the exothermic reaction, combustion gases are generated, which are mainly composed of H2O, CO2, N2 and O2 and meet the toxicological requirements.

The gas set mixtures described in the examples are examined, for example, in a measuring device consisting of a combustion chamber, gas flow deflection and filter chamber under defined mechanical construction conditions with regard to the combustion characteristics. The gaseous reaction products are collected and characterized in a 60 1 volume (main components: H ₂ 0, C0 ₂ - N ₂ and 0 ₂ )

Composition (% by weight

Example No.: 1 2 3 4 5

5-aminotetrazole 33.1 33.1 34.0 33.1 34.2

Sodium nitrate 52.3 52.3 61.5 52.3 64.8

Potassium perchlorate 10.1 10.1 10.1

Zinc oxide 4.0 3.0 1.0

Zinc peroxide 1.0 3.0 4.0

Graphite 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 Example of explosion heat, friction, impact sensitivity

(kJ / g) (N) (J)

1 3.61> 360 10

2 3.69> 360 10

3 3.70> 360 10

4 3.82> 360 7.5

5 3.82> 360 10

Measurement results in the ballistic pressure bomb:

Example pressure maximum time difference ¹ 'cold gas ² ) CO 40-60% p (max)

(bar) (ms) (i / g) (ppm)

1,715 6.7 0.41 1800

2,707 5.9 0.38 1100

3,729 6.1 0.41 2000

4,660 6.5 0.40 1800

5 730 6.7 0.41 3300

'The reaction time between 40 and 60% of the maximum pressure in milliseconds is specified

2>. measured after cooling to room temperature

Example 1 describes the reaction of 5-aminotetrazole (5-ATZ) with a binary mixture of oxidizing agents. The vapor composition shows a proportion of 1800 ppm CO in the reaction vapor after burning in a closed pressure bomb. In Example 2, the addition of only 1% by weight of zinc peroxide surprisingly leads to a significant reduction in the CO content to 1100 ppm with otherwise unchanged test parameters. The changes in the composition of the mixtures in Examples 3 to 5 lead to poorer results.

Composition (% by weight)

Example No.: 6 (= 1) 7 8 9

5-aminotetrazole 33.1 25.4 16.6 10.7

Sodium nitrate 52.3 52.7 52.7 52.7

Potassium perchlorate 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2

Zn (5-ATZ) ₂ 11.2 Ca (5-ATZ) ₂ 20.0

Mg (5-ATZ) ₂ 25.9 zinc oxide 4.0

Graphite 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Measurement results in the ballistic pressure bomb (25 ml)

Example pressure maximum time difference ¹ ) cold gas ² ) CO 40-60% p (max)

(bar) (ms) (i / g) (ppm)

6 (= 1) 715 6.7 0.41 1800

7,662 6.8 0.39 250

8 602 6.6 0.40 140

9 81 39.2 0.33 100

Measurement results in the 60 1 test can:

Example CO reduction ³⁾ pressure maximum ⁾ (%) (bar)

6 (= 1) 0 2.2 7 10 2.1 8 40 1.7 9 95 <1.5

⁾ the reaction time is between 40 and 60% of the maximum pressure in milliseconds

⁾ measured after cooling to room temperature

⁾ based on the result of the test can, example 1 or 6

⁾ Load mass 40 g

Examples 6 to 9 show that the addition of the Zn, Ca and Mg salts of 5-aminotetrazole (Me (5-ATZ) ₂ ) has a favorable effect on the vapor composition. A clear reduction in the CO content is found. The reaction rate is also influenced. Composition (% by weight)

Example No.: 10 11 12 13

5-aminotetrazole 33.0 31.6 30.8 28.9

Guanidine nitrate 8.3 8.0 7.8 7.3

Sodium nitrate 58.2 39.0 27.1

Strontium nitrate 20.9 33.8 63.3

Graphite 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Example of heat of explosion friction, impact, residue sensitivity mass ^ '

(kJ / g) (N) (J) (g)

10 4.06> 360 20 1.5

11 3.90> 360 15 1.2

12 3.61> 360 20 1.0

13 3.41> 360 15 0.8

Measurement results in the ballistic pressure bomb (25 ml.

Example pressure maximum time difference ¹ ) cold gas ² ) 40-60% p (max)

(bar) (ms) (i / g)

10 779 6.1 0.46

11 767 7.0 0.41

12 723 7.3 0.42

13 620 8.6 0.39

⁾ the reaction time is between 40 and 60% of the maximum pressure in milliseconds

⁾ Measured after cooling to room temperature ⁵⁾ Solid mass in the 60 1 test jug after burning 30 g gas set in the test generator

Examples 10 to 13 differ in the proportion of sodium nitrate / strontium nitrate as the oxidizing agent. With an increasing proportion of strontium nitrate, the mass of the slag emerging into the jug is reduced. This means that the filterability of the slag is improved by adding strontium nitrate - after the reaction - in the filter of the generator. At the same time, the CO content of the reaction gas can be influenced favorably.

Claims

claims Propellant for gas generators made of nitrogenous compounds, characterized in that it a) as nitrogen-containing compound (fuel) at least one compound from the group tetrazoles, triazoles, triazines, cyanic acid, urea, their derivatives, derivatives or their salts, b) as an oxidizing agent, at least three compounds from the group of peroxides, nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates, c) combustion moderators which are suitable for influencing the combustion and its speed by heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis, and, if appropriate d) Supplements that are suitable to reduce the proportion of toxic gases. 2. Blowing agent according to claim 1, characterized in that it is used as a fuel (nitrogen-containing compounds) one or more tetrazole derivative (s) of the formula

contains, wherein R ^ and R ₂ or R3 may be the same or different, but either R2 or R3 is present and have the meaning: hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, carboxyl, an alkyl radical with 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkenyl radical with 2 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkylamino radical with 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl radical, optionally substituted with one or more substituents, which may be the same or different and are selected from the amino group, the nitro group, the alkyl radicals with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an arylamino radical in which the aryl radical may optionally be substituted or the sodium, potassium and guanidinium salts of the tetrazole derivatives mentioned. 3. propellant according to claim 2, characterized in that R _j preferably hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, a methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl or tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl or n-heptyl radical, one Methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, n-heptylamino, n-octylamino or n-decylamino radical, a tetrazole radical, a phenylamino radical, a phenyl, nitrophenyl or aminophenyl radical and R2 or R3 is preferably hydrogen, a methyl or ethyl radical, a phenyl, nitrophenyl or aminophenyl radical. 4. blowing agent according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the nitrogen-containing compounds are selected from the group of tetrazole derivatives, preferably selected from the compounds 5- aminotetrazole, lithium, sodium, potassium, zinc, magnesium , Strontium or calcium 5-aminotetrazolate, 5-aminotetrazole nitrate, sulfate, perchlorate and similar compounds, 1- (4-aminophenyl) tetrazole, 1- (4-nitrophenyl) tetrazole, l-methyl-5 -dimethylaminotetrazole, l-methyl-5-methylaminotetrazole, 1-methyltetrazole, l-phenyl-5-aminotetrazole, l-phenyl-5-hydroxytetrazole, 1-phenyltetrazole, 2-ethyl-5-aminotetrazole, 2-methyl-5 - aminotetrazole, 2-methyl-5-carboxyltetrazole, 2-methyl-5-methylaminotetrazole, 2-methyltetrazole, 2-phenyltetrazole, 5- (p-tolyl) -tetrazole, 5-diallylaminotetrazole, 5-dimethylaminotetrazole, 5-ethylaminotetrazole, 5-hydroxytetrazole, 5-methyltetrazole, 5-methylaminotetrazole, 5-n-decylaminotetrazole, 5-n-heptylaminotetrazole, 5-n-octylaminotetrazole, 5-phenyltetrazole, 5-phenylaminotetrazole or bis (aminoguanidine) and azotetrazole Diguanidinium-5, 5 '-azotetrazolate, as well as 5,5'-bitetrazole and its salts, such as the 5,5' -Bi-IH-tetrazole ammonium compounds. 5. blowing agent according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that as triazine derivatives 1,3, 5-triazine, as triazole derivatives 1, 2,4-triazol-5-one, 3-nitro-l, 2,4-triazole -5-one, as cyanic acid derivatives, sodium cyanate, cyanuric acid, cyanuric acid ester, cyanuric acid amide (melamine), 1-cyanguanidine, sodium dicyanamide, disodium cyanamide, dicyandiamidine nitrate, dicyandiamidine sulfate, and as urea derivatives, biuret, guanidine, nituanidinitrinidine, guanidine, nituaniditrinidine, guanidine, guanidine guanidine, guanidine guanidine, guanidine guanidine, guanidine guanidine, guanidine guanidine, guanidine guanidine, , Triaminoguanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, azodicarboxylic acid diamide, tetrazene, semicarbazide nitrate, and urethanes, ureids such as barbituric acid and their derivatives are contained. 6. blowing agent according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it is as an oxidizing agent: Peroxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, zinc peroxide, the peroxodisulfates of the elements mentioned and of ammonium or mixtures of these compounds; Ammonium nitrate, nitrates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, in particular lithium, sodium, potassium or strontium nitrate or mixtures of these compounds; Oxohalogen compounds of alkali or alkaline earth metals or ammonium, preferably potassium per contains chlorate or ammonium perchlorate or mixtures of these compounds. 7. blowing agent according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it is an oxidizing agent Comprises a combination of zinc peroxide, potassium perchlorate and at least one nitrate, preferably sodium nitrate or strontium nitrate. 8. propellant according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the mixing ratio of the oxidizing agent is 1: 2: 10, with a total proportion of 60 wt .-% in the gas-generating mixture. 9. propellant according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the mixing ratio of the nitrogen-containing compounds to the oxidizing agents is balanced so that an excess of oxygen is formed when the gas mixture is burned. 10. Blowing agent according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it contains, as combustion moderators, substances or their mixtures which are suitable for influencing the combustion and its speed by heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis, the proportion of these substances in the mixture up can be approximately 8%. 11. Propellant according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that it contains metals, metal oxides and / or metal carbonates and / or metal sulfides or mixtures of these combustion moderators as combustion moderators, preferably boron, silicon, copper, iron, titanium as metals , Zinc or molybdenum can be used. 12. Blowing agent according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that it contains sulfur, ferrocene and its derivatives as combustion moderators. 13. blowing agent according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that it contains, as an additive, substances which are suitable for reducing the proportion of the harmful gases nitrogen oxides and / or carbon monoxide. 14. Blowing agent according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that it is an additive Burn moderators, noble metals such as palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, platinum or rhodium or oxides of the noble metals, as well as mixtures of these compounds or substances with a basic reaction, such as, for example, oxides, hydroxides or carbonates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, of zinc, and also mixtures of these compounds or Contains urea, guanidine and its derivatives, compounds with N ^ groups such as amidosulfonic acids, amido complexes, amides, and mixtures of these compounds. 15. propellant according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the amount of the additive used in the set about 10 wt .-% and in the outflow channels up to 75 wt .-%, based on the gas set, aus¬ makes. 16. blowing agent for gas generators made of nitrogen-containing compounds, characterized in that it a) as a nitrogen-containing compound (fuel) a combination of the aminotetrazole and the salts, preferably the calcium, magnesium or zinc salts of the aminotetrazole, preferably one Combination of 5-aminotetrazole and the corresponding salts of 5-aminotetrazole; b) as an oxidizing agent at least two compounds from the group of peroxides, nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates, preferably sodium nitrate and potassium perchlorate, and c) combustion moderators which are suitable for influencing the combustion and its speed by heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis, preferably containing zinc oxide and the carbonates of zinc or calcium. 17. blowing agent for gas generators made of nitrogen-containing compounds, characterized in that it a) as a nitrogen-containing compound (fuel) urea, its salts, derivatives and derivatives and their salts, preferably biuret, guanidine, nitroguanidine, guanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine, aminoguanidine nitrate, thiourea, triaminoguanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine bicarbonate, azo-didicidonididitrate, dicarboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid dicarboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, , Tetrazene and / or semicarbazide nitrate, as well as urethanes, ureides such as barbituric acid and their derivatives; b) as an oxidizing agent at least two compounds from the group of peroxides, nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates, preferably sodium nitrate and potassium perchlorate, and c) combustion moderators which are suitable for influencing the combustion and its speed by heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis, preferably containing zinc oxide and the carbonates of zinc or calcium. 18. Propellant according to claim 16 or 17, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the oxidizing agent according to claim 6 and the combustion moderators are defined according to one of claims 10 to 12. 19. A method for producing a blowing agent for gas generators according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more nitrogen-containing ^) compound (s) (fuel) with the oxidizing agents, the combustion moderators and, if appropriate, with further supplements mixed and the mixture homogenized. 20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the blowing agent is pressed using pressing aids, for example graphite, molybdenum sulfide, Teflon, talc, zinc stearate or boron nitride. 21. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that the compacts are coated. 22. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 21, characterized in that a defined porosity of the compacts is generated to control the rate of erosion. 23. Life saving system containing a propellant according to one of claims 1 to 18. 24. Use of the blowing agent according to one of claims 1 to 18 for the production of gas.