WO1995028352A1 - Carbure de tungstene non st×chiometrique - Google Patents
Carbure de tungstene non st×chiometrique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995028352A1 WO1995028352A1 PCT/FR1995/000492 FR9500492W WO9528352A1 WO 1995028352 A1 WO1995028352 A1 WO 1995028352A1 FR 9500492 W FR9500492 W FR 9500492W WO 9528352 A1 WO9528352 A1 WO 9528352A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- tungsten
- carbon
- advantageously
- hydrogen
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/20—Carbon compounds
- B01J27/22—Carbides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/90—Carbides
- C01B32/914—Carbides of single elements
- C01B32/949—Tungsten or molybdenum carbides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/10—Solid density
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
Definitions
- the present invention relates to new catalytic compositions based on tungsten and carbon. It relates more particularly to compositions which deviate from the atomic ratio between tungsten and carbon of 1.
- tungsten carbide is an oxidation-reduction, and in particular hydrogenation, catalyst having particular qualities
- this catalyst is also known as a reduction or decomposition catalyst for the various oxides of nitrogen emitted by internal combustion engines and in particular petrol engines. This effect is particularly mentioned in the "chemical abstracts" volume 119, 1993 N ° 119: 124072 v.
- the use of this catalyst comes up against a double difficulty; on the one hand, the catalytic power reduced to the square meter remains relatively low and, on the other hand, tungsten carbide is known for its hardness, which makes it difficult to grind and therefore its reduction into fine particles of high specific surface.
- one of the aims of the present invention is to provide a carbon-based and tungsten-based compound having good catalytic characteristics, in particular for hydrogenation reactions.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a compound of the above type having catalytic powers greater than those of the usual compounds of tungsten carbide (WC and to a lesser extent W2C).
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a compound of the above type having a naturally high specific surface.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide synthetic methods making it possible to obtain the compounds of the above type.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide uses in which the properties of the compounds of the above type are particularly useful.
- the catalysts chosen are compounds based on carbon and tungsten, according to the present invention, which are not thermodynamically stable.
- non-thermodynamically stable means the tungsten compounds which exhibit a non-reversible transformation when they are subjected to differential thermal analysis (or ATD) at a temperature below about 2000 degrees Celsius.
- the catalytic activity is all the better as the tungsten carbide phase of the catalyst approaches the amorphous state. More specifically, the amorphous character is determined by the size of the coherent diffraction domain, size is sometimes assimilated to that apparent of any crystallites (generally of composition relatively close to that of WC), "measured” by the Scherrer method (which is briefly recalled in the experimental part of this description). In the following description, for simplicity, reference will be made not to the size of the coherent diffraction domain, but rather to the apparent size of the possible crystallites.
- the compounds according to the present invention which will be referred to collectively hereinafter, in the present description, under the term of no stoichiometric tungsten carbide, advantageously contain a metalloid content (in addition to carbon) at least equal to 0 , 5% by mass.
- metalloids can be either isolated metalloids or a mixture of metalloids.
- the metalloids are advantageously chosen from the metalloids of columns V VI, preferably from the elements of periods (lines) 2 and 3.
- the low constraint (advantageous minimum content (s) or preferred) on the metalloids is met by nitrogen or oxygen alone or by one of their mixture.
- the total content of metalloids does not exceed 20% (by mass) (a significant figure, preferably 2). More specifically, the content of metalloid (s) is advantageously less than 15%, preferably more than 4%.
- the zone in which the carbon is over-stoichiometric is also interesting provided, of course, that the stoichiometry of the defined compounds is avoided as W2C3 from which it is necessary to deviate from the percentage of carbon as has already been specified above
- the preferred domains are between 1.01 and advantageously between 1.01 and 7/8, preferably between 1.02 and 1, 4.
- the catalyst is preferably in the form of high specific surface area. It may be in the form of a powder or it may be present in the form of a surface layer the thickness of which is at least 50 angstroms (5 nanometers) on various supports.
- titan dioxide TiO 2
- vanadium carbide as well as the sources of tungsten used for the synthesis of non-stoichiometric tungsten carbide compounds according to the present invention.
- another object of the present invention is to provide a process for the synthesis of the non-stoichiometric compounds of tungsten carbide according to the present invention.
- Carbonaceous gases are chosen from volatile carbon compounds and in particular from light hydrocarbons; carbon dioxide can also be carbon oxides, namely either carbon monoxide often called carbon monoxide, or mixtures of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide (or carbon dioxide), and hydrogen more commonly known as the name of gas in water, it is preferable to work with a large excess of hydrogen in order to avoid precipitation, on the surfaces, of carbon which would then have to be eliminated by the operation called decocking which will be described subsequently, carbon which by covering the catalytically active surfaces will reduce the effectiveness of the non-stoichiometric carbides according to the invention. It is preferable that it has at least 1 molecule of hydrogen gas per carbon atom of the carbon gas. Preferably, we place our at a number of hydrogen molecules equal to approximately 10 (u significant figure) molecules of gaseous hydrogen per carbon present in the carbonaceous ga.
- the total pressure is indifferent but, for safety reasons, we generally proceed at low pressures, most often at a pressure close to atmospheric pressure.
- the temperature at which step b) is carried out is advantageously between 600 and 1200 ° C., preferably between 900 and 1100 ° C.
- the tungsten substrates are chosen from metalloid derivatives of tungsten.
- tungsten halides including mixed halides or oxyhalides
- tungsten pnictures such as tungsten nitride
- tungsten chalcogenides such as oxides and sulfides
- all the elements which make it possible to switch to tungsten metal as well as the latter itself Special mention must be made of tungsten oxides, and in particular of tungsten trioxide (WO3), and the salts of tungstic acid; salts, the catio of which advantageously gives volatile compounds during the reaction, such as, for example, ammonium tungstates, including alkylmonium tungstates.
- step b The temperature of step b is carried out at a temperature lower than that of sintering.
- the duration of step b) is, for information, between 1 and 50 hours, preferably from 3 hours to 20 hours. It is very desirable that step b) be followed by a later step c) called d unstacking.
- This step c) is carried out using hydrogen either pure or mixed with an inert gas under the conditions of the experiment.
- the hydrogen can be replaced by "hydrogenogenic" gases, that is to say capable of generating hydrogen under the conditions of step c).
- these hydrogenogenic gases there may be mentioned ammonia (NH3). Mention may also be made of hydrazine.
- the PH2 / P CH4 ⁇ St ratio advantageously greater than 500, preferably 1000, preferably 10 4 .
- the duration of this stage depends on the manner in which stage b was carried out and is generally greater than 1 hour.
- the temperature at which step c) is carried out is advantageously between 600 and 1200 ° C., more advantageously between 700 and 1100 ° C., and preferably between 700 and 900 ° C.
- the method according to the present invention can include a step d), but optional, of removing pyrophoricity.
- This operation is carried out at ambient temperature (approximately 20 ° C.) by bringing the product thus obtained into contact with a mixture of gases containing an inert gas with respect to the product according to the invention and a little oxygen, the partial pressure is preferably at most equal to 5%, advantageously at most equal to 2% of atmospheric pressure, the contact is maintained until the property disappears substantially.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide another type of process which consists in coating fine particles of tungsten products which will serve as substrates.
- Preferred is ammonium tungstate mixed with a blowing agent, for example capable of giving a gas at high temperature.
- Preferred here is di-ammonium carbonate with a polyamide or polyacrylonitrile dissolved in DMF.
- the compound is then subjected to heating at a temperature of between 100 and 300 ° C., preferably between 150 and 250 ° C., then to partial pyrolysis advantageously under conditions close to those of step c), that is to say at the temperatures indicated and preferably in the presence of hydrogen.
- the compounds thus obtained are generally over-stoichiometric in carbon and require decocking.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a synthesis process in which the non stoichiometric tungsten carbides according to the present invention are used.
- a hydrogenatable organic substrate is subjected to hydrogenation in the presence of tungsten n stoichiometric carbide according to the present invention; the partial pressure of hydrogen advantageously between 1 and 200 bar, preferably between 2 and 100 bar.
- Hydrogenation gives particularly good results in the liquid phase with reactive com, a composition comprising a non-stoichiometric tungsten carbide suspended in a liquid phase (this phase can be or comprises the substrate the hydrogenated product) with a gaseous phase containing hydrogen under partial pressure as indicated above, preferably between 5 and 50 bar (in this description the bar is considered to be equivalent to the atmosphere or to 1 Pascals).
- the hydrogenatable substrates are advantageously chosen from the derivatives comprising a nitrogen capable of being hydrogenated, in particular the derivatives where the nitrogen e linked to non-aliphatic carbon atom, such as those where the nitrogen is linked to carbon atom of hybridization sp 2 (in particular the case of aromatic carbons).
- non-stoichiometric tungsten carbide can be used for depollution and in particular for reducing the nitrogen oxide content of various gaseous mixtures discharged into the atmosphere.
- This reduction is obtained by bringing nitrogen oxides in the gas phase into contact with a reducing gas such as hydrogen (or a source of hydrogen such as hydrocarbons) in the presence of a non-stoichiometric tungsten carbide according to the invention. .
- a reducing gas such as hydrogen (or a source of hydrogen such as hydrocarbons) in the presence of a non-stoichiometric tungsten carbide according to the invention.
- a catalyst comprising a non-stoichiometric tungsten carbide can be placed on the exhaust line.
- a catalyst comprising a non-stoichiometric tungsten carbide can be placed on the exhaust line.
- Diffraction results from the interaction of radiation with matter.
- an electromagnetic wave hits an atom, its electrons undergo vibrations of the same frequency as the incident wave.
- the absorption and re-emission of atoms in a periodic lattice constitute X-ray diffraction.
- Bragg's law of diffraction which results from the particular optical and crystallographic conditions, gives the maxima of the diffracted intensity.
- Three aspects of such a maximum interest the analyst the position of the peak, its intensity and its width.
- the third point makes it possible to determine certain characteristics of the grain size.
- the divergence and dispersion in wavelength of the incident X-ray beam, the absorption and the surface state of the sample, the width of the analysis slit, etc. are all factors so-called instrumental enlargement.
- the size and deformation of the crystals cause a widening of the so-called intrinsic profiles. The smaller the crystals, the greater the contribution to the widening of the peak.
- enlargement is an increasing function of the deformation.
- the experimental profile is therefore the convolution of the instrumental profile and the intrinsic profile.
- All the methods for calculating the size D of the crystallites are based on the mathematical modeling of the diffraction peaks. Two types of parameters are mainly used: - The width at mid-height, FWMH, and or the integral width, b, of the peak (width of a rectangle of the same height and the same area as the peak considered) (d Scherrer method).
- the angular widths are the widths at mid-height of the peaks (101) and (001)
- Tungsten oxide WO3 from the company March and having an apparent density of 1 is dried under nitrogen at 550 ° C for 10 hours then fueled at 600 ° C in a CH4 / H2 mixture (20/80 by volume) for 11:00. It then undergoes a "decocking" at 800 ° C under H2 for 10 hours. After cooling, the sample is taken for analysis; the oxygen and carbon contents are measured by high temperature pyrolysis followed by an analysis of the gases formed (C ⁇ 2). The tungsten content is obtained by difference.
- the catalytic activity of the carbide obtained is determined by reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline the value given in the tables represents the catalytic power expressed in grams of nitrobenzene converted per hour and per gram of catalyst in an autoclave under 20 bar of hydrogen (2.10 6 Pascals), at 100 ° C. the density is measured by helium pycnometry.
- Example N ° 6 2 p.m. to 1000 ° C 11 a.m. to 800 ° C 43 1.03 0.65
- the compound is then heated in an inert atmosphere at 1000 ° C for ten hours.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP7526773A JPH09511980A (ja) | 1994-04-18 | 1995-04-13 | 非化学量論的タングステンカーバイド |
| EP95917401A EP0756579A1 (fr) | 1994-04-18 | 1995-04-13 | Carbure de tungstene non st chiometrique |
| AU23482/95A AU2348295A (en) | 1994-04-18 | 1995-04-13 | Non-stoichiometric tungsten carbide |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR94/04588 | 1994-04-18 | ||
| FR9404588A FR2718727B1 (fr) | 1994-04-18 | 1994-04-18 | Carbure de tungstène non steochiométrique. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1995028352A1 true WO1995028352A1 (fr) | 1995-10-26 |
Family
ID=9462204
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR1995/000492 Ceased WO1995028352A1 (fr) | 1994-04-18 | 1995-04-13 | Carbure de tungstene non st×chiometrique |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0756579A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JPH09511980A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2348295A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2718727B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1995028352A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1998002383A1 (fr) * | 1996-07-12 | 1998-01-22 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh | Procede pour la production de carbures de metal de transition et leur utilisation comme catalyseurs |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT3064U1 (de) * | 1998-12-28 | 1999-09-27 | Plansee Tizit Gmbh | Gaskarburierungsverfahren zur herstellung von reinem wc-pulver |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4460697A (en) * | 1981-05-22 | 1984-07-17 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Process for producing non-oxide powders |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1988001603A1 (fr) * | 1986-08-26 | 1988-03-10 | Sri International | Carbures a base de metaux de transition et procede de production |
-
1994
- 1994-04-18 FR FR9404588A patent/FR2718727B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-04-13 AU AU23482/95A patent/AU2348295A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-04-13 WO PCT/FR1995/000492 patent/WO1995028352A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1995-04-13 JP JP7526773A patent/JPH09511980A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1995-04-13 EP EP95917401A patent/EP0756579A1/fr not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4460697A (en) * | 1981-05-22 | 1984-07-17 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Process for producing non-oxide powders |
Non-Patent Citations (7)
| Title |
|---|
| A. E. NEWKIRK ET AL., JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 79, no. 17, 5 September 1957 (1957-09-05), WASHINGTON, DC US, pages 4629 - 4631 * |
| CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 115, no. 12, 23 September 1991, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 117286g, page 158; * |
| CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 116, no. 18, 4 May 1992, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 177071p, page 169; * |
| CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 117, no. 10, 7 September 1992, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 93063v, page 166; * |
| T. KAMEYAMA ET AL., FUNTAI OYOBI FUNMATSU YAKIN, vol. 38, no. 2, 1991, pages 109 - 113 * |
| T. KAMEYAMA ET AL., FUNTAI OYOBI FUNMATSU YAKIN, vol. 39, no. 3, 1992, pages 187 - 191 * |
| T. KAMEYAMA ET AL., KAGAKU GIJUTSU KENKYUSHO HOKOKU, vol. 86, no. 9, 1991, pages 315 - 335 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1998002383A1 (fr) * | 1996-07-12 | 1998-01-22 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh | Procede pour la production de carbures de metal de transition et leur utilisation comme catalyseurs |
| US6303093B1 (en) * | 1996-07-12 | 2001-10-16 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh | Method for manufacturing transition-metal carbides, and their use as catalysts |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2348295A (en) | 1995-11-10 |
| FR2718727A1 (fr) | 1995-10-20 |
| EP0756579A1 (fr) | 1997-02-05 |
| FR2718727B1 (fr) | 1996-07-12 |
| JPH09511980A (ja) | 1997-12-02 |
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