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WO1993001923A1 - Procede de protection du bois d'×uvre contre les taches colorees de l'aubier - Google Patents

Procede de protection du bois d'×uvre contre les taches colorees de l'aubier Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993001923A1
WO1993001923A1 PCT/CA1992/000299 CA9200299W WO9301923A1 WO 1993001923 A1 WO1993001923 A1 WO 1993001923A1 CA 9200299 W CA9200299 W CA 9200299W WO 9301923 A1 WO9301923 A1 WO 9301923A1
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Prior art keywords
wood
gliocladium
ftk
fungi
product
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PCT/CA1992/000299
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English (en)
Inventor
Keith A. Seifert
Barton C. Bilmer
Mary Mes-Hartree
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Forintek Canada Corp
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Forintek Canada Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
    • B27K3/002—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process employing compositions comprising microorganisms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/22—Processes using, or culture media containing, cellulose or hydrolysates thereof

Definitions

  • Sapstaining fungi generally discolour the wood brown, grey or black. The stain is caused by the pigmented fungal hyphae that accumulate in the cells of the sapwood, particularly in the rays. There is also evidence that dense accumulations of unpigmented hyphae in the wood tissue can cause similar discolorations. Some microfungi discolour wood by the production of coloured spores or sporulating structures. In addition, some species dis- colour wood red, purple, green or yellow by producing extracellular pigments that diffuse into the wood tissues. Sapstaining fungi are primary colonizers of wood that subsist mainly on soluble nutrients. Although they cause little structural damage, they are perceived as fore- runners of decay fungi by many consumers, and thus the objection to sapstain discoloration may have a more practical basis than just aesthetics.
  • the most widely used biological control product is the bacterium Bacillus thurincriensis, better known as BT, which is used to control spruce budworm in Ontario and parts of Quebec.
  • the bacterium produces a toxic crystal that is eaten by the budworm as it eats the leaves, eventually killing the pest.
  • BT Bacillus thurincriensis
  • the bacterium produces a toxic crystal that is eaten by the budworm as it eats the leaves, eventually killing the pest.
  • Approximately half a dozen biological control systems have been marketed for agri- cultural use, for example DeVineTM, a fungal control of parasitic vines in citrus orchards. Below, some examples of biological control related to wood products pathology are reviewed.
  • Antifungal metabolites of Scvtalidium sp. have been isolated and chemically characterised, along with antifungal metabolites from Hvalodendron sp. and Crvptosporiopsis sp., and these metabolites have been applied to wood in an attempt to prevent decay- * -.
  • Stilwell ⁇ isolated a strain of Cryptosporiopsis sp. from yellow birch that inhibited the growth of 31 decay fungi in agar interactions. Decay of blocks by Fomes fomentarius was inhibited in precolonization experiments. In a field test, decay was reduced in peeled birch logs inoculated with a water suspension of Cryptosporiopsis sp., but no significant difference was noted in unpeeled logs. Culture filtrates of Cryptosporiopsis also inhibited growth of F__ fomentarius. The antibiotic metabolite was purified, characterized and given the name cryptosporiopsin.* ⁇
  • Decay of wood chips during storage was also considered as a possible target for antagonistic micro ⁇ organisms.
  • Bergman and Nilsson° tested several mould fungi isolated from wood chips for their ability to inhibit chip decay in laboratory experiments, and found that most decay fungi were inhibited.
  • Gliocladium viride a mycoparasite frequently isolated from chips, was tested on spruce chips in the field, and inhibited decay at temperatures less than 30°C, but failed at higher temperatures.
  • Conifer chips inoculated with an antibiotic- producing Cryptosporiopsis sp. and stored outdoors for 12-15 months yielded an improved quality of pulp although decay was not completely inhibited.
  • ' ⁇ ' The results of trials using the antibiotic as a chemical preservative, and of a proposed field test, have not been published.
  • Bacteria were also tested as biological control agents in chip piles. Some bacteria isolated from hardwood chips were inhibitory to selected decay fungi in agar interactions, but the antagonism was only effective on wood when the bacteria were inoculated onto the wood several weeks before the decay fungi. ⁇ The results of a planned field trial were not published.
  • the present invention consists of a method of protecting unseasoned softwood lumber against unwanted sapstain by inoculation of said lumber with the unique biological control microorganisms from the genus Glio- cladium. (fungi: Hyphomycetes), that either prevents the growth of undesirable sapstaining organisms, or prevents the formation of discolouration by these organisms.
  • the biological control organism is a fungus that does not itself decay or discolour the wood to any objec- tionable extent, and comprises one or more of the following strains: Gliocladium aureum (Forintek Culture Collection, FTK 784A) , Gliocladium roseum (FTK 321A, 321M) , Gliocladium solani (FTK 810A) , Gliocladium viride (FTK 623E) , Glio ⁇ cladium virens (FTK 258C, FTK 258D) .
  • Gliocladium aureum Formintek Culture Collection, FTK 784A
  • Gliocladium roseum FK 321A, 321M
  • Gliocladium solani FK 810A
  • Gliocladium viride FK 623E
  • Glio ⁇ cladium virens FK 258C, FTK 258D
  • the present invention relates to a method for the protection of wood or wood products against unwanted dis ⁇ coloration caused by sapstain fungi. It is a feature of the present invention to provide a method of controlling sapstain in wood and wood products comprising treating the wood or wood product with an inoculum comprising one or more fungi of the genus Gliocladium.
  • the inoculum is of sufficient concentration and vigour to allow rapid colon ⁇ ization of the wood tissue by the inoculated biological control fungus.
  • the actively growing and metabolizing biological control fungus does not itself damage or dis ⁇ colour the wood, but, likely through antibiotic facilities or mycoparasitism, protects against discoloration of the wood by undesirable organisms already present in the wood tissue, or that may be introduced to the wood tissues during handling of the lumber. Because the biological control fungus must subsist only on nonstructural wood carbohydrates, the duration of control is of necessity finite, and can be expected to become less effective as easily assimilable nutrients are depleted, perhaps up to one year after inoculation of the wood with the biological control agent.
  • the wood or wood product is preferably unseasoned softwood lumber such as conifer wood.
  • the invention also relates to a wood or wood product treated with a Gliocladium sp. Accordingly, it is another feature of the present invention to provide a wood or wood product treated with a fungus of the genus Glio ⁇ cladium that is essentially free of sapstain as the result of the activity of said fungus.
  • the invention is intended for use primarily in situations where sapstain is prevalent, but for which chem- ical protection is impractical or impossible. Suggested applications include the protection of freshly sawn timber during seasoning, prior to planing and subsequent chemical treatment, protection of export lumber where chemical treatment, or specific chemical treatments, are forbidden by the importing countries, or treatment of wood chips during storage.
  • Gliocladium is a biologically diverse group of moulds (Hyphomycetes) that includes species that are parasites of other fungi (mycoparasites) , parasites of slime moulds, parasites of plant roots, and species that grow in soil and on wood.
  • Gliocladium roseum is commonly isolated from soil in many parts of the world and is one of the most aggressive mycoparasites known. All the tested isolates are effective biological control agents. The isolates that we have employed are identified below. All of these were collected independently from each other as follows:
  • FTK 784A Gliocladium aureum Rader, isolated by W.E. Rader from stored root of Daucus carota (carrot) , received from H. Bruckner, (Germany)
  • FTK 623E Gliocladium viride Matr., isolated by M. Hawara from hardwood chip, Thurso, Quebec, May 30, 1988, identified by K.A. Seifert.
  • FTK 321A Gliocladium roseum Bainier, isolated by C.K.J. Wang from soil debris. Natural Bridge, N.Y.
  • FTK 321M Gliocladium roseum Bainier, isolated from yellow poplar stump. West Virginia, 1953/HL Barnett 914 (University of Alberta Microfungus and Herbarium 419) .
  • FTK 810A Gliocladium solani (Harting) Petch, isolated by T. Benedek. identified by W. Gams, (Centraal- bureau voor schimmelcultures 187.29).
  • FTK 258C Gliocladium virens. Miller et al., from W.H. Weston T-l (American Type Culture Collection
  • FTK 258D Gliocladium virens. Miller et al. from
  • Gliocladium spp. in preventing or inhibiting sapstain or sapstain fungi, and demonstrate that Gliocladium spp. does not itself damage wood.
  • EXAMPLE 1 An inoculum of the biological control agent is prepared by removing plugs of agar from stock cultures and growing them on agar in petri dishes.
  • the growth medium employed is typically DifcoTM malt extract with 2% agar (2% MA) for the Gliocladium spp. and for the sapstaining fungi.
  • the fungi used as biological control agents in this example are selected from the following strains main- tained in the Forintek culture collection of wood-inhabit ⁇ ing fungi: Gliocladium roseum 321M, Gliocladium aureum 784A, Gliocladium solani 810A. Sapstaining fungi employed are: Ophiostoma piceae FTK 3871, 0. piliferum (Fr.) H. & P. Sydow FTK 55F, FTK 55H and Ophiostoma sp. FTK C28.
  • a plug from the colony of the biological control agent is placed on one side of 2% MA in a 9 cm petri dish, and a plug from the colony of the sap ⁇ staining fungus is placed on the opposite side of the petri dish, such that the two fungi will grow together near the centre of the plate.
  • Each possible combination of bio ⁇ logical control agent and sapstaining fungus is set up. The plates are examined periodically and the interactions between the organisms are observed.
  • Inocula of the biological control fungi are prepared by transferring plugs of stock cultures onto DifcoTM potato dextrose agar in 6 cm petri dishes as in Example 1. Stock culture maintenance and incubation conditions are as in Example 1.
  • the biological control agents are selected from the following strains: Gliocladium roseum 321A, 321M, Gliocladium viride 623E, Gliocladium aureum 784A, and Gliocladium solani 810A, and Gliocladium virens 258C, 258D.
  • the wood blocks used in this example are Jack Pine sapwood 3 cm long and 1 cm x 0.5 cm in cross section. These are sterilized by gamma irradiation and placed in ⁇ glass petri dishes, eight blocks per dish, upon w-shaped glass bars fashioned from 3 mm glass tubing, that rest upon 2 sheets of filter paper in which 5 mL sterile distilled water has been absorbed. .
  • a spore suspension from 1-3 week old agar cultures is prepared.
  • the colonies from G__ roseum 321A and 321M, G__ aureum 784A, and G__ virens 258D are transferred into a sterile WaringTM blender and homogenized for 30 seconds in 75 mL sterile distilled water. Spore sus- pensions of G__ viride 623E, G__ solani 810A and G ⁇ virens
  • 258C are prepared by flooding the agar plates with 6 mL of sterile distilled water and liberating the spores with an L shaped glass rod.
  • the spore suspension of each Gliocladium strain is squirted onto the surface of 64 blocks, (8 per petri dish) using a sterile syringe such that the entire length of the block, though not necessarily the entire width, receives some liquid.
  • the blocks are then incubated for 1 week.
  • Staining fungus inocula are grown in 6 cm petri dishes on appropriate agar media for 1-2 weeks. Spore suspensions are prepared in the same way as described for the bio ⁇ logical control strains above.
  • the sapstaining fungi employed are: Ophiostoma piceae FTK 3871, 0__ piliferum FTK 55F, FTK 55H and Ophiostoma sp.
  • FTK C28 plus a "soup" mixture of Cephaloascus fra ⁇ rans FTK 3071, Ophiostoma piliferum FTK 55H, Black Yeast FTK 86-010-1-1-1, Aureo- basidium pullulans FTK 132Q, Leptodontidium elatius FTK 268A, Cladosporium cladosporioides FTK 273D, Ophiostoma populinum FTK 671A, Ophiostoma perfectum FTK 703A, Phialo- phora botulispora FTK 707A, Leptographium sp. FTK 2A2, Phoma sp. FTK 86-8-3-2-1, Alternaria alternata FTK 2G and FTK 2H.
  • the sapstaining fungi spore suspensions are then inoculated onto the surface of the wood blocks in a manner identical to that used for the biological control fungi.
  • Each sapstaining fungi spore suspension is inoculated onto 2 groups of 8 blocks for each Gliocladium strain.
  • the ability of the isolate Gliocladium roseum 321A to cause weight loss in Jack Pine blocks is tested.
  • the standard ASTM soil block test (D1413-76) is used. In this method, 200 g of a 3:1 soil- sand mixture are placed in a 500 mL glass jar with 60 mL distilled water. A feeder strip made of red pine sapwood, 41 x 29 x 3.0 mm, is placed on the surface of the soil. The jars are sterilized for one hour, cooled, then re- sterilized for a second hour. The lids are then replaced with sterile culture lids with a microbiological filter with a 0.2 ⁇ m pore size fitted over a 5 mm hole in each lid.
  • the soil is inoculated with an agar plug from a growing colony of Gliocladium roseum 321A and incubated for 3 weeks. Then, two sterilized 19 mm cubes of Jack Pine sapwood of known dry weight are added to each jar. After 12 weeks incubation, the blocks are dried and reweighed.
  • the weight loss caused by Gliocladium roseum 321A was 2%, and was not significantly different than the weight loss in the blank control.
  • a typical decay fungus, Poria carbonica FTK 120AM incubated under the same conditions, caused a weight loss of 33%.
  • EXAMPLE 4 the ability of Gliocladium roseum 321A to cause strength loss in wood is determined. Jack Pine wood beams are incubated in a modified soil block test and the impact bending strength is measured using the Toughness Testing (ISOD) machine, as detailed below.
  • the ISOD impact bending machine measures the force required to break a span of wood.
  • the force required to break the sample is determined by converting the value recorded by the pendulum of the machine (in degrees and minutes) to inch-pounds.
  • the ISOD machine was modified for the smaller wood beams by reducing the weight on the pendulum and modifying the sample holder.
  • the soil block test was modified from ASTM stand and D-1413 to allow for the different block sizes. Rather than using glass jars, 1 L NalgeneTM polypropylene jars are used.
  • Each jar contains 400 g of a 3:1 soil:sand mixture and 120 mL of distilled water.
  • Three red pine feeder strips, 4.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 cm, are placed side by side on the surface of the soil.
  • the jars are autoclaved for one hour, cooled overnight, then autoclaved again the next day for one hour.
  • the jars are cooled in a biological safety hood, and the lids replaced with culture lids.
  • the culture lids are modified lids with a central hole, 5/16 of an inch in diameter, covered on the inner surface with a GelmanTM filter to allow air exchange.
  • the wood beams, 9.0 x 0.75 x 0.75 cm, are prepared from green Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) sapwood.
  • the beams are sorted into sets with more or less the same number of growth rings. Only beams with the grain more or less parallel to the long axis are selected.
  • the beams are sterilized by gamma radiation and frozen until use.
  • the inoculum for Gliocladium roseum 321A is a spore suspension in water made from a 1-2 week old 2% MA culture.
  • the spore suspension is inoculated onto the wooden beams, and the beams are preincubated for 1 week in a 1 L Nalgene polypropylene jar.
  • At the bottom of the jar is filter paper moistened with distilled water, then alter- nating layers of glass rods and wood beams. All beams used in the experiment are from a matched set.
  • five test beams are aseptically added to each soil jar.
  • uninoculated test beams are aseptically added to jars. Five jars are set up for each treatment, for a total of 25 beams per treatment. All incubations are at 27°C.
  • the beams are removed from the jars and placed on screen racks. The samples are then placed at a constant temperature and humidity and allowed to equilibrate for 7 days. The force required to break each beam is then measured with the ISOD toughness testing machine. The values are converted using the equation:
  • Toughness (inch-pounds) — pendulum weight x (cosA 2 -cosA * - * ) where A 1 is the initial angle, and A- 2 is the angle of the pendulum at failure.
  • EXAMPLE 5 the ability of the candidate strain Gliocladium viride 623E to prevent decay by known decay fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum FTK 47D and Merulius tremellosus FTK 52H is determined.
  • Retained strength a measure of a candidate's decay-prevention ability, is the ratio of impact bending strength of test beams incubated with both the candidate biocontrol fungus and the decay fungi to the impact bending strength of test beams incubat ⁇ ed with the candidate biocontrol fungi alone. This figure is expressed as a percentage.
  • the experimental set-up is the same as the set-up in Example 4 except that the blocks containing the biological control fungi were added to a NalgeneTM jar/incubator which had been inoculated one week earlier with a decay inoculum.
  • the decay inoculum utilized was prepared by blending 150 mL of sterile water and growing agar cultures of two 9 cm petri plates from each of the aforementioned decay organisms. Five drops of this inoculum were placed on Jack Pine feeder strips in each Nalgene jar/incubator. After an incubation period of one week, the beams colonized with the biological control fungus were added and allowed to incubate a further four weeks. The impact bending strength for each test beam was determined (as in Example 4) and the retained strengths calculated.
  • test beams inoculated with Gliocladium viride 623E had a retained strength of 94%, compared to 87% for the control test beams which contained no biological con- trol fungi. G_;_ viride 623E, therefore, prevented a signi ⁇ ficant amount of decay from occurring in the test blocks.
  • EXAMPLE 6 This example examines the ability of the Gliocladium spp. to protect larger pieces of lumber from sapstaining organisms in a small scale trial under condi ⁇ tions closely related to those in field trials.
  • the Gliocladium strain was grown on two 14 cm agar plates (2% MA see Example 1) and allowed to sporulate.
  • a spore sus ⁇ pension of each strain was prepared by flooding the surface of the plates with 50 mL of sterile distilled water, pooling the suspensions and diluting them to 4 liters. The final spore concentration was measured using a haemocyto- meter. This concentration ranged from 2 x 10 4 to 1 x 10° spores/mL.
  • Gliocladium roseum (321A) Ophiostoma picea (3871) 0/8 , 0/8
  • Gliocladium solani soup (see Example 2) 0/8 , 1/8 Ophiostoma piliferum (55H) 0/8 , 0/8 Alternaria alternata (2H) 0/8 , 0/8 Black Yeast (86-010-1-1-1) 0/8 , 0/8
  • Table 2 Summary of data from small scale field trials detailing the number of acceptable pieces of lumber after 6 and 14 week incubation periods.

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Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à un procédé de protection de bois ou de produits de bois contre des taches colorées indésirables, et qui consiste à traiter le bois avec un ou plusieurs micro-organismes de lutte biologique choisis de l'espèce Gliocladium, (champignons: Hyphomycetes), qui empêchent soit, la croisance d'organismes indésirables produisant les taches colorées, soit la production de décolorations par ces organismes.
PCT/CA1992/000299 1991-07-19 1992-07-16 Procede de protection du bois d'×uvre contre les taches colorees de l'aubier Ceased WO1993001923A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2,047,445 1991-07-19
CA 2047445 CA2047445A1 (fr) 1991-07-19 1991-07-19 Methode de protection du bois contre les taches de l'aubier

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WO1993001923A1 true WO1993001923A1 (fr) 1993-02-04

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4142286A1 (de) * 1991-12-20 1993-07-01 Siempelkamp Gmbh & Co Dreischichtige baustoffplatte auf gipsbasis und verfahren zur herstellung
EP0647511A1 (fr) * 1993-08-09 1995-04-12 TRIERISCHE KORK-INDUSTRIE Fr. WEBER + Cie., GmbH u. Co. KG Procédé pour le traitement des écorces de liège des chêne-liège pour la production des bouchons de bouteilles
US5534252A (en) * 1993-07-28 1996-07-09 Forintek Canada Corporation Two stage method for the protection of lumber against sapstain
US5968504A (en) * 1994-09-30 1999-10-19 Kemira Agro Oy Fungus Gliocladium catenulatum for biological control of plant diseases
US6083537A (en) * 1998-05-26 2000-07-04 Forintek Canada Corp. Integrated method for protecting logs and green lumber from sapstain and mold
WO2001093665A1 (fr) * 2000-06-07 2001-12-13 University Of Waikato Champignons destines a ameliorer l'apparence et la qualite du bois et de la pate de bois
EP1537967A1 (fr) * 2003-12-01 2005-06-08 Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO Matériel protégé d'une manière favorable à l'environnement
US8716001B2 (en) 2009-02-06 2014-05-06 Cornell University Trichoderma strains that induce resistance to plant diseases and/or increase plant growth
EP4483716A1 (fr) 2023-06-26 2025-01-01 Adler-Werk Lackfabrik Johann Berghofer GmbH & Co KG Protection biologique contre le bois

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2138915A1 (en) * 1971-05-21 1973-01-05 Incentive Ab Wood treatment - woodworking tool holds and applys treatment substance
FR2158065A1 (fr) * 1969-04-29 1973-06-08 Ricard Jacques
US4996157A (en) * 1988-11-14 1991-02-26 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Biological control of phytophthora by trichoderma

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2158065A1 (fr) * 1969-04-29 1973-06-08 Ricard Jacques
FR2138915A1 (en) * 1971-05-21 1973-01-05 Incentive Ab Wood treatment - woodworking tool holds and applys treatment substance
US4996157A (en) * 1988-11-14 1991-02-26 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Biological control of phytophthora by trichoderma

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS vol. 87 , 1989, Philadelphia, PA, US; abstract no. 52457, *
BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS vol. 90 , 1990, Philadelphia, PA, US; abstract no. 115251, *
MATERIAL UND ORGANISMEN vol. 23, no. 2, 1988, BERLIN pages 81 - 96 K.A.SEIFERT ET AL. 'Screening of microorganisms with the potential for biological control of sapstain on unseasoned lumber' *

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4142286A1 (de) * 1991-12-20 1993-07-01 Siempelkamp Gmbh & Co Dreischichtige baustoffplatte auf gipsbasis und verfahren zur herstellung
US5534252A (en) * 1993-07-28 1996-07-09 Forintek Canada Corporation Two stage method for the protection of lumber against sapstain
EP0647511A1 (fr) * 1993-08-09 1995-04-12 TRIERISCHE KORK-INDUSTRIE Fr. WEBER + Cie., GmbH u. Co. KG Procédé pour le traitement des écorces de liège des chêne-liège pour la production des bouchons de bouteilles
US5968504A (en) * 1994-09-30 1999-10-19 Kemira Agro Oy Fungus Gliocladium catenulatum for biological control of plant diseases
US6083537A (en) * 1998-05-26 2000-07-04 Forintek Canada Corp. Integrated method for protecting logs and green lumber from sapstain and mold
WO2001093665A1 (fr) * 2000-06-07 2001-12-13 University Of Waikato Champignons destines a ameliorer l'apparence et la qualite du bois et de la pate de bois
EP1537967A1 (fr) * 2003-12-01 2005-06-08 Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO Matériel protégé d'une manière favorable à l'environnement
WO2005053923A1 (fr) * 2003-12-01 2005-06-16 Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetens- Chappelijk Onderzoek Tno Matériau à protection écologique
US7951363B2 (en) 2003-12-01 2011-05-31 Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno Ecologically protected material
US8716001B2 (en) 2009-02-06 2014-05-06 Cornell University Trichoderma strains that induce resistance to plant diseases and/or increase plant growth
US8877480B2 (en) 2009-02-06 2014-11-04 Cornell University Trichoderma strains that induce resistance to plant diseases and/or increase plant growth
US8877481B2 (en) 2009-02-06 2014-11-04 Cornell University Trichoderma strains that induce resistance to plant diseases and/or increase plant growth
EP4483716A1 (fr) 2023-06-26 2025-01-01 Adler-Werk Lackfabrik Johann Berghofer GmbH & Co KG Protection biologique contre le bois

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CA2047445A1 (fr) 1993-01-20

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