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WO1992008965A1 - Method and apparatus for measurement of carbon in ash - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for measurement of carbon in ash Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992008965A1
WO1992008965A1 PCT/GB1991/001995 GB9101995W WO9208965A1 WO 1992008965 A1 WO1992008965 A1 WO 1992008965A1 GB 9101995 W GB9101995 W GB 9101995W WO 9208965 A1 WO9208965 A1 WO 9208965A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
particles
particle
image
processor means
ash
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB1991/001995
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Stewart Martin Foggo
Nicholas Sillito
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
EOn UK PLC
Original Assignee
Powergen PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Powergen PLC filed Critical Powergen PLC
Publication of WO1992008965A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992008965A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N15/1456—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry without spatial resolution of the texture or inner structure of the particle, e.g. processing of pulse signals
    • G01N15/1459—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry without spatial resolution of the texture or inner structure of the particle, e.g. processing of pulse signals the analysis being performed on a sample stream
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N15/1429—Signal processing
    • G01N15/1433—Signal processing using image recognition
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N2015/1497—Particle shape

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting and monitoring the presence of carbon particles in ash produced by boilers used for industrial purposes, in particular, in generating electricity. It is, of course, desirable that the proportion of carbon particles in ash be readily detectable so that it can be ensured that the boiler is burning fuel efficiently and that regulations intended to reduce atmospheric pollution are complied with.
  • Unburnt fuel carbon: these are black, irregularly shaped particles of pulverised fuel.
  • a method for analysing particulate material in which particles in a sample of the said material are formed into a method for analysing particulate material in which particles in a sample of the said material are formed into a substantially monoparticulate layer or cake having a flat surface the said particles are categorised according to their appearance and the numbers of particles in each said category is calculated so as to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories in the sample.
  • the said particles are categorised according to their appearance.
  • the area and the number of particles in each said category are calculated so as to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories in the sample.
  • the particles are categorised by both colour and shape.
  • the invention further provides apparatus for analysing particulate material, the apparatus comprising means for forming particles in a sample of the said material into a substantially monoparticulate layer or a cake having a flat surface; means for providing an electrical signal representative of an image the particles in the said layer or surface; and processor means for categorising the particles shown in the said image according to their appearance and for calculating the number of particles in each category so as to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories in the sample; means for providing an electrical signal representative of an image of the particles in the said layer or surface; and processor means for categorising the particles shown in the said image according to their appearance and for calculating the number of particles in each category so as to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories in the sample.
  • FIG 1 shows schematically the arrangement of monitors for use in the method of the invention
  • Figure 2 shows an arrangement for viewing ash particles in the method of the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows in greater detail the processor of Figure 2
  • Figure 4 shows a digital image of a single particle.
  • a small but representative sample of boiler ash is collected from the output flues of power station boilers 10 and monitored by means of electro-optical monitors 12 at the ash collection points, as shown in Figure 1.
  • the output signals from the monitors 12 are processed centrally at an image processor 14, the output signal from which is displayed in suitable form at display 16 for personnel operating the boilers.
  • the ash is collected from the boiler flues in a conventional manner and is transported to the monitoring stations 12 shown in detail in Figure 2.
  • the ash falls onto a continuous conveyor belt 20 and is formed into either a discrete monoparticulate layer, assisted if necessary by vibration, or a cake, dressed by rolling or a similar process.
  • the ash sample is illuminated by a suitably positioned light source.
  • the conveyor belt 20 may be translucent and back-lighting of the particles provided by means of a light source 24 and associated diffuser 26 mounted beneath the conveyor belt 20 as shown in figure 2.
  • the ash sample on the conveyor belt 20 passes beneath a camera/microscope unit 22 consisting of a CCD or other array scanned camera fitted to a microscope.
  • the camera/microscope unit 22 provides magnification of the order of, say, 50-150x. Once the ash on the conveyor belt has passed beneath the camera/microscope unit 22 it falls, at the end of the conveyor 20, into an ash outlet. A brush 28 is provided at the return side of the conveyor 20 to ensure that ash, once it has passed in front of the camera/microscope unit, is not recirculated but is removed from the monitoring station 12.
  • the conveyor 20, its light source 24 and the camera/microscope unit 22 are housed within a light-proof box 30 so as to provide the best possible image at the camera/microscope unit 22 for processing to identify carbon particles.
  • the digital image provided by the digitiser 40 is then analysed to identify individual particles and distinguish them from their background.
  • the various steps carried out by the central processor 14 can be implemented by the use of suitable software installed on a personal computer.
  • the particles appearing in the image have been identified, they must be classified as black or non-black and as spherical or non-spherical.
  • the only particles found in ash which are black and non-spherical are carbon particles, that is, particles of unburnt fuel.
  • the distinguishing of black from non-black particles is a simple thresholding operation.
  • the average grey level of the pixels forming the image of a given particle is compared with a "black" reference level at comparator 44.
  • the output of the comparator 44 provides a straightforward indication as to whether the particle is black or non-black.
  • Spherical particles can be distinguished from non-spherical particles by counting the number of pixels inside the boundary of the digitised image of the particle, the particle area, and comparing it at pixel counter 46 with the number of pixels around the edge of the particle image, the particle periphery.
  • the number of pixels around the particle periphery is thirty-one and the number of pixels within the particle area (shaded in black and cross-hatched) is one hundred and five.
  • particles can be categorised as spherical or non-spherical.
  • the final figure representing the ratio of carbon to ash particles is produced from the moving average of a number of readings so that it is less subject to noise than analysis based on only a single frame. It is expected that each image from the CCD camera/microscope unit 22 will be processed in under three seconds. Thus, for a four boiler unit, the carbon-in-ash figure will be updated every twenty-four seconds or so.
  • the system described above has a number of advantages over existing systems. It can be built relatively cheaply because a single processor can handle the output from several microscopes. Furthermore, because it uses a non-contact method it should be relatively robust in comparison to other systems which involve heating and chemical analysis of ash samples.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

In a method of measuring the number of carbon particles in ash produced by boilers used in the generation of electricity, a sample of ash is formed into a monoparticulate layer or a cake having a flat surface and a digital image of the layer or surface formed by a CCD camera/microscope unit at a monitor station (12). The image is digitised and by comparison with appropriate reference levels at central processor means (14) the particles are categorised by both colour and shape. The numbers of particles in each category can then be displayed at a suitable display (16) to provide operating personnel with an indication of the proportion of carbon particles in the ash.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENT OF CARBON IN ASH
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting and monitoring the presence of carbon particles in ash produced by boilers used for industrial purposes, in particular, in generating electricity. It is, of course, desirable that the proportion of carbon particles in ash be readily detectable so that it can be ensured that the boiler is burning fuel efficiently and that regulations intended to reduce atmospheric pollution are complied with.
There are currently a number of devices on the market for making such measurements but these are expensive, costing over £30,000 each, and require a substantial amount of maintenance.
In the monograph "The Identification of Atmospheric Dust by Use of the Microscope" by E.M. Hamilton and W.D. Jarvis (Central Electricity Generating Board Research Department) it is noted that coal (carbon) particles are the only particles present in the ash (dust) that are non-spherical and black. This is supported by the illustrations accompanying the monograph which show all the significant types of particles occurring in the ash output from a pulverised fuel power station. These fall, in general, into three categories as follows:-
(i) Spheres (ash): coal impurities melt to form molten drops that solidify as spheres of various colours;
(ii) Shale particles (ash): these are white, irregularly shaped particles consisting of impurities from the coal that did not melt; and
(iii) Unburnt fuel (carbon): these are black, irregularly shaped particles of pulverised fuel.
We have concluded from this that it would be possible to determine the proportion of carbon in ash by visual inspection.
, In accordance with the invention, there is provided a method for analysing particulate material in which particles in a sample of the said material are formed into a method for analysing particulate material in which particles in a sample of the said material are formed into a substantially monoparticulate layer or cake having a flat surface, the said particles are categorised according to their appearance and the numbers of particles in each said category is calculated so as to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories in the sample. The said particles are categorised according to their appearance. The area and the number of particles in each said category are calculated so as to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories in the sample.
Preferably, the particles are categorised by both colour and shape.
The invention further provides apparatus for analysing particulate material, the apparatus comprising means for forming particles in a sample of the said material into a substantially monoparticulate layer or a cake having a flat surface; means for providing an electrical signal representative of an image the particles in the said layer or surface; and processor means for categorising the particles shown in the said image according to their appearance and for calculating the number of particles in each category so as to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories in the sample; means for providing an electrical signal representative of an image of the particles in the said layer or surface; and processor means for categorising the particles shown in the said image according to their appearance and for calculating the number of particles in each category so as to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories in the sample.
A preferred method and apparatus in accordance with the invention will now be described in detail, by way of example, with reference to the drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows schematically the arrangement of monitors for use in the method of the invention;
Figure 2 shows an arrangement for viewing ash particles in the method of the invention;
Figure 3 shows in greater detail the processor of Figure 2; and
Figure 4 shows a digital image of a single particle.
In order to measure the proportion of carbon particles in ash, a small but representative sample of boiler ash is collected from the output flues of power station boilers 10 and monitored by means of electro-optical monitors 12 at the ash collection points, as shown in Figure 1. The output signals from the monitors 12 are processed centrally at an image processor 14, the output signal from which is displayed in suitable form at display 16 for personnel operating the boilers.
The ash is collected from the boiler flues in a conventional manner and is transported to the monitoring stations 12 shown in detail in Figure 2. The ash falls onto a continuous conveyor belt 20 and is formed into either a discrete monoparticulate layer, assisted if necessary by vibration, or a cake, dressed by rolling or a similar process. The ash sample is illuminated by a suitably positioned light source. Where the ash is formed into a monoparticular layer, the conveyor belt 20 may be translucent and back-lighting of the particles provided by means of a light source 24 and associated diffuser 26 mounted beneath the conveyor belt 20 as shown in figure 2. The ash sample on the conveyor belt 20 passes beneath a camera/microscope unit 22 consisting of a CCD or other array scanned camera fitted to a microscope. The camera/microscope unit 22 provides magnification of the order of, say, 50-150x. Once the ash on the conveyor belt has passed beneath the camera/microscope unit 22 it falls, at the end of the conveyor 20, into an ash outlet. A brush 28 is provided at the return side of the conveyor 20 to ensure that ash, once it has passed in front of the camera/microscope unit, is not recirculated but is removed from the monitoring station 12. The conveyor 20, its light source 24 and the camera/microscope unit 22 are housed within a light-proof box 30 so as to provide the best possible image at the camera/microscope unit 22 for processing to identify carbon particles.
An alternative to the conveyor arrangement described would be to drive the ash through a suitably illuminated glass tube using compressed air. The output signal from each CCϋ camera/microscope unit 22 is passed to a digitiser 40 which provides a digital representation of the image "seen" by the camera/microscope unit 22. Suitable space and grey level resolution for the purposes to be described below have been found to be 512x512 pixels and either 128 or 256 grey levels.
The digital image provided by the digitiser 40 is then analysed to identify individual particles and distinguish them from their background. In practice, the various steps carried out by the central processor 14 can be implemented by the use of suitable software installed on a personal computer. Figure 3, however, illustrates how the digital image is analysed.
Once the particles appearing in the image have been identified, they must be classified as black or non-black and as spherical or non-spherical. As mentioned above, the only particles found in ash which are black and non-spherical are carbon particles, that is, particles of unburnt fuel.
The distinguishing of black from non-black particles is a simple thresholding operation. The average grey level of the pixels forming the image of a given particle is compared with a "black" reference level at comparator 44. The output of the comparator 44 provides a straightforward indication as to whether the particle is black or non-black.
Spherical particles can be distinguished from non-spherical particles by counting the number of pixels inside the boundary of the digitised image of the particle, the particle area, and comparing it at pixel counter 46 with the number of pixels around the edge of the particle image, the particle periphery. Thus, for the example shown in Figure 4, the number of pixels around the particle periphery (shaded in black) is thirty-one and the number of pixels within the particle area (shaded in black and cross-hatched) is one hundred and five. By comparing the ratio of the square of the number of pixels in the periphery with the number in the particle area, it is possible to determine how close to spherical a given particle is. Again by comparison with a suitably chosen threshold, particles can be categorised as spherical or non-spherical.
From this categorisation of particles, it is possible to derive a figure giving the ratio of carbon to ash by visible surface area. This figure can in turn be converted by use of a suitable sealer 48 to provide a ratio by volume or by weight. Preferably, the final figure representing the ratio of carbon to ash particles is produced from the moving average of a number of readings so that it is less subject to noise than analysis based on only a single frame. It is expected that each image from the CCD camera/microscope unit 22 will be processed in under three seconds. Thus, for a four boiler unit, the carbon-in-ash figure will be updated every twenty-four seconds or so.
The system described above has a number of advantages over existing systems. It can be built relatively cheaply because a single processor can handle the output from several microscopes. Furthermore, because it uses a non-contact method it should be relatively robust in comparison to other systems which involve heating and chemical analysis of ash samples.

Claims

1. A method for analysing particulate material in which particles in a sample of the said material are formed into a substantially monoparticulate layer or cake having a flat surface, and the said particles are categorised according to their appearance, characterised in that the particles are categorised by shape.
2. A method according to claim 1 in which the particles are also categorised by colour.
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2 in which the layer of particles is passed before a camera (22) which provides an electronic output signal representative of an image of the particle layer or surface, the said electronic output signal being digitised and the resulting digital signal being used in the categorising of the particles.
4. A method for analysing particulate material in which particles in a sample of the said material are formed into a substantially monoparticulate layer or cake having a flat surface and the said particles are categorised according to their appearance, characterised in that the particles are categorised by colour.
5. A method according to claim 4 in which the particles are also categorised by shape.
6. A method according to claim 4 or 5 in which the layer of particles is passed before a camera (22) which provides an electronic output signal representative of an image of the particle layer or surface, the said electronic output signal being digitised and the resulting digital signal being used in the categorising of the particles.
7. A method according to claim 3 or 6 in which the grey level of pixels of the digital signal representing each particle is compared with at least one reference level to provide an indication of particle colour.
8. A method according to claim 3 or 6 in which the shape of each particle is characterised by determining the ratio of the number of pixels along the periphery of the digital image of the particle to the number of pixels within the area of the particle in the digital image.
9. A method according to claim 8 in which the said ratio is compared with at least one reference level to provide an indication of particle shape.
10. A method according to any preceding claim in which the numbers of particles in each said category is calculated so as to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories in the sample.
11. A method according to claim 10 in which the categorisation is repeated using a plurality of different samples and the results averaged to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories.
12. A method according to any preceding claim for determining the proportion of carbon particles in ash.
13. Apparatus for analysing particulate material, the apparatus comprising means for forming particles in a sample of the said material into a substantially monoparticulate layer or a cake having a flat surface; means (22) for providing an electrical signal representative of an image of the particles in the said layer or surface; and processor means (40,44,46,48) for categorising the particles shown in the said image according to their appearance; characterised in that the processor means (40,46,48) acts to categorise the particles by shape.
14. Apparatus according to claim 13 in which the processor means (40,44) acts to categorise the particles by colour.
15. Apparatus according to claim 13 and 14 in which a digitiser (40) acts on the electrical signal representing the image of the particles and the processor means (44,46,48) acts on the resulting digital signal.
16. Apparatus according to claim 10 in which the categorisation is repeated using a plurality of different samples and the results averaged to provide an indication of the proportions of particles of different categories characterised in that the processor means (40,44) acts to categorise the particles by colour.
17. Apparatus according to claims 16 in which the processor means (40,46,48) acts to categorise the particles by shape.
18. Apparatus according to claim 16 and 17 in which a digitiser (40) acts on the electrical signal representing the image of the particles and the processor means (44,46,48) acts on the resulting digital signal.
19. Apparatus according to claim 15 in which the processor means includes means (46,48) for counting the number of pixels along the periphery of the digital image of each particle and the number of pixels within the area of the particle in the digital image, and for determining the ratio of these numbers.
20. Apparatus according to claim 18 in which the processor means (40,46,48) includes means for comparing the said ratio with at least one reference level to provide an indication of particle shape.
21. Apparatus according to claim 18 in which the processor means includes means for comparing the grey level of pixels of the digital signal representing each particle with at least one reference level to provide an indication of particle colour.
22. Apparatus according to any of claims 11 to 18 for determining the proportion of carbon particles in ash.
PCT/GB1991/001995 1990-11-13 1991-11-13 Method and apparatus for measurement of carbon in ash Ceased WO1992008965A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9024645.5 1990-11-13
GB9024645A GB2249829A (en) 1990-11-13 1990-11-13 Measurement of carbon in ash

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1992008965A1 true WO1992008965A1 (en) 1992-05-29

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EP (1) EP0557335A1 (en)
GB (1) GB2249829A (en)
WO (1) WO1992008965A1 (en)

Cited By (5)

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DE4240094A1 (en) * 1992-11-28 1994-06-01 Abb Patent Gmbh CCD camera system for control of flow on belt conveyor - evaluates shape and vol. of moving mass by processing of image of bright band projected onto surface
DE4309939A1 (en) * 1993-03-26 1994-09-29 Guenter Dr Ing Dau Method and device for fully automatic analysis of the materials to be mixed in solids mixers
DE10211410B4 (en) * 2002-03-15 2006-07-27 Rag Ag Method of determining ash on hard coal
CN110954536A (en) * 2019-12-03 2020-04-03 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 Fly ash carbon content online measurement device and method
CN111650198A (en) * 2020-06-03 2020-09-11 吉林中财管道有限公司 Method for detecting black impurities in light calcium carbonate

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US20040101954A1 (en) 2002-11-27 2004-05-27 Graessle Josef A. Back side plate illumination for biological growth plate scanner
US20040102903A1 (en) 2002-11-27 2004-05-27 Graessle Josef A. Biological growth plate scanner
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US7518716B2 (en) * 2002-12-20 2009-04-14 J.M. Canty Inc. Granular product inspection device
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US8714970B2 (en) * 2009-09-21 2014-05-06 Kailash & Stefan Pty Ltd Combustion control system
MX2017008919A (en) * 2017-07-05 2018-03-01 Gabriela Reyes Fuchs Carmen Process for forming a color image of incinerated materials by microscopy techniques.

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4240094A1 (en) * 1992-11-28 1994-06-01 Abb Patent Gmbh CCD camera system for control of flow on belt conveyor - evaluates shape and vol. of moving mass by processing of image of bright band projected onto surface
DE4309939A1 (en) * 1993-03-26 1994-09-29 Guenter Dr Ing Dau Method and device for fully automatic analysis of the materials to be mixed in solids mixers
DE10211410B4 (en) * 2002-03-15 2006-07-27 Rag Ag Method of determining ash on hard coal
CN110954536A (en) * 2019-12-03 2020-04-03 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 Fly ash carbon content online measurement device and method
CN110954536B (en) * 2019-12-03 2024-02-09 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 Online measuring device and method for carbon content of fly ash
CN111650198A (en) * 2020-06-03 2020-09-11 吉林中财管道有限公司 Method for detecting black impurities in light calcium carbonate

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9024645D0 (en) 1991-01-02
GB2249829A (en) 1992-05-20
EP0557335A1 (en) 1993-09-01

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