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WO1991002383A1 - Battery using oxides as positive active material - Google Patents

Battery using oxides as positive active material Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991002383A1
WO1991002383A1 PCT/GB1990/001200 GB9001200W WO9102383A1 WO 1991002383 A1 WO1991002383 A1 WO 1991002383A1 GB 9001200 W GB9001200 W GB 9001200W WO 9102383 A1 WO9102383 A1 WO 9102383A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
battery
vanadium oxide
aqueous
active material
mixture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB1990/001200
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Robin John Neat
Marion Ruth Rance
Alan Hooper
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dowty Electronic Components Ltd
Original Assignee
Dowty Electronic Components Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dowty Electronic Components Ltd filed Critical Dowty Electronic Components Ltd
Publication of WO1991002383A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991002383A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a battery, and, in particular, to a battery which includes an improved active material in the positive electrode.
  • a battery including at least one electrochemical cell having:
  • the positive electrode includes an active material which is formed by decomposing a mixture of Vanadium Oxide (V e 0 13 ) with an aqueous decomposable transition element salt.
  • the decomposable transition element salt could for example be a salt of one of the following elements Manganese, Chromium, Iron or Nickel, for example, Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N0 3 ) 2 ) , or Chromium Nitrate (Cr(N0 3 ) 2 ).
  • the Vanadium Oxide (V e 0 13 ) and the aqueous decomposable transition element salt for example, Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N0 3 ) 2 ) are mixed prior to decomposition so that the aqueous decomposable transition element salt forms a surface coating on the Vanadium Oxide (V ⁇ 0 13 ).
  • the aqueous decomposable transition element salt for example, Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N0 3 ) 2 ) are mixed prior to decomposition so that the aqueous decomposable transition element salt forms a surface coating on the Vanadium Oxide (V ⁇ 0 13 ).
  • the Vanadium Oxide (V 6 0 13 ) and the aqueous decomposable transition element salt mixture are thermally decomposed to form the active material .
  • the mixture comprises Vanadium Oxide (V 6 0 13 ) and aqueous Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N0 3 ) 2 ) which is thermally decomposed by heating to a temperature between 80°C and 150°C, and most preferably, to a temperature between 100°C and 150°C. Most preferably the mixture is heated to a temperature of 120°C for a period of 3 hours.
  • the thermal decomposition of this particular mixture causes Nitrogen Dioxide (N0 2 ) to be evolved, and produces a homogeneous totally amorphous compound of Manganese Dioxide/Vanadium Oxide (Mn0 2 /V 6 0 13 ) .
  • composition and nature of the compound formed by the decomposition reaction is dependent upon the aqueous decomposable transition element salt used.
  • Vanadium Oxide (V 6 0 13 ) will restructure itself from a crystalline structure to an amorphous material under a thermal influence.
  • a control test carried out on Vanadium Oxide (V 6 0 13 ) under the conditions of the present invention showed that no such restructuring occurred. Therefore, the amorphous state of the active material is not caused by the thermal conditions the mixture is subjected to, but by the actual reaction taking place.
  • the weight ratios are arranged so that the amount of Manganese Dioxide (Mn0 2 ) is between 10% by weight and 50% by weight and the ailount of Vanadium Oxide (V 6 0 X3 ) is between 90% by weight and 50% by weight.
  • a battery includes at least one cell, having:
  • the positive electrode includes an active material which is a homogeneous amorphous compound with the arbitrary stoichiometry of Mn0 2 /V 6 0 3 (Manganese Dioxide/Vanadium Oxide).
  • the homogeneous amorphous compound comprises in its arbitrary stoichiometry between 10% wt and 50% wt Manganese Dioxide (Mn0 2 ) and 90% wt and 50% wt Vanadium Oxide (V s 0 13 ), and most preferably, the homogeneous amorphous compound comprises in its arbitrary stoichiometry 20% wt Manganese Dioxide (Mn0 2 ) and 80% wt Vanadium Oxide
  • a battery made in accordance with the present invention has a lithium metal or lithium alloy negative electrode.
  • the electrolyte used in a battery made in accordance with the present invention may be any suitable form of electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte may be liquid or solid.
  • the battery is a primary battery.
  • the invention also includes the use in a battery made in accordance with the present invention of a material formed by decomposing a mixture of Vanadium Oxide (V 6 0 13 ) and aqueous Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N0 3 ) 2 ).
  • the invention further includes the use in a battery made in accordance with the present invention of an amorphous material having an arbitrary stoichiometry Mn0 2 /V 6 0 13 .
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a battery made in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a sectional view of a section through the positive electrode of the battery, shown in Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 shows a typical discharge curve for a battery made in accordance with the present invention.
  • a battery 1 of conventional design comprises: an outer cylindrical casing 2;
  • the cell comprises:
  • the cell has a basic configuration of negative electrode 4 separator 6 positive electrode 5 separator 6,
  • the battery is provided with two connections, a first connection (not shown) from the lithium electrode, the negative electrode 4, to a negative terminal (the outer cylindrical casing 2) , and a second connection 9 from the composite positive electrode 5 to a positive terminal 10.
  • the battery also includes two sealing insulating members 7, 8.
  • the first sealing insulating member 7 is disposed about the positive terminal 10 so as to insulate the negative terminal (the outer cylindrical casing 2) from the positive terminal 10. Further, the first sealing insulating member 7 acts as an atmospheric sealing member to seal the interior of the battery- from the atmosphere, and thereby prevent the ingress of containments such as water vapour.
  • the second sealing insulating member 8 is disposed about the second connection 9 from the composite positive electrode 5 to the positive terminal 10 at a position between the positive terminal 10 and the cell. In this way the positive terminal 10 and the first sealing/insulating member 7 are insulated from the cell.
  • the electrolyte is a solid electrolyte which comprises polyethylene oxide (PEO) in which Ethylene Carbonate and Propylene Carbonate are dispersed.
  • PEO polyethylene oxide
  • This electrode comprises:
  • the active material 12 is prepared by one of the methods described below, and comprises a homogeneous amorphous compound having the arbitrary stoichiometry Mn0 2 /V 6 O x3 (Manganese Dioxid /Vanadium Oxide).
  • the composite positive electrode is manufactured by making a slurry mix of the amorphous active material (Mn0 2 /V 6 0 13 ) , applying the slurry mix as a coating to the aluminium foil substrate, and drying the resultant article. In this way the slurry is-dried so as to form a coating on the aluminium foil.
  • the active material is manufactured by making an aqueous solution of for example 13.2 gms, nitrate (Mn(N0 3 ) 2 6H 2 0) in water. This aqueous solution is then mixed with Vanadium Oxide (V ⁇ 0 13 ) so as to provide a surface coating of the aqueous Manganese Nitrate Mt ⁇ (NO 3 ) 2 ) on the Vanadium Oxide (V e O ⁇ 3 ).
  • V ⁇ 0 13 Vanadium Oxide
  • the amount of the materials present in the process are selected so that in the final amorphous material 20% wt Manganese Dioxide (Mn0 2 ) and 80% wt Vanadium Oxide (V 6 0 13 ) are present.
  • the resultant material is now heated to a temperature of 120°C for a period of 3 hours. This causes the aqueous solution to dry and the Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N0 3 ) 2 ) to decompose to form Manganese (Mn0 2 ) with Nitrogen Dioxide (N0 2 ) being evolved. After the above process a homogeneous amorphous material remains, this amorphorous material has the arbitrary stoichiometry . Mn0 2 /V ⁇ O 3 (Manganese Dioxide/Vanadium Oxide).
  • FIG. 3 of the drawings a typical discharge curve is shown for a battery made in accordance with the present invention. This Figure 3 also shows a comparative discharge curve for a similar V 6 0 13 battery.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

A battery (1) which includes at least one electrochemical cell which has: a negative electrode (4), an electrolyte and a positive electrode (5). The positive electrode includes an active material which is formed by the decomposition of Vanadium Oxide (V6O13) with an aqueous decomposable transition element salt.

Description

BATTERY USING OXIDES AS POSITIVE ACTIVE MATERIAL
This invention relates to a battery, and, in particular, to a battery which includes an improved active material in the positive electrode.
In accordance with the present invention, a battery including at least one electrochemical cell having:
a negative electrode;
an electrolyte;
and - a positive electrode;
wherein the positive electrode includes an active material which is formed by decomposing a mixture of Vanadium Oxide (Ve013) with an aqueous decomposable transition element salt.
The decomposable transition element salt could for example be a salt of one of the following elements Manganese, Chromium, Iron or Nickel, for example, Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N03)2) , or Chromium Nitrate (Cr(N03)2).
Preferably, the Vanadium Oxide (Ve013) and the aqueous decomposable transition element salt, for example, Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N03)2) are mixed prior to decomposition so that the aqueous decomposable transition element salt forms a surface coating on the Vanadium Oxide (Vβ013).
Preferably, the Vanadium Oxide (V6013) and the aqueous decomposable transition element salt mixture are thermally decomposed to form the active material .
In a preferred arrangement of the present invention the mixture comprises Vanadium Oxide (V6013) and aqueous Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N03)2) which is thermally decomposed by heating to a temperature between 80°C and 150°C, and most preferably, to a temperature between 100°C and 150°C. Most preferably the mixture is heated to a temperature of 120°C for a period of 3 hours. The thermal decomposition of this particular mixture causes Nitrogen Dioxide (N02) to be evolved, and produces a homogeneous totally amorphous compound of Manganese Dioxide/Vanadium Oxide (Mn02/V6013) .
It is clearly apparent to a man skilled in the art that the composition and nature of the compound formed by the decomposition reaction is dependent upon the aqueous decomposable transition element salt used.
Previously, it has been advanced that Vanadium Oxide (V6013) will restructure itself from a crystalline structure to an amorphous material under a thermal influence. However, a control test carried out on Vanadium Oxide (V6013) under the conditions of the present invention showed that no such restructuring occurred. Therefore, the amorphous state of the active material is not caused by the thermal conditions the mixture is subjected to, but by the actual reaction taking place. With this particular preferred arrangement of the present invention the weight ratios are arranged so that the amount of Manganese Dioxide (Mn02) is between 10% by weight and 50% by weight and the ailount of Vanadium Oxide (V60X3) is between 90% by weight and 50% by weight.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, a battery includes at least one cell, having:
a negative electrode;
an electrolyte;
and - a positive electrode;
wherein the positive electrode includes an active material which is a homogeneous amorphous compound with the arbitrary stoichiometry of Mn02/V60 3 (Manganese Dioxide/Vanadium Oxide).
Preferably, the homogeneous amorphous compound comprises in its arbitrary stoichiometry between 10% wt and 50% wt Manganese Dioxide (Mn02) and 90% wt and 50% wt Vanadium Oxide (Vs013), and most preferably, the homogeneous amorphous compound comprises in its arbitrary stoichiometry 20% wt Manganese Dioxide (Mn02) and 80% wt Vanadium Oxide
(veo13).
Preferably, a battery made in accordance with the present invention has a lithium metal or lithium alloy negative electrode.
The electrolyte used in a battery made in accordance with the present invention may be any suitable form of electrolyte. The electrolyte may be liquid or solid.
Preferably, the battery is a primary battery.
The invention also includes the use in a battery made in accordance with the present invention of a material formed by decomposing a mixture of Vanadium Oxide (V6013) and aqueous Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N03)2). The invention further includes the use in a battery made in accordance with the present invention of an amorphous material having an arbitrary stoichiometry Mn02/V6013.
The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a battery made in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 2 is a sectional view of a section through the positive electrode of the battery, shown in Figure 1;
and Figure 3 shows a typical discharge curve for a battery made in accordance with the present invention.
Now referring to Figure 1 of the drawings, a battery 1 of conventional design comprises: an outer cylindrical casing 2;
and - a cell of wound construction contained within the outer cylindrical casing 2.
The cell comprises:
an elongate strip 4 of Lithium metal, which forms the negative electrode of the battery;
a composite positive electrode 5 having an active material comprising a homogeneous amorphous material' having the arbitrary stoichiometry Mn02/V6013 (Manganese Dioxide/Vanadium Oxide);
two insulating separator strips 6 disposed one on either side of the composite positive electrode 5;
and - a solid electrolyte.
The cell has a basic configuration of negative electrode 4 separator 6 positive electrode 5 separator 6,
which is wound so that it can be disposed in the cylindrical casing 2.
Further, the battery is provided with two connections, a first connection (not shown) from the lithium electrode, the negative electrode 4, to a negative terminal (the outer cylindrical casing 2) , and a second connection 9 from the composite positive electrode 5 to a positive terminal 10.
The battery also includes two sealing insulating members 7, 8.
The first sealing insulating member 7 is disposed about the positive terminal 10 so as to insulate the negative terminal (the outer cylindrical casing 2) from the positive terminal 10. Further, the first sealing insulating member 7 acts as an atmospheric sealing member to seal the interior of the battery- from the atmosphere, and thereby prevent the ingress of containments such as water vapour.
The second sealing insulating member 8 is disposed about the second connection 9 from the composite positive electrode 5 to the positive terminal 10 at a position between the positive terminal 10 and the cell. In this way the positive terminal 10 and the first sealing/insulating member 7 are insulated from the cell.
In this embodiment of the invention the electrolyte is a solid electrolyte which comprises polyethylene oxide (PEO) in which Ethylene Carbonate and Propylene Carbonate are dispersed.
Now referring to Figure 2 of the drawings, the composite positive electrode 5 is shown. This electrode comprises:
an aluminium foil substrate 11; and - a coating of active conductive medium 12.
The active material 12 is prepared by one of the methods described below, and comprises a homogeneous amorphous compound having the arbitrary stoichiometry Mn02/V6Ox3 (Manganese Dioxid /Vanadium Oxide).
The composite positive electrode is manufactured by making a slurry mix of the amorphous active material (Mn02/V6013) , applying the slurry mix as a coating to the aluminium foil substrate, and drying the resultant article. In this way the slurry is-dried so as to form a coating on the aluminium foil.
The active material is manufactured by making an aqueous solution of for example 13.2 gms, nitrate (Mn(N03)2 6H20) in water. This aqueous solution is then mixed with Vanadium Oxide (Vβ013) so as to provide a surface coating of the aqueous Manganese Nitrate Mtι(NO3)2) on the Vanadium Oxide (VeOι3).
The amount of the materials present in the process are selected so that in the final amorphous material 20% wt Manganese Dioxide (Mn02) and 80% wt Vanadium Oxide (V6013) are present.
The resultant material is now heated to a temperature of 120°C for a period of 3 hours. This causes the aqueous solution to dry and the Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N03)2) to decompose to form Manganese (Mn02) with Nitrogen Dioxide (N02) being evolved. After the above process a homogeneous amorphous material remains, this amorphorous material has the arbitrary stoichiometry . Mn02/VβO 3 (Manganese Dioxide/Vanadium Oxide).
Now referring to Figure 3 of the drawings, a typical discharge curve is shown for a battery made in accordance with the present invention. This Figure 3 also shows a comparative discharge curve for a similar V6013 battery.
The data contained in this figure is self- explanatory to those skilled in the art therefore no explanation is required and hence will not be given.

Claims

1. A battery including at least one electrochemical cell having:
a negative electrode;
an electrolyte;
and - a positive electrode;
wherein the positive electrode includes an active material which is formed by decomposing a mixture of Vanadium Oxide (V6013) with an aqueous decomposable transition element salt.
2. A battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aqueous decomposable transition element salt, is a salt of Manganese, Chromium, Iron or Nickel.
3. A battery as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the aqueous decomposable transition element salt is Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N03)2).
4. A battery as claimed in claim 3, wherein the Vanadium Oxide (VβOX3) and the aqueous Manganese (Mn(N03)2) are mixed prior to decomposition so that the aqueous Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N03)2) forms a surface coating on the Vanadium Oxide (VeOX3).
5. A battery as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the Vanadium Oxide (V6Ox3) and the aqueous decomposable transition element salt mixture are thermally decomposed to form the active material.
6. A battery as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the Vanadium Oxide (VβO 3) and the aqueous Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N03)2) mixture are thermally decomposed to form the active material.
7. A battery as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mixture is thermally decomposed by heating to a temperature between 80°C and 150°C.
8. A battery as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mixture is thermally decomposed by heating to a temperature of 120°C for a period of 3 hours.
9. A battery having at least one cell, including:
a negative electrode;
an electrode;
and - a positive electrode;
wherein the positive electrode includes an active material which is a homogeneous amorphous compound with the arbitrary stoichiometry Mn02/VeO 3 (Manganese Dioxide/Vanadium Oxide).
10. A battery as claimed in claim 9, wherein the homogeneous amorphous material comprises in its arbitrary stoichiometry between 10% wt and 50% wt Manganese Dioxide (MnOz) and 90% wt and 50% wt Vanadium Oxide (VβOx3).
11. A battery as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the homogeneous amorphous compound comprises in its arbitrary stoichiometry 20% wt Manganese Dioxide (Mn02) and 80% wt Vanadium Oxide (V60 3).
12. A battery as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the negative electrode is a lithium metal or lithium alloy electrode.
13. A battery as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the battery is a primary battery.
14. The use in a battery as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, of a material formed by decomposing a mixture of Vanadium Oxide (V60X3) and aqueous Manganese Nitrate (Mn(N03)2).
15. The use in a battery as claimed in any one of the preceding claims of an amorphous material having an arbitrary stoichiometry Mn02/V60X3.
PCT/GB1990/001200 1989-08-04 1990-08-02 Battery using oxides as positive active material Ceased WO1991002383A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB898917914A GB8917914D0 (en) 1989-08-04 1989-08-04 A battery
GB8917914.7 1989-08-04

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1991002383A1 true WO1991002383A1 (en) 1991-02-21

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PCT/GB1990/001200 Ceased WO1991002383A1 (en) 1989-08-04 1990-08-02 Battery using oxides as positive active material

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GB (2) GB8917914D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1991002383A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5798191A (en) * 1997-03-07 1998-08-25 Hydro-Quebec Polymer electrolyte lithium battery containing a potassium salt
US6114069A (en) * 1997-03-12 2000-09-05 Hydro Quebec Polymer electrolyte lithium battery containing a potassium salt
USRE37805E1 (en) * 1997-03-12 2002-07-23 Hydro-Quebec Polymer electrolyte lithium battery containing a potassium salt

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9216393D0 (en) * 1992-08-01 1992-09-16 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Electrochemical cell
GB2269265B (en) * 1992-08-01 1995-10-11 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Electrochemical cell

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US4243624A (en) * 1979-05-21 1981-01-06 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Method of making cathodes derived from ammonium-metal-chalcogen compounds
US4391729A (en) * 1979-12-17 1983-07-05 Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. Metal oxide composite cathode material for high energy density batteries
JPS6484574A (en) * 1987-09-25 1989-03-29 Sanyo Electric Co Nonaqueous secondary battery

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JPS5539146A (en) * 1978-09-14 1980-03-18 Hitachi Ltd Primary cell
US4310609A (en) * 1979-12-17 1982-01-12 Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. Metal oxide composite cathode material for high energy density batteries
FR2563206B1 (en) * 1984-04-24 1986-06-13 Elf Aquitaine NEW PROCESS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF VANADIUM OXIDE
US4786499A (en) * 1987-11-01 1988-11-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Lithium electrochemical cell including aprotic solvent-dialkyl carbonate solvent mixture

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4243624A (en) * 1979-05-21 1981-01-06 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Method of making cathodes derived from ammonium-metal-chalcogen compounds
US4391729A (en) * 1979-12-17 1983-07-05 Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. Metal oxide composite cathode material for high energy density batteries
JPS6484574A (en) * 1987-09-25 1989-03-29 Sanyo Electric Co Nonaqueous secondary battery

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Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, Volume 13, No. 312 (E-788)(3660), 17 July 1989 & JP-A-01 084 574 (Sanyo Electric Co Ltd.) 29 Mars 1989 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5798191A (en) * 1997-03-07 1998-08-25 Hydro-Quebec Polymer electrolyte lithium battery containing a potassium salt
US6114069A (en) * 1997-03-12 2000-09-05 Hydro Quebec Polymer electrolyte lithium battery containing a potassium salt
USRE37805E1 (en) * 1997-03-12 2002-07-23 Hydro-Quebec Polymer electrolyte lithium battery containing a potassium salt

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9016954D0 (en) 1990-09-19
GB2235566A (en) 1991-03-06
GB8917914D0 (en) 1989-09-20

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