WO1990015927A1 - Wind-powered machine - Google Patents

Abstract

Wind-powered machine with a rotor rotating about a vertical shaft having several sails surrounded by a rotor cover, which has a wind inlet aperture at the end of a wind guide shaft and a wind outlet aperture, whereby the longitudinal sides of the sails and the wind apertures are at different inclinations in relation to the rotor shaft and whereby the rotor cover is kept into the wind by a vane, with a drive for a generator and a second for a shifting motor to move the rotor cover into and out of the wind, and a stay to support the arrangement.

Description

 WIND TURBINE

The invention relates to a wind power machine with a vertical axis and a rotor with at least two rotor blades, which is partially covered by a rotor cover.

Wind turbines with a horizontal rotor shaft have already been built in large numbers and in some cases with significant capacities and dimensions. However, the disadvantage of these machines is the large space requirement of the rotor due to its large diameter, the high and therefore complex support structure, which must support the rotor and the generator together with control devices and has to withstand the wind pressure. moreover, the degree of utilization of the air flowing through the rotor is not significant.

In contrast, wind turbines with vertical axes require less space and the support structure for the rotor is much simpler; Generator and control devices are also built on the machine foundation, so that a much simpler structure is possible.

In wind power machines of the latter type, the wind blades are arranged essentially radially around the vertical axis, with perpendicular outer edges and with these in the same direction, the longitudinal edges at the wind inlet opening and at the wind outlet opening of the rotor cover.

In these machines, the action of the wind vanes occurs very suddenly, which means that the large moments acting under the wind pressure on the wind vanes result in very considerable torque rises and cause a heavy load on the rotor and out-of-round running of the machine. speeds can even lead to damage. A disadvantage of these machines is also their relatively high sensitivity to precipitation in solid form, which can lead to icing and thereby cause malfunctions.

A disadvantage of all wind turbines is the relatively high risk of injury for larger animals.

In known machines of this type, a larger number of wind vanes is often used in order to achieve a more even running of the rotor and a high degree of efficiency, but the additional benefit of an increasing number of wind vanes is becoming less and the rotor is becoming heavier, which besides the ver ¬ expensive construction makes starting at low wind speeds difficult.

In other machines of this type which have become known, the rotor cover is provided on one side on the returning side of the rotor, while the other side remains free; but this results in unfavorable flow conditions and a lower efficiency.

In another, has become known machine of this type, a cover of the rotor with wind inlet opening and Windauslaß- opening is described in the cover coat, wherein the Windein¬ laßöffnung a substantially larger Durchtrittsquerschnit ^'t having as the Windausl ßöffnung, whereby as a result of Stauun¬ gen the wind flow hindered and the efficiency is greatly reduced, while the indicated wind supply shaft is largely useless in this arrangement.

Machines with a vertical axis are also known in which the drive for a generator and / or the control or regulating devices for the rotor and / or the cover are arranged on the underside of the rotor, both centrifugal controllers, Brakes or devices for rotating the cover together with the wind inlet opening are known from the wind. The object of the invention is to eliminate the existing disadvantages in a machine mentioned at the outset, to maintain a simple construction, to achieve good efficiency and to design the drive of an energy converter and the control device for the rotor speed simply and reliably, and to eliminate the risk of injury for larger animals, such as birds.

The object is achieved in a wind power machine of the type mentioned at the outset by the features of the characterizing part of claim 1.

Particularly advantageous features of the refinements of the wind power machine according to claim 1 are claimed in claims 2 to 25, to which particular reference is made here as part of the description.

As a result, the individual wind wing is acted upon as it runs past the longitudinal edge of the wind inlet opening along its outer longitudinal edge in succession, so that the force exerted on the wind wing only gradually becomes fully effective, thereby avoiding shock loads.

At the same time, eddy formation at the edges is reduced, which also reduces the load on the machine and increases efficiency.

If the longitudinal edges of the wind outlet opening and the rear longitudinal edge of the wind inlet opening have the same orientation as the longitudinal edge of the wind inlet opening at the front. then there is a temporally distributed relief of the wind vanes and the vortex build-up when the wind vanes run past the longitudinal edges is greatly reduced.

A particularly simple design results when the longitudinal edges are formed straight. The adaptation to the desired running behavior of the machine is made possible by the curved course of the longitudinal edges, the orientation of the curvature resulting in a faster or delayed loading of the wind vanes compared to straight longitudinal edges and thus the adaptation to use at average low or high wind speeds.

A smooth running of the rotor with good efficiency and at the same time comparatively little construction effort results when using three wind blades, while four wind blades result in a particularly favorable arrangement; an increase in the number of wind vanes beyond six can only be appropriate in special cases, especially in the case of very large machines.

It is also cheap. provided at ^"the rotor hub mounting surfaces, thereby facilitating the assembly of the wind vane, wherein especially flat mounting surfaces are advantageous.

A particularly simple construction of the wind vanes results if they are aligned as a whole at the same angle of inclination as their outer longitudinal edges.

In order to achieve a good degree of efficiency with a simple construction, the wind blades are provided with a flat inner part and an outer part curved against the direction of rotation of the rotor, an obliquely cylindrical shape proving to be particularly advantageous, and likewise if the curvature increases in extent the scope is customizable. whereby fluidic requirements can be taken into account. By suitably aligning the wind blades in the direction of rotation of the rotor and at a corresponding angle to A: -: ι3.1ebe e, the favorable arrangement for the desired application can be selected.

An important improvement in the adjustability of the wind supply The shaft is achieved by a control gear located below. For a simple stable mounting of the rotor and a simple design of the drive of the energy converter, the design of the lower end piece of the rotor hub with a mounting in two directions is particularly advantageous.

In a similar way, it is possible to provide a simple design of the control drive by a downwardly pulled hub of the rotor cover.

A particularly simple and reliable mounting of the rotor cover results from the use of a combined mounting in the radial and below in the axial direction.

The use of a jacket part with the largest possible through openings results in a particularly aerodynamic and therefore low-swirl rotor cover, which is mechanically stable and easy to control.

It is particularly advantageous. the free passage cross sections of the wind inlet opening and the wind outlet opening must be matched to one another in accordance with the air velocities in order to ensure an unimpeded, trouble-free flow of air.

To create an additional. free passage cross-section for the outflowing air, it is favorable to give the cover of the outlet opening a larger cross-section. than this.

To protect the machine against the ingress of larger animals. It is particularly important for birds to completely cover the wind outlet opening with a lattice frame, with the free passage cross section of the lattice frame being larger than that of the wind outlet opening in order to ensure the unimpeded outflow of air from the machine, so that the arrangement of the lattice frame in the Distance behind the wind outlet opening is advantageous and the use of flat surfaces results in a particularly simple arrangement.

To take advantage of the wind pressure occurring on the machine, the attachment of a wind feed shaft is an effective and simple measure, with which a particularly advantageous use results when the wind inlet cross section is selected appropriately.

In order to operate the machine at temperatures below the freezing point, provision is made for the attachment of a defrosting frame in the wind supply shaft, in which malfunctions due to icing of the machine can be avoided by using a double heating wire arrangement and a control device; at the same time, the de-icing frame provides protection against the ingress of larger animals, in particular birds.

A particularly simple solution for the design of the energy converter gearbox and the control gearbox is the use of toothed belt gearboxes, as a result of which the gearboxes of a machine type can be easily adapted to different operating conditions.

A very effective regulation is achieved if the control variable for the control device of the adjusting motor is derived from the speed of the rotor.

For the stable and easy-to-handle securing of the machine ^* with a guy cross, the rotatable mounting of the same is of particular advantage1.

The invention is described below with reference to an embodiment of the invention shown in the drawing. It shows:

1 is a wind turbine in front view,

Fig. 2 shows the wind turbine according to Fig. 1 in

Top view, 3 shows the machine in a front view according to FIG. 1, cut according to II-II,

4 shows the machine in a top view according to FIG. 2, cut according to II.

5 shows a de-icing frame of the wind supply shaft in a front view,

Fig. 6 shows the deicing frame in rear view.

The wind turbine consists of a rotor, which is mounted with a rotor hub 2 on a vertical axis 1, which is firmly inserted into a machine foundation and rotates in the direction of rotation 59 counterclockwise driven by the wind; Of course, a mirror-image arrangement could be used, in which the rotor rotates clockwise, a rotor cover 4, a generator gear 21, a generator 20, an adjustment gear 25 with adjusting motor 29 and adjustment gear control 30 and a guy cross 7.

The rotor hub 2 is provided with flat fastening surfaces 62 on which. the rotor blades 3 are attached at an angle of inclination 55 to the vertical axis 1 and thus to the axis 58 of the rotor, which opens upwards and leads in the direction of rotation 59 of the rotor, the rotor blades 3 in plan view at an angle 60 that opens outwards , of approximately 45 degrees, from an axial plane 61 perpendicular to the wind direction 36, leading in the direction of rotation 59.

The rotor blades 3 are flat on their inner part, which is followed by an outer part which is curved in the shape of a circular arc counter to the direction of rotation 59 and which comprises approximately a third of a circle, the outer part of the rotor blade 3 having an obliquely cylindrical shape. The outer longitudinal edges 54 of the rotor blades 3 run in the same orientation as the rotor blades 3 themselves, at an angle of inclination 55 to the axis 58.

The rotor is mounted on the upper ensemble 42 of the rotor hub 2 with an upper rotor bearing 15 on the vertical axis 1.

The lower end piece 41 of the rotor hub 2 is fixedly connected to a hollow rotor shaft 16, which extends the rotor hub 2 downwards and has a bearing support piece 17 which has a thrust bearing 19 against the machine foundation 31 and immediately above it with a lower radial rotor bearing 18 against the perpendicular axis 1 is supported.

The rotor is surrounded by a rotor cover 4 at a short distance, which consists of an upper part 40 and a lower part 39 and a jacket part 63 connecting them.

The lower edges 52 and the upper edges 53 of the rotor blades go a short distance from the upper part 40 and the lower part 39 of the rotor cover 4.

The jacket part 63 is provided on the side of an axial plane 64 pointing in the wind direction, on which the rotor runs in the wind direction 36, with a wind inlet opening 44 arranged against the wind direction 36 and on the part facing away from it with a wind outlet opening 45, the free passage cross section of the wind outlet opening 45 is considerably larger than that of the wind inlet opening 44 ^' .

entfernt ist, verläuft etwa in Windrichtung 36 und bildet eine Führung für die durch die Maschine strömende Luft.Part of the jacket part 63. of the axis 56 a

is removed, runs approximately in the wind direction 36 and forms a guide for the air flowing through the machine.

The front longitudinal edge 56 in the direction of rotation 59, on which particularly high forces act on the wind vanes 3, also runs parallel to the axis 58 of the rotor, like that in FIG Direction of rotation 59 of the rear longitudinal edge 56 'and the two longitudinal edges 57 and 57' of the wind outlet opening 45, so that the loading and unloading of the rotor blades 3 take place successively in a timed manner due to their inclination to the solder, and shock loads are avoided .

In order to increase the degree of utilization, a wind supply shaft 46 is attached in front of the wind inlet opening 44, which is stiffened with tension bands 69 on the rotor cover 4, unless a closed cover is provided.

In the wind supply shaft 46, a deicing frame 47 is inserted, which is shown in the middle of the shaft. When attached to the front 66 of the wind supply shaft 46, larger animals are at the same time prevented from entering the machine.

The deicing frame 47 is provided on the outside with insulators 48 for the horizontal heating wires 51 and on the inside with insulators 49 for the perpendicular heating wires 50.

The heating wires 50, 51 are to be connected to a low-voltage source via a switch or a control device (not shown).

For the outflow of precipitation 4 drain openings are provided in the lower part 39 of the rotor cover.

At the wind outlet opening 45 there is a grid frame 65 at a distance behind it to protect against the ingress of larger animals, in particular birds, the grid of which forms flat surfaces and whose free passage cross section is larger than that of the wind outlet opening 45.

The rotor cover 4 is provided with an upper hub 12, which is equipped with reinforcing ribs 8 for introducing forces and in which an upper thrust bearing 13 is installed that is supported on the upper end piece 42 of the rotor hub 2, while the hub 12 is mounted on the vertical axis 1 with an upper radial bearing 14 directly above it.

05 On the lower part 39 of the rotor cover 4, a lower hub 38 is pulled down and carries a lower radial bearing 37, which is mounted on the rotor shaft 16 and supports the rotor cover at the bottom.

10 On the upper part 40 of the rotor cover 4, wind vanes 5 are fastened for adjustment in the wind direction 36 and are reinforced with transverse amplifiers 6.

The rotor shaft 16 carries the gear wheel 24 of the rotor, which drives the gear wheel 23 of the generator 20 on the generator shaft 22 via 15 a toothed belt of the generator gear 21.

The lower hub 38 of the rotor cover 4 carries the adjusting gear 27, which is adjusted via a toothed belt by a gear wheel 26 of the adjusting gear 25 and which increasingly turns the wind inlet opening 44 from the wind direction 36 when the wind speed and thus the rotor speed exceeds a permissible limit.

25. The gear wheel 26 is on the adjusting gear shaft 28 of an adjusting motor 29, which is controlled by an adjusting gear control 30, which derives its control variable from the speed of the rotor.

30 At the upper end of the vertical axis 1, the machine carries a guy cross 7 with four arms, which are provided with rope eyelets 34, in which the rope loops 35 of the guy ropes 33 are drawn in and secured with rope locks 32.

35 The middle piece 9 of the guy cross 7 is rotatably mounted with a thrust bearing 10 and a radial bearing 11 on the vertical axis 1, whereby a uniform bracing is achieved. REFERENCE LIST

1 vertical axis

05 2 rotor hub

3 rotor blades

4 rotor cover

5 wind vane

6 Cross reinforcement of the wind vane 10 7 Cross brace

8 reinforcement rib of the hub 12

9 Center piece of the guy cross

10 thrust cross bearing 9

11 Cross bearing radial bearing 9 15 12 Hub of the rotor cover 4

13 upper thrust bearing of the rotor cover 4

14 upper radial bearing of the rotor cover 4

15 upper rotor bearing

16 rotor shaft

20 17 bearing support of the rotor shaft 16

18 lower radial rotor bearing

19 rotor bearing

20 generator

21 Generator gear 25 22 Generator shaft

23 Gear wheel of the ^' generator

24 gear wheel of the rotor

25 Adjustment gear of the rotor cover 4

26 Gear wheel of the adjusting gear 25

30 27 Adjustment gear wheel of the rotor cover 4

28 variable speed gear shaft

29 adjusting motor

30 Transfer gear control

31 Machine foundation 35 32 Rope lock

33 guy rope

34. Rope eyelet of the guy cross 7 35 rope loop

36 wind direction

37 lower radial bearing of the rotor cover 4

38 lower hub of the rotor cover 4 05 39 lower part of the rotor cover 4

40 upper part of the Roto cover 4

41 lower end piece of the rotor hub 2

42 upper end piece of the rotor hub 2

43 drain opening

10 44 wind inlet opening

45 Wind outlet opening

46 wind supply shaft

47 Deicing frame

48 Insulator for horizontal heating wires 51 15 49 Insulator for vertical heating wires 50

50 vertical heating wire

51 horizontal heating wire

52 lower edge of rotor blade 3

53 upper edge of the rotor blade 3

20 54 outer longitudinal edge of the rotor blade 3

55 angle of inclination between the rotor blades 3. in particular between the longitudinal edge 54 and the longitudinal edge 56 or 56 'or 57 or 57'

56 longitudinal edge of the rotor cover 4 at the wind inlet opening 25, in relation to the direction of rotation 59 at the front

56 'longitudinal edge of the rotor cover 4 at the wind inlet opening 44. With respect to the direction of rotation 59 at the rear

57 longitudinal edge of the rotor cover 4 at the wind outlet opening 45, with respect to the direction of rotation 59 at the rear

30 57 'longitudinal edge of the rotor cover 4 at the wind outlet opening 45, with respect to the direction of rotation 59 at the front

58 longitudinal axis of the rotor

59 Direction of rotation of the rotor

60 angle between rotor blade 3 and axial plane 61 35 61 axial plane through the longitudinal axis 58 of the rotor

62 mounting surface of the hub 2

63 Shell part of the rotor cover 4 Grid frame at the wind outlet opening 45 facing the front of the wind supply shaft 46, pointing in the axial direction 36 in the wind direction

Drawstring

Claims

-ttrPATENT CLAIMS 1. Wind power machine with a rotor rotating around a vertical axis (1), with a plurality of wind vanes (3) which are essentially upright, running in the direction of the vertical axis (1), on a rotor hub (2) are attached and which is surrounded on all sides by a rotor cover (4), the jacket part (63) of which has a wind inlet opening (44) at the end of a wind supply shaft (46) and a wind vane (5) for aligning the wind supply shaft (46) is provided according to the wind direction (36) and in which the rotor at its lower end is coupled to a generator (20) with a gear (21) and the vertical axis (1) at the upper end is a guy cross (7) for carries several guy ropes (33), characterized in that the rotor has at least two rotor blades (3), which have at least their outer longitudinal edges (54) at an angle of inclination (55), at least one ^" in the direction of rotation (59 ) the longitudinal edge (56) of the rotor lying at the front cover (4) at the wind inlet opening (44) are arranged inclined. 2 .. Wind power machine according to claim 1, characterized in that at least either the outer longitudinal edges (54) of the rotor blades (3) or at least the longitudinal edge (56) of the rotor cover (4), which is located at the wind inlet opening (44) at the front, an angle of inclination (55) to the vertical axis (1) and thus to the longitudinal axis (58) of the rotor or to the vertical axis (1) and thus to the longitudinal axis (58) of the rotor is arranged to run parallel. 3. Wind power machine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the longitudinal edge (57) at the wind outlet opening (45), which is located in the direction of rotation (59) of the rotor, and preferably also the other longitudinal edge (57 ') and / or the Longitudinal edge (56 ') at the rear wind inlet opening (44) .cp2 - 45 ^" lies in the same orientation as the longitudinal edge (56) at the wind inlet opening (44). 4. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that of the longitudinal edges (56,56 ', 57,57') of the wind inlet opening (44) and the wind outlet opening (45), and the longitudinal edges (54) of the rotor blades (3) at least either one of the longitudinal edges (56,56 ', 57,57 ') of the rotor cover (4) or the longitudinal edges (54) of the wind blades (3) are straight. 5. Wind power machine according to claim 3, characterized in that at least one of the longitudinal edges (56,56 ', 57,57') of the rotor cover (4) or the longitudinal edges (54) of the wind blades (3) are curved, with a variable angle of inclination (55) is formed over the longitudinal extent of the longitudinal edges, the curvature of the longitudinal edge (s), viewed in the direction of rotation (59) of the rotor, being concave for average low wind speeds and convex for average high wind speeds. 6. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rotor is equipped with three rotor blades (3) which are fixedly offset from one another by 120 degrees in each case on three fastening surfaces (62) of the rotor hub (2) and preferably four Rotor blades (3) offset by 90 degrees in each case, are provided on four mounting surfaces (62) of the rotor hub (2). 7. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fastening surfaces (62) for the rotor blades (3) are flat. 8. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that each rotor blade (3) as a whole at the angle of inclination (55) to the vertical axis - \ (o- (1) and thus arranged inclined to the longitudinal axis (58) of the rotor. 9. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that each rotor blade (3) has a flat inner part, which is followed by an outer part curved against the direction of rotation (59) of the rotor. 10. Wind power machine according to claim 9, characterized in that the curved outer part of each R ^' otorflugis (3) is bent back obliquely cylindrical against the direction of rotation (59), the curvature being less than half and more than a quarter and preferably approximately one Third of the described circumference includes. 11. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that each rotor blade (3) with the inner part in plan view, leading in the direction of rotation (59) of the rotor at an outwardly opening angle (60) to the axial plane (61 ), which is perpendicular to the flat mounting surface (62), which is between 10 and 70 degrees, preferably between 30 and 60 and especially 45 degrees. 12. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rotor cover (4) on its lower part (39) is coupled to an adjustment gear (25) for controlling the orientation of the wind feed shaft (46). 13. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rotor hub (2) on the lower end piece (41) is connected to a tubular rotor shaft (16) which through the lower part (39) of the Rotorab¬ cover (4th ) is passed and has a bearing support piece (17), which against the machine foundation (31) with a Thrust bearing (19) and against the vertical axis (1) immediately above it with a lower radial rotor bearing (18) is supported. 05 14. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rotor cover (4) has a downwardly drawn hub (38) which is mounted on the rotor shaft (16) with a lower radial bearing (37). 10 15. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rotor cover (4) on an upper hub (12) with an upper radial bearing (14) against the vertical axis (1) and immediately below with an upper pressure bearing (13) is supported on the upper end piece (42) of the rotor hub (2). 16. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rotor cover (4) 0 has an upper part (40) and a lower part (39) which are connected to a casing part (63) which is essentially connected to ^" one side of the axial plane (64), which is transverse to the wind direction during operation, is interrupted 5 by the wind inlet opening (44) and the wall outlet opening (45) to such an extent that a predominant part, the transverse to the wind direction part of the jacket part (63) lying on one side of the axial plane (64) is omitted and forms a free passage cross section for the wind. 17. A wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wind outlet opening (45) has a free passage cross section for the wind, which is larger than the free passage cross section of the wind outlet opening (44) and preferably larger in the ratio 5 is in which the wind speed is reduced in the wind power machine. 18. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wind outlet opening (45) of the rotor cover (4) is covered by a lattice frame (65) which preferably has a larger free passage cross-section than this and is arranged essentially at a distance behind it and, in a special embodiment, has flat boundary surfaces. 19. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the »the Windeinla߬ opening (44) of the rotor cover (4) upstream Windzufuhr¬ shaft (46) has a cross section which is to the cross section of the wind inlet opening (44) behaves at least as 1: 1.5 and corresponds at most to the total cross section of the jacket part (63). 20. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that - in the wind feed shaft (46) a deicing frame (47) is inserted, on which heating wires (50, 51) are drawn over the passage cross section of the deicing frame (47), which is preferably arranged on the front side (66) of the wind supply shaft (46) is. 21. Wind turbine according to the preceding claim, characterized in that on the outside of the deicing frame (47) the heating wires (51) are horizontal and on the inside of the heating wires (50) are drawn vertically. 22. Wind power machine according to one of the two preceding claims, characterized in that the heating wires (50, 51) can be switched on by means of a manual switch or by switching by means of a control unit when the air temperature falls below freezing point and / or icing through precipitation occurs. 23. Wind turbine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the generator gear (21) and / or the adjustment gear (25) are designed as toothed drives. 24. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the adjustment gear (25) is driven by an adjusting motor (29) which is actuated by an adjusting gear control (30) which derives the control variable directly or indirectly from the speed of the rotor. 25. Wind power machine according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the guy cross (7), which has at least three rope eyelets (34) for guy ropes (33) in a central piece (9) with a thrust bearing (10) and a radial bearing (11) is rotatably supported against the vertical axis (1). 25 claims