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WO1990000752A1 - Systeme optique - Google Patents

Systeme optique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1990000752A1
WO1990000752A1 PCT/GB1989/000763 GB8900763W WO9000752A1 WO 1990000752 A1 WO1990000752 A1 WO 1990000752A1 GB 8900763 W GB8900763 W GB 8900763W WO 9000752 A1 WO9000752 A1 WO 9000752A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
lens
optical
optical system
lenses
optical coupler
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB1989/000763
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Eric Ian Drummond
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Plessey Overseas Ltd
Original Assignee
Plessey Overseas Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Plessey Overseas Ltd filed Critical Plessey Overseas Ltd
Publication of WO1990000752A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990000752A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/3524—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being refractive
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0004—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed
    • G02B19/0009—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only
    • G02B19/0014—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only at least one surface having optical power
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
    • G02B19/0047—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source
    • G02B19/0052—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source the light source comprising a laser diode
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
    • G02B27/0938—Using specific optical elements
    • G02B27/095—Refractive optical elements
    • G02B27/0955—Lenses
    • G02B27/0966—Cylindrical lenses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/3524—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being refractive
    • G02B6/3526—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being refractive the optical element being a lens
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
    • G02B6/4206—Optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4219—Mechanical fixtures for holding or positioning the elements relative to each other in the couplings; Alignment methods for the elements, e.g. measuring or observing methods especially used therefor
    • G02B6/422—Active alignment, i.e. moving the elements in response to the detected degree of coupling or position of the elements
    • G02B6/4225—Active alignment, i.e. moving the elements in response to the detected degree of coupling or position of the elements by a direct measurement of the degree of coupling, e.g. the amount of light power coupled to the fibre or the opto-electronic element
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4249—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details comprising arrays of active devices and fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
    • G02B6/3544—2D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a plane
    • G02B6/3548—1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
    • G02B6/3554—3D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a volume
    • G02B6/3558—1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3598—Switching means directly located between an optoelectronic element and waveguides, including direct displacement of either the element or the waveguide, e.g. optical pulse generation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical system and in particular, but not exclusively to, an optical system comprising an optical coupler for coupling waveguides such as laser diodes.
  • Certain waveguides e.g. conventional lasers, or optical fibres provide a circularly symmetrical beam output.
  • Optical couplers for such waveguides are relatively simple, matching the numerical apertures.
  • some waveguides provide an elliptically symetrical beam output.
  • Gaussian Optics describe the shape of a beam in three
  • a general gaussian beam has an elliptical profile at the waist.
  • Laser diodes are examples of waveguides providing a neargaussian elliptical beam output due to the geometry of the output region.
  • the dimensions of the output region of a laser diode are in the order of 3 ⁇ m wide and 0.5 ⁇ m deep. Consequently in the far field the beam divergence in the horizontal plane is relatively narrow and in the vertical plane relatively wide.
  • Laser diodes are usually coupled to optical fibres, which have acircular cross-sectional beam input, but laser diodes may be coupled to any other waveguide having the same or a dissimilar beam eliipticity.
  • An optical coupler in order to match efficiently the numerical apertures of the waveguides must transform the beam ellipticity. This can be achieved by an optical coupler which permits independent magnification of the beam waist in two perpendicular directions (see Figure 1 ).
  • Hitherto bulk optical lenses with pan-cylindrical surfaces have been used in an anamorphic system e.g. wide screen cinemas to give dissimilar magnification in perpendicular directions (see Figure 2).
  • the subject or screen In photographing or projection, the subject or screen respectively are both distant and also reflect light diffusely over an extremely wide angle. This large numerical aperture is impossible to match from a distance, so photographic lenses are just made with as large an aperture as possible.
  • optical system coupling waveguides subject of the present invention must provide very accurate numerical aperture matching due to the dimensions of the waveguides in combination with having large numerical apertures.
  • an anamorphic system would not easily permit extension to closely-packed arrays of waveguides. If a single pair of crossed cylindrical lenses were used to cover an array of waveguides. then it would employ off-axis imaging and eccentric apertures which would require either compound lenses or aspherics to give high numerical aperture matching and wide field of view with low aberrations. Since semiconductor waveguides require very high numerical aperture matching such an optical coupler would be impractical. Also this type of optical coupler would introduce an angular misalignment as shown in Figure 3.
  • a known optical coupler suitable for waveguides such as laser diodes includes a transverse homogeneous cylindrical lens.
  • the transverse lens is transverse since its axis is orthogonal to the path of the beam.
  • the coupler matches the ellipticity of the laser diode to the optical fibre through focussing in the vertical plane.
  • increasing focussing in the vertical plane means the beam in the horizontal plane becomes defocussed thereby introducing an astigmatism as shown in Figure 4.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an efficient, low-loss, optical system suitable for coupling waveguides such as laser diodes.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical system suitable for coupling an array of waveguides.
  • an optical system comprising an optical coupler and at least two waveguides, the optical coupler enabling at least one of the waveguides to be coupled to at least one other of the waveguides and the optical coupler including a combination of transverse cylindrical lenses providing orthogonally independent coupling.
  • each first lens having a first axis and a number of second lenses the or each second lens having a second axis whereby each first axis is substantially
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of elliptical beam conversion in the vertical plane (Figure 1 a) and the horizontal plane ( Figure 1b):
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of an anamorphic system according to the prior art
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a single lens illustrating angular misalignment in array imaging
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the cross-section of a cylindrical lens illustrating an astigmatism
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of the present invention (Figure 5a) and a schematic diagram illustrating a beam propagated by the first embodiment ( Figure 5b):
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of cross-sections of a
  • homogeneous circular lens 7a a generalised Luneburg lens 7b. and a Luneburg lens 7c each propagating a beam:
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a cross-section of a diffused cylindrical lens array
  • Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of five cross-sections of five Dshaped lenses:
  • Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of two forms of optical switch.
  • a first embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figure 5.
  • An optical coupler 2 enables a beam to propagate from one waveguide such as a laser diode 4 to another waveguide such as an optical fibre 6.
  • a waveguide is any optical conductor, for propagating electromagnetic radiation, having dimensions no greater than approximately 2cm wide and 10 ⁇ m deep.
  • the optical coupler 2 comprises first and second transverse homogeneous cylindrical lenses 8a and 8b respectively and a diffused cylindrical graded index (GRIN) lens array 10.
  • the beam consists of two orthogonal components for convenience termed vertical and horizontal. The horizontal component passes undeviated through both cylindrical lenses 8a, 8b and is focussed by the GRIN lens array 10.
  • the vertical component is focussed by the cylindrical lenses 8a, 8b and passes through the GRIN lens array 10 with little deviation.
  • the horizontal and vertical components of the bearr. are thus focussed independently at the output aperture.
  • the optical coupler 2 has transformed the beam from an elliptical beam to a circular beam suitable for propagation by the optical fibre 6.
  • the optical coupler 2 provides more degrees of design freedom than available hitherto, since the cylindrical lenses 8 each have an index and a radius and there are possibly three different media surrounding the lenses 8, providing a maximum of seven degrees of freedom. This increase in degrees of design freedom will allow a reduction of spherical aberration without the complexity of graded index fabrication. Further, a higher focussing power is available which meets the requirement with laser diodes of high numerical aperture without needing high-index lenses.
  • FIG. 6 A second embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figure 6, which consists of the optical coupler 2 positioned on an optical microbench 12, e.g. v-grooves etched in silicon.
  • cylindrical lens 8b is mounted in a groove 14 in the optical micro bench 12.
  • the other cylindrical lens 8a is permitted to rotate about the axis of the cylindrical lens 8b, thereby allowing "translation" of the lens 8a in an arc about the same axis. This permits a degree of beam-steering freedom in the vertical plane.
  • Semiconductor devices have vertical mode depths in the order of 1 ⁇ m, as opposed to other waveguides such as Ti: LiNbO 3 which have vertical mode depths of approximately 7 to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the optical coupler 2 can steer the beam more accurately in the vertical plane thus increasing the efficiency of the coupler 2.
  • This assembly technique is the "flip-chip" technique which employs surface tension in molten solder droplets to pull into alignment similar metal patterns on adjacent surfaces between which the solder is sandwiched.
  • a metal pattern on the surface of an inverted waveguide chip may be self -aligned to a pattern on a silicon v-groove chip holding the fibres and lenses.
  • Variations in groovedepth and solder thickness occur among fabricated chips, limiting the height accuracy to about 1 ⁇ m , which is sufficient for LIN60 3 . but not for the sub-micron mode-heights in semiconductor waveguides.
  • FIG. 7a there is shown a cross-section of an homogeneous circular lens propagating a beam.
  • the lens creates a relatively large spherical aberration of the beam as can be shown by the indistinct focal point A.
  • Using an inhomogenous lens enables such spherical aberration to be minimised.
  • Figure 7b a cross-section of a
  • a Luneberg lens shown in Figure 7c enables a parallel beam to be converged with minimum aberration.
  • Such lenses can be used as the lenses 8 in the optical coupler 2 to minimise spherical aberrations in the vertical
  • Figure 8 illustrates a cross-section of the diffused cylindrical lens array 10 propagating two beams.
  • the graded index profile provides efficient focussing of the horizontal component of the beam.
  • An homogenous cylindrical lens can be used to focus the horizontal component but using the GRIN lens array 10 improves coupling efficiency and enables consistent alignment when coupling an array of waveguides. Comparing Figure 8 with Figure 3, the GRIN lens array 10 clearly illustrates the advantages of all on-axis imaging and apertures, symmetrical diffraction effects and minimum aberrations.
  • the GRIN lens array 10 can be cheaply and easily fabricated using existing technologies such as ion-exchange in glass or diffusion in polymers.
  • Sufficient beam-steering may be available in either lateral or vertical directions or both, not only to optimise coupling of each guide of one array to one guide of a second array, but also to switch coupling to different guides of the second array, or even to a third array of guides displaced slightly from the second array. Lateral displacement may be obtained by translating the lens array 10
  • the optical coupler 2 could alternatively use cylindrical lenses having a D-shaped cross-section or hollow rod lenses instead of the cylindrical lenses 8 and/or the GRIN lens array 10. Cross-sections of five commonly used D-shaped lenses are shown in Figure 9. The focussing capabilities and potential aberration for each lens is known in the art. Consequently, such lenses can be used in the optical coupler giving another degree of design freedom to optimise the coupling efficiency for each application of the optical coupler 2.
  • the principle application of the optical coupler 2 is for coupling an array of waveguides on a semiconductor to optical fibre " pigtails" .
  • Present mode ellipticities from such waveguides are in the order of 5 to 10 and previously proposed couplers have given only typically 20% coupling efficiency.
  • the optical coupler 2 of the present invention significantly increases this coupling efficiency to greater than 40% . and ideally close to 100%.
  • Other applications of the optical coupler 2 include laser and laser array coupling and coupling of hi-bi fibres.
  • the optical coupler 2 may be made in two separable parts which mate to form the aligned coupler, but separate between the orthogonal lens-groups to enable rapid interchange of waveguide devices or fibre-harnesses.
  • the relatively expanded beam between the parts permits increased tolerance of displacement between the mating parts of the optical edge-connector.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)

Abstract

Un système optique accouplant un guide d'ondes tel qu'une diode laser (4) à un guide d'ondes tel qu'une fibre optique (6) doit transformer l'ellipticité du faisceau pour permettre un accouplement efficace. Le système optique comprend des lentilles (8a, 8b, 10) combinées assurant un accouplement indépendant dans deux sens orthogonaux. La combinaison de lentilles comprend des premières et secondes lentilles ayant chacune un indice respectif pouvant être homogène ou inhomogène. Ces caractéristiques permettent à l'optocoupleur d'assurer un accouplement efficace avec peu de perte et présentent des avantages particuliers lorsque l'on accouple un réseau de guides d'ondes sur un semi-conducteur à des torons de raccordement de fibre optique.
PCT/GB1989/000763 1988-07-06 1989-07-06 Systeme optique Ceased WO1990000752A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8816064.3 1988-07-06
GB8816064A GB2220501A (en) 1988-07-06 1988-07-06 Coupling waveguides using transverse cylindrical lenses

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1990000752A1 true WO1990000752A1 (fr) 1990-01-25

Family

ID=10639950

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1989/000763 Ceased WO1990000752A1 (fr) 1988-07-06 1989-07-06 Systeme optique

Country Status (2)

Country Link
GB (1) GB2220501A (fr)
WO (1) WO1990000752A1 (fr)

Cited By (13)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992002844A1 (fr) * 1990-08-01 1992-02-20 Diomed Limited Source lumineuse a haute puissance
EP0484276A1 (fr) * 1990-11-01 1992-05-06 Fisba Optik Ag Méthode de formation de l'image de sources de radiation alignées en une ou plusieurs colonnes et dispositif l'utilisant
WO1994015234A1 (fr) * 1992-12-18 1994-07-07 Polaroid Corporation Laser a fibres optiques et coupleur geometrique
EP0587914A4 (en) * 1992-04-06 1994-09-14 Furukawa Electric Co Ltd Asymmetric lens
WO1995015510A3 (fr) * 1993-11-30 1995-07-06 Univ Southampton Dispositif de mise en forme d'un faisceau
EP0694408A1 (fr) * 1994-07-29 1996-01-31 Eastman Kodak Company Système optique à rayons multiples utilisant des réseaux de lentilles dans des imprimantes laser à rayons multiples et dans des appareils d'enregistrement
WO1996008740A1 (fr) * 1994-09-15 1996-03-21 Robert Bosch Gmbh Module de connexion laser
EP0767392A1 (fr) * 1995-10-06 1997-04-09 AT&T Corp. Dispositif pour minimiser d'aberration sphérique d'un faisceau optique couplé dans un fibre optique et en utilisant déplacement radial d'une lentille corrective
EP0486175B1 (fr) * 1990-11-16 2002-03-13 Spectra-Physics Laser Diode Systems Incorporated Dispositif pour coupler une diode laser d'émetteurs multiples avec des fibres optiques multimodes
KR20030087287A (ko) * 2002-05-08 2003-11-14 강선희 디젤 엔진의 연료가열 장치
WO2009074508A1 (fr) * 2007-12-13 2009-06-18 Ccs Technology, Inc. Dispositif de couplage de guides d'ondes optiques
WO2011045131A1 (fr) 2009-10-12 2011-04-21 Societe De Technologie Michelin Composition de caoutchouc a base de glycerol et d'un elastomere fonctionnalise et bande de roulement pour pneumatique
US9069142B2 (en) 2010-03-19 2015-06-30 Corning Incorporated Small-form-factor fiber optic interface devices with an internal lens

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GB9001547D0 (en) * 1990-01-23 1990-03-21 British Telecomm Interconnection
DE19613755A1 (de) * 1996-04-06 1997-10-09 Sel Alcatel Ag Optisches Koppelelement
DE19650696A1 (de) 1996-12-06 1998-06-10 Deutsche Telekom Ag Vorrichtung zur optischen Kopplung eines Festkörperlasers mit einem Lichtwellenleiter und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
EP0867991B1 (fr) * 1997-03-27 2001-05-30 Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. Source de lumière à laser à semi-conducteur et laser à l'état solide
AUPO790397A0 (en) 1997-07-16 1997-08-07 Lions Eye Institute Of Western Australia Incorporated, The Laser scanning apparatus and method
US6026206A (en) * 1998-03-06 2000-02-15 Lucent Technologies, Inc. Optical coupler using anamorphic microlens
DE19932592A1 (de) 1999-07-13 2001-01-18 Lissotschenko Vitalij Abbildungssystem
AU2002226081A1 (en) * 2000-12-12 2002-06-24 L-A-Omega, Inc. Method and system for aligning an optical system via single axis adjustments
WO2002084356A1 (fr) * 2001-04-11 2002-10-24 Lockheed Martin Corporation Procede hybride de mise en correspondance de modes a une dimension parmi des modes de guides d'ondes ronds et elliptiques, et dispositif connexe
US20020181877A1 (en) * 2001-04-11 2002-12-05 Van Eck Timothy Edwin Integrated one-dimensional mode-matching method between round and elliptical waveguide modes
JP4665240B2 (ja) * 2001-06-25 2011-04-06 富士通株式会社 光伝送装置
EP1435535A3 (fr) 2002-12-31 2005-02-02 Lg Electronics Inc. Dispositif de couplage à fibre optique et son procédé de fabrication
EP1620756A1 (fr) 2003-05-01 2006-02-01 BAE Systems PLC Dispositif de couplage optique

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FR2331803A1 (fr) * 1975-11-14 1977-06-10 Post Office Perfectionnements aux raccords de guides d'ondes optiques dielectriques
FR2365750A1 (fr) * 1976-09-24 1978-04-21 Thomson Csf Support de positionnement pour fibres optiques
FR2368725A1 (fr) * 1976-10-21 1978-05-19 Labo Electronique Physique Procede pour augmenter la fraction d'energie incidente transmise par une fibre optique a profil d'indice quasi parabolique ainsi que la bande passante du signal transmis et dispositif de mise en oeuvre
JPS57176014A (en) * 1981-04-21 1982-10-29 Fujitsu Ltd Combined lens
EP0232037A2 (fr) * 1986-01-24 1987-08-12 XMR, Inc. Système d'intégration des rayons optiques

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GB2261528A (en) * 1990-08-01 1993-05-19 Biomed Ltd High power light source
GB2261528B (en) * 1990-08-01 1994-04-06 Biomed Ltd High power light source
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US5319528A (en) * 1990-08-01 1994-06-07 Diomed Limited High power light source
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US9069142B2 (en) 2010-03-19 2015-06-30 Corning Incorporated Small-form-factor fiber optic interface devices with an internal lens
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GB8816064D0 (en) 1988-08-10

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