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WO1989001613A1 - Determination non destructive de caracteristiques de contrainte dans des materiaux magnetiques - Google Patents

Determination non destructive de caracteristiques de contrainte dans des materiaux magnetiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1989001613A1
WO1989001613A1 PCT/AU1988/000293 AU8800293W WO8901613A1 WO 1989001613 A1 WO1989001613 A1 WO 1989001613A1 AU 8800293 W AU8800293 W AU 8800293W WO 8901613 A1 WO8901613 A1 WO 8901613A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
probe
poles
instrument
carrier
magnetic field
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/AU1988/000293
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English (en)
Inventor
Ian Nigel; Hutchinson
Richard Anthony; Langman
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication of WO1989001613A1 publication Critical patent/WO1989001613A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/72—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating magnetic variables
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/12—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in the magnetic properties of materials resulting from the application of stress
    • G01L1/125—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in the magnetic properties of materials resulting from the application of stress by using magnetostrictive means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/12—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in the magnetic properties of materials resulting from the application of stress
    • G01L1/127—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in the magnetic properties of materials resulting from the application of stress by using inductive means

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to the non-destructive measurement of stress within a surface layer of magnetisable materials, and in particular to a probe for providing at least one parameter used in determining one or more stress characteristics within the surface layer of magnetisable materials as well as an instrument including the probe for determining magnitude and direction characteristics of such stress.
  • the probe and instrument are applicable for determining magnitude and direction characteristics of residual stress in the surface layer of steel railway wheels, and it will be convenient to hereinafter describe the invention in relation to that exemplary application. It is to be appreciated, however, that the probe and instrument are not limited to that application.
  • railway wheels are heat treated in order to leave the wheel rim, including the surface layer, in residual compressive stress in a circumferential direction. In this way, any cracks developing in the rim surface layer while the wheel is in service, particularly in the tread region, tend to close up under influence of the compressive stress.
  • the wheel may heat up sufficiently that the rim yields. This may particularly occur during wheel braking where brake shoes are applied directly to the wheel tread. Then, upon cooling the rim, including the surface layer, may be left with residual tensile stresses in the circumferential direction. Such- stresses would tend to open cracks in the wheel rim, with the potential to cause wheel failure.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide an instrument for determining magnitude and direction of residual stresses in the surface layer of steel railway wheels in order to detect destructive stresses in those wheels and thereby alleviate possible in service wheel failure.
  • the present invention br ⁇ adly provides a probe and an instrument including the probe t ⁇ rat can be used for determining specific stress characteristics in the surface layer of magnetisable materials using, as a basis, the known effect that stress has on the magnetisation of those materials.
  • Stress either residual or applied can make steel anisotropic.
  • the permeability of mild steel is highest in the HT- direction of tensile stress and lowest perpendicular thereto.
  • the directions of magnetic field and magnetic flux density relatively shift so as to angularly differ depending on the difference in two relatively generally perpendicular principal stresses in the surface layer of the material.
  • the instrument uses this effect to determine the characteristics of difference between the principal stresses (.principal stress difference) as well as the direction of those stresses. (stress direction).
  • principal stress are the radial and circumferential stresses in the surface layer of a railway wheel rim.
  • a probe for providing at least one parameter used in determining one or more stress characteristics within thesurface layer of magnetisable material including: a carrier rotatable about a rotation axis extending perpendicularly outwardly from a magnetisable material surface; an electromagnet mounted on the carrier and providing a pair of poles spaced apart, one on either side of the rotation axis, on a pole axis extending parallel to the material surface so that on carrier rotation the poles circulate about the rotation axis, the electromagnet being energisable to produce a magnetic field between the poles; a search coil fixed relative to the electromagnet between the poles, on an axis extending parallel to the material surface .and perpendicular to the pole axis, so as to lie in the magnetic field; and, drive means operable to rotate the
  • the probe in use being positioned with the poles adjacent the material surface so that the magnetic field extends into the surface, shifts in the magnetic field caused by stress in the material surface inducing representative voltages in the search coil at the angular positions.
  • the present invention in another aspect provides an instrument for determining one or more stress characteristics within the surface layer of magnetizable material, including: the above probe; and, control apparatus for controlling
  • the drive means includes an electric drive motor having a rotary output shaft connected to the carrier for rotation thereof. That drive motor is a stepper motor in one embodiment.
  • the electromagnet includes a C-shaped
  • 29 magnet core having the poles at terminal ends thereof and an exciting coil wound about the core.
  • the search coil is a wire wound air cored coil positioned mid way between the poles in one embodiment of the probe and instrument.
  • At least one reference coil is fixed relative to the electromagnet between the poles, on a respective axis extending parallel to the pole axis, so as to lie in the magnetic field.
  • the magnetic field produced between the poles induces voltages in the 10'.
  • a pa r of reference coils may be provided one adjacent each end of the search coil and in a plane common with the search coil.
  • the reference coils may be each wire wound air cored coils.
  • the probe also includes in one embodiment, a housing having an opening and a bearing surface adjacent the opening.
  • the carrier is positioned in this housing with the poles and search coil exposed through the opening. In this way the probe is positioned with the bearing surface abutting the 23. material surface and the poles and search coil facing through the opening " to the material surface.
  • the control apparatus in one embodiment of the instrument includes a power supply device for providing exciting power to the electromagnet.
  • That supply device may include a fixed frequency and amplitude oscillator for generating sinusoidal alternating current power supply and a " ' power amplifier for receiving the power supply from the oscillator and supplying the power to the electromagnet.
  • the control apparatus includes in one embodiment a signal process for processing induced voltages in the search coil. That signal processor may include one or more voltage ilters.
  • control apparatus includes a control computer for controlling operation of the drive motor and compiling voltage parameters from the search coil.
  • That control apparatus may include a display device for visually displaying the parameter values from the probe as derived values thereof.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic front elevation of part of the probe according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of part of the probe of " Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic plan view of part of the probe, similar to Fig. 2 but showing various angles associated with a magnetic field and flux density produced by the probe part in use;
  • Fig. 4 is a graphic representation of induced voltage versus angle of rotation as occuring during use of the probe part
  • Fig. 5 is a graphic representation similar to Fig. 4 but after induced voltage filtering and rectification;
  • Fig. 6 is a side elevation, in partial section, of the probe according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 7 is a diagramatic view of the instrument according t ⁇ a preferred embodiment of the present invention, incorporating the probe of Fig. 6;
  • Fig. 8 is a calibration curve graph for AAR M208 grade C steel (cast 0.72% carbon) for calculating principal stress difference during use of the instrument.
  • Fig. 9 is a plan view showing principal stresses in the surface layer of material as determined using the instrument of the present invention.
  • FIGs generally illustrate electromagnet 1 having C—shaped magnet core 2 made of laminated magnet material, such as Mumetal or silicon-iron laminations.
  • Core 2 has opposite, spaced apart poles 3 arranged on pole axis X with rotation axis Y extending perpendicular therebetween.
  • Core 2 is wound with exciting coil 4 between poles 3, with coil 4 being connectable to a source of alternating current (A.C.) power (not shown) .
  • coil 4 is composed of 200 turns of 30 B and S wire.
  • Current drawn by coil 4 is non-critical and, in the preferred embodiments is a few hundred milliamps at low frequencies, by way of example, about ISO mA at 68 , 80 or 144 Hz .
  • Search coil 5 Fixed in position between poles 3 is small air cored search coil 5. Coil 5 is carefully arranged mid way between poles 3, with its longitudinal axis x extending perpendicular to axis X. Search coil 5 is composed of as many turns of fine wire as is conveniently possible, and by way of example has 20Q0 turns of 48 B and S wire.
  • coils 6 are also fixed in position between poles 3 and two small air c ⁇ red reference coils 6, one located at each end of search c ⁇ il 5. These coils 6 are arranged with their axes extending parallel to axis X. Coils 6 are connected in series and, as will be explained hereinafter, are useful in determining the effect, on stress sensitivity, of differing surface roughness ⁇ r coating thickness of material being measured. Again, coils 6 are composed of as many turns of fine wire as is conveniently possible and, by way of example, each has 1500 turns of 48 B and S wire.
  • Field H and density B extend generally parallel with one another, substantially straight between poles 5 as represented by lines of magnetization in Figs. 1 and 2. In consequence, no voltage - is induced in search coil 5, although a voltage Vb,, is induced in reference coils 6 which provides a direct measure of field H.
  • electromagnet 1 When electromagnet 1 is arranged with poles 3 placed against a surface (such as a steel surface) of magnetizable material M as shown in Figs. 1 and 3 ' then magnetic field H extends into the surface layer and is caused to shift angle ⁇ away from the direction of any tensile stress in that layer. T contrast, flux density B, also extending into the surface shifts toward the direction of that stress. Importantly, as a result of this angular shift a small A.C. voltage V 5 is induced in search coil 5. Moreover, if poles 3 with coils 5 and & are rotated about rotation axis Y then the angular shift of field H varies as does induced voltage V-. In effect induced voltage V ⁇ is proportional to sin ⁇ .
  • V 5 changes approximately as a rectified sine wave with the change of angle of rotation about axis Y, as shown in Fig. 4.
  • Voltage 5 can be rectified electronically so that it is a positive voltage for values of rotational angles between 0° and 90° and between 180 and 270°, and a negative voltage for values of rotational angles between 90° and 180 and between 270 and ⁇ &0°. This is shown in Fig. 5 where voltage V_ has maximum values (V,. max) at rotational angles of about 45 ' and 225 , and minimum values (V ⁇ min) at rotational angles ⁇ f about 135° and 315°.
  • Voltage g parameters will not provide actual principal stress values in the material surface layer but rather only allow derivation of the principal stress difference.
  • the angles of rotation parameter will n ⁇ t provide a distinction between the directions of tensile and compressive stresses but experience enables that determination.
  • an angle ⁇ value of around 90° indicates that the circumferential stress is smaller (more compressive or less tensile) than the radial stress
  • an angle ⁇ - value of around 0 or 180 indicates the circumferential stress is larger (more tensile ⁇ r less compressive) than the radial stress.
  • the extent to which magnetic field H penetrates into material M depends at least to some extent on the level of exciting power and frequency supplied to electromagnet 1. However, with the probe of the present invention that penetration is generally only into the- surface layer for determining stress characteristics in that layer. In the exemplary application the penetration is to a depth of about 1 mm.
  • Probe T forming part of the instrument of the present invention.
  • Probe 7 is quite portable and manually handled in use of the instrument.
  • Probe 7 incorporates electromagnet 1, as well as search coil 5 and reference coils 6 (one only being shown for simplicity) as previously described.
  • Electromagnet 1, and ceils 5 and 6 are relatively fixed together in carrier 8 mounted in rigid probe housing 9 for rotation about axis Y.
  • Carrier 8 is tube like in this embodiment, with open end 10, poles 3 and coils 5 and 6 being exposed through open end 10.
  • Surrounding open end 10 is bearing face 11 of housing 9 which, in use of instrument 17, bears against a surface of material M.
  • Probe 7 further includes drive means 12 mounted to housing 9 and connected to carrier 8 for rotation of carrier 8 together with electromagnet 1 and coils 5 and 6.
  • Drive means 1Z-. includes electric drive motor 13 having rotatable output shaft 14 connected to carrier 8.
  • motor 13 is; a stepper motor operable to accurately rotate shaft 14 in either direction through small angular increments, such as ahout 15°.
  • instrument 17 of the present invention incorporating probe 7.
  • Instrument 17 also includes control apparatus 18 for controlling operation of probe 7 and assisting in determining the stress characteristics from the parameters provided by probe 7.
  • Apparatus 18 is conveniently also portable for remote use of instrument 17, and is connected to probe 7 through cable 16.
  • Apparatus 18 includes power supply device 19 for providing exciting power to coil 4.
  • Supply device 19 includes fixed frequency oscillator 20 for supplying sinusoidal alternating current supply to power amplifier 21 which, in turn, supplies exciting coil 4.
  • Oscillator 20 is fixed in frequency and amplitude during actual operation of instrument 17, but can be altered at will in order that instrument 17 can measure stress to different surface layer depths within material M.
  • Power to oscillator 20 is provided from any suitable source, and in the exemplary application that power is conveniently sourced from batteries (not shown) to enable the instrument 17 to be portable. Those batteries are rechargable, and supply device 19 includes a battery charger (not shown) for periodically recharging the batteries from a mains power supply source in this embodiment.
  • the batteries are 12 volt, D.C. in this embodiment.
  • Apparatus 18 also includes voltage signal processor device 22 for processing induced voltages V- and V g from coils 5 and 6.
  • search coil 5 and reference coils 6 are connected to phase sensitive filter 23 through switch 24 for receiving and rectifying any voltage V 5 or V g .
  • Filter 23 is required because induced voltages V- and V g are very small (typically a few hundred microvolts (AIV) in the exemplary application) and are thus prone to interference.
  • Phase shifting network 25 supplies filter 23 and caters for the change in phase between magnetising current and voltages V 5 and V g induced in coils 5 and 6.
  • An output voltage from filter 23, passing through zero - adjust device 26, is ⁇ .C.
  • Apparatus " 18 further includes computing device 27 connected to processor device 22 for compiling relevant parameters from the output voltages.
  • computing device 27 reads and displays voltages V_ and V fi and angle ⁇ parameters.
  • Computing device 27 includes a suitable control computer 28 (such as programmable calculator 29 and interface board 30)-, and visual display 31 (such as multimeter) for displaying the actual parameter values and/or values derived therefrom through calculation by calculator 29.
  • Control computer 28 controls operation of switch 24.
  • Apparatus 18 further includes motor control 32 interconnecting control computer 28 and drive motor 13 for selectively supplying drive power thereto.
  • control computer 26 dictates incremental movement of output shaft 14 during operation of instrument 17.
  • probe 7 is initially manually placed against a surface of material M from which stress characteristics are to be determined.
  • probe 7 is positioned so that bearing face 11 is flat against a surface of a rim of a railway wheel.
  • Probe 7 is secured against the material surface as necessary. That is achieved in any suitable manner, such as by mechanical or magnetic clamping devices (not shown) .
  • control computer 28 controls rotation of carrier 8 about axis Y, as well as the collection of numerical values of parameters, voltages V_ and V fi and angles of rotation about axis Y.
  • drive motor 13 is controlled so as to rotate carrier 8 through 345° at 15 increments. At each angular increment, rotation of carrier 8 is temporarily stopped for a separate reading of the three parameters.
  • this difference is between the radial and circumferential stresses in the wheel rim. That determination is made with reference to relevant graphed calibration curves C prepared from laboratory measurements of stresses in samples of the same materials. Those curves C will vary according to the material being measured and may incorporate errors as a result of a stress-hysteresis effect in materials.
  • TEte graph contains a set of curves C, each providing a calculated measure of the principal stress difference for given voltage V- diff which is the algebraic difference between the average of the two maximum voltage values V_ max and the average of the two minimum voltage values V 5 min.
  • V- diff is the algebraic difference between the average of the two maximum voltage values V_ max and the average of the two minimum voltage values V 5 min.
  • Separate curves C are provided for different effective air gaps formed between poles 3 and the surface of material M in use of instrument 17. The larger the effective gap, the smaller voltage V- diff will be for the same principal stress difference.
  • the effective gap will increase if the material surface is corroded, as might occur in the exemplary application.
  • the gap is detected by a change in value of voltage V g .
  • Each calibration curve C is marked with a value ⁇ V g which is the difference in voltage between the voltage values of as induced on the material surface and 6- as induced in the ambient air. Since voltage V g values change slightly with ambient temperature as well as with the effective air gap, use of voltage A fi rather than just voltage V, as induced on the material surface means that particular calibration curves C can be used over a range of ambient temperatures, for example at least 10 C to 45°C.
  • Angle ⁇ is measured anticlockwise from axis X.
  • an angle ⁇ of 85° indicates the principal stresses, radial stress O" and circumferential stress O , are at 85° and -5° to axis X, and that in the 0" S ⁇ direction, the difference between the principal stresses is. tensile. Since 85° is very close to 90° (the radial direction) it can be deduced that radial stress O is more tensile (or less compressive) than circumferential stress O" by about 160 MPa. The direction and relationship between these principal stresses CTr and O"e are shown in Fig. 9.
  • the instrument of the present invention provides a relatively simple procedure for non destructive measurement of stresses within magnetisable material.
  • the instrument is 9 particularly suitable for measuring stress within railway wheels, although it will be appreciated that the instrument is suited to other applications.
  • instrument of the present invention will be relatively inexpensive to purchase and maintain, compared to previous equipment used for such mea ⁇ surements.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Magnetic Means (AREA)

Abstract

Un instrument (17), servant à déterminer une ou plusieurs caractéristiques de contrainte dans une couche de surface d'un matériau magnétisable comprend une sonde (7) pourvue d'un support (8) tournant autour d'un axe de rotation (Y), lequel s'étend vers l'extérieur en partant d'une surface (M) du matériau magnétisable. Un électro-aimant (1) est monté sur le support (8) et forme une paire de pôles (3) espacés, un de chaque côté de l'axe de rotation, sur un axe (X) du pôle, de sorte que, lors de la rotation du support, les pôles (3) tournent autour de l'axe de rotation (Y). L'électro-aimant peut être énergisé pour produire un champ magnétique (H) entre les pôles (3). Une bobine exploratrice (5) est fixée par rapport à l'électro-aimant (1) entre les pôles (3), sur un axe (x), de façon à se situer dans le champ magnétique (H). Un organe d'entraînement (12) peut être actionné pour faire tourner le support (8) dans des positions angulaires sélectionnées. La sonde (7) est positionnée avec les pôles adjacents à la surface (M) du matériau, de sorte que le champ magnétique (H) s'étend dans la surface, des déplacements dans le champ magnétique (H) causés par une contrainte qui s'exerce dans la surface (M) du matériau induisant des tensions représentatives dans la bobine exploratrice (5) au niveau des positions angulaires. L'instrument (17) comprend également un appareil de commande (18) servant à commander l'actionnement de l'organe d'entraînement (12) et pour capter, au niveau de chaque position angulaire sélectionnée du support (8), les paramètres provenant de la sonde (7) qui servent à déterminer les caractéristiques de contrainte.
PCT/AU1988/000293 1987-08-10 1988-08-10 Determination non destructive de caracteristiques de contrainte dans des materiaux magnetiques Ceased WO1989001613A1 (fr)

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AU364687 1987-08-10
AUPI3646 1987-08-10

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0389877A1 (fr) * 1989-03-17 1990-10-03 Nikkoshi Co., Ltd. Procédé pour déterminer la contrainte dans un matériau en acier utilisant la magnétostriction
WO1994028407A1 (fr) * 1993-05-21 1994-12-08 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Mesure de contrainte
WO2004077003A1 (fr) * 2003-02-25 2004-09-10 Aea Technology Plc Mesure des contraintes residuelles et des contraintes d'origine thermique dans un rail
CN105699482A (zh) * 2016-01-25 2016-06-22 西红柿科技（武汉）有限公司 一种快速检测应力集中线的装置和方法

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3798537A (en) * 1969-12-10 1974-03-19 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp Method and apparatus for measuring stresses in ferromagnetic material
FR2378270A1 (fr) * 1977-01-19 1978-08-18 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Procede et dispositif d'evaluation des contraintes dans un materiau ferromagnetique
JPS5462667A (en) * 1977-10-27 1979-05-19 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Drain control mechanism for double tank type washer-dryer
EP0018428A1 (fr) * 1979-05-07 1980-11-12 Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Müszaki Fizikai Kutato Intézete Dispositif pour mesurer sans contact direct la tension élastique dans un matériau ferromagnétique

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3798537A (en) * 1969-12-10 1974-03-19 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp Method and apparatus for measuring stresses in ferromagnetic material
FR2378270A1 (fr) * 1977-01-19 1978-08-18 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Procede et dispositif d'evaluation des contraintes dans un materiau ferromagnetique
JPS5462667A (en) * 1977-10-27 1979-05-19 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Drain control mechanism for double tank type washer-dryer
EP0018428A1 (fr) * 1979-05-07 1980-11-12 Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Müszaki Fizikai Kutato Intézete Dispositif pour mesurer sans contact direct la tension élastique dans un matériau ferromagnétique

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DERWENT SOVIET INVENTIONS ILLUSTRATED, Section II Electrical, issued April 1969, D: Instruments, Control Computation p. 68; & SU,A, 223432 (SHEVCHENKO, G.I.), 13 November 1968 (13.11.68). *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, P-50, page 69; & JP,A,54 062 667 (SHIBAURA SEISAKUSHO K.K.), 3 December 1980 (03.12.80). *

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0389877A1 (fr) * 1989-03-17 1990-10-03 Nikkoshi Co., Ltd. Procédé pour déterminer la contrainte dans un matériau en acier utilisant la magnétostriction
WO1994028407A1 (fr) * 1993-05-21 1994-12-08 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Mesure de contrainte
US5828211A (en) * 1993-05-21 1998-10-27 Aea Technology Plc Determining stress in ferromagnetic materials from measurements of magnetic anisotropy and magnetic permeability
WO2004077003A1 (fr) * 2003-02-25 2004-09-10 Aea Technology Plc Mesure des contraintes residuelles et des contraintes d'origine thermique dans un rail
US7053606B2 (en) 2003-02-25 2006-05-30 Aea Technology Plc Measurement of residual and thermally-induced stress in a rail
AU2004215154B2 (en) * 2003-02-25 2008-10-30 Maps Technology Limited Measurement of residual and thermally-induced stress in a rail
CN105699482A (zh) * 2016-01-25 2016-06-22 西红柿科技（武汉）有限公司 一种快速检测应力集中线的装置和方法
CN105699482B (zh) * 2016-01-25 2018-12-21 西红柿科技（武汉）有限公司 一种快速检测应力集中线的装置和方法

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