USRE7738E - Improvement in printing - Google Patents

Description

BEST/AVAIL u. EICHHOLTZ, ABLECOPY Assignor to H. H. &. J. H. Pattee 6c 1. P. Pillsbury. EQUALIZING-CULTIVATOR.

No. 7,738. Reissued June 12, 1877.

7.1". Eqvnunno-Cunmnonn. w Eichholu. Troy. Ohio, m. by memo uniznmenu, to Henry EL Poem, Jnmu B4 Pitta. end KW P. Plihbm. lonmouLh. BL Potent No. 88.667. doe-d Apr. 6.1869: reillue No. 6.008411% La. 1.1. 187* [Filed In 28. 1817.1 Bricf.-Ben|n -yoke uuunine plow a and 1:: M50 ileelf ounnined in an up run; 30

HULL

1. The oombinnzion 0! two plow-henna end a beam-yoke, connected together by jointpieoee no the; he yoke lunminl the beam in upright working petition without their being connected together in fur, and in ital! |npported in nu elenud position, the bums hoviug nllo loternl nud veniool motion, nnbeuntinlly on end for the pnrpoee specified.

2. Two plow-bonnie, B B, conueoied together by on eleuud been-yoke, A, no :hn air-henna openuin ulnnceoftheotherwhile both are dnwn forum-d in the line 0! pm lion, the nmohmeu: of the plow-bonnie to a yoke being by joints. which euluin theplown' in an upright working poeition withon rm, OODDOOLiODI or other lnpport, and permit I their being freely moved independently in n lateral direction, nnd in a limited vertical dinetion, permitting the neoeoury vertical movemen: of the plows, and snot-lining the beanyeke in in elevated ponition, combined and operating snbnmtinlly u and for uh. purpose specified.

3. The guide or lnltniuing pole G, loo-fly connected to the been-yoke A, And eonhindw with uid yoke end the plow! B 8', wheeltiolly on and for the pnrpooe W xmm mo'ro-urmerun. wunilm. o c.

UNITED STATES 355T AVAILABLE COPY PATENT OFFICE.

IMPROVEMENT IN PRINTING.

S ecification forming part of Letters Patent No. 7.738, data-d ()(ilfllwl' 2U, l

To all whom (It "my clmccrn:

Be it known that'l, BAn'rnoLoMEwBi-mlowskt, a Polish refugee, now residing in Bow Street, in the county of Middlesex and Kingdom of England, have invented Improvements in the Process of and Appaiatus for Printing; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full and exact description thereof.

My invention of improvements in the process of and apparatus for printing relates, in the first place, to a means of facilitating the usual operations of the eompositor-that is, distri buti ng or arranging the types, blocks, spaces, &e., in cases, and composing the types, &e., from the cases into words, sentences, and paragraphs, &e., and connecting the composed matter after it has been thus brought together. These advant: "es are attained, first, by marking upon the four sides and lower surface of the shank of each type the same letter or charactor as that which is formed upon its upper sin-lace, technically called the face of the type, with this difi'erence, however, that the letter or figure I propose to mark upon the sides and lower surface of the shank of the type is not to be reversed, but to have the direct, form or appearance of the letter or mark as we read itin print. 'This will be better understood by the followingexplanation. The usual appezu'ance of a number of types (suppose the lower-case alphabet) in the compos- ,ing-stick is inverted and reversed, as represented in Sheet- I of the accompanying drawings at Figure 1. The appearance of the same line of types, with their faces touching the bottom of the composing-stick, their nicks being toward the compositor and their lower surfaces upward marktul with the corresponding letters, will be, as shown at Fig. 2, just as we are accustomed to read them when printed.

For the better illustration of my invention, I have shown at Figs. 3 and 4 perspective views of one of my improved types, suppose letter a. The first of these figures shows the face of the type with the letter a formed thereon reversed, as in ordinary printing-types. The second of these figures shows the under part of the same type with the same letter, a, .npon itsunder surface. The sides of the type in both figures are seen likewise marked with the same letter in its direct position, so that whatever part of the type presents itself to the eompositorlt will bereadily recognized. These my additional lelleis on the lower surface and sides of the shanks ol' the type maybe produced by a variety of meansviz.. by writing, painting, engraving, casting. or etching. The simplest way is to mark these letters with pen and ink. or writing-fluid of any color. Phloride of gold or chloride of platinum answers best. flhese additional letters maybe marked upon the shank ol'the types in ditierent-eolors, so as to make a distinction between eapitals.smnll capitalsnnnl small letters, (lechnieallcalled hm'er-easeletters") Each particular font may be marked in the nick with a particular sign. at. the option of the typel'ounder. Foreign alphabets-asGreckJbr instance-are marked in like manner with the foreign letter, or they may be marked with theeorresponding English letter. As the operation of marking the types by hand would, however, be a work of some time, and would consequently be expensive, I sometimes do this in a more etl'eetual and durable and at the same time more economical manner by either of the following in ys: First, by casting the requisite letters or marks, not only on the sides or bottom of the type, but on the lower end thereof, in intaglio, at the same time that the type is made, sothat when the type is removed from the mold it will be found to present, not only the proper letter in relief on its face, but also the same letter in intaglio atits lower end and on its sides, but not reversed. In order to do this 1 have made some trifling alteiat-ious in and additions to the ordinary typefounders mold, as will be seen by referring to. the accompanying drawings, in which Figs. 1*, 2*, and 3*, Sheet ll, represent 'three differentseetional views of a type-mold with my improvements adapted thereto and certain alterations made therein to render it more suitable for the intended purpose. Fig. 1* is a longitudinal vertical section taken through the mold in the line-1 2 of Fig. 2*, which represents a horizontal section of the same, taken in the line 3 4 of Fig. 1*; and Fig. 3*, isa transverse vertical sect-toil taken in the line 5 6 of Fig. 1*.

Instead of the mouth of the mold being, as usual, above the foot of the type, it is o l the upper side of what is technically calle .body of the mold.

the

I n Figs. 1* and 2*. a a is the month, which. th rough the groove or channel 0, comm unientes with the spaee e. in which the shank of the type is east, as usual. 41 it are registers on the upper end'of the mold. their construction oring exaetly like that of the usual registeis, a 11*, on the lower end of the mold. The ottiee of these upper registers is to reeeive a metal pieee, e, havmgomatrixin reliet' made thereon. This upper or additional matrix in relief is shown detached and on an enlarged some in Fig. 4*, and is intended to produee by easting a sunk letter at the lower end of the type. the letter not being inverted, but exactly like that we nead in printed books. Square holes are made through the carriage of each halt of the mold, and similar square holes 3111 made through the body of melt hall of the mold. Into eaeh of these four holes tits tightly a rod of brass or iromfffj'. Shown only by dots in Figs. 1* and 2*.) 0n the inner end ol'eaeh of these rods is a letter very slightly in relief and similar to that on the fate of the type. The other end of this rod isserewed, and earries a female thumb-screw, By means of this thnmb-mrew l adiust the. rod in such a manner that the letter on its other end shall not protrude beyond the hole mole than about one-hundmlth of an iueh, and this protruding letter will naturally produee in ousting an intaglio letter on the eorresponding side of the shank of the type. The operation of rusting and dn-ssing the type is conducted in the usual way.exeept that tirst,afterhavingponred the metal into the mold, I remove the upper matrix, well as the lower one, before 1 proceed to separate the two halves of the mold for .thepurposeot'taking out the typ=-. 'lhe h=t', or superfluous metal, not being; as usual. on the footof the type, the mode tit-planing: oil the breakmustconsequently be mnduet'ed in a sonuewliat difl'ereut manner, viz: i arrange the ty wshorizontally. with th breaks upward, and then plane them olt'with a plane. the. stock of which is suitably shaped for this purpose. It might at fiist be supposed that. there would be a dittieulty in the delivery of the east type on amount of its [wing hemmed in by the four lateral protruding rods f f. This, however, is notthe ease. as the type metal ex lt'llldS while solidifying, and immediately a her shrinks sufficiently to allow of an easy delivery. Care mustonly be taken to suitably adjustthe above rods, and the proper amount of adjustment must be asreitained by a few experimental castings of eat-h individual son, and also according to the particular composition of the type metal employed.

Another means of marking the types on their sides with the proper letteis for the purpose alreadyw-xplaiiml is by the employment of the eleetrotype process. whereby the signs or letteis maybe. rendered more visible on the shank ot'the type. the said letters having been first made thereon in intaglio, either by easting, stamping, engraving. or in any other dlllablt manner.

' BEST AVAILABLE COPY The process of depositing metals wil be so well under-shied that it: will not be necessary to give any detailed description thereof, as it does not d ffer in any way from the already known and in use. If, when the types are marked by writing or printing, some noneonduet i ng eoloring material-as, for instance.

,rnnsu-iek hlaek--is employed for the purpose, the type will be covered with the deposited metals upon all parts exeept those proteeted by the eoloringonatter. I alsopropose, under thishead, to coat printing-types. except their faees. with some innoxions material-snob as varnish-or by chemical means with some metal-such as gold, sil vex-,platinum, or topper-which will not be injurious to the health of the eompositor when brought into eoutat-t with the most-delicate )ortions of the body. sueh as the organ of tone 1 or the lungs. The types maybe eoated with. these metals by merely throwin them into solutions of the metals. sneh as sulphate of ropper, the ehlorides ol'gold. platinum, orsilver, or other solutions of these metals.

, My second improvement consists in employing for letter-press printing (besidesthe usual sorts) types which are east together with a spate at their sides. as shown in Fig. 5' in Sheet ll. These types are used at the end ot'woldsor in other places where they may be requiredsuch as at the end of a series of figures-my objeet being to save a portion of the usual labor of eomposing and distributing. and also to be able to put the types intothe eoinposing-stit-l: vertically, with the faces downward and the sunk letters upward. and set up or compose trom left to right, just in the manner as letterpress printing is read. it will b. evident t any praetieal printer that the types could not be romposed or set up with their downward it'the spaces were notunited tothe tinal letters. as the spaces would slip down to the bottom of the composing-stick, and in printing a blotch instead of a whiteinterval at the end of eaeh word would be. produced. It will, however. be necessary to make use of a few spares of the ordinary kind at the end of each line for the purpose of justifying, and also of the usual leads, which would of course produee in printing the above-mentioned blotches. This ineonvenieuee, however, eon be easily remedied by pushing these few spaces and the leads down before the form is submitted to the printing operation. This extra labor is amply counterbalanced by the economy just. mentioned, but more particularly so by illulaeilit y thatv the improvement of casting int agl io letters at the lower endof type givestoobtuinint: stereotype mstings, sometimes termed polytyping.

in iet'erenee to polytyping, 1 think it advisable, in order to be as intelligibleas possible. to make the following extract from theseventh edition of the Encyeloptedia Britannica, art-iele Type-founding, head Polytypage."

written and also published selmratel y by Hair sa rd in 1841: Mr. Heran (in Fmncelhit upon a novel and ingenious mode of polytyping.

This was the formation of a set of types the very irveisc of the commou-viz., instead of the letter beingin rel iet' upon the shank, it was in iutaglio. flhcrct'ore every separate letter would be a die, and instead ot'theletterbeing reversed it would stand as read on the paper. The spaces, quadrats, leads, &c., were of the exact height of the type. These were to be composed like types, so that the entire page would present the appearance of a plate of copper into which words, &e., had been punched. The matter was to be read in the metal without a proof, whiclnas the words read from lett to right, was a matter of no difliculty. Upon the matrix thus composed fused metal was to be pressed, which would obviously form a complete plate fit to be printed fronnaud the operation could be repeatcd until as many plates were struck oil as were required. This mode succeeded and has been employed in France,but haslatclylwen cut irely neglected, as the composition thus formed by Heran could only serve the purpose ot'polyt yping or produeingstcreotype-plates,but evidcntly not for printing,whcreas I make my types as above described, havin; on one end the usual letter for the purpose of being printed fronnaud on the other end a sunk letter for the purposeof polytyping by pressing into itgutta-pereha or any other suitable material, or, what I should prefer, by pouring upon it fused Newtous or any other fusible metal, in the manner of the stereotype process. One ditiiculty remainsviz., l'or printing the spaces must be of less height than the types. 'lhcretorc, when, for the purpose of lacilitating composition and pol) typing, I put the types with the sunk lcttcrs upwa-rd,tlicse spaces would slip down. and consequently spoil the object of polytyping. By casting lhc spaces with thc final letters, as abovcnn-nl ioncd.all this iscvidently remedied. 'lhcse iinal letters I may put in ouc and thc same compartments with the usual letters. as the compositor will easily distinguish them by their sizeaud shape, or by their bcing variously colored. from the corresponding usual letters of which the words. &c., are composed, and therefore the "case" will be no more complirated than it at present is.

In connection with this head oi my invention I propose to make the spaces and quad rats either of iron or of wood, or some of iron and some of wood. Onc object is to render the spaces cheaper and lighter. and another is to facilitate the operation of separating such spaces and quadrats from the other types or blocks, which I do by the use of a magnet, and by water, as will be herciuallcr more minutely dwaribed. These spaces aud'quadrats may bc paiutcd of various colors, and are to bc varnished to protect them from the action of the water.

My third improvement is designed to facilitate the distribution" of types by arranging considerable numbers of types of one kind in BEST AVAILABLE COPY distinct tubes, each belonging to its particular letter or type. This feature consists of an apparatus which I call the type-stoic, formcd by a. number ofvertical tubes of a square, round, or any other suitable form, about one foot long; as shown in Sheet I at Fig. 5, and several combined :t Fig. ii, the lower ends 01' these tubes being closed. Thedimcnsions ol' the horizontal or cross-sections of each of these tubes must be less than thcr usual height of types in order to preventthe types tumbling over in the tubes when they are introduced therein. The respective types are delivered from the hands 01' the distributor, each into its proper tube, the tubes being severally marked on the outer side with the letter indicat ing the sortit is to contain.

For the better understanding of this part of my invention I will describe my manipulatious rclal in; to distributiiw. The page or form of composed typcs, blocks, and spaces is unlocked and placed in a Hat tra a few inches deep and of convenient size. I then spread the types looscly, separating them and causi ng them to lie upon their long surfaces or sides by pressing with the hand in such a manner as that they shall form an even layer upon the tray, taking care, as far as possible, that nonc of the types shall be heaped upon one another. I thcu passcitherapermaneutor temporary mag'uct ol'suitablc powcrovcr the wholc surliicc ol' the types. All the iron spaces will of course be attracted by and adhere to the magnet. l then remove them from the magnet and place them in their rcspectivctubcs ol'thc type-storeabovcdcscribed. Next Ipick upout ol'l lit-tray, byhand, allthc logotypi-s" and "phrasolypcs" (which I will describihercinat'tcr) and place them upon aboard in alphalwlical order in vertical columns. lthcn pour water iutothctray. to thcsurlaoc of which the wooden spaces and wooden quadrats will ofcoursc risc all at once. 'lhcse wooden spat-cs I remove. and. havingdri'cd them in the usual manner of drying lypcs. l place thcm in their rcspcctivc tubes of the l ype st orc. having been allowed to escape from the tray and the typcs dried, I then select the several types and placcthcm, with thcir t'accs upward. in their respective tubes of the type-store.

.The types, as ihcy arc introduced into their respective tubes. slidcdownand arrangclhcur selves side by side, and as the lube fills they stand one upon nnoihcr. but alwaysin thcsamc erect position. as thc width of the tube will not admit of their falling oycr into cross pt. sitions.

At Fig. 6*. Slit-cl III, I have shown a perspective view of another apparalus which is a modification oi that described in Fig. (i. Slit-ct I, and still more lhcilitatcs the sorting or dis tributing' operation. The series of tubes A A A composing the storearc precisely similarto those just described; but they arc placed in a box attached to a small table. 1'3, upon which a small heap of the types intended to be sorr.

BEST AVAILABLE COPY! 4 mas ed or distributed is placed. This table is also furnished with a small dish or shallow saucer, (J mounted at theupper end of a rod, 1), which passes through a hole in the table B, and when the types are to be sorted the boy places a few in the dish or saucer and by taking only a few at a time he can quickly sort them and place them in their proper tubes. When sort ing the type he holds the rod D in his left hand, and can thereby turn the dish or saucer (7 round, as may be necessary, in order to recognize more quickly the different letters.

My fourth improvement consists in an apparatus for the purpose of tlwilitating composition. This apparatus I call the aut-horiton." A number of square tubes equal to the number of sorts in use (one of which is shown in Fig. 7') are to bc.combined. The length of each tube is about'one footaud a half, and in height and width about half an inch, (a little smaller than-the usual length technically called height of types.) The end of the tube marked with Fig. 7, is to be tnrned towaulithe compositor. Both ends are open. At the end a portion of the upper side of the tube must be removed for the distance of about half an inch; but this removed portion of the tube must be always shorter than the usual height of types. At the other end of the tube a portion of the up r side is also removed to the extent of a at one inch and a half. A suitable number of these tubes is arranged and combined asshown in perspective at Fig. 8. These tuba are severally marked with a letter indicating the let-ter'each tube is to contain. Figs. 9 and 10 are geometrical representations of the authoriton. The former, is an elevation, the latter a horizontal view, and the tubes are there shown connected together by cramps. Each of these-respective tubes I fill with a suitable number of types with their faces toward the compositor. This I accomplish by taking a corresponding tube of the typestorc and holding it in an inclined diiection toward the horizon,with its open end close over the back part of the tube of the authoriton. The types will thereby naturally lodge themselves in this receiving-tube, with their faces all in thesamedirect-ion toward the compositor. Having thus transferred a suitable number of types, I place in the back part of each tube of the authnritona pamllelopiped of wood, about three incheslong, (see Fig."11,) the cross'scct-ion of which is a triile smaller than t he cross-section of the interior of the tube, so that this parallel opiped may easily be pushed forward. This parallelopiped, which I callthe pusher, serves the purpose of pushing the types forward until their faces reach exactly the frontend of the tube. When the types visible at this portion of the tube are exhausted by composition, a new supply is forwarded by pressing on the pusher; or, if preferred, the tubes may be made as shown in Fig. 5*, Sheet 11, in which the end is closml up, an aperture being, however, left to take up the types. By

this I can, if required, dispense with the push er, as the authoriton may be set at an angle, so as to allow the types to slide down themselves. I pick up the required types by means of suitable tweezers of about the shape and dimensions shown in Fig. 12, and place such types consecutively in the usual composingstick, with their faces touching its bottom; or I place the types in the compartments of what I call the copying-st-ick,- which is placed on the table close to the authoriton. Fig. 13 isa horizontal view of -the copying-stick. Fig. 14 is a front elevation of the same, and Fig-15 represents its cross-section. The length of the copying-stick is about ten inches. The width is equal to the usual length technically. called the height" of the types. There is a vertical ledge round three sides of the bottom of this copying-stick, leaving the front open. Its height is equal to about two em-quadrats" of the kind of types in which I am composing.

There are a series of vertical partitions made of some pliant and elastic substance-as sheetindia-rubberinseited into the bottom of the copying-stick. Their height above the bottom is about one-tenth of an inch. Their length.

11 i, from the back is about half an inch. They' are fixed in suitable grooves cut in; the bottom of the copying-stick. The other three margins of these par titions are free, so that they will easily yield or incline either to the right or le tl*. The widths or spaces between these compartments thus formed are equal to about one em-quadrat of the kind of types m which 1 am composing, except the last at the right end, which is about an inch. In placing the types in the copying-stick I care not on which of their sides they happen to fall from the tweezers, provided they lie with their; faces to ward, me. Wherever double letters occur I pick up the t-wolet-ters together and place them both in the same compartment. Wherever logogotypes and phrasot-ypes occur I place them upon the elastic partitions. They will naturally cover several compartments, and so I continue to the end of the stick. I put nothing into the large right-hand compartment,

which is merely for the purpose of allowing room in case of a logotype or phrasotype ending the stick. I proceed,filling one stick after another and place one before another, the back of each stick touching the faces of the types in the adjoining stick behind it. Fig. 16 shows two sticks full of the composition of t say the Lords prayer. Having filled a suitable number of thesesticks and readthem over, I hand them to a justifying-boy,who puts one type after another into the usual composingstick, and exactly in the usual manner-mm, with the feet touching the bottom of the composing-stick and the nicks upward-and he places spaces when he meets with an empty compartment ol" the copying stick, which spaces are placed before him in a few ordinary boxes.

' The further operations of carrying over the tcr at the same time.

composed matter to the galley, the chase, 810., until the locking-up, inclusively, is performed in the ordinary manner. Having taken a proof and marked the corrections, I turn the locked-up form upside down-vi7.. the faces of the types downward-placing suitable pieces of wood under the sides of the chase. It is selfevident that the operation of correcting will be greatly facilitated by my letters marked on the lower surfaces of the types, which I can read as easily as a printed page. The drawing out of the types'I perform more easily than in the usual manner on account of my handling the bodkin very boldly, as I care very little about scratching the lower surfaces of the types, while in the usual manner of correcting the slipping of the bodkin very often produces scratches on the faces of the types; and with regard to my spaces, I care very little how roughly I handle them, they being very cheap.

Having made all the corrections, I hand over the form to the pressman,who goes on printing in the usual :11 .mner from the inked faces of the types. He will look to the first printed sheet whether there are any spaces standing too high, which he can easily press down and tighten, if required, by driving boldly a small sharp wedge into one or more of the wooden spaces.

My fifth improvement I call poly-composing, by which I understand a process of making two, three, or more compositions of the same copy with greater expedition and less expense than this could possibly be done in the usual manner. This I achieve by proceeding exactly as above described for the production of a single composition, with this difference, that I transfer from the authoriton, or from the usual cases, to the copying-stick two, three, or more types of the same chm-ac Suppose, for instance, I had to make two, three, or more compositions of the word London: I take two, three,

or more Us atouce from the authoriton and place them in one compartment of the copying-stick. Next I do the same with the same number of Us, Ns, D's, 0's, and Ns. The thus filled sticks pass successively from one justifying-boyto another, each being instructed to take only one of the two, three, or more letters lying in the same compartment, low-5.1

the remaining types to be operated upon by his next neighbor. Every one will easily guess the modifications to be made in the dimensions of the copying-stick and its compartments in compliance with the greater or less number of compositions required to be produced. Should I wish to have one composition in one kind of types (suppose diamond) and another composition of the sam copy in pica, I arrange my authoriton accordia :ly'viz., I devote two consecut-ive tubes to ore and the same letter, one diamond and the other pica. Instead of having one copying-stick, l have two, one placed before the other-one for diamond and the other for pica. Suppose I have to compose the BEST AVAiLABLE CQPY word London in diamond and in pica. I

transfer diamond L tothe diamond-stick; next pica L to the pica-stick; next, diamond O, pica 0, 8m. The diamond-stick I give to one justifying-boy, the pica to another, and both go on as above described simultaneously. It is self-evident that I may direct one justifyingboy to justify page and impose for 18" and another for 4, folios, Ste. Any particular directions the compositor may have to give to the -justifying-boys or others he may mark down with a pencil on the bottom of the copying'stick, the bottom of the copying-stick being always covered with the best white drawing-paper, which marks are rubbed out with india-rubber after they have served their purpose.

Having now described my various improvements and the manner of carrying the same into effect, Iwould observe, in conclusion, thatin order that my present improvements may be perfectly understood I have found it necessary to represent and describe various things that are already known. I do not, however, intend to claim any of such well-known parts as constituting any part of my present-improve ments; nor do I intend to confine myself rigidly to the precise arrangement or construction of parts as herein shown and described, as they may doubtless be varied in some particulars without departing from the nature and obj ect of my invention; but that which I consider to be new in the above-described improvements, and therefore wish to claim as the invention secured to meby Letters Patent, is-

1. Marking on the shank and foot of types by any convenient means-such as writing, on graving, casting, or electrot-yping-thc same letter or character which is formed on its upper surface, and also the method herein shown and described of casting the intaglio letters on the shank and foot of the types at the same time that the type itself is cast.

2. Making ty m having, in combination wit h the usual letters in relief on the face of the type, intaglio letters on the foot thereof for th purpose of serving as matrices from which to obtain a polyt-ype-plate, while the t ypcsthemselves will serve for printing.

. 3. Casting spaces on the sides of-ordinary ty e for the pur ose above mentioned, as above described.

4. The peculiar mode herein shown and described of poly-composing either from the ordinary cases or from what I call the authoriton.,

5. The process and apparatus herein shown and described for facilitating the sorting and distributing of types and spaces, and making part of them of wood and iron, so that the wooden portion may beseparatcd by means of water, the iron ones by a permanent or temporary magnet. and the others into their several receptacles by hand, the workman being considerably assisted in this operation by the type being marked on their sides.

BEST AVAILABLE COPY 6. The apparatus shown in Figs. 8, 9, and and seal this 13th day of Januavypi n the yea:- 10, whichldenominate theauthoriton, and of our of Lord one thousand eight hundred also of the use of the copying-sticks shown in and forty-nine.

Figs. 13, 14, and 15 for the purpose of faoilitat- BARTHOLOHEW BERIOWSKI. L. 2.] ing composition, by which the above-described Witnesses: Y

types are brought into n convenient spaoe for J. W. Morm'rr,

composing from, as hereinbefore described. FRED. WALKER,

In witness whereof I, the said BARTHOLO- Clerk; 10 Newton & Son, 66 Chancery Lane, mew Bnmowsm, have hereunto setmy hand London.

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